Chapter 2

Flow of Control

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All rights reserved.
 Learning Objectives
Boolean Expressions
Building, Evaluating & Precedence Rules
Branching Mechanisms
if-else
switch
Nesting if-else
Loops
While, do-while, for
Nesting loops
Introduction to File Input
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 Boolean Expressions:
Display 2.1 Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Logical AND (&&)
Logical OR (||)

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 Evaluating Boolean Expressions
Data type bool
Returns true or false
true, false are predefined library consts

Truth tables
Display 2.2 next slide

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Evaluating Boolean Expressions: Display 2.2
Truth Tables

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 Display 2.3
Precedence of Operators (1 of 4)

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 Display 2.3
Precedence of Operators (2 of 4)

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 Display 2.3
Precedence of Operators (3 of 4)

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 Display 2.3
Precedence of Operators (4 of 4)

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 Precedence Examples
Arithmetic before logical
x + 1 > 2 || x + 1 < -3 means:
(x + 1) > 2 || (x + 1) < -3

Short-circuit evaluation
(x >= 0) && (y > 1)
Be careful with increment operators!
(x > 1) && (y++)

Integers as boolean values

All non-zero values true
Zero value false

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 Strong Enum
C++11 introduces strong enums or enum
classes
Does not act like an integer
Examples
enum class Days { Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat };
enum class Weather { Rain, Sun };
Days d = Days::Tue;
Weather w = Weather::Sun;

Illegal: if (d == 0)
Legal: if (d == Days::Wed)

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 Branching Mechanisms
if-else statements
Choice of two alternate statements based
on condition expression
Example:
if (hrs > 40)
grossPay = rate*40 + 1.5*rate*(hrs-40);
else
grossPay = rate*hrs;

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 if-else Statement Syntax
Formal syntax:
if (<boolean_expression>)
<yes_statement>
else
<no_statement>
Note each alternative is only
ONE statement!
To have multiple statements execute in
either branch use compound statement

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 Compound/Block Statement
Only "get" one statement per branch
Must use compound statement { }
for multiples
Also called a "block" stmt

Each block should have block statement

Even if just one statement
Enhances readability

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 Compound Statement in Action
Note indenting in this example:
if (myScore > yourScore)
{
cout << "I win!\n";
wager = wager + 100;
}
else
{
cout << "I wish these were golf scores.\n";
wager = 0;
}

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 Common Pitfalls
Operator "=" vs. operator "=="
One means "assignment" (=)
One means "equality" (==)
VERY different in C++!
Example:
if (x = 12) Note operator used!
Do_Something
else
Do_Something_Else

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 The Optional else
else clause is optional
If, in the false branch (else), you want "nothing" to happen,
leave it out
Example:
if (sales >= minimum)
salary = salary + bonus;
cout << "Salary = %" << salary;
Note: nothing to do for false condition, so there is no else
clause!
Execution continues with cout statement

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 Nested Statements
if-else statements contain smaller statements
Compound or simple statements (weve seen)
Can also contain any statement at all, including another if-
else stmt!
Example:
if (speed > 55)
if (speed > 80)
cout << "Youre really speeding!";
else
cout << "Youre speeding.";
Note proper indenting!

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 Multiway if-else
Not new, just different indenting
Avoids "excessive" indenting
Syntax:

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 Multiway if-else Example

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 The switch Statement
A statement for controlling multiple branches
Can do the same thing with if statements but
sometimes switch is more convenient
Uses controlling expression which returns bool
data type (true or false)
Syntax:
Next slide

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 switch Statement Syntax

The controlling expression must be integral! This includes char.

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 The switch Statement in Action

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The switch: multiple case labels
Execution "falls thru" until break
switch provides a "point of entry"
Example:
case 'A':
case 'a':
cout << "Excellent: you got an "A"!\n";
break;
case 'B':
case 'b':
cout << "Good: you got a "B"!\n";
break;
Note multiple labels provide same "entry"

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 switch Pitfalls/Tip
Forgetting the break;
No compiler error
Execution simply "falls thru" other cases until
break;

Biggest use: MENUs

Provides clearer "big-picture" view
Shows menu structure effectively
Each branch is one menu choice

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 switch Menu Example
Switch stmt "perfect" for menus:
switch (response)
{
case 1:
// Execute menu option 1
break;
case 2:
// Execute menu option 2
break;
case 3:
// Execute menu option 3
break;
default:
cout << "Please enter valid response.";
}

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 Conditional Operator
Also called "ternary operator"
Allows embedded conditional in expression
Essentially "shorthand if-else" operator
Example:
if (n1 > n2)
max = n1;
else
max = n2;
Can be written:
max = (n1 > n2) ? N1 : n2;
"?" and ":" form this "ternary" operator

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 Loops
3 Types of loops in C++
while
Most flexible
No "restrictions"

do-while
Least flexible
Always executes loop body at least once

for
Natural "counting" loop

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 while Loops Syntax

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 while Loop Example
Consider:
count = 0; // Initialization
while (count < 3) // Loop Condition
{
cout << "Hi "; // Loop Body
count++; // Update expression
}
Loop body executes how many times?

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 do-while Loop Syntax

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 do-while Loop Example
count = 0; // Initialization
do
{
cout << "Hi "; // Loop Body
count++; // Update expression
} while (count < 3); // Loop Condition
Loop body executes how many times?
do-while loops always execute body at least once!

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 while vs. do-while
Very similar, but
One important difference
Issue is "WHEN" boolean expression is checked
while: checks BEFORE body is executed
do-while: checked AFTER body is executed

After this difference, theyre

essentially identical!
while is more common, due to its
ultimate "flexibility"

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 Comma Operator
Evaluate list of expressions, returning
value of the last expression
Most often used in a for-loop
Example:
first = (first = 2, second = first + 1);
first gets assigned the value 3
second gets assigned the value 3
No guarantee what order expressions will
be evaluated.

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 for Loop Syntax
for (Init_Action; Bool_Exp; Update_Action)
Body_Statement

Like if-else, Body_Statement can be

a block statement
Much more typical

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 for Loop Example
for (count=0;count<3;count++)
{
cout << "Hi "; // Loop Body
}
How many times does loop body execute?
Initialization, loop condition and update all
"built into" the for-loop structure!
A natural "counting" loop

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 Loop Issues
Loops condition expression can be ANY boolean
expression
Examples:
while (count<3 && done!=0)
{
// Do something
}
for (index=0;index<10 && entry!=-99)
{
// Do something
}

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 Loop Pitfalls: Misplaced ;
Watch the misplaced ; (semicolon)
Example:
while (response != 0) ;
{
cout << "Enter val: ";
cin >> response;
}
Notice the ";" after the while condition!
Result here: INFINITE LOOP!

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 Loop Pitfalls: Infinite Loops
Loop condition must evaluate to false at
some iteration through loop
If not infinite loop.
Example:
while (1)
{
cout << "Hello ";
}
A perfectly legal C++ loop always infinite!
Infinite loops can be desirable
e.g., "Embedded Systems"

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 The break and continue Statements

Flow of Control
Recall how loops provide "graceful" and clear flow of
control in and out
In RARE instances, can alter natural flow
break;
Forces loop to exit immediately.
continue;
Skips rest of loop body
These statements violate natural flow
Only used when absolutely necessary!
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 Nested Loops
Recall: ANY valid C++ statements can be
inside body of loop
This includes additional loop statements!
Called "nested loops"
Requires careful indenting:
for (outer=0; outer<5; outer++)
for (inner=7; inner>2; inner--)
cout << outer << inner;
Notice no { } since each body is one statement
Good style dictates we use { } anyway

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 Introduction to File Input
We can use cin to read from a file in a manner
very similar to reading from the keyboard
Only an introduction is given here, more
details are in chapter 12
Just enough so you can read from text files and
process larger amounts of data that would be too
much work to type in

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 Opening a Text File
Add at the top
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
You can then declare an input stream just as you
would declare any other variable.
ifstream inputStream;
Next you must connect the inputStream variable to a
text file on the disk.
inputStream.open("filename.txt");
The filename.txt is the pathname to a text file or a
file in the current directory
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 Reading from a Text File
Use
inputStream >> var;
The result is the same as using cin >> var
except the input is coming from the text file
and not the keyboard
When done with the file close it with
inputStream.close();

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 File Input Example (1 of 2)
Consider a text file named player.txt with the
following text

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 File Input Example (2 of 2)

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 Summary 1
Boolean expressions
Similar to arithmetic results in true or false
C++ branching statements
if-else, switch
switch statement great for menus
C++ loop statements
while
do-while
for

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 Summary 2
do-while loops
Always execute their loop body at least once
for-loop
A natural "counting" loop

Loops can be exited early

break statement
continue statement
Usage restricted for style purposes
Reading from a text file is similar to reading
from cin
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