Fig. 1. Illustration of Network With Distributed Sources and Storages

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11-0935-TIE_PartII 11
frequent load shedding is not intended [12]. Having an inter-tie gains, ideally infinite, at the frequencies of interest. The outputs
would also expose the microgrids and utility grid to their of the controllers would then ensure that the series converter
respective inner disturbances, like harmonics, unbalance and injects the right amount of unbalanced and harmonic voltages,
other power quality noises. To better isolate the grids from so that the feeder carries only balanced sinusoidal current,
their respective noises, a power quality conditioner is which also flows through the series converter. Noting further
recommended between each microgrid and the utility grid, as that the series converter produces only unbalanced and
demonstrated in Fig. 1. This power conditioner should ideally harmonic voltages, while carrying only positive-sequence
have a shunt converter and a series converter, in order to balanced current, its active and reactive powers injected to the
achieve full voltage and current compensation. Indeed, such grid are zero.
configuration would appear similar to a unified power quality The same principles would apply during utility voltage sag,
conditioner (UPQC) [13]-[15] or a unified power flow during which the feeder current will again be large. To reduce
controller (UPFC) [16], which certainly is the case when this current, the series converter can be controlled to introduce a
judging on their power stages. Their control schemes are large impedance along the feeder, so that the large voltage
however different, as can be seen when comparing the difference caused by the sag appears mostly across it, and not
requirements of a microgrid power quality conditioner (MPQC) the feeder. Current flow through the feeder is then reduced
with those of an example UPQC. accordingly. The main concerns here would be to sense the
For the former, there is a general incline towards controlling instants of sag initiation and recovery, but cannot be done by
the shunt converter to provide a regulated voltage within the measuring the grid voltage, which is usually faraway, and
microgrid, whose parameters are properly tuned for power therefore not readily accessible. The former can however be
dispatch or sharing purposes [17], [18]. A firm voltage would detected by sensing the initial current surge along the feeder,
definitely help with the interfacing of other localized sources, while the latter can be detected by sensing the voltage at the
and the avoidance of sensitive load tripping within the point of common coupling (PCC), which would roughly be
microgrid. This is especially important in the islanded mode, equal to the grid voltage during the sag [15], [16].
during which the utility grid is not available for stabilizing the For convenience of referencing, the main requirements
network voltage. A firm voltage imposed by the shunt discussed above for MPQC can neatly be summarized as:
converter would however cause large unbalanced current to
flow along the interconnecting feeder, if the utility voltage is Controlling its shunt converter in voltage mode, so as to
unbalanced, and the series converter is not in operation. The produce a well regulated voltage in the microgrid.
problem would prevail even for a small amount of unbalanced Controlling its series converter in current mode, so as to
voltage, because the feeder impedance is usually small. produce balanced sinusoidal line current.
Harmonic voltages, if present in the utility grid, would likewise Controlling its series converter as a large impedance for
lead to harmonic currents along the feeder. They however are of limiting the line current during utility voltage sag.
a lesser concern, since their values progressively contract, as
the feeder impedance increases with harmonic order. These requirements can be realized by various basic voltage
To nonetheless remove these non-idealities from the current, and control-mode control schemes with any number of inner
one probably obvious method is to control the series converter control loops. Regardless of the final implementation adopted,
to inject voltages that correspond directly to the unbalanced and the control objectives here are undeniably different from those
harmonic voltages detected in the utility grid. None of the of UPQC, listed as follows [11]-[13]:
distorted and unbalanced voltages now appears across the
feeder, inferring that no corresponding current components will Controlling its shunt converter in current mode, so as to
flow. The main difficulty encountered here would be the shape the grid current as balanced sinusoid (unbalanced
impossibility of detecting the non-idealities in the utility grid, and harmonic load current compensation).
which is usually far away. Indirect determination is therefore Controlling its series converter in voltage mode, so as to
needed, and can be done by first filtering out the line current balance the load terminal voltage (unbalanced and
non-idealities using notch filters or filters in the relevant harmonic grid voltage compensation).
synchronous frames [19]. These current components can then Controlling its series converter in voltage mode, so as to
be forced to zero by passing them through controllers with large improve the downstream load voltage quality during
upstream utility voltage sag (series voltage injection).
Fig. 1. Illustration of network with distributed sources and storages.
Copyright (c) 2011 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing [email protected].

Fig. 1. Illustration of Network With Distributed Sources and Storages

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication.

Fig. 1. Illustration of network with distributed sources and storages.

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