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    Flitched Beam

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    Flitched Beam

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous hprsT3WlP
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    Flitched Beam

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    Flitched Beam

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    676 views14 pages

    Flitched Beam

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous hprsT3WlP
    Flitched Beam

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that strain compatibility must be maintained between materials in composite sections, transformed sections are used to calculate flexural stresses, and a capacity analysis involves constructing strain diagrams and determining controlling stresses.

    Strain compatibility means that bonded materials will deform equally under load and therefore have the same strain. It is important because both materials must maintain equal and linear strains to ensure proper load transfer without failure.

    Transformed sections are used because the flexural stress equation assumes a homogeneous section. The composite section is transformed into an equivalent homogeneous section by scaling the width of each material by its modular ratio to maintain equal flexural stiffness. The transformed moment of inertia is then used in the stress equation.

    Architecture 544

    Wood Structures

    Flitched Beams

    Strain Compatibility
    Transformed Sections
    Flitched Beams

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 1/27

    Strain Compatibility
    With two materials bonded together, both
    will act as one, and the deformation in
    each is the same.

    Therefore, the strains will be the same in


    each material under axial load.

    In flexure the strains are the same as in Axial


    a homogeneous section, i.e. linear.

    In flexure, if the two materials are at the


    same distance from the N.A., they will
    have the same strain at that point
    because both materials share the same
    strain diagram. We say the strains are
    compatible.
    Flexure

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 2/27


    Strain Compatibility (cont.)

    The stress in each material is determined


    by using Youngs Modulus

    Care must be taken that the elastic limit of


    each material is not exceeded. The elastic
    limit can be expressed in either stress or
    strain.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 3/27

    Axial Compression
    Stress Analysis: P =50 k

    Determine the safety (pass or fail) of the


    composite short pier under an axial load.

    By Considres Law:
    1. P = f A = fs As + fw Aw
    (the actual stresses are unknown)

    2. Xpier = Xs = Xw (equal strains)


    X=f/E
    fs / Es = fw / Ew
    fs = (Es / Ew) fw

    3. Substitute (Es / Ew) fw for fs into the


    original equation and solve for fw

    4. Use second equation to solve fs

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 4/27


    Example - Axial Compression
    Pass/Fail Analysis:

    Given: Load = 50 kips


    Section: Aw = 19.25 in2
    Ew = 1000 ksi
    As = 2x 0.875 = 1.75 in2
    Es = 29000 ksi
    Reqrd: actual stress in the material

    1. P = f A = fs As + fw Aw
    (the actual stresses are unknown )

    2. fs = (Es / Ew) fw

    3. P = (Es / Ew) fw As + fw Aw

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 5/27

    Example - Axial Compression


    Pass/Fail Analysis:

    4. Use second equation to solve for fs

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 6/27


    Flexure Stress using
    Transformed Sections

    In the basic flexural stress equation, I is


    derived based on a homogeneous section.
    Therefore, to use the stress equation one
    needs to transform the composite section
    into a homogeneous section.

    The scale factor is called the modular ratio,


    n.
    Homogeneous Section Transformed Section

    For the new transformed section to behave


    like the actual section, the stiffness of both
    would need to be the same.
    In order to also get the correct stiffness for
    Since Youngs Modulus, E, represents the
    the moment of Inertia, I, only the width of
    material stiffness, when transforming one
    the geometry is scaled. Using I from the
    material into another, the area of the transformed section (ITR) will then give the
    transformed material must be scaled by the same flexural stiffness as in the original
    ratio of one E to the other. section.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 7/27

    Calculate the Transformed Section, ITR

    1. Use the ratio of the E modulus from Transformed material


    each material to calculate a modular
    ratio, n. Base material

    2. Usually the softer (lower E) material is


    used as a base (denominator). Each
    material combination has a different n.

    3. Construct a transformed section by


    scaling the width of each material by its
    modular, n.

    4. Itr is calculated about the N.A. using the


    transformation equation (parallel axis
    theorem) with the transformed section.

    5. Separate transformed sections must be


    created for each axis (x-x and y-y)

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 8/27


    Flitched Beams & Scab Plates
    Compatible with the wood structure,
    i.e. can be nailed
    Lighter weight than a steel section
    Less deep than wood alone
    Stronger than wood alone
    Allow longer spans
    The section can vary over the length of the
    span to optimize the member (e.g. scab plates)
    The wood stabilizes the thin steel plate

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 9/27

    Flitched Beam Analysis Procedure

    1. Determine the modular ratio(s). Transformed material


    Usually the softer (lower E) material is
    used as a base (denominator). Each Base material
    material has a different n.

    2. Construct a transformed section by


    scaling the width of the material by its
    modular, n.

    3. Determine the Centroid and Moment of


    Inertia of the transformed section.

    4. Calculate the flexural stress in each


    material separately using:

    Transformation equation or solid-void

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 10/27


    Analysis Example:

    For the composite section, find the


    maximum flexural stress level in each
    laminate material.

    1. Determine the modular ratios for


    each material.

    Use wood (the lowest E) as base


    material.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 11/27

    Analysis Example cont.:

    2. Construct a transformed section.

    Determine the transformed width


    of each material.

    Transformed Section
    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 12/27
    Analysis Example cont.:

    2. Construct a transformed section.

    3. Calculate the Centroid and the


    Moment of Inertia for the
    transformed section.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 13/27

    Analysis Example cont.:

    Find the maximum moment.

    By diagrams or by summing moments

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 14/27


    Analysis Example cont.:

    4. Calculate the stress for each


    material using stress equation with
    the transformed moment of inertia.

    Compare the stress in each material to


    limits of yield stress or the safe
    allowable stress.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 15/27

    Capacity Analysis (ASD)


    Flexure
    Given
    Dimensions
    Material

    Required
    Load capacity

    1. Determine the modular ratio.


    It is usually more convenient to
    transform the stiffer material.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 16/27


    Capacity Analysis (cont.)

    2. Construct the transformed


    section. Multiply all widths of
    the transformed material by n.
    The depths remain unchanged.

    3. Calculate the transformed


    moment of inertia, Itr .

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 17/27

    Capacity Analysis (cont.)

    4. Calculate the allowable strain


    based on the allowable stress
    for the material.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 18/27


    Capacity Analysis (cont.) Allowable Strains:

    5. Construct a strain diagram to find which of


    the two materials will reach its limit first. The
    diagram should be linear, and neither
    material may exceed its allowable limit.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 19/27

    Capacity Analysis (cont.)

    6. The allowable moments (load


    capacity) may now be determined
    based on the stress of either material.
    Either stress should give the same
    moment if the strain diagram from
    step 5 is compatible with the stress
    diagram (they align and allowables
    are not exceeded).

    7. Alternatively, the controlling moment


    can be found without the strain
    investigation by using the maximum
    allowable stress for each material in
    the moment-stress equation. The
    lower moment will be the first failure
    point and the controlling material.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 20/27


    Design Procedure:
    Given: Span and load conditions
    Material properties
    Wood dimensions
    Reqd: Steel plate dimensions

    1. Determine the required moment.


    2. Find the moment capacity of the wood.
    3. Determine the required capacity for steel.
    4. Based on strain compatibility with wood, find
    the largest d for steel where Xs < Xallow .
    5. Calculate the required section modulus for
    the steel plate.
    6. Using d from step 4. calculate b (width of
    plate).
    7. Choose final steel plate based on available
    sizes and check total capacity of the beam.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 21/27

    Design Example:

    1. Determine the required moment.


    2. Find the moment capacity of the wood.
    3. Determine the required capacity for steel.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 22/27


    Design Example cont:

    4. Based on strain compatibility with


    wood, find the largest d for steel
    where Xs XALLOW.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 23/27

    Design Example cont:

    5. Calculate the required section modulus for


    the steel plate.
    6. Using d from step 4. calculate b (width of
    plate).
    7. Choose final steel plate based on available
    sizes and check total capacity of the beam.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 24/27


    Design Example cont:

    8. Determine required length and location of


    plate.

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 25/27

    Applications:

    Renovation in Edina, Minnesota


    Four 2x8 LVLs, with two 1/2" steel
    plates. 18 FT span
    Original house from 1949
    Renovation in 2006
    Engineer: Paul Voigt

    Todd Buelow used with permission

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 26/27


    Applications:

    Renovation

    Chris Withers House, Reading, UK 2007


    Architect: Chris Owens, Owens Galliver
    Engineer: Allan Barnes

    Chris Withers used with permission

    University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 27/27

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