SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES

BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

LECTURE 1
Water Resources and Water Uses:
Introduction: Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household,
recreational, and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses
require fresh water.
97% of water on the Earth is salt water, leaving only 3% as fresh water of which
slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining
unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction
present above ground or in the air.

Engineering of Water Supply

Water Distribution
Water Sources Water Treatment
(Network and Services
Optioning (Selection) Plant (WTP)
Storage)

Control of Water Quality

Factors Affecting Consumption

1. Size of city and population growth.
2. Expansion of business activity.
3. Rapid urbanization and increased affluence.
4. Water quality.
5. Cost of water.
6. Water pressure.
7. Climate.
8. Whether supplies are metered.
9. Efficiency of the water works administration.

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SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES
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Forecasting Population:
To design of a waterworks one must establish the length of time the
improvement will serve the community before it is abandoned of enlarged.
These periods are known as periods of design, and they have an important
bearing upon the amount of funds that may be invested in construction of
both waterworks and sewerage works.
Several methods are used to estimate the population some future year:
1. Arithmetic method: rate of growth is constant

=

= +
Where Pt is the population in the future, Po is the present
population, and t is the period of the projection.

2. Uniform percentage method: rate of growth is proportional to

population:

=

ln = ln +
may be estimated from recorded population using:

=

In which P and Po are recorded populations separated by a time

interval .

3. Curvilinear method: This method includes comparison of the

projected growth to that of other cities of larger size. The cities chosen
for the comparison should be as similar as possible to the city being
studied.

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BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

Figure 2-1 Curvilinear method of predicting population. The dashed line

is the forecast for city A. Scales A, B, C, D, and E apply to the
corresponding cities.

The cities chosen for the comparison should be as similar as possible to the city
being studied. Geographical proximity, likeness of economic base, access to
similar transportation systems, and other such factors should be considered. As
an example, in Figure (2-1), city A, the city being studied, is plotted up to 1970,
the year in which its population was 51,000. City B reached 51,000 in 1930, and
its curve is plotted from 1930 on; similarly curves are drawn for cities C, D, and
E from the years in which they reached A's 1970 population. A's curve can then
be continued, allowing it to be influenced by the rates of growth of the larger
cities. So far as possible the larger cities chosen should reflect conditions as they
are in the city being studied.

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SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES
BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

4. Logistic method: It can be used in modeling population trends has an S

shape.

=
1 + +
In which Psat: is the saturation population
a,b: constants.
2 1 2 12 ( + 2 )
=
2 12

=

1 ( 1 )
=
1 ( )
in which n is the time interval between successive censuses.
t (or t) is the time beyond the base year corresponding to Po.

5. Declining growth method: It is similar to the logistic method and

assumes that its rate of growth is a function of its population deficit.

= ( )

1
=

= + ( )(1 " )
6. Ratio method: It requires calculation of the ratio of the local to
regional population in a series of census years, projection of the trend
line using any of the techniques above, and application of the
projected ratio to the estimated regional population in the year of
interest.
Accuracy in population estimation is important since if the estimate is too
low the engineering works will quickly be inadequate and redesign,
reconstruction, and refinancing will be necessary. Overestimation of
population, on the other hand, results in excess capacity which must be
financed by a smaller population at a considerably higher unit cost.

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SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES
BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

The growth of a community with limited land area for future expansion
might be modeled using the declining growth or logistic technique, while
another, with large resources of land, power, water, and good transportation
might be best predicted by the geometric method.
A mid-size city recorded populations of 113,000 and 129,000 in
Exampl-1-
the April 1980 and April 1990 census, respectively. Estimate the
population in January 1999 by comparing (a) arithmetic
method, (b) constant percentage method
solution:
Step 1. Solve with the arithmetic method
Let t1 and t2 for April 1980 and April 1990, respectively

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SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES
BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

H.W : A community has an estimated population 20 year hence which is

equal to 35000, the present population is 28000 and present average water
consumption is 16106 l/day. The existing treatment plant has a design
capacity of 5 mgd. Assume an arithmetic rate of population growth,
determine in what year the existing plant will reach its design capacity.

Variation in rate of consumption:

Goodrich formula:
= 180 0.1
Where p: the percentage of annual average consumption, t: time in days.
Max. day is 180%
Max. week is 150%
Max. month is 130%

Note: larger cities will generally have smaller peaks

The maximum hourly consumption = 150% of the average for that day.
The minimum hourly consumption = 25 50 % of the daily average.

WATER REQUIREMENTS
The uses of water include domestic, commercial and industrial, public
services such as fire fighting and public buildings, and unaccounted
pipeline system losses and leakage. The average usage in the
United States for the above four categories are 220, 260, 30, and 90
liters per capita per day (L/(c _ d)),espectively (Tchobanoglous and
Schroeder 1985). These correspond to 58, 69, 8, and 24 gal/(c _ d),
respectively. Total municipal water use averages 600 L/(c _ d) or 160
gal/(c _ d) in the United States.The maximum daily water use ranges
from about 120 to 400 percent of the average daily use with a mean of
about 180 percent. Maximum hourly use is about 150 to 12,000 percent
of the annual average daily flow; and 250 to 270 percent are typically
used in design.

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SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES
BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

1.1 Fire Demand

Fire demand of water is often the determining factor in the design of
mains. Distribution is a shortterm,small quantity but with a large flow
rate. The required flow rate for fire fighting must be available in
addition to the coincident maximum daily flow rate. The duration
during the required fire flow must be available for 4 to 10 h. National
Board of Fire Underwriters recommends providing for a 10-h fire in
towns exceeding 2500 in population. The Insurance Services Office
Guide (International Fire Service Training Association, 1993) for
determination of required fire flow recommends the formula

where F = required fire flow, gpm or m3/d

C =coefficient related to the type of construction
A = total floor area, ft2 or m2

EXAMPLE 1: A four-story building of heavy timber type building of

715 m2 (7700 ft2) of ground area. Calculate the water fire requirement.

EXAMPLE 2:A five-story building of ordinary construction of 7700

ft2 (715 m2) of ground area communicating with a three-story building
of ordinary construction of 9500 ft2 (880 m2) ground area. Compute
the required fire flow.

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SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES
BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

Solution:

Example: A community with a population 22,000 has an average

consumption of 600 liter per capita/ day and a fire flow dictated by a
building of ordinary construction with a floor area of 1000 m2 and a height
of 6 stories. Find the total water demand.

Solution:

= 22000 600 = 13.2 106 /

= 1.8 = 23.76 106 /

= 18()0.5

= (18)(1)(1000 10.76 6)0.5 = 4574

4574 3.78 = 17,288 /

10
17288 60 24 = 24.89 106 /
24

. = 23.76 106 + 24.89 106

= 48.65 106 ) 60

= 2211 / 10 .

2-5: Determine the fire flow for a 3-story wood frame building covering 700
m2 which connects with 5- story building of fire resistive construction
covering 900 m2.
Solution:
= 18
= 18 1.5 2100 10.76 + 18 0.6 4500 10.76
Note: Fmin =500 gpm
Fmax = 6000 gpm for one story

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SANITARY ENGINEERING LECTURES
BY: SANITARY ENGINEERING COMMITTEE

= 8000 gpm for multi story

= 12000 gpm considering nearby building