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Assessment

Chapter Test A
Atomic Physics
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. What term is used to describe a perfect radiator and absorber of elec-
tromagnetic radiation?
a. blackbody c. quantum
b. atom d. photon

______ 2. Classical electromagnetic theory predicted that the energy radiated by

a blackbody would become infinite as the wavelength became shorter.
What was the contradiction between observation and this result
called?
a. the quantum theory c. the wave-particle duality
b. the photoelectric effect d. the ultraviolet catastrophe

______ 3. What were the units of light energy emitted by blackbody radiation
originally called?
a. electron volts c. joules
b. quanta d. resonators

______ 4. According to the Rutherford model, what makes up most of the

volume of an atom?
a. empty space c. positive charges
b. the nucleus d. electrons

______ 5. In Rutherford’s experiment, why did the nucleus repel alpha particles?
a. electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged nucleus and
alpha particles
b. electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged nucleus and
alpha particles
c. electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged nucleus and
alpha particles
d. electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nucleus and
alpha particles

______ 6. What is the concentration of positive charge and mass in Rutherford’s

atomic model called?
a. alpha particle c. proton
b. neutron d. nucleus

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Chapter Test A continued

______ 7. Which statement about Rutherford’s model of the atom is not correct?
a. The model states that positive charge is unevenly distributed.
b. The model depicts electrons orbiting the nucleus as planets orbit
the sun.
c. The model explains spectral lines.
d. The model states that atoms are unstable.

______ 8. When a high potential difference is applied to a low-pressure gas, what

kind of spectrum will the gas emit?
a. emission c. continuous
b. absorption d. monochromatic

______ 9. Which statement about emission spectra is correct?

a. All of the lines are evenly spaced.
b. All noble gases have the same spectra.
c. Each line corresponds to a series of wavelengths.
d. All of the lines result from discrete energy differences.

______10. What would you observe if light from argon gas were passed through
a prism?
a. a series of discrete bright lines
b. a continuous spectrum
c. a series of dark lines imposed on a continuous spectrum
d. a single bright line

______11. Which of the following is not a feature of Bohr’s model of the atom?
a. Electrons move in circular orbits about the nucleus.
b. Only certain electron orbits are allowed.
c. Electrons emit radiation continuously while orbiting the nucleus.
d. Electron jumps between energy levels account for discrete spectral
lines.

______12. What is the process in which an electron returns to a lower energy

level and emits a photon?
a. spontaneous emission c. line absorption
b. line emission d. energy transition

______13. How will light behave in a single experiment, according to the princi-
ple of wave-particle duality?
a. Light will act both like a wave and like a particle.
b. Light will act either like a wave or like a particle.
c. Light will act neither like a wave nor like a particle.
d. Light always exists as two waves or as two particles.

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Holt Physics 162 Chapter Test
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Chapter Test A continued

______14. Which of the following processes is more easily observable for light
with a short wavelength?
a. the photoelectric effect c. diffraction
b. radio transmission d. interference

______15. According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which of the fol-

lowing statements about the simultaneous measurements of position
and momentum is true?
a. Neither quantity can be measured with accuracy.
b. The more accurately one value is measured, the less accurately the
other value is known.
c. Both quantities can be measured with infinite accuracy.
d. Accuracy of measurement improves as the object observed
becomes less massive.

______16. What happens as the frequency of photons increases?

a. The diffraction of light becomes easier to observe.
b. The momentum of light decreases.
c. The wave effects of light become easier to observe.
d. The wave effects of light become more difficult to observe.

______ 17. What picture of the electron is suggested by the quantum-mechanical

model of the hydrogen atom?
a. a raisin in pudding c. a planetary orbiting body
b. a probability cloud d. a light quantum

______18. What does the peak of a probability curve for an electron in an atom
indicate?
a. the location where there is zero probability of finding the electron
b. that the electron’s location can be precisely determined
c. that Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is violated
d. the distance from the nucleus at which the electron is most likely to
be found

SHORT ANSWER
19. What is an emission spectrum?

20. Which model of light best explains interference phenomena?

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Chapter Test A continued

21. Which model of light best explains the photoelectric effect?

22. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted by a metal

exposed to light of a given wavelength happens to be equal to the work func-
tion of the metal. How does the energy of the incoming photons compare to
the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons?

PROBLEM
23. What is the energy, in eV, of a photon whose frequency is 3.0
1014 Hz?
(h  6.63
1034 J•s; 1 eV  1.60
1019 J)

E6 E 0.378 eV
E5 E 0.544 eV
E4 E 0.850 eV

E3 E 1.51 eV

E2 E 3.40 eV

24. What is the energy of the photon emitted when the electron in a hydrogen
atom drops from energy level E6 to energy level E3 in the figure above?

25. What is the de Broglie wavelength for a proton that has a mass of
1.67
1027 kg and is moving at a speed of 1.3
103 m/s?
(h  6.63
1034 J•s)

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Holt Physics 164 Chapter Test
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TEACHER RESOURCE

15. Back emf is an induced emf in a 19. 9.8  102 V

motor’s rotating coil. It decreases Given
motor efficiency, since the back emf Vrms  6.9  102 V
reduces the net supply current avail- Solution
able in the motor’s coil. Rearrange the equation, Vrms 
16. Electromagnetic waves exhibit both 0.707Vmax, to solve for Vmax.
wave and particle behavior depending
Vrms (6.9  102 V)
on the wave’s frequency (or wave- Vmax     
0.707 (0.707)
length). When an electromagnetic
wave behaves more like a stream of 9.8  102 V
particles, the “particles” are called 20. 2370 V
photons. A photon is a particle that Given
carries energy but has zero rest mass. N1  196 turns
A high-energy photon behaves more N2  9691 turns
like a particle, while a low-energy pho- A  0.180 m2
ton behaves more like a wave. Bi  0.000 T
17. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Bf  0.950 T
Radio waves work well for transmit- t  0.700 s
ting information across long distances q  0.000°
because the long wavelengths can eas-
Solution
ily travel around objects. Radio waves
Use Faraday’s law of magnetic induc-
help scientists understand deep space
tion to calculate emf.
objects because the long wavelengths
of radio waves pass through Earth’s M ABcosq
emf  N  N 
atmosphere. t t
18. 3.2 A B (Bf  Bi)
NAcosq  NAcosq
Given t t
N  40.0 turns  (196 turns)(0.180 m2)
A  0.50 m2
(0.950 T  0.00 T)
Bi  0.00 T (cos 0.000°) 
(0.700 s)
Bf  0.95 T
t  2.0 s  47.9 V
q  0.00° Use the transformer equation to find
R  3.0  the induced emf in the secondary coil.
N2
Solution V2rms  V1rms 
Use Faraday’s law of magnetic induc- N1
tion to calculate emf.
M ABcosq
9691 turns
(47.9 V)   2370 V
196 turns

emf  N  N 
t t
B (Bf  Bi) Atomic Physics
NAcosq  NAcosq
t t CHAPTER TEST A (GENERAL)
 (40.0 turns)(0.50 m ) 2
1. a 10. a
(0.95 T  0.00 T) 2. d 11. c
(cos 0.00°)  3. b 12. a
(2.0 s)
9.5 V 4. a 13. b
Substitute the induced emf into the 5. c 14. a
definition of resistance to determine 6. d 15. b
the induced current in the coil. 7. c 16. d
8. a 17. b
emf (9.5 V)
I      3.2 A 9. d 18. d
R (3.0 )

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Holt Physics 217 Chapter Test
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TEACHER RESOURCE

19. An emission spectrum is a unique 2. b

series of spectral lines emitted by an 3. c
atomic gas when a potential difference Solution
is applied across the gas. KEmax  hf  hft
20. the wave model KEmax  3.0 eV  1.6 eV  1.4 eV
21. the particle model 4. b
22. The energy of the incoming photons is 5. c
equal to twice the maximum kinetic 6. c
energy of the emitted photoelectrons. 7. b
23. 1.2 eV 8. c
Given 9. Planck proposed that resonators could
f  3.0  1014 Hz only absorb and then reemit discrete
h  6.63  1034 J•s amounts of light energy called quanta.
Solution 10. The constantly accelerated electrons in
E  hf Rutherford’s model of the atom would
E  (6.63  1034 J•s)(3.0  1014 Hz) continuously radiate electromagnetic


1 eV waves, and therefore would be unsta-
 ble. Also, his model did not explain
1.60  1019 J
spectral lines.
E 1.2 eV 11. The resulting spectrum is an absorp-
24. 1.13 eV tion spectrum, which appears as a
Given nearly continuous spectrum with dark
E6  0.378 eV lines where light of given wavelengths
E3  1.51 eV is absorbed by the gases in the cloud.
Solution 12. The transitions from any of the
E  Einitial  Efinal  E6  E3 excited energy levels to the ground
E  0.378 eV  (1.51 eV)  state will produce photons with the
greatest energy, and therefore the
1.13 eV
shortest wavelengths.
25. 3.1  1010 m, or 0.31 nm 13. Earth’s magnetic field draws charged
Given particles from the sun toward the
m  1.67  1027 kg poles, where the particles collide with
v  1.3  103 m/s atoms in Earth’s atmosphere. These
h  6.63  1034 J•s atoms give up the energy acquired in
Solution the collisions as spontaneous emission
h h of photons, producing an aurora.
l      Because there are more collisions near
p mv
the poles, more light is emitted, pro-
(6.63  1034 J•s)
l   ducing a brighter aurora more often.
(1.67  1027 kg)(1.3  103 m/s) 14. Light of short wavelengths is better.
10
 3.1  10 m  0.31 nm Momentum transfer is most easily
observed in particle collisions, and
photons that have shorter wavelengths
Atomic Physics behave more like particles than do
CHAPTER TEST B (ADVANCED) photons with longer wavelengths.
1. c
Solution
E  hf
E 1.99  1019 J
f     
h 6.63  1034 J•s
E  3.00  1014 Hz

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Holt Physics 218 Chapter Test