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IEEE 802.11 & 802.11b: By: Adel A. Youssef

IEEE 802.11 and 802.11b are wireless networking standards that define wireless local area networks (WLANs). 802.11 operates at 1-2 Mbps while 802.11b enhances it to operate at up to 11 Mbps. They use direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and operate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11 networks use infrastructure or ad hoc modes and have a protocol architecture that bridges wireless and wired networks. Media access is controlled by a distributed coordination function (DCF) using carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA).

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76 views30 pages

IEEE 802.11 & 802.11b: By: Adel A. Youssef

IEEE 802.11 and 802.11b are wireless networking standards that define wireless local area networks (WLANs). 802.11 operates at 1-2 Mbps while 802.11b enhances it to operate at up to 11 Mbps. They use direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and operate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11 networks use infrastructure or ad hoc modes and have a protocol architecture that bridges wireless and wired networks. Media access is controlled by a distributed coordination function (DCF) using carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA).

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© © All Rights Reserved
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IEEE 802.11 & 802.

11b
By:
Adel A. Youssef
[email protected]
Contents
802.11 and 802.11b Technologies.
Operating Modes.
Protocol Architecture.
802.11 PHY Layer.
802.11b Enhancements to PHY Layer.
802.11 Data Link Layer
Access Methods.
MAC Management.
IEEE 802.11 and 802.11b Technology
1997 - The original 802.11 standard:
1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates.
Sep. 1999, 802.11b (802.11 HR) standard:
up to 11 Mbps data rates.
802.11b specs affect only the PHY layer.
Two pieces of equipment:
1. AP (radio, wired network interface, bridging software 802.1d).
2. STA.
Operating Modes
Two modes: ad hoc and infrastructure.
The basic building block of WLAN is the
Basic Service Set (BSS).
Ad Hoc Mode (IBSS):
Infrastructure Mode
802.11 and ISO OSI Model
Protocol Architecture and Bridging
fixed
server terminal

mobile
infrastructure network
terminal
access
point Application
Application
TCP
TCP
LLC IP
IP
802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC LLC
LLC
802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 MAC
802.11 MAC
802.3 PHY
802.11 PHY
The 802.11 PHY Layer
802.11 defines THREE signaling techniques:
FHSS, DSSS, IR
FHSS and DSSS operate in 2.4 ISM band.
Data rates of 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps via FHSS or
DSSS.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
75 1-MHz subchannels.
The sender and receiver agree on a
hopping pattern. Data is sent over a
sequence of subchannels.
Simple radio design.
Limited to speed of no higher than 2
Mbps (FCC).
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
14 22-MHz subchannels.
Adjacent channels overlap partially with
THREE non-overlapping.
Chipping: 11 chip sequence.
Symbols:waveform representing a bit.
Coding Technique: Barker Sequence.
Modulation: 1 Mbps BPSK, 2 Mbps QPSK.
Error checking and recovery.
802.11b Enhancements to PHY Layer
Two new speeds: 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps.
Only DSSS.
Data rates of 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps via FHSS or
DSSS.
Advanced coding techniques:
Complementary Code Keying (CCK)
Modulation: QPSK.
Dynamic rate shifting.
The 802.11 Data Link Layer
Two sublayers: LLC and MAC.
Use same 802.2 LLC and 48-bit addressing
as other 802 LANs.
MAC Management:
1- Synchronization.
2- Association.
3- Power Management.
4- Security.
Access Methods
Used for contention
free services
Point
Coordination Used for contention
Function services and basis for PCF

Distributed Coordination Function

1- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF). BASIC


2- RTS/CTS extension. OPTIONAL
3- Point Coordination Function (PCF). OPTIONAL
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
The Near/Far Problem:To detect collision, a STA
must be able to transmit and listen at the same time. In
Radio systems the transmission drowns out the ability to
listen.
Solution: use DCF or CDMA/CA.
Explicit ACK (not used in case of broadcast
or multicast frames).
Randomized backoff.
CSMA/CA Frame ready

YES Medium NO
is idle

Sense medium for IFS. Wait a random backoff time


Wait for a random backoff time.
Sense then send if still idle.
YES Medium NO
SEND
is idle
NO ACK
received
Priorities are defined by IFS:
IFS
YES 1. SIFS (Short IFS): ACK, CTS.
successful 2. PIFS (PCF IFS).
transmission 3. DIFS (DCF IFS).
Basic Access Method
Unicast Frames (Directed Data)
Backoff Procedure
DCF with RTS/CTS Extension
The Hidden Node Problem.

Solution: RTS/CTS.
Used for large size packets.
Can not be used with broadcast and multicast.
Carrier-sense Mechanisms
Physical Vs. virtual mechanisms (NAV).
NAV maintains a prediction of future traffic
based on duration information in RTS/CTS
frames and MAC header frames.
All STAs within the reception range of either
the originating STA (RTS) or the destination
(CTS) learn of the medium reservation.
RTS/CTS/data/ACK and NAV Setting
Point Coordination Function (PCF)
Support of time-bounded data.
Uses a Point Coordinator (PC) operating in
the AP.
PC polls STAs in a predetermined priority.
No station is allowed to transmit unless it is
polled.
Not scalable, AP needs to have control of
media access and must poll all stations,
which can be ineffective in large networks.
PCF (Contd.)
Packet Fragmentation
The process of portioning a MAC service
data unit into smaller MAC level frames.
Increase reliability by increasing the
probability of successful transmission.
Only unicast packets are fragmented.
MSDU

MAC Frame C MAC Frame C MAC Frame C MAC Frame C


HDR Body R HDR Body R HDR Body R HDR Body R
C C C C
Synchronization
A Timing Synchronization Function (TSF) keeps
the timers for all STAs in the same BSS
synchronized.
The AP is the timing master.
APs are not synchronized.
Beacons contain a copy of the AP TSF timer.
Beacons are generated every BeaconPeriod time.
If the medium is busy, the AP delays the actual
transmission of a beacon.
The BeaconPeriod is included in Beacon and
Probe Response frames.
Synchronization (Contd.)
Association
When a STA enters the range of one or more
APs, it chooses an AP based on signal strength
and observed packet error rates.
A STA periodically surveys all channels to assess
whether a different AP provide better
performance.
Reassociation: roaming, change in radio
characteristics in the building, load balancing.
Power Management
A STA can be in one of two states: Awake, Doze.
Two modes: Active Mode (AM), Power Save (PS).
Power Save (PS) Mode:
AP queues any data.
Traffic Indication Map (TIM).
STA periodically listens for beacons as determined by
the STAs ListenInterval .
STA transmits a short PS-Poll frame to the AP.
AP responds with the buffered packet immediately or
ACK the PS-Poll, respond with packet at a later time.
Delivery TIM (DTIM): list of broadcast/multicast
receivers.
Power Save Mode(Contd.)

B d B

P d

B P d

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