CLINICAL GUIDELINE FOR MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE

PANCREATITIS IN ADULTS

1. Aim/Purpose of this Guideline

This guideline is for the management of acute pancreatitis in adults. It has
been benchmarked against national guidelines to provide a detailed guidance
of clinical management of acute pancreatitis in line with best practice
guidelines. This guideline applies to all healthcare professionals involved in the
treatment of acute pancreatitis.

2. The Guidance
See overleaf

Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults

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 ACUTE PANCREATITIS TREATMENT PATHWAY

Definition 2 out of 3 of the following criteria:

1) Clinical: Upper abdominal pain
2) Laboratory: Serum amylase > 3 times of upper normal limit
3) Imaging: Imaging proven (CT/MRI/USS)

Detailed History & Examination
Previous pancreatitis
History of gallstones
Alcohol history
Medication and drug intake
Hyperlipidaemia
Trauma
Recent intervention (eg. ERCP)
Comorbidities (respiratory, cardiac, diabetes, high BMI)
Family history

Investigations
a) FBC, U+Es, LFTs, amylase, CRP, clotting, calcium and
triglycerides +/ blood cultures.
b) Arterial blood gas (to assess hypoxia or metabolic acidosis)
c) Chest XRay (assess for effusion or ARDS)
d) Upper abdominal ultrasound (assess aetiology)

Immediate Management
A Ensure patent airway

B Oxygen target 9498% saturation (8892% if COPD)

C Intravenous fluids
Hartmanns solution
Administer 30ml/kg for hypotension or lactate4mmol/l
510mls/kg/h first 24 hours until goals met
Goals to meet :
Heart rate <120/min
Mean arterial pressure = 6585mmHg
Urine output = 0.51ml/kg/h

Urinary catheter hourly urine output monitoring

D/E Nil by mouth initially
Antibiotics RARELY indicated. See below (section 2)
Nasogastric tube Only if vomiting or ileus suspected

Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults

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Is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)present?
Any 2 of the following:
Respiratory rate > 20
Heart rate >90
WCC <4 or >12
Temp <36C or >38C

Presence of SIRS on admission is a predictor of SEVERE pancreatitis and requires
senior surgical review and discussion with ITU outreach

Urgent senior surgical & ITU outreach review if any of below:
Clinical signs Bloods
A Airway not maintained pH <7.1 or >7.7

B: Resp. rate >35/min Sodium <110 or >170mmol/l
paO2 <6.7kPa Potassium <2.0 or>7.0mmol/l

C: HR<40 or >150/min Calcium >3.75mmol/l
Systolic blood pressure <80mmHg Glucose >44.4mmol/l
MAP <60mmHg
Diastolic blood pressure >120mmHg
Anuria Severity grading
D: Coma (GCS <8) Severe pancreatitis

Severity Assessment (ATLANTA classification) Assess at admission, 24 hours and 48 hours.

Severe: Persistent (>48 hrs) organ failure*, local complications (e.g. necrosis, peripancreatic fluid
collections, pseudocyst, splenic & portal vein thromboses) or exacerbation of coexistent disease

Moderately severe: As above but transient only (<48 hours)

Mild: No organ failure, local complications or exacerbation of coexistent disease

NB: If SIRS or organ failure present at admission then classify as SEVERE. If resolved at 48 hours can be
reclassified as moderately severe.

Consideration of HDU involvement where: *Organ failure definitions:-

Cardiovascular - Hypotension requiring inotropes
Persistent SIRS >48h Respiratory - Type 1 or 2 respiratory failure
Elderly (aged >70yrs) Renal - Oliguria or creatinine >177umol/L
Hepatic - INR >1.5
Obese (BMI>35) Haematological - Platelets <100 (10*9/L)
Moderately severe pancreatitis Neuro - Impaired consciousness

Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults

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SPECIFIC GUIDELINES REGARDING MANAGEMENT

1) Ownership

Initial

All patients should initially be admitted under the acute general surgical team on their index
admission UNLESS known chronic alcoholrelated pancreatitis without significant amylase
rise, local complications or requirement for continuous patient controlled intravenous opiates
(PCA) these patients should instead be admitted under the medical gastroenterology team.

Subsequent

ALL inpatients with diagnosed acute gallstone pancreatitis will be subsequently referred to
the Upper GI Surgery team using the Maxims internal referral system Acute Gallstone
Pancreatitis Inpatient Service

Information relating to the patients medical history and results of biochemical studies and
radiology should be available

Referrals will be reviewed each weekday morning on the daily upper GI surgery ward round
and patients ongoing care taken over by the upper GI surgery team

Where patients are admitted over a weekend it is expected that they will stay in hospital for
upper GI review on Monday, or if over a bank holiday weekend, for review on the next normal
working day

Since all referrals are recorded on the Maxims referral system, where patients take their own
discharge against medical advice, these patients will be contacted by telephone and both the
GP and patient contacted by post.

Inpatients will be reviewed within 24 hours of referral on a weekday.

Where a more expeditious review is required the referring team should contact the upper GI
surgery team directly through switchboard


2) Antibiotic Therapy

Antibiotics should NOT be routinely given to patients with pancreatitis, even in the presence
of necrosis, except in these circumstances:

Extrapancreatic infection (e.g. pneumonia, urinary tract infection)
Suspected cholangitis
USS proven cholecystitis
Suspected INFECTED pancreatic necrosis

Extrapancreatic infection
Treat according to source of infection as per Trust antimicrobial guidelines
Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults
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Cholangitis / cholecystitis
Amoxicillin IV 500mg 8 hourly + Gentamicin
Add metronidazole IV 500mg 8 hourly if empyema or anaerobes suspected
If penicillin allergy: Vancomycin + Gentamicin +/ metronidazole

Infected Pancreatic Necrosis
Meropenem IV 1g 8 hourly


3) Imaging

Gold standard first line investigation is USS abdomen
CT indications:
o Diagnostic uncertainty
o Failure to respond to initial treatment or clinical deterioration (Optimal timing
for CT is AT LEAST 7296 hours after onset of symptoms)

MRCP: This is only indicated in patients with abnormal LFTs and common bile duct
dilatation that either progressively worsen or fail to settle, where a common bile duct
stone is suspected.

4) Nutrition

Oral nutrition is safe to start in mild pancreatitis once abdominal pain settling and
inflammatory markers improving

Enteral feeding is the gold standard for feeding in moderately severe/severe acute
pancreatitis.

Nasogastric tube feeding is tolerated in most patients as first line

Nasojejunal feeding is reserved for those unable to tolerate nasogastric feed

Parenteral nutrition should only be used as a second line where nasojejunal feed not
tolerated.

CREON this should be considered in patients with diarrhoea where pancreatic
insufficiency suspected and/or faecal elastase abnormal

5) Use of ERCP and PTC for biliary drainage

Inpatient biliary drainage by ERCP or PTC (percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiopancreatography) should be considered for:

Severe gallstone pancreatitis with cholangitis (URGENT <24h)

Gallstone pancreatitis with obstructing common bile duct stone, where surgical bile
duct exploration not considered appropriate

Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults

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 Gallstone pancreatitis with nonobstructing common bile duct stone, where surgical
bile duct exploration not considered appropriate

Outpatient elective biliary drainage with ERCP should be considered for:

Gallstone pancreatitis with nonobstructing common bile duct stone where not
technically achievable during the index admission due to pancreatic swelling and
surgical bile duct exploration not considered appropriate

Definitive treatment for gallstone pancreatitis where not surgically fit

All requests for ERCP should be discussed with a Consultant gastroenterologist specialising in
ERCP. All requests for PTC should be discussed with a Consultant interventional radiologist.

NB Patients with gallstone pancreatitis, who underwent ERCP and are fit for surgery, should
have a cholecystectomy, as ERCP doesnt prevent recurrence of cholecystitis or biliary colic.



6) Intervention in necrotising pancreatitis

Fine needle aspiration is NOT indicated routinely because clinical and imaging signs are
accurate predictors of infected necrosis in the majority.

Imageguided percutaneous drainage should be used first line with surgical necrosectomy
reserved for treatment failure.

Indications for intervention (endoscopic / radiological / surgical) include:

Clinical suspicion of, or documented, infected necrosis with clinical deterioration
and once walledoff (wait at least 4 weeks from onset of pancreatitis)

Ongoing organ failure for several weeks in absence of infected necrosis but walled
off (wait at least 4 weeks)

Ongoing gastric outlet, intestinal or biliary obstruction due to mass effect (ideally
>48 weeks after onset of pancreatitis)

Disrupted pancreatic duct (ideally >8 weeks after onset of pancreatitis)

Persistent symptoms in walled off necrosis without infection (ideally > 8 weeks)

7) Discussion with hepatopancreaticobiliary unit (Derriford Hospital)

Patients with severe necrotising pancreatitis that fail to respond to first line radiological
and/or endoscopic treatment, or in whom surgical necrosectomy is being considered, should
be discussed with the regional HPB centre at Derriford Hospital.




Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults
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8) Timing of cholecystectomy

The indication for and appropriate timing of surgery, outpatient review or other
investigations will be decided & documented in the notes by the upper GI surgery team. In
general:

For mild biliary pancreatitis, cholecystectomy with ontable cholangiogram should be
performed during the index admission or within two weeks of admission.

In patients with moderately severe/ severe acute pancreatitis with peripancreatic
collections, cholecystectomy with ontable cholangiogram should be delayed until the
collections either resolve or persist beyond 6 weeks.

Where surgery is deemed appropriate during the index admission:
Arrangements will be made with the CEPOD theatre list coordinator and the patients details
entered into the electronic CEPOD theatre booking system

Where surgery is deemed appropriate within 2 weeks of inpatient admission:

An assessment of suitability for West Cornwall or Royal Cornwall Hospital will be made by
the upper GI surgery team. Where uncertainty exists, the CEPOD anaesthetist will assess the
patient and make that decision

All patients must have a Group and Screen prior to discharge

The patient will be placed on the add to waiting list electronic referral system, to maintain
an electronic record, with the date of surgery documented in order to ensure that pre
operative assessment clinic (POAC) can triage the need for further tests, or book face to face
assessment.

The patient will be informed of the proposed date of surgery prior to discharge

Where surgery should be delayed longer than 2 weeks for clinical reasons, the patient will,
dependent on the advice of the upper GI surgeon, either:

Have an outpatient clinic appointment booked within 6 weeks of discharge and the date will
be made available to the patient prior to discharge OR

Have a suitable date for surgery arranged, the patient informed of this prior to discharge and
an add to waiting list electronic form completed (including this date of surgery), enabling the
PreOperative Assessment Clinic (POAC) to identify the need for further triage or face to face
review prior to surgery

During a week where there is no Consultant upper GI surgeon either on call or covering the
CEPOD list:

It is expected that those patients requiring surgery during their index admission will instead
undergo surgery on a planned hot gallbladder list on Friday morning delivered by an upper
GI surgeon. Patients will be booked for this by completing an add to waiting list form.
Where deemed appropriate to undergo surgery within 2 weeks of admission, patients will be
assessed for suitability for WCH or RCH by the upper GI surgeon and if necessary by the
Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults
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CEPOD anaesthetist, with surgery performed either on a Friday morning hot gallbladder list
or WCH day case operating list. An add to waiting list form will be completed as part of this
process.


9) Idiopathic pancreatitis investigation

In patients where no aetiology has been identified, the following investigations should be
performed in sequential order:

a) Repeat abdominal USS (at 6 weeks)
b) If no gallstones then for IgG4 to exclude autoimmune pancreatitis
c) If above normal then for MRCP
d) If above normal then for endoluminal ultrasound (EUS)

10) Alcoholrelated pancreatitis

ALL patients require assessment of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence

For acute alcoholrelated pancreatitis treat according to above pathway

For chronic alcoholrelated pancreatitis diagnosis requires:
Persons symptoms
Imaging to determine pancreatic structure (CT scan first line investigation)
Tests of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function

If steatorrhoea or poor nutrition for pancreatic enzyme supplements

If pain only symptom no enzyme supplements

Patients with pain:
Offer surgery if large duct (obstructive) pancreatitis
Offer coeliac plexus block, splanchnicectomy or surgery if small duct (nonobstructive)
chronic pancreatitis and pain poorly controlled


References

1. Working group IAP/APA acute pancreatitis guidelines. IAP/APA evidencebased
guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2013; 13:e1e15.
2. UK working party on acute pancreatitis. UK guidelines for the management of acute
pancreatitis. Gut 2005; 54:19.
3. NICE. Alcoholrelated pancreatitis. NICE pathways 2015.
http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/alcoholusedisorders

Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults

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3. Monitoring compliance and effectiveness

Element to be All
monitored
Lead Mr Michael Clarke

Tool Patient documentation and Rolling audit

Frequency Adult acute pancreatitis patients who are reviewed by specialist
teams. Audit 6 monthly
Reporting Involved specialties governance committees. Repeated non-
arrangements compliance to be reported via Datix
Acting on Hospital Working Group
recommendations Michael Clarke (Consultant upper GI surgeon) - Chair
and Lead(s) Mohamed Abdelrahman (ST3 General Surgery)
Ian Finlay (Consultant upper GI surgeon)
Hyder Hussaini (Consultant gastroenterologist)
Bill Stableforth (Consultant gastroenterologist)
Madeline Strugnell (Consultant radiologist)
Dushyant Shetty (Consultant radiologist)
John Hancock (Consultant interventional radiologist)
Mike Spivey (Consultant in Intensive Care)
Jog Simantini (Consultant microbiologist)
Neil Powell (Consultant microbiologist)
Change in Required changes to practice will be identified and actioned within
practice and 6 months. A lead member of the team will be identified to take each
lessons to be change forward where appropriate. Lessons learned or changes to
shared practice will be shared with all stakeholders.

4. Equality and Diversity

4.1. This document complies with the Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust
service Equality and Diversity statement which can be found in the 'Equality,
Diversity & Human Rights Policy' or the Equality and Diversity website.

4.2. Equality Impact Assessment

The Initial Equality Impact Assessment Screening Form is at Appendix 2.

Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults

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Appendix 1. Governance Information
Clinical Guideline for Management of acute
Document Title
pancreatitis in Adults.

Date Issued/Approved: 18/05/2017

Date Valid From: 18/05/2017

Date Valid To: 18/05/2020

Mr Michael Clarke (Consultant Upper GI

Directorate / Department responsible and Bariatric Surgeon)
(author/owner):
Mr Mohamed Abdelrahman (Upper GI Spr)
Contact details: Mr Michael Clarke (01872 252373)
This guideline is for the management of
acute pancreatitis in adults. This guideline
Brief summary of contents applies to all healthcare professionals
involved in the treatment of acute
pancreatitis.
Suggested Keywords: pancreatitis
RCHT PCH CFT KCCG
Target Audience

Executive Director responsible for
Medical Director
Policy:
Date revised: 18/05/2017
This document replaces (exact title of
Nil
previous version):
Hospital working group
Michael Clarke (Consultant upper GI
surgeon)
Ian Finlay (Consultant upper GI surgeon)
Hyder Hussaini (Consultant
gastroenterologist)
Bill Stableforth (Consultant
Approval route (names of
gastroenterologist)
committees)/consultation:
Madeline Strugnell (Consultant radiologist)
Dushyant Shetty (Consultant radiologist)
John Hancock (Consultant interventional
radiologist)
Mike Spivey (Consultant in Intensive Care)
Jog Simantini (Consultant microbiologist)
Neil Powell (Consultant microbiologist)

Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults

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 Divisional Manager confirming
Vicky Peverelle
approval processes
Name and Post Title of additional
signatories

Name and Signature of {Original Copy Signed}

Divisional/Directorate Governance
Lead confirming approval by specialty
and divisional management meetings Name:

Signature of Executive Director giving

{Original Copy Signed}
approval
Publication Location (refer to Policy
on Policies Approvals and Internet & Intranet Intranet Only
Ratification):
Document Library Folder/Sub Folder Clinical/General Surgery
Links to key external standards
Related Documents: Nil
Training Need Identified? No

Version Control Table

Version Changes Made by

Date Summary of Changes
No (Name and Job Title)
Michael Clarke
01 09 15 V1.0 Draft for consultation Consultant Upper GI
and Bariatric Surgeon
Michael Clarke
23 Feb 16 V2.0 Approved for implementation Consultant Upper GI
and Bariatric Surgeon
Incorporated changes regarding subsequent Michael Clarke
18/05/17 V3 ownership of patients as well as timing of Consultant Upper GI
cholecystectomy Surgeon

All or part of this document can be released under the Freedom of Information
Act 2000

This document is to be retained for 10 years from the date of expiry.

This document is only valid on the day of printing

Controlled Document
This document has been created following the Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust
Policy on Document Production. It should not be altered in any way without the
express permission of the author or their Line Manager.
Clinical Guideline for Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults
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Appendix 2. Initial Equality Impact Assessment Form
Name of Service, strategy, policy or project to be assessed (hereafter referred to as policy) :
Clinical Management of Acute Pancreatitis in Adults
Directorate and service area: General Is this a new or existing Policy? New
Surgery
Name of individual completing Telephone: 01872252373
assessment: Mr Michael Clarke
1. Policy Aim* To provide detailed guidance on the clinical management of acute
Who is the strategy / pancreatitis in line with best practice guidelines.
policy / proposal /
service function
aimed at?
2. Policy Objectives* To provide a consistent approach to the management of acute
pancreatitis at RCHT sites.

To maintain patient safety and improve outcomes for patients

experiencing acute pancreatitis whilst inpatients at RCHT sites

3. Policy intended Consistent management of acute pancreatitis at RCHT sites.

Outcomes*
Prompt and safe management of acute pancreatitis and follow
up care.

4. *How will you Audit

measure the
outcome? Datix Reporting

Review of nursing/ medical documentation as required

5. Who is intended to All patients who experience acute pancreatitis in hospital at RCHT
benefit from the sites.
policy?
6a) Is consultation Yes
required with the
workforce, equality
groups, local interest
groups etc. around
this policy?

b) If yes, have these Yes

*groups been
consulted?

C). Please list any General surgery team (Audit meeting). Consultants (Radiology,
groups who have Gastroenterology, Microbiology, Intensive care)
been consulted about
this procedure.

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7. The Impact
Please complete the following table.
Are there concerns that the policy could have differential impact on:
Equality Strands: Yes No Rationale for Assessment / Existing Evidence
Age x
Sex (male, female, trans- x
gender / gender
reassignment)
Race / Ethnic x
communities /groups
Disability - x
Learning disability, physical
disability, sensory impairment
and mental health problems
Religion / x
other beliefs
Marriage and civil x
partnership
Pregnancy and maternity x
Sexual Orientation, x
Bisexual, Gay, heterosexual,
Lesbian
You will need to continue to a full Equality Impact Assessment if the following have been
highlighted:
You have ticked Yes in any column above and
No consultation or evidence of there being consultation- this excludes any policies
which have been identified as not requiring consultation. or
Major service redesign or development
8. Please indicate if a full equality analysis is recommended. No

9. If you are not recommending a Full Impact assessment please explain why.

Signature of policy developer / lead manager / director Date of completion and submission
Michael Clarke, Consultant Upper GI and Bariatric 23.02.16
Surgeon
Names and signatures of 1.
members carrying out the 2.
Screening Assessment

Keep one copy and send a copy to the Human Rights, Equality and Inclusion Lead,
c/o Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Human Resources Department, Knowledge Spa,
Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD

A summary of the results will be published on the Trusts web site.

Signed _______________

Date ________________

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