Josh Zimmerman, Survival in The or
Josh Zimmerman, Survival in The or
Josh Zimmerman, Survival in The or
Common: The prevalence of heart failure in the United States is estimated at 5.1
million, and is expected to increase to 6.4 million by 2030. There are approximately
650,000 patients diagnosed with HF every year, and the incidence increases with
age. The lifetime risk of developing heart failure for individuals over 40 is currently
20%.(1,2)
While that is all very interesting, data on the incidence and prevalence in the
community does not reflect our actual practice. Data from a large group of Medicare
patients undergoing a variety of non-cardiac surgeries demonstrated the prevalence
of heart failure to be 18%.(3) The incidence of all LV dysfunction in a group of
vascular surgery patients, including those without symptoms, was an impressive
50%!(4)
Not just systolic: Approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart failure
will have reduced left ventricular systolic function.(5) This is commonly referred to
as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and is defined as clinical
heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 40%. On the other
hand, the other half of heart failure patients will have preserved ejection fraction
(HFpEF), defined as an LVEF 50%. It is important to note that, while there has
been less attention paid to patients with preserved EF, the mortality of HF is similar
whether the EF is preserved or not.(5)
Not just left sided: The vast majority of literature on heart failure relates to the left
ventricle, leading to the incorrect impression that right ventricular function and
dysfunction is of little importance. A working group of the National Heart, Lung, and
Blood institute concluded that the role of the right ventricle in a spectrum of
cardiovascular diseases has been relatively neglected proportionate to its central
importance.(6) An echocardiographic evaluation of multiple indices of RV function
demonstrated that both systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle
negatively affect survival in heart failure.(7)
Expensive: The total cost of heat failure care in the US is in excess of $30 billion
dollars a year and is expected to rise to $70 billion by 2030.(2)
Lethal: Among patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure the outlook is poor.
The 1-year mortality is approximately 20% and the 5-year mortality is nearly
50%.(8) The need for hospitalization for heart failure portends an even worse
outcome.(9) These patients can expect a 1-year mortality of 30% and a 5 year
mortality of 70%.(10,11)
A patient with such high mortality should perhaps consider whether they
want to spend a significant proportion of their remaining days undergoing and
recovering from, for instance, a total hip arthroplasty. Though generally
underutilized for HF patients, palliative care teams can provide useful insight and
assistance with goals-of-care discussions.(12) The recent ACC guidelines suggest that
palliative and supportive care is effective for patients with symptomatic advanced
HF to improve quality of life.(1)
Fluids
Despite having been the focus of much research and discussion, the ideal
type and quantity of IV fluid to administer to any patient undergoing surgery still
remains a subject of debate. This is especially true of the heart failure patient, as
there has been little research directed solely at this population.
The first step in the management of these patients is to realize how small a
therapeutic index there is for IV fluids. For a healthy patient there is a wide range of
volume administration that, while perhaps not ideal, will not result in fulminant
heart failure from overload or renal failure from hypovolemia. In the typical heart
failure patient, however, this range will be dramatically smaller and in the end-stage
HF patient the optimal volume status will often be that which minimizes congestive
complications and renal failure, while avoiding neither.
I am not aware of any trials specifically designed to address the use of goal-
directed therapy (GDT) to guide fluid administration in the HF population, but a
recent meta-analysis suggested that GDT in the cardiac surgery population could
decrease both morbidity and length of stay.(15) It seems rational to apply concepts
of GDT to the HF population as well, namely:
Medications
There are three broad issues regarding medication management of the heart
failure patient: decisions regarding continuation of previously prescribed
medications, choices regarding the appropriate anesthetic agents, and choices
regarding appropriate vasoactive drugs.
Anesthetic Agents
The heart failure patient is one that benefits from what is frequently
described as a cardiac anesthetic. As every cardiac anesthesiologist knows, this
means nothing more or less than an anesthetic designed with an understanding of a
patients physiologic state, the hemodynamic goals of their pathologies, and the
abilities of various anesthetic agents to accomplish those goals. As yet there is no
evidence that any given anesthetic plan is superior to another in the heart failure
patient.(16) These patients can be safely anesthetized with any of a variety of
combinations of agents. The key is to proceed slowly and to anticipate the effects of
the chosen agents on inotropy, preload, and afterload.
Vasoactive Drugs
Devices
The HF patient frequently presents to the operating room with one or more
pieces of hardware, including:
LVAD(26-28)
Summary
Heart failure is a common diagnosis in the surgical population and it will only
become more so with time. The perioperative physician will have growing
opportunities to care for these patients, including those with right and left
ventricular dysfunction, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, those with end-stage
symptoms and those who are yet asymptomatic, those with LVADS and those
without, patients presenting for cardiac transplantation and those presenting for
elective surgeries. In addition to understanding the intraoperative management of
the heart failure patient, it will be important for all of us to be aware of the broader
implications of this common disease for our patients. For some of our patients we
will be the first physician to diagnosis heart failure, and as such we should be
familiar with the basics of prognosis and management.
References
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