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    Mark Scheme Question One

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    sulthanramiz
    1. The document provides mark schemes and answers for multiple choice and structured questions on a variety of biology topics including vision, exercise physiology, nerve impulses, cellular respiration, muscle contraction, enzymes, auxins, neurons, and the immune system. 2. It outlines the points or steps that would be awarded marks for each sub-question and provides comments on optional or irrelevant parts of student answers. 3. Key topics covered include the effects of monocular deprivation, factors affecting cardiac output during exercise, the stages of the action potential, the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration, calcium ion involvement in muscle contraction, active site binding in enzyme catalysis, phototropism in plants, myelination and salt

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Mark Scheme Question One

    Uploaded by

    sulthanramiz
    53 views6 pages
    1. The document provides mark schemes and answers for multiple choice and structured questions on a variety of biology topics including vision, exercise physiology, nerve impulses, cellular respiration, muscle contraction, enzymes, auxins, neurons, and the immune system. 2. It outlines the points or steps that would be awarded marks for each sub-question and provides comments on optional or irrelevant parts of student answers. 3. Key topics covered include the effects of monocular deprivation, factors affecting cardiac output during exercise, the stages of the action potential, the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration, calcium ion involvement in muscle contraction, active site binding in enzyme catalysis, phototropism in plants, myelination and salt

    Original Description:

    MARK SCHEME

    Original Title

    Mark Scheme

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    1. The document provides mark schemes and answers for multiple choice and structured questions on a variety of biology topics including vision, exercise physiology, nerve impulses, cellular respiration, muscle contraction, enzymes, auxins, neurons, and the immune system. 2. It outlines the points or steps that would be awarded marks for each sub-question and provides comments on optional or irrelevant parts of student answers. 3. Key topics covered include the effects of monocular deprivation, factors affecting cardiac output during exercise, the stages of the action potential, the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration, calcium ion involvement in muscle contraction, active site binding in enzyme catalysis, phototropism in plants, myelination and salt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    53 views6 pages

    Mark Scheme Question One

    Uploaded by

    sulthanramiz
    1. The document provides mark schemes and answers for multiple choice and structured questions on a variety of biology topics including vision, exercise physiology, nerve impulses, cellular respiration, muscle contraction, enzymes, auxins, neurons, and the immune system. 2. It outlines the points or steps that would be awarded marks for each sub-question and provides comments on optional or irrelevant parts of student answers. 3. Key topics covered include the effects of monocular deprivation, factors affecting cardiac output during exercise, the stages of the action potential, the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration, calcium ion involvement in muscle contraction, active site binding in enzyme catalysis, phototropism in plants, myelination and salt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Mark scheme

    Question one
    Question no Mark scheme
    1 (a) (i) S
    R
    (ii)
    (b) (i) 1. reference to columns being {smaller / narrower /eq}(in
    visual cortex for left eye) /converse ;

    2. (sensory) {neurone / axon} {shorter neurone / reduced


    growth} (for left / deprived eye) converse ;

    3. {fewer / shorter dendrites} / fewer {synapses /


    branches} (in left/deprived eye) / eq / converse ;

    COMMENT
    comparative differences required

    mp 1: NOT shorter but allow references to area


    NOT visual cortex

    mp 2: ACCEPT neurones cut back

    mp 3: IGNORE connections
    (ii) 1. reference to {critical/ sensitive} period / critical
    window (in visual development) ;

    2. idea that if one eye is deprived of {stimulation/light},


    {neurones /dendrites/synapses / columns} do not
    develop / eq ;

    COMMENT
    mp 1: ALLOW reference to stimulation needed in early years

    mp 2: IGNORE references to axons, visual cortex.


    (iii) reference to visual deprivation studies e.g. cataract
    removal from children, bandaging of eyes / reference to
    development of distance perception e.g. Muller-Lyer
    COMMENT
    Muller-Lyer needs to be explained
    ACCEPT ref. to horizontal or vertical stimulation deprivation
    IGNORE ref. to other mammals
    (c) Nature involves genes;
    Nurture involves enviornment
    Question 2
    Question no Mark scheme
    (a) Trained person have the highest cardiac output;
    Least cardiac output at rest;
    Manipulation of figures;
    Heart rate increases;
    (b) Stroke volume increases;
    SAN activity increase;
    AVN time delay decreases;
    Idea that more blood restoring to the heart causes heart muscle to stretch;
    Idea that ventricle contracts with greater force;
    (c) Refer to detection of increase in body temperature by receptors in
    skin/hypothalamus;
    Refer to heat loss center /gain center inhibited /Impulse to effectors with example
    Sweat production increases; how sweating cools the bod;
    How vasodilation leads to cooling;
    Metabolic reaction decreses, so less heat produced;

    Question 3
    Question no Mark scheme
    (a) B Depolarising;
    C Repolarising;
    D Resting;
    [Two correct = 1 mark, all correct = 2 marks] 2

    1. Reference to distribution of Na+ ions (at 0.5 msecs);


    (b) (i)
    2. Membrane stimulated;
    3. Voltage gated channels open;

    4. Na+ gates open;

    5. Na+ floods in;

    6. Idea that more and more (Na+) gates open;

    7. K+ gates open / K+ leaves / Na+ gates close (near 2


    msecs); 4

    (ii) Duration of action potential = {4.7 / 4.8 / 4.9} (msecs); [CE]


    1000 {4.7 / 4.8 / 4.9} = {213 / 208 / 204} (per second); 2
    (c) Reference to hyperpolarisation / reference to K+ overshoot;
    2. K+ gates close;
    3. Reference to Na+ / K+ pump (re)starting;
    4. Resting potential restored;
    5. Reference to refractory period;

    Question 4
    Question no Mark scheme
    (a) (i) 1. reference to oxygen (concentration) decreasing / eq ;
    2. greater (decrease) when ADP is added ;
    3. (oxygen used to) convert ADP to ATP (in respiration) ;
    4. oxygen is needed for respiration / eq ;
    5. correct reference to oxidative phosphorylation ;
    6. reference to {ADP concentration / eq} is limiting ;

    COMMENT
    IGNORE any units

    greater decrease in oxygen when ADP is present = 2 marks

    mp 1: can be obtained from any part of graph


    Pyruvate / pyruvic acid ;
    (b)(i)
    (ii) Pyruvate / pyruvic acid / substance X, reduced / accepts hydrogen / protons
    / electrons (to lactic acid) ;
    NADH + H+ / reduced NAD / NADH2
    (used in this reduction) is oxidised to NAD ;
    (c) Ethanol / ethyl alcohol, and carbon dioxide / CO2 ;
    (d) Transfers electrons / H+ / hydrogen (ions), to electron transfer
    chain / FAD ;
    2. Reference to inner membrane of mitochondrion / cristae ;
    3. Oxidative phosphorylation ;
    4. Generation of ATP (from ADP) ;
    (e) 1. Reference to compartmentalisation / eq;
    2. (Membranes) keep enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle in {a
    small area /
    matrix};
    3 Reference to selective permeability of membranes / eq
    4. {Inner (mitochondrial) membrane / cristae} {contain the
    electron carriers
    / site of oxidative phosphorylation};
    5. Increased surface area;
    6. (Membranes form the) intermembrane space for {accumulation /
    eq ) of H+;
    7. Stalked particles contain {ATPase / ATPsynthase};

    8. Providing a (H+) channel through (stalked particles) to the


    matrix;
    9. ADP converted to ATP (in stalked particles);

    Question 5
    Question no Mark scheme
    (a) Shoter H band
    Overall decrease in size
    1. {calcium ions / Ca2+} released from sarcoplasmic reticulum ;
    (b) 2. calcium (ions) binds to troponin ;
    3. (troponin) causes tropomyosin to move ;
    4. exposing (myosin) binding sites (on actin);
    5. myosin head attaches to binding site / cross bridge formation ;
    6. myosin head {moves / nods forward / eq} ;
    7. release of ADP and inorganic phosphate ;
    8. actin slides over the myosin ;
    9. (ATP causes) myosin head to detach ;
    10. {ATP hydrolysis / ATPase} ;

    Question 6
    Question no Mark scheme
    (a) (i) NH and COOH groups are circled ;
    B
    (ii)
    (b) 1. idea that substrate binds to
    (complementary) active site ;
    2. idea that bonds are broken in
    intermediate
    Or
    idea that ketone group is removed ;
    (c) (i) D
    (ii) 1. IAA moves away from light / there is more
    IAA on the darker side of the stem / eq ;
    2. (H) bonds between cellulose molecules
    weakened / broken / eq ;
    3. the cells elongate due to {uptake of water /
    turgor pressure / eq} / eq ;
    4. IAA causes (more) cell elongation (on the
    dark side of the stem) / eq ;

    Question 7
    Question no Mark scheme
    (a) Ref to electrical insulation;
    Ref to depolarization at nodes;
    Impulse jump from node to node ;
    Saltatory conduction;
    Ref to faster conduction;

    1. {MRI/FMRI} scan/{CT/CAT} scan/thermal imaging/X-rays/PET


    (b) 2. Reference to 3-D image [only applies to MRI, FMRI, CAT scan and PET]
    3. {Shape/size/colour} difference
    4. Density of tissue
    5. Comparison to image of a normal brain/method of identification of
    damaged areas
    6. Reference to monitoring over time
    (c) mRNA made by transcription;
    mRNA leaves nucleus;
    ref to association of mRNA with ribosome;
    tRNA attach to specific AA;
    complemeatry base pairing between tRNA &mRNA;
    ref to peptide bond forms between AA;
    (d) Ref to nucleic acid RNA or DNA;
    Idea of a protein coat / capsids
    Idea that envelope may be present;
    Idea that enzymes may be present;
    Idea of receptors on surface;
    (e) Macrophage engulf the antigen;
    Refe to APCs;
    T helper cell with complementary CD4 receptors bind to the antigen on APC;
    T helper cell divided by mitosis;
    Produce clone of active T helper cell/ T memory cell ;
    (f) Immune suppression:
    1. fewer infections / immune system most effective with moderate exercise
    OR
    {too little / too much} exercise {suppresses immune system / more infections} ;

    2. fewer natural killer cells ;


    3. details of changes (to cells) of the immune system after vigorous exercise ;
    4. inflammatory response in muscles reduces (non-specific) immune response
    elsewhere ;

    Joint damage:
    5. (articular) cartilage / patella / bursae / ligaments / muscle (fibre) ;
    6. further details of damage ;
    7. detail of how damage occurs ;

    Benefits to cardiovascular system:


    NB max of 4 marks from this section
    8. moderate exercise lowers (resting) blood pressure ;
    9. due to increased arterial vasodilation ;
    10. improves ratio of HDL to LDL / increases levels of HDL / reduces levels of
    LDL ;
    11. beneficial effects of exercise on obesity / BMI ;
    12. ref. to prevention (type II) diabetes;

    (g)
    (h)
    (i) Active site of specific shape;
    Hydrogen peroxide form enzyme substarte complex;
    Broken down;
    (j) Larger sample size
    (k)

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