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SQL Software Engineering

SQL is the standard language used to communicate with relational database management systems. It consists of 5 languages: DDL, DML, TCL, DCL, DRL. DDL includes commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP which are used to create, modify, and delete database objects. DML includes INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands to add, modify, and remove data from tables. Data types in SQL include CHAR, VARCHAR2, NUMBER, and DATE. Constraints like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK are used to maintain data integrity.

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75 views5 pages

SQL Software Engineering

SQL is the standard language used to communicate with relational database management systems. It consists of 5 languages: DDL, DML, TCL, DCL, DRL. DDL includes commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP which are used to create, modify, and delete database objects. DML includes INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands to add, modify, and remove data from tables. Data types in SQL include CHAR, VARCHAR2, NUMBER, and DATE. Constraints like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK are used to maintain data integrity.

Uploaded by

Christina Robinson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL-Structured query language

Using sql we can communicate with databases.

It is the standard language for relational database management system.

SQL is a combination of 5 different languages

1.DDL 2.DML 3.TCL 4.DCL 5.DRL

1.DDL:

In DDL we have CREATE,ALTER,DROP,TRUNCATE COMMANDS

CREATE:

CREATE command is used to create database objects like tables,views ets.,

Synatx:

create table <table name>

<column name> datatype(width),

<column name> datatype(width)

);

Rules for naming a tables & columns:

1.Must start with alphabet.

2.space characters are invalid.

3.oracle keywords are invalid.

4.oracle names are not case sensitive.

5.The exist names or objects are not allowed.

DATA TYPES:

1.CHAR(SIZE)

To store fixed length char strings

2.Varchar2(size)

To store variable length.


Char(10)

R A J U

VARCHAR2(10)

R A J U U

3.Number(p,s)

p-prcision s-scale

ex:number(6,2) - 4 integer and 2 decimal places

4.DATE:

The default format is DD-MM-YY.

CONSTRAINT:

Constraint is a rule or restriction.

These constraints ensure that accuracy and reliability of the data in a table.

1.NOT NULL:

It is undefined value.

It is not equal to zero.

Null is not equal to null.

2.UNIQUE:

It is to maintain the distinct values.

3.PRIMARY KEY:

The combination of not null and unique.

4.CHECK:

To restrict or validate the values in the list in specified range

5.REFERENCES:

It is to establish the relation between the columns of different tables.

FOREIGN KEY
ALTER:

To change the defination of db objects

Syntax:

ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME> KEYWORD(<COLNAME> DATATYPE(WIDTH),

<COL NAME> DATATYPE(WIDTH));

Keywords used in the alter command are:

1.Modify 2.Add 3.Enable/disable/drop 4.Rename.

Modify:

Used to increase or decrease the size of the column.

Modify null to not null or not null to null

To change the data type.

ADD:

This class is used to add new columns to the existing table.

We can add a new constraint to the existing table.

DROP:

Delete the column permanently.

Delete the constraints permanently.

Syntax:alter table <table name> drop column <column name>.

Rename:

Used to rename the column names.

Syntax:alter table <table name> rename column <oldname> to <newname>

DROP:

Drop a table

Syntax: drop table <tablename>;


DML:

In DML we have insert,update,delete commands.

Insert:

To insert rows of information into database tables.

Insert into <table name> values(<val>,<val>......);

Update:

This command is used to modify the existing data of a database table.

Syntax:

UPDATE <TABLENAME> SET <COLUMN NAME>=<VALUEEXPRESSION>,

COLUMN NAME>=<VALUEEXPRESSION>,

..............................................................................................,

WHERE <CONDITION>;

Delete:

Delete from <table name> where <condition>.

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