Rouse - Greek Votive Offerings

GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS
EonDon: C. J. CLAY AND SONS,

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GREEK
VOTIVE OFFERINGS
AN ESSAY IN THE HISTORY OF
GREEK RELIGION.
BY
WILLIAM HENRY DENHAM ROUSE, M.A.,

FORMERLY FELLOW OF CHRIST S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE;
HEADMASTER OF THE PERSE SCHOOL.
CAMBRIDGE:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1902
PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
PREFACE.
ancient times Polemon wrote an account of the votive

IN offerings on the Acropolis of Athens in four books 1 ,
and another of those inalso Lacedaemon 2 ;

Menetor wrote
a book on votive offerings 3 Since their day the subject has .
met with scant attention there is no general work dealing ;
with it, and I know only of Tomasino s book 4 on Roman

votive offerings, the pamphlets of Reisch and Zieinann
5
and ,
the articles in the Dictionaries of Smith, of Darernberg and
Saglio, and in Pauly s Realencydopiidie (Donarium, Donaria).

A numberof essays have, however, appeared on special parts
of the subject, particularly in the archaeological journals, which
will Most of them
be found cited in the notes to this book.
have their value, but itandconsists chiefly in their collection
presentation of facts. I have not wittingly used the work of

others without acknowledgment but inasmuch as most of ;
my collections were made before I met with the books and

articles alluded to,have not thought it necessary to refer
I
to we have found independently.
these for quotations which
I must particularly mention, however, Mr J. G. Frazer s
Pawanias, which has been of great help in revising my

book.
4
1
Strabo, ix. 396 ; Athenaeus, xi. Jacob! Philippi Tomasini, Epis-
472 B, xiii. 587 c IIoAe/iuv tv rois irepi copi Aemoniensis, De Donariis ac ta-
. bcllis votivis, liber singularis, Patavii,
2
Athenaeus, xiii. 574 c. IlcXe/tow e 1654. Ziemann mentions another :
-n-epi TUV ev Aa/ceSat/xoyt avad-qâruv. P. Kunz, Sacra et Profana

s
Athenaeus, xiii. 574 c. Mej^rwp v Historia, 1729.
6 See list of abbreviations.
irepi a.vadijfj.dTwv.
VI PREFACE.
In the present essay I have attempted first to set forth

the facts in some convenient order, then to deduce principles
from them : the only possible plan in dealing with a subject
which has never been fully investigated, and where explana
tions are commonly assumed as axioms without an attempt
at proof. I began my work with a few of these
ready-made
theories, which so impressively enunciated seemed to be no
more open to suspicion than Caesar s wife to rny surprise,
;
as the evidence displayed itself, I saw them

drop away one
by one, and since the conclusions I have been led to are very
different from what I expected, I may fairly claim that
they are
due to no prejudice. If those who prefer the old
assumptions can
give reasons for their faith, I am willing to learn the true test
;
of my own suggestions will be, whether future discoveries will

fall
readily into their proper place. It has interested me greatly
to see that this subject, in itself
apparently of small account,
yet throws light on more than one great principle and after ;
the ten years work which has gone to make this book, I seem
to see farmore clearly than I did the sincerity and simplicity
of Greek religion in the great age, and the elements of cor
ruption which finally brought it to nought. In this history

there are not wanting apt illustrations of modern tendencies,
which have more than antiquarian interest.
I tried to make my collection of facts complete ;
but so
large was the mass of them that they could not all be
presented. Certain classes of dedications, such as those of
honorific statues, could without loss be dealt with
summarily ;
and, in general, there is little to interest in dedications which

are later than the fourth century. Before that date I have
not wittingly omitted anything of note or The
significance.
most arduous part of the task has been to sift the
archaeological
finds. If in the hundreds of
journals and periodicals much has
been overlooked, the only excuse I can offer is that the book
was written at Tomi, where there are no libraries, and therefore
the time available for the search has been a week stolen here
and there from leisure. It should also be remembered, that
with a few exceptions (such as the
Asclepius and hero reliefs)
even the pioneer work of collection arid
comparison had not
PREFACE. Vll
"been done. When we have a Corpus of Reliefs, and more exact

all sorts which have been dis
descriptions of the figures of
covered in sanctuaries, it is quite possible that many obscurities
may be cleared up, and mistakes corrected. This being so,
it may seem rash to have published this book so soon but ;
after all, one might have waited

until the Greek Kalends.
It is something to have the available facts collected, which
I have tried to do: if the future should bring more light for
them, I shall be the first to welcome it. The only criticism

which I shall not welcome is a vain repetition of old shibboleths,
some at least of which I think this volume ought to destroy.
Although it was no part of my purpose to record foreign
I have done so wherever I happened to know of
parallels,
my intention
anything to the point. It was, however, all along
to include modern and therefore I have described at

survivals ;
some length the practices which now hold in the Levant.

I speak chiefly from my own knowledge of these; but where
other travellers have recorded similar scenes, I have generally
added a reference to their works.
In the inscriptions which are cited below, restored letters
are printed in thick type and the iota adscript is printed in
;
line, not beneath, where it is found on the stone. Where it is

in such cases
printed subscript I have copied my authority;
there was 110 exact transcription available.
but
Proper names have been spelt in the traditional way;
Greek epithets, and some names not familiar in Latin form,
to be
keep the Greek spelling. In this matter it seems better
inconsistent than pedantic, and nothing is gained by dubbing an
old acquaintance Aischulos or Thoukudides.
I am well aware of the faults of this essay but those who ;
have not attempted to deal with the subject will not readily
believe, how difficult it has been to present the material in
anything like a clear arrangement. For one thing, there is its

bulk for another, its incompleteness.
;
It was necessary to
choose between two alternatives either to adopt one uniform
:
classification, and in each section to fill in such heads as were

there represented or to classify the matter in each chapter in
;
the way most convenient, and to leave the general scheme to

v iii PREFACE.
develop itself in the final survey.The former plan would have

left in several chapters ugly gaps, and would
have made it
difficult to find a place for a great deal of my material;
I therefore chose the latter. It is a drawback, no doubt, that
the arrangement thus differs in the different chapters, some of
which deal with specified groups of divinities and others with
specified occasions
but in my opinion the gain is great, in
:
that the theories of explanation are not assumed, but evolve

themselves.
thank the administrators of the Worts Fund for
I have to
a grant of 50, which in the year 1896 enabled me to visit the
museums of Sparta, Smyrna, Samos, Odessa, and Petersburg.
Dr Wald stein and Dr de Cou, with the true scholar s generosity,
have allowed me
quote from their unpublished discoveries in
to
the Heraeum and M. Haussoullier also was so good as to send

;
me a copy of some inscriptions found by him at Branchidae.

My thanks are due also to Prof. E. Gardner and Prof. Rhys
Roberts, who did me the service of reading and criticising the
proofs; to the Council of the Anthropological Institute,

who
kindly allowed me two from
to use Major Temple s article
plates
referred to below (p. 391 ); and to Prof. Ridgeway for the loan
of several blocks from his Early Age of Greece.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
INTRODUCTION . . . 1
CHAPTER
I. The Dead, the Heroes, and the Chthonian Deities . . 3
Note on the Modern Representatives of Ancient Shrines . 37
II. Tithes, Firstfruits, and Kindred Offerings .... 39
III. War 95
IV. Games and Contests 149
V. Disease and Calamity .187

VI. Domestic Life 240
VII. Memorials of Honour and Office 259
VIII. Memorials of Feasts and Ceremonials ..... 274
IX. Propitiation 310
X. Rarities and Valuables . . . . . . . .318

XI. Formulae 322
XII. Later Uses of the Votive Formula ..... 355
XIII. Disposal of the Offerings . . . . . . .342

XIV. General Sketch 348
INDICES :
I. Athens Treasure of Athena and the other Gods 394
.....
: . .
II. Athens :
Catalogue of Bronze Statues 396
III. Athens : Artemis Brauronia , 396

X CONTENTS.
PAGE
IV. Athens :
Asclepieum ... . . . . . . 397
V. Eleusis 399
VI, VII. Treasure at Delos .

399, 402
VIII. Amphiaraum, Cabirium, and other Theban shrines . . 403
IX. Plataea 403
X. Temple of Hera at Samos 404
XI. Treasure of Apollo at Branchidae ..... 404
XII. Fragment of list from Aegina ...... 405
XIII. Dedications in the Anthology ...... 405
GENERAL INDEX:
Greek . 409
English 424
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
FIG.
1. Archaic Spartan relief: deified ancestors with votaries ... 6
Hero from Patrae 20

2. Belief,
21
3. Death-Feast Belief, from Peiraeus
Hero Feast, from Peiraeus 23
4.
24
5.
6.
Hero Belief.
Tablet with 0eofria of the Dioscuri (Tarentum) .... 31
36
6 A. Dedication to Zeus Philios
7. Votive pyramid of terra-cotta, from South Italy .....65 62
8. Bronzes from the Cave of Mount Ida, Crete . . . .
Votive hare, from Priene 68

9.
69
10. Hare, from Olympia
69
11. Stag on stand, from Olympia
12. Mare and Foal, from Olympia 76
76
13. Stag attackt by hounds, from Olympia
77
14. Boar, from Olympia
15. from Olympia ^ ... 77
Stallion,
on from Corinth ... 81
16. Artist at work, painting terra-cotta,
Corinthian votive tablet, boxers and vintage scene .... 81

17.
18. Votive tablet from Corinth, man-at-arms and dog .... 82

83
Ship with freight of pottery, from Corinth (painted tablet)
. .
19.
20. Miners digging for potter s clay (Corinthian tablet). ... 83
Dedication to Zeus Meilichios, from Athens 84

21.
22. Pan, Hermes, and Nymphs in grotto with worshippers ... 86

14
23. Warrior, from Olympia
24. Discus with representation of two events of the pentathlon . . 161
165
25. Charioteer, from Olympia
166
26. Bider, from Olympia
27. Nude male from Olympia 172
figure,
28. The Tubingen bronze 172

xii ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
29. Victorious athletes with votive tablet and prize (vase-painting) . 173
Asclepius by the sick-bed

217
30.
31. Tending the sick in the sanctuary of Asclepius .... 218

220
32. Sacrifice to Asclepius
22 L
33. Offering in a healing shrine (Boeotian vase)
Man 222
34. holding a votive leg (Athens)
35. Votive Frog 233
36. Votive Hair, relief from Thessaly 244
Zeus and Hera, from Samos 247

37.
38. Artemis with fawn aud dancing votary (Corcyra) .... 286
287
39. King-dancers, from Olympia
40. Maiden holding pig (Sicily)
288
41. relief . 293

Cybele
299
42. Ox, from Olympia
43. Cock, from Olympia
299
44. Animal in thin foil, from Olympia 299
45. from Olympia 299

Mysterious creature,
304
46. Artemis, with bow and fawn
47. Zeus with thunderbolt, from Olympia 309
309
48. Figure from Olympia (Zeus?)
49. Miniature tripod and kettle, from Olympia 387
50. Miniature axe, from Dodona 388
51. Miniature axes, from Olympia 388
52. Miniature shield, from Olympia 388
5362. Plates I., II Between 388, 389
63. Miniature axe, from Mexico 389

ABBREVIATIONS.
AA. Archaeologischer Anzeiger Beiblatt zum Jahrbuch, q.v.

:
AJA. American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine

Arts. Princeton University Press, 18861896, New Series, 1897
AM. Mittheilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts Athenische :
Abtheilung, 1876
Ann. Annali dell Institute archaeologico di Roma.
Ant. Denk. Antike Denkmaler, herausgegeben vom kaiserlich deutschen
archaologischen Institut. Berlin, Reirner, 18871891.
AZ. Archaeologische Zeitung, 1843
Baumeister. Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums. Miinchen und Leip
zig, 1885.
BCH. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. Paris, 1877
Bronzen = Ergebnisse.
Bull. Bnlletino dell Institute archaeologico di Roma.
Caraparios. Dodone et ses mines.

Cat. Ath. Mus. Sc. FXuTrra TOV ftdviKOv Mova-fiov KaraXoyo? TrepiypafptKos
VTTo II. Ka(3j3adia. Ei/ A$jji/aiy ex TOV TO7roypa(eiou 2. K. BXucrrou.
I. 189092.
Cat. Acr. Mus. KaroXoyor TOV Movo-fiov TTJS A/cpoTroXea)? vrrb II.
Kao-rpicorou.
1895.
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. Catalogue des Bronzes trouvees sur 1
acropole
d Athenes.
Cat. Berl. Sc. Beschreibung der Antiken Skulpturen mit Anschluss der
Pergamenischen Fundstucke. Berlin, Spemann, 1891.
Cat. Br. Mus. Catalogue of the Bronzes in the British Museum Greek, :
Roman and Etruscan, by H. B. Walters. 1899.

Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. A Catalogue of Sculpture in the department of Greek
and Roman Antiquities, British Museum. By A. H. Smith, M.A.
London. Printed by order of the Trustees. Vol. I. 1892, Vol. n.
1900.
Cat. Cypr. Mus. A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum. By John L. Myres
and Max Ohnefalsch-Richter. Clarendon Press, 1899.
xiv ABBREVIATIONS.
CIA. Corpus Inscriptionum Atticamm, consilio et auctoritate Academiae

litterarum Regiae Borussicae editurn. Berlin, Reimer, I. iv. 1873
GIG. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Bockh, i. iv.
Coll. Sab. Furtwangler Collection Sabouroff. Vols.

: I. and n.
Collitz. Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften.
Dar. and Sagl. Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et Romaines. Paris,
Hachette, 1877
E(. Apx- E^rjfjLepas ApxaioXoyiKi?. Athens, 1837
Ergebnisse. Olympia: Die Ergebnisse der von dern deutschen Reich
veranstalteten Ausgrabungen. Vol. in. Bronzen, Vol. iv. In-
schriften. Berlin, v.d.
Farnell. Cults of the Greek States. Vols. I. and n. Clarendon Press,
1896.
Furtwangler Coll. Sab.

F-W. Die Gipsabgiisse Antiker Bildwerke: von Carl Friedrichs, neu
bearbeitet von Paul Wolters. Berlin, Spernann, 1885.
Gaz. Arch. Gazette Archaeologique, 18751889.
Girard. Paul Girard, L Asclepieion d Athenes. Paris, Thorin, 1881.
IGA. Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissirnae praeter Atticas in Attica
repertas, edidit Hermannus Roehl. Berlin, Reimer, 1882.
IGI. Inscriptiones Graecae Insularum Maris Aegei. Berlin, Reimer.
i.
Rhodi, Chalces, Carpathi cum Saro, Casi. F. Hiller de Gar-
tringen, 1895. n. Lesbi, Nesi, Teriedi. Gulielmus R. Paton, 1899.

in. Symes, Teutlaseae, Astypaleae, Anaphes, Therae
Teli, Nisyri,
et Therasiae, Pholegandri, Meli, Cimoli. F. Hiller de Gartringen,
1898.
IGS. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Graeciae Septentrionalis. Berlin,
Reimer. i.
Inscriptiones Graecae Megaridis, Oropiae, Boeotiae,
edidit Gulielmus Dittenberger, 1892. in. 1. Inscriptiones Graecae
Phocidis, Locridis, Aetoliae, Acarnaniae, Insularum Maris lonii,

edidit Gulielmus Dittenberger, 1897.
IGSI. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Siciliae et Italiae, edidit Georgius
Kaibel. Berlin, Reimer, 1890.
I PL Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Peloponnesi et Insularum Vici-
narum. i. Inscriptiones Graecae Aeginae, Pityonesi, Cecryphaliae,
Argolidis, edidit Maxirnilianus Fraenkel. Berlin, Reimer, 1902.
Inschr. von 01. = Ergebnisse.
Jahrb. Jahrbuch des kaiserlich deutschen archaeologischen Instituts.
Berlin, Reimer, 1886
Jahreshefte. Jahreshefte des osterreichischen archaeologischen Instituts
in Wien. Wien, 1888
Knr. KaraXoyoj rov cv \6rjvais Mover fiov e/cStSo/zeV^r VTTO
Eiriypa<pLKOv TTJS
A.pXaio\oyiKTJs cratpfias. Top.os I.

Erriypafpal K rfjs AKpoTroXtcoy
T(VXOS I.
ApâtKai Ai/a^/xartKai E-TrtypcXpm vno H. G. Lolling. Ev
A.0T]vais e< rov rvrroypacpciov rwv d8(\(pwv Heppr), 1899.
ABBREVIATIONS. XV
Mon. Ant. Monument! Antichi, publicati per cura della reale Accademia
dei Lincei. Hopli, Milano, 1889
Mon. et Mem. Memoires, publics par I Academie des
Monuments et
Paris, Leroux, 1894

Inscriptions et Belles-lettres.
Mon. Grec. Monuments Grecs, publies par 1 association pour 1 encourage-
ment des etudes grecques en France. Paris, Maisonneuve, 1872
1897.
MILS. It. Museo Italiano di Antichita Classica, diretto da Domenico
Comparetti. Firenze, 18851890.

Notizie. Notizie degli Scavi.
Preller, Gr. M. Griechische Mythologie.
Reisch. Griechische Weihgeschenke :
Abhandhmgen des Archaeologisch -
Seminars der Universitat Wien, vm. Wien,
Epigraphischen
1890.
Rev. Arch. Revue Archaeologique, publiee sous le direction de MM. Alex.
Bertrand et G. Perrot. Paris, Leroux, 1845
Catalogue des Bronzes trouves sur Acropole
1
Ridder, Cat. Acr. Mus. Br.
d Athenes, par A. de Ridder. Paris, Thorin, 1896.
Ridgeway, Currency. Origin of Currency and Weight Standards, by

W. Ridgeway. Cambridge University Press, 1892.
Ridgeway, Early Age. by W. Ridgeway. Cam

The Early Age of Greece,
1901.
bridge University Press, I.
RM. Mittheilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts Romische :
Abtheilung.
Roberts. An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy, by E. S. Roberts. Cam
bridge University Press, i. 1887.
Roscher. Lexikon der Mythologie.
Schone. Griechische Reliefs aus Athenischen Sammlungen, von Richard
Schone. Leipzig, Breitkopf und Hartel, 1872.
Sybel. Katalog der Sculpturen zu Athen, von Ludwig von Sybel.
Marburg, 1881.
Ziemann. Franciscus Ziemann, De Anathematicis Graecis. Dissertatio
Inauguralis. Regimonti Borussorum, 1885.

ERRATUM.
p. 231, line 2. Dele reference to illustration.
ADDENDA.
p. 257. Figures of nursing mothers are in the Museum at Eleusis.
p. 294. A r. f. vase found at Eleusis represents scenes from the

Mysteries, and
is inscribed in golden letters
Arj^rpLa AT^T/U AvitoiKw (Mon. et
Mem. vii. pi. iv.).
p. 298. infra: Croesus sent golden cows to Ephesus (Herod, i.

92).
p. 384. I omitted to notice that there is a late dedication of the thyrsus to

Aphrodite (Anth. Pal xiii. 24).
GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS.
INTRODUCTION.
PLAN OF THE BOOK.
WHATEVER is given of freewill to a being conceived as

superhuman to speak strictly a votive offering.
is The motive
is simple, but not always the same the occasion
: is accidental,
or, if it not compulsory. This defini
be determined, the gift is
tion excludes all taxes, whether paid to a god or a government,

and includes the sacrifice of animals at the altar. But some
taxes or customary contributions are so closely associated with
votive offerings, or so clearly grow out of them, that no strict
linecan be drawn ;
and to discuss the principle of the sacrifice
would lead us far afield into questions of comparative custom,
whilst the details of sacrifice are not instructive for our present
purpose. Sacrifice will therefore be only touched on by the
way, and a few pages will be given to the consideration of

ritual fines. On the other hand, tithes and firstfruits paid
in kind are important to us, both in themselves and for their
developments, and something must be said of them. The main

purpose of the book, however, is to collect and classify those
offeringswhich are not immediately perishable; and by ex
amining the occasion of their dedication, and the statements
made about it, to trace if possible the motives of the dedicator
and the meaning which the act had for him.
R. 1
2 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS.
We shall begin with the Worship of the Dead, which is
demonstrably one of the oldest found on Greek soil, and the

customs connected with it. The second chapter will deal with
Tithes and Firstfruits. Next will be considered several im
portant occasions for the dedication of votive offerings Victory

:
in War and the Games ;

deliverance from Disease, Danger, or
Calamity; the crises of Domestic Life; memorials of Honour

and Office memorials of Ritual
;
and Propitiation of an
;
offended deity. A brief survey will be taken of things

dedicated for their rarity, and of some curious developments
of the main custom. We shall then collect the formulae of
dedication, and indicate how the objects were disposed of.
Lastly, a general review will gather up all the threads together,
and draw the necessary conclusions.
I.
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND THE CHTHONIAN

DEITIES 1 .
THc EAAaAoc TTpoceAGoyCHC ro3 ArroAAcoNi KA! epcorcocHC OTTCGC

AeT TIMAN TON Hp&KAe& THN AnoGecociN, eTneN 6 6e6c- NYN
MGT<\
MEN coc npwA, Ayp ON Ae obc 6eoN.

SCHOL. PINDAR Nem. n. 38.
EVERY student of primitive culture knows how common

a practice to immolate men, women, and animals at the
it is
funeral, and to send with the dead into his new home food and
drink, and the articles which by analogy with this world he
might be expected to want. In case of burial, food is placed
upon the mound and drink poured into the earth, whilst the
tools or utensils are laid with the body in the tomb ;
in case of
burning, the offerings may be destroyed by fire. In the Odyssey

we see the underlying principles in all their bare savagery, when
Ulysses cuts the throats of his victims over a ditch, and the
insubstantial shades by drinking of the blood gain a momentary
strength to answer his questions. On the other hand, at the
funeral games of Patroclus there is immolation of victims, but
its
meaning is not so much as hinted at. To argue that the
practice described in the Odyssey grew up after the date of the
Iliad, is impossible because in the former we have a complete
;
parallel to the practices of savages, while the civilisation of the

Iliad is too advanced to admit of such practices beginning there.
The Iliad is in fact earlier in date, but later in culture, than the
ninth book of the Odyssey it is silent of ; many things, such as
the mutilation of Cronus, which crop up first at a later date.
1
See Furtwiingler, Collection Sabourqff , Introduction; Eoscher, Lex. der
MythoL, s.v. Heros.
12
And the worship of the dead is attested not only by literature

but by archaeology moreover, there is evidence of continuity.
:
The excavation of the beehive tomb at Menidhi in Attica

of sacrificial vases, which proved
brought to light a series
that the cult had been practised there without a break
from the Mycenean to the classical age. We are justified
then in assuming that the Oavovrwv included more <yepas
than a barrow and a stone slab; and in regarding the

burial of toys and vases in the tombs of a later day as the
survival of an outgrown belief.
The done for the dead seem to have included a funeral

rites
feast, periodically or yearly renewed,

which was celebrated at
the tomb
1
Royal and
.
noble houses would naturally have a
2
and the tendency in Greece as elsewhere was to
family tomb ;
deify the founder

of the race. So the Scythian kings were
honoured by the immolation of wives and slaves, by the offering
3
of firstfruits and golden cups Those who died after the great .
founder of the family would naturally join him, and become as

he was. Partly for fear of what harm the ghosts could do, and
of their help, the survivors were scrupulous
partly from hope
might please them. The tomb
in doing what was filled with
and utensils which belonged to them in this life, or
weapons
which be to want in the other. All these
they might likely
they are dedicated on a special
4
are strictly votive offerings ;
occasion, and for the purpose of propitiation, to a being conceived

1 ii. 37), rpta/rd- In the Greek and Russian churches,
rptra, ft>ara
(Isaeus,
5es in Lexicographers, yevttna (Herod. those who are named after a saint
iv. 26). Lucian describes how garlands keep his day holiday but it is perhaps
;
and myrrh were offered, wine poured fanciful to see a connexion between
into a trench, and the offerings burned this tribute to a spiritual father and
Compare the inscr. of ancestor worship.
(Charon 22).
2
Ceos, IGA 395, where mention is Roscher, Lex. i. 2459, 2474.
made of wine and oil, of sacrificial
3 Herod, iv. 71, 72. Battus and
vessels, of the month s mind and the the old kings of Gyrene seem to have
year s mind. Customary sacrifice to

had divine honours, Herod, iv. 161.
the dead in Olynthus Athenaeus, :
4
Euripides speaks of dra^/wira
viii. 334 F. So in Modern Greece at :
vcKpots: Suppl. 983. Votive offerings
Patmos, for example, the memorial in Argive tombs: Frazer, Pausanias
feasts and services after a death are ii. p. 173. In tombs of slain warriors :
Tpir]iJ.epa, evviarifj.epa., (ra.pa.VTa, Tpi/j.r)va, op. cit. v. p. 141.

THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 5
as superhuman. Since, however, a distinction soon grew

up between burial rites and divine ritual, I do not propose
to follow out the former through all its history. Nor is it
important to consider here whether or no divine ritual was
always derived from the ritual of the dead. As Furtwangler
acutely remarks, the pouring of a libation is meaningless
unless it be connected with beings who dwell in the under
world ;
and this at least was extended to non-chthonian deities.
But at the outset the two kinds of ritual approximate. It
would appear that the recurrent feast was carved on a slab
of stone and set up over the grave, perhaps as a perpetual
memorial of the willingness of the living to serve the dead ;
and the burial gave rites rise to a type of relief which was of
importance in the history of art.
This is the so-called Hero Feast or Death Feast : the
earliest form best seen in a series of ancient Spartan
is reliefs,
of which the following may be considered typical 1 . Two
a male and a female, are seated upon a throne. The
figures,
male figure holds in his right hand a goblet, and extends
his left in a posture which is hard to interpret : it is neither a
blessing nor an accepting, the hand being held vertical
2
The .
female holds a pomegranate in her right hand, and the left

holds her veil. A large snake curls under the throne, the head
appearing over its back. Before the pair is seen a couple of
tiny figures, a man and a woman, he holding a cock and an
egg or some little object, perhaps fruit or cake, she a flower
and a pomegranate. In this relief the enthroned figures turn
towards the right of the spectator, but in some of later date
they turn to his left. Other attributes, such as the dog, also
8
appear and sometimes there is no female. The heroized pair
,
are always distinguished by being larger in size than the human

adorers a natural convention, seen often in the sculptures of
;
Egypt and Assyria

4
. From the rough working of the lower part
of these slabs they appear to have been fixed in the earth.
1 2
Coll. Sab. i. pi. 1 ;
see for the whole Perhaps the ambiguity is due to
series, AM ii. 301 ff., 459, iv. 163, 193, the artist s limitations.
vii. 163. They date from the seventh 3

AM ii. pi. 22.
or sixth century. See 4
fig. 1. Philostr. Her. 296 (685) rb eZSos
G GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS.
The examples have no inscriptions to guide us in the

earlier
interpretation, but the later ones are inscribed

with names.
They may therefore be confidently regarded as sepulchral.

This view is supported by several other facts. Along with
the first slab an inscription was found recording that the
place was sacred to Hermes The snake is carved on an
1
.
FIG. 1. Archaic Spartan relief : deified ancestors with votaries.

Collection Sabourqff, i. pi. 1.
early Spartan tombstone*, and it is well known to be asso

ciated with the chthonian powers. Its habit of lurking in
S jpii} e/>e fjLyav re /cat Great Mogul within towered high over
dvdpelov O#TTW TpiaKovTa ZTTJ yeyovdra. the walls of his citadel.
In India I once saw a marionette 1
Epyuaôs, IGA 60.
2
show, representing the siege of Delhi ; Annali xxxiii. pi. C. Snake identi-
in which the general was
English fied with the hero Cychreus : Paus. i.
twice the size of his men, and the 36. 1.

holes of the earth, its mysterious movement and uncanny eye,

its silence and deadly power, have caused this creature to be
regarded with superstitious awe in many parts of the world.
The Greeks of a later age believed that snakes issued from the
dead man s marrow and that is not the kind of idea which is
1
;
likely to have originated in a later age. Not by Greeks alone

serpent regarded as the incarnation of wisdom and
2
is the ;
amongst them it continued to be associated with oracular caves
and shrines. Flowers, eggs, and cock were no doubt sacrifices ;
and we know how the cock became the traditional poor man s
offering to Asclepius
3
The whole scene, then, represents one
.
scene in the ritual of the dead, the sacrifice to wit and as ;
4
living and dead are supposed to meet in the ritual banquet so ,
the deified ancestors, or heroes, are represented as present at

the feast or as preparing to partake in it.
Out of this early cult of ancestors appears to have grown
the whole system of Hero- Worship in Greece and this is no ;
mere inference, for a similar principle produces the same results

until long after the Christian era. To heroes are applied those
terms which express ideas relating to the dead they are the :
"
Stronger,"
"the Averter," "the Protector 5
." Mortal men in
time become heroes and even gods, as in the case of Asclepius
and the Dioscuri 6 . Even oracles, and the practice of sleeping in
1
Philostr. Her. 288 (670) ;
Boscher x a ^ e7r us Ka l TrX^/cras TOI)S
i. 2467. OV<TI,
KO.I /uaXXoj/ vvKr
2 4
Genesis iii. 1. Compare Eobertson Smith, Re-
3
I am
not prepared to say that the ligion of the Semites, 255 ff. Cf. Paus.
cock had also a symbolic meaning : ii. 10. 1. The hero certainly partakes
it was a very common sacrifice. His in Daulis : Paus. x. 4. 10,
"
the blood
crow is nowbelieved to frighten away they pour through a hole into the grave,
the ghostly powers of the night; the flesh they consume on the spot."
the Kalikazari in Cyprus and Cos, 5

ot /cpeirroi/ej
(see Hesych.s.y.), dTro-
the witches or goblins of northern Tpbwaios, dXe^t/caxos. Arist. ap. Plut.
Europe. But I see no proof that the Cons, ad Apoll.21. Furtwangler p. 21,
early Greeks held any such view, or Koscher i. 2474. The old woman in
that they conceived of their dead as Aristophanes calls out for help u>
having no power in the daytime. H/xkXeis, w Hai/es, c5 Kopvpavres, c3
Sacrifice was however done to the Aicxr/c6pw. Eccl. 1069.

6
heroes at sunset (Paus. vi. 23. 3, Schol. For Asclepius see ch. v. The Dio-
Pind. Isth. iv. 110) or at night (viii. 14. scuri are men in II. iii. 236, heroes or
11) ;
and Athenaeus says (xi. 461 B) gods in Od. xi. 300.
the precinct for the purpose of consulting them, are attested for
2
the dead among the Nasamones 1 and alluded to elsewhere , .
Sometimes the descriptive titles become abstracted and per

sonified as heroes, a point which has significance when we re
member that the Pelasgians did not name their gods 3 Thus we .
find Amynos at Athens, the Defender 4 Eumenes, the Kindly, at ;
6
Chios 5 ; Sosias, the Saviour, at Olbia .
Soter, the Saviour, was
added to the name of Brasidas heroized 7 ,
and to Demetrius and
Antigonus at Athens and in later days inscriptions are common ;
which dedicate statues to the Roman Emperors under the title of

Founder and Saviour 8 Such titles imply protection in general, .
but others are more particular. There are heroes who specialize
in war, as Phylacos the Guardian at Delphi 9 Teichophylax at ,
Myrina and Promachos at Psophis

10
,
11
Eunostos of Tanagra 12 and ;
Deloptes
13
of Samos have other functions which the names make
clear. Or
again, the healing of disease was the special function,
and this especially where the worship centred round a medicinal
spring Such are the Hero Physician at Athens 15 and Asclepius

14
.
,
at Tricca, of whom more anon. If there is a cave of mysterious
vapours, oracle and prophecy come to the front, as in the case

of Amphiaraus and Trophonius. But the idea of power in
general is never lost sight of, and it is ascribed to the mighty
dead throughout Greek history. Brasidas and Sophocles have
already been mentioned as heroized similar honours are as ;
cribed to Philippus of Croton 16 Onesilos at ,

Amathus 17 even ,
to
1
Herod, iv. 172. KO.I wary rrjs oiKov/j.tvr)s. See Furt-
2
Plut. Consol. ad Apoll. 14, Herod. wangler 22, Roscher i. 2516.
v. 92. 9 Herod, viii. Aristomenes was
39.
3
Herod, ii. 52. also useful: Paus. iv. 32. 4.
4
AM xxi. 330. 10
Hesych. s.v.
5
Athenaeus, vi. 266 D ; compare the n Paus. viii. 24. 6.
title Eumenides, and the Good People la
Plut. Quaest. Or. 40.
in English folk-lore. "
AM xxv. 172.
6 101 14
Ditteuberger, Sylloge, 248 . Atheuaeus xi. 512 F rg. depâ \ovrpa
7
Thuc. Sophocles was hero-
v. 11. TO. <paivi>fj.eva<:KTr)syT)s
Trd^res Hpa/cXôus
ized after his death as Dexion, because 4>a<Tii>
eli>an
lepd.
he had welcomed Asclepius to Athens :
15
CIA ii. 403. Frazer, Pausanias
O.TTO TTJS TOV A<TK\T]Triov 5etw<reu>j, Et. ii. 149. Theagenes in many places:
Mag. Paus. vi. 31. 9.
8
oiKiar-fis, KTI OTTJS, ear-rip :
e.g. CIA 16
Herod, v. 47.
iii. 493 ff., AM xviii. 10 Trajan ffurrjpi
17 Herod, v. 114.
such unlikely persons as Theagenes the athlete in Phocis and

many other places
1
The Homeric heroes one and all seem to
.
have had this honour paid to them. Ulysses was a hero in

2 3
Laconia ,
Protesilaus in the Chersonese 4
Agenor in Argos , ,
even Hector in Boeotia The warriors who fell at Plataea 5

.
were worshipt as heroes with offerings of garments, firstfruits,

and all that was customary year by year 6 the Spartans built ;
a shrine toMaron and Alpheus who fell at Thermopylae and 7

;
until late days a public vote might make heroes of the gallant
dead 8 .
Epicteta of Thera, in her well-known will, took upon
herself this state function. She left her property to endow
a shrine to the Muses and the Heroes, the last being herself
and Phoenix her husband, with their two sons. In their
honour recurrent feasts were to be kept up, with sacrifice and
libation, when the statues of the heroes were to be adorned
with garlands 9 . In course of time the idea lost all its meaning,
and hero, like the German selig, came to be a synonym for the
dead 10 .
The heroes do more than protect mankind; they also

punish them for wrongdoing, or at least for an offence against
themselves 11 . In early times, of course, the line is not
drawn distinctly between a ritual and a moral offence; but
1
Paus. The unsuccessful
vi. 24. 3.
ra<j>tvTas
ev rrj ij/jLerepa eTifj.ufj.ei>
Kara
suitors of Hippodamia were worshipt TOS %K.OL<JTQV
8-rjfj.offia iadrinaalv re Kal
as heroes: Paus. vi. 21. 11. rots aXXots vofj.ifj.ois, o<ra re 77 777 i)/j.uv
2
Plut. Quaest. Gr. 48. dveSidov upaia, TTCLVTUV dirapxas tiriê]-
3
Plut. Quaest. Gr. 50. povTes.
4
Herod, ix. 116; Philostr. Her. 7
Paus. iii. 12. 9, vi. 11. 9.
passim, who mentions also Nestor 303 8

Collitz iii. 3196 ws TJ/JW TI/XT>
(696), Diomede and Sthenelus 304 (Corcyra) ; BCH xvii. 98 rj 7r6Xis
(699), Philoctetes 305 (702), Agamem- dpeTrjs eveKev dcpypwHrev. A statue of

non and Menelaus, Idomeneus and Aristeas was dedicated to Apollo at
Ajax 307 (706), Chiron and Palamedes Delphi for similar reasons, Herod.
308 Odysseus 312 (716), Teucer
(708), iv. 15.
315 Aeneas, Sarpedon, Alex-
(721),
9
IGI iii. 330. So the great Nichol-
ander 316 (723), Helenus, Deiphobus, son s spirit is still propitiated with
Polydamas, Euphorbus 317 (725). worship and offerings :
Lyall, Asiatic
5
Lucian, Deor. Cone. 12 ; Lyco- Studies, ii. 301.
phron 1205 ;
Eoscher i. 2482. w IGS i. 1715 and Index.
6
Thuc. iii. 58 iraTfpwv TUV vjj.eTe puv
ll
Schol. Arist. Birds, 1490 oi Tjpues
077/cas, oOs aTTodavovras viro M-fjdwv Kal dvcr6pyr)Toi Kal xaXeTrot rots e/A7reXaoi/crt.
Philostratus tells us that in his day they were the guardians

of morals to some extent 1 It is perhaps not rash to identify .
them with the mysterious daemons of Horner, who visit the

habitations of men, marking their uprightness or evildoing 2 .
Traces are found of human sacrifice offered to heroes, not

only in such celebrations as the funeral games of Patroclus,
but in the story of Sperthias and Bulis 3 and in the victims ,
sacrificed to Scedasus and his daughters before the battle of

Leuctra 4 . But in the times we have to do with, the usual sacri
ficeswere firstfruits in kind, and various animals cattle, sheep, :
pigs, and goats, even horses, and sometimes fish

5
In their .
honour the Arcadians celebrated regular feasts with their slaves

in archaic fashion The heroes were down to historical times 6 .
brought into connexion with every meal by the libations which

were poured to them in general and in particular 7 and by the ,
custom, that any food which fell from the table was sacred to
them 8 this assumes an earlier offering of the firstfruits of
:
the meal Besides, eatables and drinkables were offered at the

9
shrine, the offerer inviting the shades to join in his banquet ;
this became later the 6eo%evia of the Dioscuri, Heracles and

others 10 . The shrines generally included the hero s grave in a
1
Philostr. Her. 294 (680). SouXwi/ ol de TraiSes . . . nera rCiv
2
Od. xvii. 485 Kal re deal êlvoKTi firl \i6wv Ka6rifj.evoi yv/j.vol 8enrvovffiv.
7
dXXo5a7rot<ri TTO.VTOIOL reX^- Schol. Aesch. Ag. 245.
8
Oovres eTri<TTpo<t>a.ovffi TroXT/as, avdpuiruv Roscher i. 2507. Compare Heca-
vfipiv re Kal evvo/j,ir)v e<t>opuvTe$.
taeus ap. Ath. iv. 149 c. The Arcadians
3
Herod, vii. 134 7. /aera rb Setirvov (rirovdas ITTOLOVVTO, OVK
4
Plut. Pelop. 20 ; see also Herod. dTrovi\j/d/j.evoi. rds xetpcts dXX a7ro/*ctTT6-
iv. 71. fj.evoi rols \f/(ij/j(.ols, Kal TT]v a.Trofj.ay8a\iav
5
Time.58; Roscher i. 2506, with
iii. e/cao-ro? cbr^0epe, TOVTO TroioiWes &>e/ca
authorities. For the horse, seePhilostr. r&v ev rats d/i066ots yt.voij.tvuv vvKTepi-
Her. 294 (681). A white horse was i>wv
<f>6pwi>.
9
sacrificed in Athens at the tomb of Philostr. Her. 291 (675), 326 (742).
10
Toxaris, the Stranger Physician: see 4ert(r/a6s or Beo&via, CIA i. 4,
Frazer, Pausanias ii. 148. A late Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 36 & 2:t
,
c 38 ;
Greek romance speaks of a horse as Roscher i. 1169 (vase painting) ;Heuzey,

sacrificed at a girl s tomb: EpwriKa Miss. arch, de Mac. 419 pi. 25. 1 (relief).
Air]yrifj.aTa iii. 20. Schol. Find. Nem. vi. 68, yiverai ev
6
Hecataeus, ap. Ath. iv. 149 D : orav AeX^cus TJpaxTi &via, ev oh 5o/cet 6 debs
Se TO?S r)pw<n 6vci)<ri, fiovdvala fj-eydXr} e"irl
^vta KaXew TOUS ypwas.
yiyverai Kal effTitivrai Trai/res /j.era T&V
walled precinct, with a sacred grove, a place for sacrifice, and a

heroum with table, couch, and the necessary implements. One
1
of these shrines is prettily described by Philostratus "Protesi- .
laus," he says, "lies not in Troy, but here in the Chersonese,

and the barrow there yonder on the left marks his tomb.
Those elms were planted around the barrow by the nymphs,
and on the trees they would seem to have written this law:
that the branches which are turned towards Ilium flower early,
and cast their leaves soon and die before the time, as was
the lot of Protesilaus, while on the other side the trees live
and do well... .And the shrine, wherein, as our fathers have told
us, the Medes wreaked their insolence, on which even smoked

fish came to life they say, there it is, and you see how little is
left of it. But then it was fine methinks, and by no means
small, as may be guessed from the foundations. And this
statue stood upon a ship, for the base is shaped like a prow,
and an admiral dedicated it. But time has defaced it, and to
be sure the people, by anointing it and fastening upon it their
prayers."
The importance and the antiquity of hero-worship have

been very much underrated. The heroes meet us everywhere,
and in many instances one stands in the precinct of a more
famous god. There was an ancient shrine of the Hero in the
2
Olympian Altis Apollo Ptoan stood side by side with a Hero
;
Ptoan 3
Butes had an altar in the Erechtheum 4 Athena, and
; ;
later Asclepius, threw the neighbouring healer Amynus and the

Hero Physician into the shade 5 ;
we have already met with
heroes at Delphi. It is inconceivable that these heroes should
have grown up in such places after the greater gods had been
introduced they were therefore on the spot before them. Take
;
these facts in conjunction with the Homeric allusions to the

daemons, and the Arcadian custom already mentioned, and the
conclusionis forced
upon us that we have here a system of
worship which was older than the great gods. The Pelasgians
1
Philostr. Her, 289 (672). xxii. 244; Paus. ix. 23. 6.
2
The Pelopeum, cp. Paus. v. 13. 1 ;
4
Paus. i. 26. 5.
also Inschr. von Ol. 662. 5
cf. Below, ch. v.
3
IGA 162 jjpwi IlTwtwi, and BCH
inhabited Greece before those races which worshipped Zeus,

Athena, and Apollo and the Pelasgians spoke of their gods ;
without names 1 doubtless by some such collective title as

,
Heroes or Daemons. The worship of the heroes continues
throughout Greek history, but is on the wane and is not

official, although recognised in public oaths where it is not
2
safe to neglect any being who might have power .
These conditions answer

to what would be expected, if the
heroes belonged to the worship of a subject
population, over
mastered or conquered, but not crushed. Side by side with the
great gods such worship would go on, as the hero-worship does,
lingering longest in rural places or country villages, and in cities
supported rather by the poor than by the rich and great. It
lingered, too, in the country because so little was needed in

the way of apparatus. No gorgeous temple was necessary, no
organised priesthood the family tomb was enough, or a modest ;
shrine, not larger or more elaborate than the wayside chapels

which at this day meet the traveller in Greece at every step.
Indeed, there seems to be more than a chance resemblance
between the ancient and the modern practice. The deserted
chapels or outside chapels 3 are for the most
part simple cells,
standing alone in the midst of ar field or a patch of woodland.
Scores and hundreds are ruined, and often nothing remains now
but the foundations many of them were built in Byzantine ;
1
Cp. Herod, ii. 52, Diog. Laert. i. <ras Kal Kpavas Kal Trora/j-ovs /cat
10. 3 Zri Kal vvv tanv evpetv Kara rovs irdvras /ecu irdcras. So in a treaty
driftovs ruv A6r)vaiuv /Soj/xoi)? dvuvvfjiovs, between Rhodes and Hierapytna, Rev.
v7r6fj.vr)fjLa TTJJ r6re yevoptvys eêXdo-ews Arch. xxxv. 235, Cauer 181 dyadq.
(Epimenides and the plague). rvxg. e0a<r0cu ^v robs iepeis Kal rovs
2
Museo Italico iii. 657, Crete: iepodvras ry AX/y Kal r$ P65<j.../tcu
6jj.vu<t) rav "Eyrlav rdv efj. irpvraveiwi rols dpx,a.y^Tai.s Kal rols Tjpaxrt. A law
Kal T&V Aâ rbv ayopalov Kal rbv of Draco ordained sacrifice to the gods
A^va rbv Ta\\a?oi Kal A7r^XXaH>a rbv and heroes together, firstfruits being
AeX^j/top Kal rav Adavaiav rav TTO\LOV- offered: Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 380.
Xv Kal rbv A.irt\\uva rbv Holnov Kal G. B. Hussey, AJA vi. 59 ff. calculates ,
rav Aarovv Kal rav "Aprefjuv Kal rbv that hero-shrines are rare except in
"Apta Kal rav A(f>op8lrav Kal rbv Epfj.av Laconia (28 known) and Attica (16),
Kal rbv "A\LOV KOI rav Bpt,r6fj.apTiv Kal two of the most conservative parts of
rbfj. QoiviKa Kal rav A/j.<f>iuvav
Kal ray Greece.
Tav Kal rbv ovpavbv Kal ypwas Kal
T}pud<r-
3
eprifj,oK\T]<ria
or
times and may fairly be assumed to stand on spots hallowed,

1
,
for whatever reason, from times still more ancient. Some adjoin
which the rags of devout
2
sacred wells, or sacred trees on hang ,
and may have been holy places before the Greeks

worshippers,
came to Greece. Some are still cared for and kept neat ;
within you find a rude altar, an icon or two, some tapers and a
font, with the offerings of the faithful.
But most of these
chapels, even ruined ones
where a village is near, are the scene
of some yearly festivity. Their patron saints are remembered
by the country folk and on the saint s day there is often a
;
local Panegyris, and even the sacrifice of some animal with
gilded horns
3
It would be rash to propound theories when so
.
little is known; but surely not fanciful to believe that

it is
these shrines may often stand on the site of a hero-shrine, or some

farmer chapel sacred to Pan or Demeter. Several are found
s
near a medicinal spring, or ancient baths, and bear the name of

the Saint Healer 4 There are chapels on most of the high hills
.
of Greece, now sacred to St Elias; in ancient times Zeus

was usually worshipt in such places, and he seems to have
displaced local names

5
.
Closely allied with these are the chthonian deities ;

who may
themselves have been often deified heroes, but in any case, like
them, have protective and retributive power and were ap
6
,
7
pealed to in sickness .
Assuming that they
really are deified
ancestors, it becomes easy to understand why they so often go
1
As the MTjrpoTroXis near Dip in worshipped the Virgin.
Athena, to
Lesbos. The or Virgin of the
~Ra.va.yia. T&\<TOV,
2
Mesotopos in Lesbos another in ; Grove, just outside the city of Cos,
Cos up on the hills. I have noted may preserve a memory of the grove
many in the eastern islands. See of the ancient shrine; there is no
folk-Lore, vii. 149. vestige of a grove there now.
3
Near Kalloni, Lesbos ;
see my 5
Preller, Gr. M. 116 foil. Cp. BCH
paper in Folk-Lore, vii. 147. Cp. xxii. 244
(Taygetos, Parnassos, Ar-
Homer Od. 425 flf., CIA iv. 2. 27 b dettos, etc.) Paus. ix. 23. 6; Farnell,
;
4
At Qapdiros or Qapdwr]s. In Lesbos, 6
Aesch. Eum. 263 /j.eyas yap
near the Bay of Kalloni in Geranda, ;
iarlv etidvvos fipor&v v-rrepde
near Branchidae a little way from
; 5e\Toypd<f>u}
Trdvr eirwirq (j>pevi.
Bassae. The last item is signifi-

7 The sanctuary Hades and Per-
of
cant. So is perhaps the dedication of sephone at Acharaca was visited by

the church in Lindos (Khodes), which the sick. Strabo xiv. 1. 44.
in pairs. There would seem to have been an earlier local pair

at Eleusis, which were displaced by the coming of others for ;
one which bears the presentment of Demeter and the

relief,
Maid, shows a pair of divinities seated by them, who are

inscribed as the God and the Goddess Where the great gods 1
.
are distinguished by appropriate titles, they may well have
stepped into the places of such as these. Zeus Chthonius and Ge

Chthonia 2 may be an instance in point and another pair, Zeus ;
Meilichius and Meilichia 3 have associations much the same as ,
those of Demeter Chthonia 4 . In the Hellenistic age, Sarapis

and Isis inherited the functions of many of the older pairs.
So much by way of introduction, and very necessary it is to
the right understanding of the reliefs. As to the occasion of
the offering, we have as a rule no key; except that we
may
assume the customary feast as a usual time of dedication, and
sentiments of gratitude or propitiation for the cause. In this
chapter we shall deal only with the general features of Dedica
tions to Heroes, leaving aside for further examination those
which are specifically inscribed as thank-offerings for
healing or
deliverance,and all that are associated with Asclepius and other
healing gods. With the exception of this last important class,
most of the dedications to the heroes known to us
belong to the
later periods of Greek history: but this is probably an accident,
due to the fact that their shrines were less
important and have
not been so thoroughly examined.
An obvious offering would be the figure of the Hero. The
base of one such has been discovered in Athens 5 and in
Argos ,
another base which seems to have borne one of the Dioscuri 6 .
1
E0. Apx- 1886, 19, pi. 3. statue of the stiff Apollo type.
2
Dittenberger, Sylloge 373, Myco- M. Frankel (AZ 383) argues that
xl.
nos -
the sons dedicated their father s por-
3
BCH ix. 404 Boeotia ; IGS, 1814 ; trait, because (1) there was one statue,
Xen. Anal. vii. 8. 4. the givers names are omitted. But
(2)
4
Dedications to her in Hermion : dedications to one of the Dioscuri
(1)
Collitz iii. 33823. are known, AM ii. 218; and (2) the
5
A0?7J>aioj> v. 161. 23 ...7775 -fjpui. dedicators names
are not necessary
euap.vos. (see chapter xn.). Frankel quotes a
6
Collitz iii. 3262 r&v pavdqw similar dedication from Delphi BCH
rol Ntpaxa dvtdev. The base bore one vii. 445. But the conclusive objections
Statues of course stood in the shrine 1

,
but the number is small
of those specially dedicated. I may mention a figure of Heracles
dedicated by a Greek near Rome 2 and a statuette of Hades ;
enthroned, one of the few such which are inscribed 3 At .
Eleusis 4 and at Tegea 5 have been found hundreds of small

statuettes representing Demeter enthroned, with high head
dress and long robes. Similar figures were offered in other
shrines of importance, but there is little direct evidence for the
Heroes. One shrine, however, that of Menelaus and Helen near
Therapne in Laconia 6 has ,
been excavated, and has yielded an
interesting series of figures 7 About four hundred objects made
.
of lead were found, including warriors armed with round shield

and Corinthian helmet, mounted men, others stark-naked and ;
female figures of various types, some dressed in a long robe and

holding a spear, others armed with the bow, others winged.
There were also draped female figures with the
polos head-dress,
girlsplaying upon the flute, and what look like running or
dancing men there were animals, the lion and the horse, palm
;
8
leaves and garlands, a Centaur, and other Some of
things .
these may well have been meant for the

figures of Menelaus
and Helen, armed or dressed in various fashions because the type
was not fixed, and the idea was that of a protecting power 9 If .
the winged goddesses were not Helen (and no reason

appears
why they should have been Helen), perhaps they may belong to
a yet earlier shrine of the ancient goddess called
by the Greeks
to his view are that the person dedicated gods :

ovx us T\PW<JIV
dXX ws 0eots,
must be mentioned in an honorific 63.
inscr., and that honorific statues are 7
AZ xxx. 8 ff., pi. i, ii.
not known so early. For the difficult 8

The palms
or garlands were per-
inscr. of Niocles see p. 27. haps held in the hands of figures, as
1
Paus. iii. 15. 3, CIA i. 360. we see them in terra-cotta statuettes
2
IGSI 1004. Pausanias ix. 11. 6 (below, ch.vm.). The grills or gridirons
records another. which M. Perdrizet found so mysterious
3
Sparta : no. 3 in Dressel-Milch- are the bases of animal figures many ;
hofer s Catalogue AM ii. 297 ff. were found at Olympia with the
4
Museum
In the at Eleusis. animals upon them. Bronzen von
5
AMiv. 170 ff.; below, ch. vm. Ol. 198, 202, etc.
6 9
Paus. iii. 19. 9, Herod, vi. 61, Without proof I cannot accept the
Isocr. x. 63. By the time the Lam suggestion that they were meant for
Helenae was written, they had become Athena.
Artemis similar figures were found in Apollo s temple at

;
Amyclae, which appear to be as old as the Mycenaean age 1 .
But the maidens with musical instruments are more likely to

have been meant for the worshippers, or for some official who
played a part in the ceremonies, dedicated as a memorial of the
rite. Palmettes and wreaths, if offered independently, would
be cheaper memorials of the act of worship. Animals must be
interpreted in the light of the larger series ofOlympia, Dodona,
and the Cabirium 2 We never hear of the lion as a sacrificial
.
animal and if the horse was sacrificed to a hero, it was not sacri
;
ficed to Zeus. It is safer therefore to assume, that the lion is

the hunter s thank-offering, and the horse that of the warrior,
the racer, or the breeder.At this date, the early sixth century,
toys are probably out of the question. What to make of the
centaur I do not know. In the Olympian Pelopeum were
figures men and animals, tripods, vases, rings, needles,
of
articles of adornment and of value, and armour 3 A variety of .
objects, though not so great, was found in the Tarentine shrine

of the Dioscuri 4 Here we have reclining male figures and
.
seated female figures, probably combined

together originally
into a group like that of the Hero Feast but
very often a child
;
is held the or climbs the couch. There are also

by female, upon
masks, and terra-cotta discs with a head in relief; heads of Pan,
Silenus, and the Gorgon and miniature vases, amphorae and
;
others, in thousands. There are armed men and riders, a youth

with an oil-flask, a satyr, a lad on a ram, and numbers of human
heads covered with a ceremonial head-dress.
Fragments of bronze and fictile vases have been found
bearing dedications to heroes: the hero s name is commonly
not given. It is impossible to say whether they were
given
because of their value, or for use, or as memorials of some act
of ritual. That vases used in ritual were left at the shrine
is proved by the
Menidhi, tomb of inscription but an
suggests some more special occasion. Part of a fictile vase,
with an archaic dedication, was found in a
place at Megara
1
AZ xxx. 19. *
Gaz. Arch. vii. 155 ff., AZ xl.
2
Below, chs. ii. and vm. 286 ff.
3
Bronzen von 01. 3.
identified by another inscription as a hero shrine

1
A vase .
found at Tarentum, bearing the hinder part of two horses,

is dedicated to the Saviours 2 A black fictile vase of the early .
fifthcentury, found at Mycenae, is inscribed of the hero

3
A "
."
trade guild dedicate a bronze vessel to their local hero in

Phocis 4 A vessel of stone from Cyprus bears a similar
.
5
legend Altars are also dedicated to the heroes: to the
.
Dioscuri for example 6 or to Theseus in Attica 7 to Heracles

, ,
in Boeotia 8 One at least of these was the gift of a priest on

.
his election 9 ;
one was given in obedience to a dream 2 ;
others
in return for preservation 10 all are of later date than the fourth :
century. Diomedon of Cos, who left by will an estate for

founding a sanctuary to Heracles, presented the furniture :
table, couch, cups and mixing jar, lamps, brazier, censers,

and a rug, together with two clubs and five golden crowns
for the statues 11 . Herodotus speaks of gold cups being offered
to Protesilaus 12 .
The dedication of arms and armour is also recorded, but

the motive not always clear. If Heracles could be invoked
is
in battle 13 then captured arms

,
might be offered to him and ;
Philostratus mentions Mysian arms that hung by a medicinal

14
spring But the shield and helmet which hang on the wall of
.
a heroum, in a fifth century relief from Cumae 15 or in later ,
reliefs from Samos 16 be part of the hero s own equipment.

, may
We need do no more than mention the offerings of firstfruits
in kind 17 food, flowers, wreaths 18 19
and locks of hair; the
, , money ,
1
IGS iii. 1. 3493 [EJwcAetfas KO! n Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 36 d.
M7*eiXo...eive 06v: cp. 3492, 34957. 12
Herod, ix. 166.
2
IGSI 2406 108 (crwr^pes). i
Below, p. 96.
3
IGA 29, Collitz iii. 3313 TOV -fjpuos
14
Philostr. Her. 300 (691).
15
hid- Cat. Berl. Mus. 805, Koscher
4
IGA 323 E0 0aôs /ecu rol <rvv8a- i. 2555.
(Aiovpyoi dived^Kav run ijpui..
16
AM XXV. 176 ff.
5
Collitz i. 96 Ed/i&i/j #VCTUH TJpwi. v Thuc. iii. 58, Herod, iv. 71.
6 CIA 18
iv. Suppl. 1. 1663 b toaxoiv. Philostr. Her. 296 (684) birâ.
7
CIA ii. 1205, Sybel 62212. voftlfrvviv ewl ffr}/j.aruv AvOpwiroi, eVe"-
8
IGS i. 1829 (Leuctra) QiXeivos Ato- 0epe TTJ /covet rds re ijdLovs TUJ>
aftirtXtav
Hpa/cXe? /car oveipov. eâip&v aury Kparrjpa. frptiya, KCLI v/j.TrL-
CIA ii. 1205 ATroXXumSTjs lepoivos veiv T<

IIaXa/x?j5et ^(paaKev. Lucian,
iepevs yev6fj.evos ri^ Qfjcre i. Charm. 22.
10
BCH iii. 293 0e aôvn tvxfy-
19
Aelian, VH viii. 18.
R. 2
first and be presently considered, and with the others

last will
we have no We must, however, mention that models

concern.
or images of the perishable things offered in the sacrifice were
sometimes offered in stone, metal, or clay. Thus among the
finds at a sanctuary of chthonian Persephone, unearthed at
Tarentum, are a number of clay animals, and in particular
a whole series of pigs 1 One Lysistrate at Athens dedicated .
to Heracles a stone shaped like a cake, with appropriate in

2
scription Statuettes of the votary holding a pig or other
.
animal are known in several places

sacrificial they may be ;
mentioned here because the pig was a favourite offering to the

chthonian deities.
But the most interesting dedications are the reliefs, which
survive in large numbers. The hero is represented in various
forms. Sometimes he is distinguished by attributes as Heracles ;
by club and lion-skin, the Dioscuri by their horses and hats of

a peculiar shape. More often the heroes are stalwart young
men, as Theseus represented or youths mounted on horseback,
is ;
or standing beside their horses, with hounds or huntsmen. We

learn from Philostratus that these were the forms under which
the hero was supposed to appear to his worshippers 4 He tells .
us that if they showed themselves in a sweat, it portended

storm and flood if dusty, drought blood on their arms meant
; ;
plague and pestilence and when none of these signs were ;
seen, good seasons would follow and the earth bring forth her
kindly fruits. Horse and snake are the general attributes of

the hero 5 and the snake often twines round a tree, repre
,
senting no doubt the sacred grove. The hero is often found

associatedwith greater deities as Neoptolemus at Delphi, :
Erechtheus at Athens, Triptolemus at Eleusis. The type of
1
JH S vii. 22, 24. horse has a hidden meaning, and is
2
Sybel 4014; below, ch. vm. meant to symbolize the "mastery" of
3
Kekule, Terracotten von Sicilien, the ancestor over his descendants ;
or
25 Camarina, 33 Gela, 19 Acragas. that the dog is there because "sacred"
4
Philostr. Her. 294 (680) iinroTpo- to certain deities. Horse and dog are
0etV re yap (f>a<nv
avrbv /ecu oTrXrreiW the natural comrades of the hunter ;
KO.I 6r)pas a.irreat)a.i. The horse was not and they cannot tell us what hero is
peculiar to the Dioscuri. depicted. They are properties in a
5
It is hard to agree with Furt- character costume. See more in ch.
wangler (Coll. Sab. i. p. 27) that the xiv.
hero-reliefs is freelyused for sepulchral, where the dead is

heroized but the votive character of many of these is clear
;
from the inscriptions 1

I shall cite these as votive where .
they
are so inscribed or not at all, but omit those which bear
only
the usual sepulchral formula.
The reliefs 2 may be divided into three main classes : scenes
of Ritual, scenes of Feasting, and scenes of the hero s
Activity.
The third class splits into two groups, according as the horse
does or does not form an integral part of the composition. The
groups overlap to some extent.
1. Ritual: the Hero Enthroned. Chief and most ancient
in this division are the Laconian reliefs mentioned above.
Sometimes a heroized pair seated upon the throne 3 or the is ;
female stands before the male, pouring the libation for him 4 ;
many show the male figure alone 5 and two male figures even ,
6
are found The hero feeds a snake from his goblet 7 or a
.
;
dog fawns upon him

8
He holds a pomegranate in one hand, .
the goblet in the other 8 or the woman holds a wreath 9 ; .
A horse s head, or a whole horse, appears framed in the corner 5 .
Once a youth holding jumping- weights appears between two

male figures 6 The later slabs are inscribed with names 10
.
.
The same type recurs in Boeotia. An archaic slab from

Lebadea shows the hero seated, with staff and goblet 11 in ;
another, of the fifth century, a female pours the libation before

him 12 From Patrae in Achaia we have a seated hero, with the
.
female figure behind, and in front nine

worshippers leading
1 9
E.g. Cat. Berl. Mus. 807 KaXXiT<f- F-W. 55.
10
XTJJ AXe^dxwt dvtQ-rjKev, 4th century. Deneken sees a similar type in
2
My account is based on Eoscher s Crete : Boscher i. 2569 n. Plutarch
Article Heros, but the classification is
says that the Spartan tombs were not
not quite the same. See also F-W. inscribed with names except when the
55 ff .
;
AM
iv. 125 ff. dead was killed in battle : Inst. Lac. 18.
3
Coll. Sab. i. I, = Cat. Berl. Sc. 731. u AM iii. 317. 9, iv. 270, v. 141:
12, = AM viii. 364,
4
Ny-Carlsberg F-W. 45.
12
pl. xvi. No. 140 in Korte s Catalogue, AM.
6 AM vii. 260 ff. iii. 301Sometimes the female figure
ff.
6 AZ xli. pl. 13. 2. becomes the most important of the
7 AM iv. 127. 4, pl. viii. 2, v. pl. relief, as nos. 3032 in Dr.-Milchh.,
vii. 1 ; AZ xxxix. 294; AM vi. 358 62 . AM ii. 134, but there is no principle of
8 AM vii. pl. vii. difference to suggest a new class.
22
a ram ;
there is a shield hanging upon the wall, and a horse-
head in frame 1 . In the museum at Corfu is a terra-cotta slab,
with a female pouring the libation before the enthroned hero,
and a second female figure also enthroned. The hero feeding
a snake recurs in Olbia, where we know Achilles was wor-
2
shipt In Berlin is a slab of uncertain origin, but of late
.
date, in which we see the hero enthroned on a raised dais by

the altar, and a troop of worshippers, one of whom leads a horse ;
FIG. 2. Hero Relief, from Patrae.

Roscher i. col. 2571, fig. 8.
there is a tree with a snake twined round it ;

and on the wall
hangs a case with tools, doubtless meant to indicate the dead
man s calling 3
. A third-century relief shows a bearded
fine
man seated in a chair, under which is a snake a female pours ;
the libation. The type resembles Asclepius, but is not that

god
4
. Sometimes the hero stands in a sacrificial scene before
Samos 5
the altar, as in a relief from .
2. The Hero reclining, and partaking of a feast Of this

6
type, which is known as the Hero Feast or the Death Feast ,
1
AM iv. 125. 1, 164; F-W. 1071. 6
See Milchhofer, JaJirb. ii. 25 ; Cat.
See fig. 2. Brit. Mus. Sc. p. 298, and nos. 711 ff. ;
2
Roscher i. 2571. Cat. Berl. Sc. 814 ff. ; Wolters, AZ xl.
3
Cat. Berl. Sc. 804. 300 ; Gardner, JHS v. 107 ;
von Fritze,
4
AM viii. 364, pi. xviii. 1 (Leiden). AM xxi. 347. The last completely
5
AM xxv. 172 A^TTTTJS:
"H/sws disposes of the attempts to explain
altar, one worshipper. The same hero these as Family Feast simply. The
in Peiraeus, coupled with Bendis :
history of the type is dead against
BCH xxiii. 370 Dummler, Annali Iv.
; supposing them to have originally
192. referred to the mythical Feast in the
some three hundred examples remain, the oldest of which comes

from Tegea. Most of them belong to Attica, and the type is
rare in Peloponnese and the southern islands, somewhat more
common in Thrace, Asia Minor, and the northern isles; in
Boeotia and Thessaly it is practically displaced by the Rider
type. One example comes from Naucratis 1
.
The Tegean relief is broken, and the reclining hero has lost
all but his feet. A seated female figure turns towards him,
and before her is a naked lad holding a wreath uplifted in his
left hand 2 A fifth-century relief from the Peiraeus shows the
.
FIG. 3. Death-Feast Belief, from Peiraeus.
hero reclined and holding a bowl, while the female sits as

before a boy draws wine from a mixing-bowl, a dog eats the
;
Underworld; but this idea may have gods, where there can be no question
become associated with the old type of a family meal. Milchhofer points
in later times. The actual moment out that while only one (possibly) is
represented may perhaps be, as von found in a cemetery, many are found
Fritze believes, the dessert ; but too in shrines: Sybel 3992, 4093, 4272,
much stress must not be laid on the 4326, 4694, 4897, 4958, 4983, 4985.
fact that cakes of pyramidal shape are 1
Naucratis ii. 223: hero reclines
known in
"not the death cult"
(349). on couch, female sits feeding a snake
Do we know everything about the out of a saucer; boy drawing wine
death cult ? It is equallyrash to deny from crater; horse s head in corner:
the sacrificial character where the hero one female worshipper with uplifted
himself pours the libation he may be : hand. Samos: AM xxv. 176 ff.
supposed to do so as head of the 2

F-W. 54, AM iv. 135, 162, pi. vii.,
family. The same type is used for the Sybel 3090.

scraps under the table, and a worshipper is present An altar 1

.
2
for incense often appears, on or near the table the crater is ;
3
constant, and the hero holds a drinking horn .
Fruit, especially
pomegranates, and cakes on the table, the cakes being of

lie
4
a pyramidal shape .
Dog and snake often appear, and the
5
Rarely we see a boat, or a man in a boat
6
horse is hinted at . .
Weapons occasionally hang on the wall. Sometimes two male

figures recline together
7
or a woman alone, who perhaps offers ,
8
drink to the serpent .
The Death-Feast type has been found, as might have been

expected, in the Asclepieum at Athens in the shrines of Am-
9
,
Oropus and Rhamnus and at Athens in company

10
phiaraus in ,
with an Amphiaraus relief 11

These facts go to show both the .
votive character of the type, and the heroic character of
Asclepius and Amphiaraus. The type of face varies, often

approaching that of Zeus or Hades. The same type of
relief with Asclepius 12 with Dionysus 13 with
is associated , ,
Hercules and the Muses 14 with Hades 16 with Hecate 16 with , , ,
19
the Dioscuri 17 with Zeuxippus and Basileia 18 later with Isis
, , .
The heroic figures sometimes have the look of portraits 20 .
Once the scene is found on a painted vase 21 arid the type ,

is
22
known in terra-cotta groups .
1
F-W. 1052, Sybel 325. Roscher 9
Jahrb. ii. 26 f.
;
AM xviii. 241.
i. 2555, fig. 3. See fig. 3 in text. From 10
Deltion 1891, p. 27 no. 23 ; AM I.e.
the place of finding the hero is identi-

n Deltion 1891, p. 115 no. 5; AM
fiedwith Asclepius. Cp. F-W. 1053 ff .,
I.e.
12
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 711. F-W. 1070.
2 13
If incense was first offered to the F-W. 1135, 1843.
dead in the Hellenistic age, this proves 14
AZ xlix. 81, Cat. Berl. Sc. 832
nothing for the origin or general inter- (Roman Smyrna).
date, Cp. from
pretation of the type. another in Tarentum, Roscher i. 2542*.
3 For the 15
significance of this see Eleusis :
E0. Apx- 1886, pi. 3.
Athenaeus xi. 461 B, Aristoph. frag.
16
Woman with torch, perhaps the
Kock i. p. 517. Maid :
Sybel 5931.
4
See for these AM xxi. 3512 :
17
Tarentum, terra-cotta : Roscher
pomegranates, AZ xxxv. 139 ff., no. i. 2579.
18
91, inscr. ...TVXWV airavruv. Jahrb. ii. 27.
5
No. 92 in von Duhn s list, AZ 19
Antike Bildwerke ii. 193.
20
xxxv. 139 ff. Snake: Cat. Berl. Sc. See Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 734.
815, 818, etc.
21 AA 1890, p. 89.
6
F-W. 1057. 22
Tarentum: AZ xl. 286, Gaz. Arch.
7
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 712. vii. 155.
8
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 721.
A combination of the types of Sacrifice and Feast appears

on some monuments. Thus worshippers are seen in the corner,
assisting at the feast with uplifted hands The heroes take 1
.
no account of them, and they stand as accessories outside the

picture, just as the dedicators kneel unnoticed in some Italian
painting
2
So too we see victims and sacrificial implements
.
3
forming part of the festive scene .
FIG. 4. Hero Feast, from Peiraeus.

Le Bas, Voyage, pi. 54.
3. We
come now to the third group, where the Hero
appears as Rider or Hunter. In a fifth-century relief from
Cumae 4 the hero is a youth clad in chlamys and petasus, and
bestrides a prancing steed; behind him
appears the heroized
wife. A
group of worshippers, of smaller size, face the pair,
their hands uplifted; on the wall hang shield and helmet.
There are no offerings and no altar, but a hare fawns on the
smallest figure. Both hunting and war are thus hinted at in
1
Cat. Brit. Mm. Sc. 716 ;
Le Bas, 3 Coll. Sab. L pi. 33, Cat. Ath.
Voyage, pi. 54; F-W. 1059. Museum Sc. 1516, 1539; AM xxi. 356;
2
Cat. Berl. Sc. 814 : 4th cent. Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 713, 714 (horse s
A similar series in the Samos Museum : head also), 717 (same).
175 4
. ff. Cat. Berl. Sc. 805. See fig. 5.
this scheme, and the combination is clearer still in another
example from Tanagra

1
. The rider is armed in the cuirass;
FIG. 5. Hero Belief.

Cat. Berl. Sculptures, no. 805.
behind him a slave, with the hunting-club, and game on his

shoulder, holds fast to the horse s tail. A heroized female
figure bears bowl and jug for the libation. Often the hero
2
leads his horse, as in a fourth-century relief from Tanagra ,
where an altar is present, and libation and adoration are

repeated. A century contains two
fine Attic piece of the fifth
3
divisions. In the upper a heroum, containing a statue, with

is
a large heroic figure seated on either side below, the hero ;
unarmed leads his horse, the dog following behind. One adorer
and an altar complete the group. There is only one early ex
4
ample from Attica of this type but both motives, the warrior
;
and the hunter, become regular for sepulchral monuments.

Boeotia presents us with half a hundred monuments of the
type now in question, many of them being carved on small
altars which were doubtless used for the rite depicted
5
The .
hero now bestrides his horse, now stands by it ;

he may be
armed; the horse approaches an altar, or even places a hoof
1
F-W. 1076, 4th cent.
4
Cat. Berl. Sc. 808, 4th cent. The
2
Cat. Berl. Sc. 807 worshipper holds out a cake.
5
Korte, Kat. der boiot. Sk. in AM
a
F-W. 1073. in. 319 ff. quotes 52.
upon it. A female figure is often present, ready for the

libation 1 and there are troops of worshippers 2
;
The hunt- .
motive only occurs on the tablet from Tanagra described above.

3
Nearly all are early; one of the fifth century several of the ,
4
fourth the best show Attic work or influence.
;
From Thessaly comes a unique example; there is the youth

and the horse, and a group of worshippers but there is also a ;
female figure enthroned 5 . The sepulchral slabs from this
district, when inscribed, are all dedicated to the heroized dead 6 .
The hero on horseback reappears in Laconia, and a beast

is offered to him
7
We shall come . later to the Dioscuri, who
occur in this scheme. From Argolis we have an actual hunting
scene, an armed rider attacking a boar; the altar, tree, and snake
occur on this slab 8 In a Thyrean relief 9 the youth holds the
.
,
horse s bridle, whilst he feeds a snake which coils about a tree.

On the tree hanging are a shield and a sword, on the ground
lance and body-armour, whilst a boy carries the helmet. The
type is known in Pergamus, with a female in the divine aspect,
and no worshippers 10 .
Examples have been found in Rhodes in Lemnos and in

11 12
, ,
13 14
Thasos but in the small islands only one so far
, This is more .
likely to be due to accident, or to the greater rarity of all

works of fine art, than to the nature of the ground 15 There .
1
Nos. 138, 1434, Cat. Berl. Sc. 807. 10 BCH xiii. 509, pi. ix.
2
Nos. 145 ff., Berlin 806 f.
n AZ xlii. 485. 8 = Cat. Brit. Mus.
3
No. 10, AM iv.
perhaps pi. xiv. 1 ;
Sc. 753; Furtwiingler, AM viii. 370.
12
the fragment F-W. 1205, which is Couze, Eeise auf Lesbos, 31 pi.
made of Boeotian stone. 15. 1.
4
Nos. 138, 141, 143, 145 ; Berl. 1:J
Conze, Inselreise, 29 pi. 10. 8, 66
807 = Coll. Sab. pi. 29. pi. 10. 6.
5
BCH xii. pi. v. : ...tot Stf/u/taxos...
14
From Amorgos AM xxi. 195 :
Spaffvdaeios av^d^Kfv. (cut). The hero, in helmet and tunic,

6
Ussing, Inscr. Gr. med. 39 ;
rides a prancing horse. There is a
Heuzey, Miss. arch. 418 pi. 26 l
, tree and snake, female divinity, wor-
Mont Olympe 469 5
, 475 17
, 476 19
, shippers, and a boy leading a ram to
478 ^ 483 43
; Lolling, AM xi. 51 21
, the altar. Now in Syra Museum.
54 29 ,
59 48
,
120 51 -
52
, 130 85 , 131".
15
Horses are used in every island,
These references I take from Eoscher. and doubtless were used there in
7
AMii. 422, no. 264. ancient days. Deneken (in Koscher s
8 AA 1855, 58, and others. Diet.) takes the view that horses were
9
Sybel 574, F-W. 1812. less likely to be used in small islands.
are no early examples from the less Greek parts of the

Greek world but the type is common in Thrace during the
;
later periods and the age of Roman dominion, and then
appears in Macedon, Asia Minor, and even Illyria. In Thrace,

several were found in a hero-shrine The Thracian copies are 1
.
inscribed to the lord hero, with or without the word eu%r?V, or

5
to the heroized dead 3 one to Apollo 4 and one to the Dioscuri , ,
.
The hero rides or stands by the horse; dog and altar appear,
and often the tree with coiling serpent 6 Sometimes he hunts .
the boar 7 Once a woman is present 8 and once perhaps a

.
,
9
worshipper .
The Macedonian examples are all dedicated to the heroized

dead. Among them we meet with the boar hunt, and the
snake coiling about a tree 10 In Illyria the rider is armed, .
and gallops with lance in rest 11 Most of the Asiatic types .
belong to heroized dead 12 .

Smyrna has produced several 13 ,
and
14
Cyzicus a few , amongst the latter being one dedicated to
Apollo
15
. One of the Smyrna reliefs, as may be seen below, has
travelled far from the original conception, including as it does
an honorific inscription. From Pergamus came two rider-reliefs
with worshippers, dedicated to the Hero Pergamus 16 A large .
number have come to light in Phrygia or Pisidia, inscribed to

the Preserving God 17 Coloe has two, inscribed to heroized .
dead, one of them to Gaius Germanicus Caesar 18 .
1
Dumont, Inscr. et mon. fig. de la Alov i/os* below, ira.idevrr)s ijpus :
Thrace, 71. (The reff. to Dumont I 812 (broken).... iyufrv : 835 ATroXXw-
borrow from Roscber.) vidr/s A<rK\r)Tua.5ov ripus QiXbiraTpis oi
2
Kvpitj) ijpwi, Dumont nos. 24, 32, xwptTeoi ZeXeircDj/ ffreâvovo iv dtidiu)
33 c, 39 ; fv^v 32, 33 a, c, 39/. arefidvu), oi /cw/u^reot <rvKr)i>ti) 0Te0dva>
3 Dumont 27. deiSiw o-reâfw : JHS vii. 250, pi. C. 2.
4 Dumont 40. 14
AM iv. 14 f., vii. 253 f.; Frohner,
5
Dumont 61 a. Inscr. du Louvre, 263.
6 Dumont 58, etc. 15
AM x. 208.
7 Dumont 40, 49, 102. JHSv. 261; vii. 250 pi. C, with altar
8
Dumont 32. and adoring women :
ijpui Tlepya/jLui.
9 Dumont 33 c. "
6ebs aufrv : BCH i. 366, ii. 170,
10
Frohner Jnscr.du Louvre, 194,216. iii. 346, iv. 291, pi. ix., x. ; JHS viii.
11
Heuzey, Miffs, arch, de Mac., 399 255 ;
Coll. Sab. i. E 36. 3.
pi. 31 4
,
33 2. is
Cat. Berl. Sc. 813 ;
AM xiii. 18 ff.,
12 BCH vi. 442. Fai^J Tepfj.avLK<^ avTOKparopi Kcu crapt,
13 v
Cat. Berl. Sc. 809, 810; 811 Atos female with bound hands
The enthroned figure is combined with the horse in an

Athenian relief 1 . The rider is also found combined with the
Feast type, as in a slab from Tarentum. Here two male figures
recline at the festive table, with the usual accessories, whilst a
man leads a horse towards them 2 .
4. In the the horse forms no integral part of the

last type,
scene. The Hero stands free, and is usually armed in an ;
Argive he stands before an altar on which a boy is laying

relief
fuel 3 In others, the female figure is over against him, pouring
.
a libation. The oldest of this class known comes from Tegea,

and is archaic 4 . Another example is in the Corfu museum, and
has worshippers 5 In Attica 6 and in Sicily 7 we meet with the
.
same scheme, and there are others. Or the Hero gives the
libation to a snake as in certain examples from Sparta 8 and
;
Tarentum 9 .
A transitional type, between this and the thank-offering

for a victory, is seen in the piece from Palermo, where Victory
bearing a fillet flies towards the hero 10 and in another, where
;
11
Victory pours the libation .
We shall now briefly consider dedications made to particular
Heroes, and see how far these fall into the classes defined above.
Dedications made expressly for stated occasions, such as grati
tude for healing or deliverance, will however be excepted, as
12
I propose to take these in the succeeding chapters .
1
Sybel 2039, Schone 111. this form so early and leave no other
2
F-W. 1054. trace ;
in late periods of course it is
3
AM iv. 158. 6. common enough. hardly easier
It is
4
Le Bas, Voyage, pi. 103. 1. to suppose the noun QioK\r) to be accu-
5
Roscher i. 2565. sative, as this also is a late formula.
pi. l, = Roscher 406,
6 Mon. Grecs
There seems to be no doubt as to the
where it is wrongly explained as Ares reading ;
the hero s staff comes be-
and Aphrodite. tween the two words, so it is
first
7
Palermo viii. 370.
: AM unlikely that AKKT Kotpoiv can be meant.
8 Cat. BerL Sc.
732 (archaic) IGA ; But perhaps the dedication is meant
51 ;
Collitz iii. 4400 ; Roberts, Gr. for one only ; see p. 30.
Ep. no. 205. The inscription reads
9
Roscher i. 2566.
restored by Rohl rot K6poi Gto/cXe? Net- 12 p

or Asclepius see ch. v. ; for Per-
Me/m5a, as a dedication by the youths sephone and Demeter in their relation
to Theocles, a man. It seems in- to agriculture, ch. n.
credible that the dedication could take
Turning first to the chthonian deities, as most closely allied

to what we have treated as the earliest type of
worship, we find
that Hades or Pluto has more of the heroic than the divine
1
about him. There appears to be

only one temple recorded
where Hades is worshipt under this name and alone, that
seen by Pausanias in Elis 2 He is generally associated, as .
Hades or Pluto, with the Maid and Demeter or with one of

them 3 ;
sometimes with
heroic figures, Triptolemus, other
Eubuleus, lacchus; sometimes he goes by the name of
or
Zeus Chthonius 4 or of Buleus 5 The practice of lectisternia
, .
is certain for Athens 6 and probable

, for his other centres of
worship. A terra-cotta relief from the Malian Locri 7 shows

a remarkable likeness to the Scherer can
Spartan Type 1.
hardly be wrong in his interpretation of this work as Hades
and Persephone 8 The pair, a bearded male figure, with
.
wreath, and a female figure with diadem and veil, sit side
by side he holds a spray of flowers, narcissus apparently, and
;
she a large bunch of corn and a cock. The arm of the

throne terminates in a snake. This is all which remains;
one quarter of the original slab. Two reliefs of the Feast
Type 2 came to light at Eleusis; these clearly represent the
lectisternia already mentioned.
They are not of early date or
1
Pluto is the god of wealth, and as
Amorgos : AM i. 334. Myconos :
such does not concern us here. The Paros

Mjvaiov ii. 237. :
AOfycuov v.
name is first
applied to the lord of the 15.
underworld in Soph. Antig. 1200. Asia Minor :
Acharaca, Strabo xiv.
2
Paus. vi. 25. 2, Roscher, Diet. 1. 44. Hierapolis, Strabo xiii. 4. 14.
Hades 1788. Cnidus Newton
Halicarnassus, : ii.
3
See Preller, Gr. Myth. 302, note 1. 714. Mowr.
Aphrodisias :
rrjs Evayy.
Athens: with theEumenides, Paus. i.
2x- p. 180.
28. and at the Eleusinium, with
6, 4
Their identity may be seen from
Demeter, the Maid, and Triptolemus. II. ix. 457 Zetfs re Karaites ical
eira^r]
Eleusis: with Demeter, the Maid,
Uepae(j>6i>eia.
lacchus, and Eubuleus (see below),

5
Eubuleus in Eleusis; see note 3.
BCH vii. 387 ff. e ciA ii.948-950,combined:
Coronea with Athena, according to
:
^wtyaTo 6 lepo^vr^ ?
Strabo ix. 2. 29. -
ffat T n\ ^ TUVt Ka i T ^ v
Peloponnese Argos, Corinth, Pylos
:
ffat KaT ^ T ^ ^ avrdav To0 0o0m
Tnphylia, Sparta, Hermione, Olympia ; 7
Boscher i. 1797, after Ann. d. Inst.
sometimes as Zeus Chthonius, or as xix. pi. F.
Clymenus (Roscher, 1788-9). Tegea, *
Roscher, I.e. There was a famous
with Demeter and the Maid AM v. 69. :
shrine of Persephone in this place.
of great artistic merit but they have considerable interest as

;
attesting the cult of a chthonian pair in Eleusis beside the Two

Goddesses. The first shows two pairs, each seated by a separate
table, with a pilaster between. The pair on the right are in
scribed To the God and To the Goddess the others though not ;
inscribed are probably meant for Demeter and the Maid. A

youth holding a jug over a large amphora completes the scene
1
.
The but a fragment, bears the heads, both inscribed, of

other,
Pluto and the Goddess side by side Triptolemus was present, ;
and his torch still remains; so was Eubuleus 2 .
The third type does not appear to be used in connexion

with Pluto, but the fourth is found in a late dedication from
Macedonia; where the god, his body naked from the waist
upwards, stands beside Cerberus
3
.
Of other heroic personages, the Dioscuri are represented on

the oldest known monuments, and these from
Sparta, where
they had a chthonian character and where their worship was
4
,
5
very ancient They appear chiefly in Types 3 and 4 as a
. :
pair of naked youths, without attributes, mounted or usually

6
7
standing beside their horses or standing opposite each other ,
8
without horses or holding a wreath 9 ,The inscription on the .
last example declares that the dedication is made for fear of
the wrath of the sons of Tyndarus 10 . A later relief, which may

1
E0. Apx- 1886, 19, plate 3: Avert-
5
Plut. be Frat. Am. 1. See Paus.
fjiaxi.Sr)s cW0?7Ke- 0eoi 0wi. CIA ii. iii. 24. 5, 26. 3. They were also wor-
Add. 1620 b.
shipt in Messenia, Arcadia, Argolis,
2 2
E0. Apx. 1885, 26, plate 3 :
Achaia, Attica see Paus. i. 18. 1, ii. :
Aoxparelfcff SGWT/WZTOU I/ca/xei)s tepei>s

7. 5, 22. 5, 36. 6, iii. 14. 6, 20. 2, viii.
0eoO/ccu 0eas /cat
Ei>pov\tus...virep eavrov 9. 2, 21. 4. They were probably the
teal TUV VWV...KO.I TTJS 6vya.Tpks %o/)t- ava/cTes Troupes of Amphissa AM x. 86. :
ffT-qpiov Ar)fj.7)Tpi KO.L K6prjL AvM-qiccv. At Cyzicus, GIG 2157, 2158.

JlXotrwv. 0ed. TpurToXefj-os. Ei5/3oiAeiJs.
6
AM ii. Cat. no. 219.
Restorations are certain, and therefore 7
F-W. 67, AM ii. Cat., nos. 14, 20,
not indicated. CIA ii. Add. 1620 c. 201,202,209212,220. Crete: AJA
3
Heuzey, La Ville d Eane en Mace- N.S. i. 249, fig. 5.
doine, Rev. Arch. N.S. xviii. 22: 6e$
8
AM ii. no. 204.
Seffirory UXovruvi Kal rrj TroXet Eavr}
9 AM viii. 371, pi. xviii. 2.
T. SXootftos Aeoj/Ss, etc. (Roscher,
1792).
w XQ A 62 a nXa-na5as /* dv^0t)K6
4
Pind. Nem. x. 56 VTTO *ei;0e<n
AioaKotpouriv ayaXna, Tivdapidav diBv-
yaias iv yvdXois QepaTrvas. Alcman p.wv fiaviv oTriS56\i.VO<5.
AM viii. 372,
frag. 5 virtt ryv yjjv TTJS Qepdirvys dvai pi. xviii. 2.
Xlyomu
be votive, shows two youths on horseback, clad in chiton and

chlamys, but without the distinctive hat. They are beardless,
and their hair is bound with a diadem 1 In another relief two .
youths stand with an altar between each holds a spear, and one ;
has a bowl, the other a jug 2 Sometimes they are armed with .
swords 3 sometimes their feet clad in boots 4

, The two urns .
5
frequently appear and in one case snakes are wreathed round
,
them. A
table also appears with
something upon it, the
silphium no doubt which we have read of
6
Animals appear .
at their feet 7 and of course the snake 8

, while cocks may be ;
seen in the gable 9 .
The identification even when no horses are seen, is made

certain by the dedication of one at least 10 A dedication is .
found to one of the two alone 11 which makes it

possible to ,
assume the same thing for a fragmentary relief which has been
much discussed 12 . One or two late examples are offered by
a company of persons, probably those who took
part in some
13
great feast Here a female figure appears, doubtless Helen.
.
A found in Cythera shows that the cult was

relief
practised
there 14 and a dedication to them comes also from
:
15
Thessaly .
Dedications go on until Roman times 16

The stars, which later .
are identified with these heroes as

protectors at sea, do not
appear but if the story of Lysander be correctly interpreted,
;
they were known in the fifth century At Tarentum the youths

17
.
often ride or drive in a chariot 18 .
1
Cat. Brit. Mm. Sc. 780. ow^&res tvl... followed by a list of
2
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 781, cp. AM officials. The date is not long before
ii. Cat. no. 220. the Christian era.
3
AM ii. nos. 203, 206, iv. p. 126. 14
AM v. 231 Mtvavdpos apôcrr^p
4
AMii. no. 212. Tiv8apl8ai... See BCH ii. 394. Paus.
5
AM ii. nos. 209, 210. x. 9. 8.
6
Paus. iii. 16. 3 Tpairefa K ai 15
0eots fteyaXois, relief of Dioscuri
alXQtov :
i* wry- Collitz i. 347.

7
AMii. no. 213. w AM ii.C7af.no. 208 with Latin inscr.
8
AM ii. nos. 209, 220. 1?
See Plut. Lys. 18. Euripides asso-
9 AM ii. no. 209. ciates them with the stars &<TTpois :
10
AM ii. Cat. no. 204 KaXXwrparifs 6/iotwWvTc, Hel. does 140. But this
TwSapldats. not imply that Lysander meant the
11
AM " Cat. no. 218. stars as "symbols of the Dioscuri,"
12
IGA 51, above, p. 27. see below, p. 135.
13
AM ii. Cat. no. 202, F-W. 1848,
w RM xv . 23.
Collitz iii. 4440 ff. : the formula is ol
The Feast Type is fully represented in a series of reliefs

found at Tarentum. The Dioscuri, on horseback, are seen
approaching the feast which is set out
ready for them

1
or reclining at table, ,
their horses sometimes appearing in the
background
2
There are always two am
.
phorae placed at the two sides, one for

each. These amphorae are associated
with the libation in the ritual type, where
the Dioscuri themselves pour it upon the
altar 3 or they stand beside the two
;
youths, who are unclothed and without

5
attributes 4 or they stand upon a table
; ,
while the youths raise a stlengis to their

heads 6 or drive past 7 The amphorae may
,
.
signify either the feast or the libation

and where they stand quite alone it is
;
FlG> 6 Tablet with ^
&via of the Dioscuri
8
impossible to say which . (from Tarentum).
Certain Spartan reliefs show two am

EM xv. 24, fig. 3.
phorae, sometimes standing upon a table.

A slab, of the second century perhaps
9
bears the twins clothed, ,
with the typical hats, and standing upon a raised base or

platform. A worshipper reaches out his hand to touch one of
two large amphorae, which stand also on a high base; below
is a small altar, with a pig carved in relief upon it. There is
a boat in the background.

The snake is frequent on these reliefs, and the cock 10 is
1
EM
xv. 24. I regard the figures 6
EM xv. 8, fig. 3.
not as sailing through the air, but as 7 EM xv. 22, 23.

8
approaching. The artist has not the K. Petersen (EM xv. 41) thinks
skill to represent the perspective. they denote prizes of wine. This is
2
EM xv. 27. pure imagination, and I think the
3 EM xv. 7. reader will prefer the explanation
4 EM xv. 8, fig. 1. suggested above. Nor is there any
5
The table has a rude shape two : reason to call them symbolic which ;
square uprights joined by a balk. This would imply that the pots could repre
was traditional according to Plutarch, sent the heroes.
De Fr. Am. 1, and called 56Kcu>a. See 9 Laconia ? Now in Verona. AM ii.
EM xv. 43. Perhaps it is meant for nos. 209, 210; Koscher i. 1171: in
their tomb ;
so at least implies Etym. scribed.
Mag. s.v. d6Kava. 10

AM ii. 20. 209.
also found. We shall meet these beings later as saviours and

protectors, especially of those who use the sea, and as givers
1
of victory There remains the base of one statue at least
.
dedicated to and the little figures two together in

them 2 ;
a cradle, which have been found in several different places,

are supposed to be they or their sons 3 Altars dedicated to .
them have also been found 4 bearing . A number of slabs

snakes only are in the local museum at Sparta; these may
be connected with the Dioscuri, but there is nothing save the
place of finding to suggest it. Dedications to the Dioscuri by
seafarers do not meet us early ;
we may instance a late one from
the island Megiste 5 .
Heracles enthroned (Type 1) is to be seen on a relief of

Attic character, found in Andros, and belonging to the fifth
century. He sits before a temple or palace, whilst a female

6
pours wine into his goblet .
In the fourth century the sacrificial scheme takes a different

form. Lysistrate dedicates to him a stone carved to resemble
a cake or loaf, with a relief: Heracles, wearing the lionskin,
stands by a blazing altar, towards which a boy leads a sacrificial
swine a group of women and children complete the scene 7
;
.
A from Ithome 8 shows Heracles standing before a shrine,

relief
beardless, with club and lionskin there are worshippers, the ;
victims are ox and sheep. An ox alone is offered on a similar

relief 9 and there are remains of others 10 In one relief Heracles
, .
11
appears to be holding out his hand for something .
1
Chap. v. 7
Sybel 4014 AvaiffTpa/nj inrtp T&V
-
Argos: AZ 1882, p. 383 TUV fava- HpaK\fl dvtdrjKev; CIA ii. 1565,
Trcu Swv
9o>.
with 1564, 1565 b, which seem to be
3
AM*. 81, pi. 4 ; Preller, Gr. Myth. fragments of similar reliefs. The 5th
862. cent, piece F-W. 1134 is probably
4
CIA iii. 195, IGI iii. Thera 421, Theseus, as the lionskin lacks.
Sybel 320, Schone 112, who illus-
s
422, etc.
5
Collitz iii. 4331. trates the offering of these victims
6
F-W. 1203 the editor explains
; by Diod. iv. 39. 1 (Thebes), Pollux i.
it as Hebe pouring wine for him in 30.

9
Olympus. It is true the sacrificial Described by Schone, col. 56, no.
character of the relief is not clear; 112.

but in view of the preceding examples 10
Sybel 372, 383, 5694 ;
Cat. Brit.
I prefer to regard it as a modification Mus. Sc, 791.
of the votive type. n AA ix. 170 :
cp. F-W. 1134.
The Feasting Type(2) is represented by a late relief from

Athens, where Heracles appears as one of a group of heroic
figures feasting, others perhaps being Apollo and the Muses.
The scene is fanciful,
including not only the apparatus of the
feast, but trees and little
winged loves
1
.
Even the third type found, although Heracles is no

is
horseman. On a rough Rhodian piece of Roman date he

appears club in hand mounted upon an ass
2
.
The fourth type appears with characteristic variations. In

a fourth century piece from Thebes 3 Heracles, with club and ,
lionskin, stands before a Doric shrine. He holds the horn

of plenty in his right hand, and another heroic
personage,
perhaps meant for Dionysus (for he has the thyrsus), touches
the horn in the hand of Heracles. There are
fragments of
other figures in the scene. He also appears conjoined with
Athena and a personification of Demus or Academus 4 A relief .
of the fourth century, inscribed Heracles Averter of 111, to
represents the hero with Hermes on the steps of a shrine 5 .
His aid in war is acknowledged by the statues of Athena

and Heracles dedicated by Thrasybulus in the shrine of Hera
cles 6 and in games, by a relief of Roman date 7
; The hero .
lies
resting, his weapons hung on a tree, and the inscription
commemorates an ephebic triumph.
His figure also appears on decree -reliefs, with Athena for
instance 8 .
Reliefs of the fourth type exist which are dedicated to

Theseus. He is a youth, with cloke on shoulder, and
cap, other
wise naked, and worshippers appear
by his side in the usual
attitude 9 The hero looks very much like Heracles,
except for
.
1
Sybel 548. Boston Museum.
2
Cat. Berl. Sc. 689 ATroXXwi/ios Sis 6
Paus. ix. 11. 6.
?
HpoirXe? dytfftprc edg^r. At Oxford: CIA iii. 319. Cp.
3
F-W. 1153 Ei^Sets dv0T]Ke, Michaelis, Oxford, 135.
8
figured for the first time in Koscher Scenes from the Labours, and
i. 2188 :
cp. Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 791 such as the struggle with the snakes,
(fragment). are omitted, because votive reliefs are
4
AZ iii. 130, pi. xxxiii. "H.paK\r)s, always connected with cult, and never
Adijva ...ôs. mere records of myth.
5
AA xii. 73 H/>a/cX<?os
AXet/ca/cou :
9
Mon. deW Inst. iv. 223, figured
B. 3
the costume ;
but where the lionskin lacks, it is safer to suppose
that Theseus will be meant. Sosippus the dedicator is pour-
trayed and another male figure, from its size not human,
;
perhaps a personification of Academus.

One relief, if properly assigned to Theseus, is of the sacrificial
type (1): the hero stands in front of a Doric shrine, club in
hand, and holds the horn of a sacrificial bull in token of accept
ance There are three worshippers.
1
.
These types are also connected with greater deities. Reliefs

of the Hero Enthroned are inscribed to Zeus Philios 2 or to
Sabazios 3 .
The Rider type is used for Apollo

4
.
As a rule there no clue to the occasion of these dedica

is
tions. We find, however, now and then, instances of such as are

usually connected with the great gods victory in war or the :
5 6
games fulfilment of a vow even firstfruits or acknowledg
7
, ,
ment of prosperity in trade 8 In later times, we meet with .
bases which probably carried commemorative or honorific

statues. One from Attica is dedicated to Eubouleus 9 ;
others
10
by bodies of men, as the Heracleot thiasus at Megara ,
or what
appears company to be Cefalu in Sicily 11
a of athletes at .
Hermon of Oropus gives an offering to Heracles on completing

his term of public office 12 and a board of religious overseers ,
acknowledges to Theseus the vote of thanks and the crown

which they had received for their services 13 Father and sons .
combine in an offering to Heracles 14 . The votive formula is
in Koscheri. 2499: eêiV SUXRTTTTOS IGSI 1002 evxfy (near Eome).

XavapxiSov avte-qxev. CIA ii. 1525,
7
CIA ii. 1547 dirapxW
AZ iii. 130, pi. xxxiii.
8
Apparently the cone of baked clay,
1
F-W. 1134 ; cp. Schone 113. with an archaic inscr., found in Italy:
2 F-W. 1128 (Peiraeus) MtWio*/ Ail IGSI 652 nephew.
9
4>iXfwi
<W0T|Ke; Schone, pi. 25. 105; CIA ii. 1620 d.
Sybel 3751. See fig. 6 a, p. 36.
10
IGS i. 192.
3
Conze, Inselreise, pi. 17. 7. u IGSI 349 .../cot oi d\i<j>6}ivoi
4
AM x. 208 (Cyzicus) Duraont, ; Hpa/cXet.
Hon. Jig. de la Thrace, 40.
ia
IGS i. 436 "Epfj.uv A\e&j>dpov eiri-
5 Statuette of youth with oil-flask, /ieA^TTjs yei>6/j,evos H/aa/cXet: cp. 2235
and armed warriors, at Tarentum :
yv/j.i>a<napxri<ra.s-
AZ xl. 309. Above, p. 33.

13
CIA ii. 1180 lepoiroioi.
6
Base : CIA ii. 1546 ei/faôs ;
14
CIA ii. 1563, IGSI 718 (Naples).
used the gift of a colonnade at Coronea 1 and elsewhere it is

for ,
coupled with the late addition to the state

2
dedication to
"
." A
the hero Eurymedon was found in Attica 3
.
It remains to point out that some of these relief types became

in later times traditional for tombstones,
completely losing the
votive character. The transition may be seen in a tombstone
from Attica, where beneath the figure of a horseman are the
words "Theodorus the Hero 4 Boeotia is richest in this ."
type. There a great number of horseman-reliefs have been

found on tombs sometimes with the horseman alone 5 others
:
,
with the addition of an altar 6 others again with mourners ,
in the attitude of adoration 7 So far is the meaning .
forgotten, that the horse must needs appear on a woman s

tomb so Musa holds the animal s bridle, standing beside
;
an altar 8 So too the same scheme is used where three

.
people are entombed, two men and a woman 9 . Then the old
conception dies, giving rise to two developments. On the
one hand, Hero is used as synonymous with dead, like the
German selig or divus of emperorsRoman
and the relief 10
,
disappears. On the other hand, the horseman survives as

a decoration for the tomb of soldiers, as in the monument
of Dexileosand others in Attica 11 It would appear that statues .
on horseback were often placed by the tomb of dead men, as in

a scene depicted on a beautiful Attic vase 12 .
13
The Hunt-motive also appears on tombstones but more ,
rarely; it is however common in sarcophagus reliefs of Roman

times. The Banquet type is also found on tombs, although it
did not like the horseman set the example for a series of
monuments wholly sepulchral. Examples are known from
1
IGS i. 2874 to TUV Idiw Hpa/cXe? 7 IGS iii. 1813 with woman and
/cat IIa\aifj.ovi TT\V aroav. child: Iic&rtos ei pwt cW6i]KC.
2
IGS i. 2235 yvfurvruipxfaas, Rpa- 8
IGS iii. 1715 CTTCI Mowrp ijpwi.
/cXe? Kai TT? 7r6\et, rijv <TTOO.V KO.L rrfv
9IGS iii. 4244.
ftffoSov icai ras tffyaj. w IGS iii.
e.g. 2001, 2073, 2110,
3
CIA ii. 1516. 2123, etc.
4
CIA ii. 1619 Qe&dupos jjpw. "
F-W. 1005 :
cp. 1004, Cat. Berl.
5
IGS iii. 2141, 2807, etc. Sc. 742.
6
IGS iii. 2139, 2140, 2153, 2154, 12
AM xvi. 349 flf., pi. viii.
13
2628, 2690. Schone, 78.
32
2 4
Athens from Byzantium from Cyzicus 3 from Smyrna from
1
, , , ,
5
Antioch and from Kertch ,
and the well-known scene of;
a group of seated figures, with Charon s boat approaching the

festive board, which still stands in the Ceramicus, is one of this
class. Horseman and Feast types are combined on a late
FIG. 6 A. Dedication to Zeus Philios.
Farnell i., plate ii. b.
sepulchral monument from Tomis

7
;
and another repeats the
last faint and confused echoes of the old types, with the tree,
the serpent, and the horse s head 8 Here ends the history .
of the heroic reliefs, which from prehistoric days to the

last period of Greek art maintain their connexion with the
dead.
1
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 723, with on his winged steed: Fellows, Lycia,
epitaph; 724(?). 136, 181, 232. A relief from his shrine
2 at Gjolbaschi is in Vienna 0. Benn-
Rev. Arch, xxxiii. 12, pi. 1:
:
Marpo-
5upou TOV KaXXryefroj os KaXXryeiran dorf, Vorlauf. Bericht iiber zwei osterr.
Marpooupov. A male figure reclines, Exped. nach Kleinasien, Wien 1883;

a female sits, a child offers her tablets, Arch.-Epigr. Mitth. vi. 2.
a child stands in attitude of mourning,

5
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 738, where
a third child holds a vase. Tools on relief and inscr. are quite uncon
the wall. nected.
3 6 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 740.
4 In Lycian
7
8 Mus. Sc. 745.
tombs Bellerophon sometimes appears Cat. Brit.
NOTE ON THE MODERN REPRESENTATIVES OF ANCIENT

SHRINES.
I have tried in vain to find some satisfactory enquiry into

the genealogy of modern Greek churches and chapels. The local
chapels are not marked on the map, and no traveller has taken the
trouble to note their names. It would serve no useful purpose
to print here all those I have collected such as seemed to ;
throw light on the heroes have been given above. I will add
a few more churches and chapels which probably stand on the
site of ancient temples. Some indeed are built on the old
foundations or with the materials of the old building amongst ;
them are one or two hero-shrines, but most of these have

remained unnoticed. References given only by volume and
page refer to Frazer s Pausanias, where authorities may be
found cited.
AMBROSUS : St Elias, v. 449.
APOLLONIA, near Brusa: St George (formerly Apollo), Geographical

Journal, ix. 153.
ATHENS, Parthenon the Virgin, Byzantine times (Athena). Monas

:
tery of Daphni (temple of Apollo), ii. 496. Virgin of the Rock (Artemis),
v. 494. Ruined chapel by the Ilissus, v. 487.
AULIS Byz. church of St Nicholas (Artemis), v. 79.
:
BATHOS St George (deposit of ancient votive offerings),

: iv. 314.
CALYDON St Theodore (Zeus Scotites), ii. 318.
:
CORINTH St John (Poseidon), iii. 10.

:
COTILUS, Mt, near Bassae ruined chapel on temple foundations,

: iv.
405. Cave and Glen called the Virgin s Gorge (Demeter), iv. 406.
ELATEA : St Theodore, v. 426.
ELEUSIS St George, or the Saviour (Cyamites), ii. 494. Ruined chapel
:
of St David (Hero Lacius), ii. 491. Chapel of the Virgin, above the ruins.
EPIDAURUS St Michael and St Damian, a physician (Asclepius).
:
ERYTHRAE ? Byz. church (Demeter), v. 5. ? St Demetrius (Demeter)

:
v. 6.
HELICON: St Trinity (Muses), v. 151.

LIVADIA old church (King Zeus), v. 199.
:
the Virgin (Artemis), Jahreshefte, iv. 33, fig. 19.

Lusi, Arcadia :
MEGARA : St Theodore, iii. 3.

mound (barrow of Opheltes or Lycurgus), iii. 93.
NEMEA :
chapel on
ORCHOMENUS monastery, : v. 186.
PATRAE the sacred spring

:
or well, beside the church of St Andrew
(Demeter).
TANAGRA ruined chapel (Dionysus), v. 79.
:
441.
TEGEA St Nicholas (Athena Alea), iv. 425.
: Byz. ruin (Apollo), iv.
v. 49.
THEBES St Nicholas (Heracles), v. 47. St
: Trinity (Athena),
TITANE : St Tryphon (Athena), iii. 69.
One of the unknown hero shrines is marked by a boundary

stone found between Zea and Munychia HEPOIO HOPO5 :
AM vi. 311. The so-called temple of Vesta (? Hercules) near

the Tiber, became sacred to Madonna of the Sun (De Brosses,
Letters, tr. by Lord R. Gower, p. 162).
Something by Mr W. M. Ramsay,
is said on this subject
in his paper On the Permanent Attachment of Religious Vene
ration to special localities in Asia Minor (Transactions of the
Ninth Oriental Congress in London, 1893, ii. 381391).
II.
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS 1

.
K&l C <t><5JN60
TOTC
AAeKATeyToyc TCON 6ecoN ip&c XONTA
ARIST. Knights 300.
WHEN the earth and its growths were regarded by the

simple soul as possest or protected by unknown powers, any
intrusion upon new dominions was thought to be dangerous 2 .
To clear the virgin forest or reclaim waste lands for the plow,
to dig the foundations of a house, to build a bridge, was to
disturb the primeval owners of the place and made necessary
a solemn sacrifice. It seems to have been very common to
sacrifice human life on such occasions, as we see from the
legend of the death of Remus, the figures of straw thrown
off the Wooden Bridge at Rome, or traditions on Greek soil
3
like those of the Bridge of Arta .
Often a plot of land is left barren, or a clump of trees

unhewn, to be the abode of the spirit which has been disturbed.
1
See Bar. and Sagl. s.v. Dekate ; Folk-Lore, x. 184. Cp. Plut. Rom. 11.
Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyc. s.v. air- The youth and a maiden
sacrifice of a
apx n, SeKarT). each year at Patras suggests an agri-

2
Arabia, the local earth-demons
"In cultural origin, for their heads were
are still propitiated by sprinkling the bound with corn-ears Paus. vii. 20. 1.
:
blood of a sacrifice when new land is Pausanias of Damascus says of Se-

broken up, a new house built, or a leucus Nicator, on founding Laodicea,
new well opened Robertson Smith,
"
: Ov<ridffas
xbp-qv aday 6v6/j.a.Ti Ayavr)i>,
Religion of the Semites, 159 note, who Tror^cras avrfj ffrrjXrjv x a ^ K î v e s T^x^f
discusses the custom. TTJS avrrjs TroXews (Hist. Min. Gr., ed.
3
Passow, Carm. Pop. Gr. 511, 512 ; Teubner, p. 160).
In Greece, when land was occupied by conquest or colonization,

a portion of the land was "cut off" (re/zei/o?) for the
god s
1
habitation The sacred grove in an eastern village is probably
.
the last remains of the primeval forest, which since the world
began has never been toucht by plow or dug with the spade
2
.
So in Greece, we find often enough the sacred tree in a

village
square, as the willow of Samos and the holy olive of Delos
3
,
4
the plane tree at Delphi Helen s plane at Sparta 5
or the , ;
sacred grove, as the olive groves of Athens 6 or the

groves ,
of Artemis with their game which no man 7

This
might kill .
may be the origin of the grove at the hero s shrine, of the

speaking oaks of Dodona, and of other trees associated with
divine beings; which like their attendant animals appear
sometimes to have been selected for no other reason than that
they were found on the spot
8
But when animals were bred .
for use, and

agriculture brought to men the kindly fruits of
the earth, their gratitude for
past favours and lively sense
of favours to come would
naturally prompt acknowledgment.
1
Aesch. Eum. 400; Soph. Track. for the use of Xifyos at Samos Ath. xv.
245 ; Thuc. 30, 50
iii. IGA 8 CIA i. ; ; 673 D, and ivy 675 D tiri rbv Kicrcrivov art-
31, 32; Nicias ap. Ath. xiii. 609 E (pavov yXOov avrbârbv re /ecu TroXvv 6vra
trbXiv KTlcrai>Ta...S rjv Karoud- /ecu Kara -rravra rbirov yevvufjitvov (Philo-
Ha.ppa.ff luv Tivas rt/mevos xal fiw/j.bi nides). Of course explanatory tales
A 77/^,7777)1 EXevcrivig,. spring up. For the animals compare
2
Journal of the Royal Asiatic So Ath. xiv. 655 A B and Philonides tv
So the last remains
ciety, 1899, p. 238. HX/ov fj.^v <pa.cn. yiyveadai 7r6X (potviKas,
of the Cedars of Lebanon are enclosed Iv de
A6r)i>ais "yXaC/cas i] Kvirpos %et
and bear a reputation for sanctity d iv
5ta06pofS i] Sd/xy "Hpa
amongst the Christians. vv i (fta-Giv, dpvlduv yfros TOI)S

3
Paus. viii. 23. 5. /cat raws.
Ka\\i/j.6p(f)ovs TrepijBX^TrTovs
4
Ath. xv. 701 D. C rb iepbv
irepl dt rrjs trapOtvov ev Ktp<$
5
Theocr. xviii. 45. eiffiv oi KO\oufJ.VOL &pvides jji,e\a.ypi8es.
6
Suidas s.v. /j.opicu. The commonness of owls at Athens
7
Philostr. Imag. i. 28. rise to the proverb -yXaD/c
gave AOrivafr.
8
Pausanias the tragic deathtells of The owl on Athena s hand, or on the
of Hyrnetho, and how she was buried
coins, may have been originally nothing
and a shrine made in her honour ; more than a mark of differentiation.
adding that all the "olives and other The inevitable result was that these
trees which grew there were sacred to
"
creatures came to be regarded as

her (ii. 28. 7). Victors crowns of wild sacred. I do not suggest the same
olive,pine or parsley, and laurel were origin for them all the mouse of ;
taken from the trees or plants which Apollo Smintheus, for example, or the
grew near. A similar reason is given bull of Zagreus.
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 41
The beneficence of the earth deities must be recognised, or it
might be withheld : hence vintage and harvest time were

natural seasons for sacrifice and worship 1
. The offering of
firstlings or firstfruits, then, appears to be partly an act of
propitiation, by which precious things hitherto forbidden might
be made available partly an act of gratitude and hope. The
;
rite itself, in some cases at least, had a sacramental character,

the god and his worshippers being conceived of as partaking
of the same food a striking parallel to the interpretation
:
2
already suggested of the Hero-Feast The idea that these .
ceremonies made it lawful to enjoy the gifts of the gods is

3
expressly vouch t for in Greece .
We
are not now concerned with proving the principles here
assumed, nor with illustrating them by examples. It is worth
while however to note one or two significant points in the
practices of savage tribes. One is, that firstfruits are often

4
offered to the ghosts of departed ancestors So we have seen .
the funeral feast held in the shrines of the heroized ancestors

in Sparta; and firstfruits and tithe offered to a hero 5 .
Again,
the kings or chiefs often take the place of the gods, or, when
ritual is developed, the priests have at least a share 6 So in .
the Greek temples, the priest always had his perquisite of
1
For the principles here laid down, Kara ras xwpas avrov d^Kw,
and examples in proof, see Frazer, \v/j.rjvr)Tai.
3
Golden Bough 2 ii. 318 ff., 459 ff. ;
Schol. Arist. Pint. 660 :
Eobertson Smith, Religion of the Se- r?}s 0wrta$ /ecu TUV airapynaruv eirl rdv
mites, 240 ff., 463. In Frazer p. 468 PW/*UI> TeQtvruv, O.TTTOVTO.S TOV fiufj-ov ^
the Tonga chieftain thanks the gods TOV KO.VOV /ecu -m.(f>0tyyoi>Tai foia, ical
for their bounty in favouring the land Tore efecm rots dirb rrjs 6v<rias d5ews
with a good prospect of harvest, and xprjcrdai.
4
prays that their beneficence may be Frazer, 463 (Malay), 464 (Fiji),
continued. Where the thing is not 466 (Solomon Islands), etc. So the
sought for use, it was natural to dedi- Scythians did, Herod, iv. 71. The Mag-
cate the whole thus Theseus, after
: netes of Thessaly offered firstfruits of
mastering the Marathonian bull, sacri- their herb simples to Cheiron, himself
ficed itAthena in the name of the
to of the nature of heroes: Plut. Symp. iii.
township of Marathon (Paus. i. 27. 1. 3. The Athenians offered firstfruits
10). to the shades of the fj.apaduvofj.dxai :
2
Schol. Arist. Knights 1238 Oeneus, Thuc. 58 (iravruv dirapxds).
iii.
5
sacrificing the firstfruits, OVK tdwev Above, p. 17.
6
odev dpyiffdelffa vvv fj.{yai> Frazer, 468, etc.
a slaughtered victim. Where the tribal feast became a social

institution, the tithe still continued to be paid at the feast 1 .
And again, firstfruits were offered not only from corn and vine,
but from flocks or fish or the produce of the chase and loaves ;
or cakes are sometimes made from the sacred portion of grain 2 .
The practice of making up a sheaf of corn or the like into

the shape of a human figure, and preserving it until the next
year, is also found in connexion with the harvest celebrations 3 .
We know so little
every-day of the life of the Greek
farmer, that it impossible to say how far he kept up the
is
ancient rites. Were Stratonicus and Eudemus alone, when

the one left a plot of ground unsown in his field in honour
ofPan 4 and the other dedicated in his a shrine to Zephyrus,

,
because he had helped him to winnow the corn 5 ? or the old

vinedresser in Philostratus, when he set apart a corner for
6
his hero Protesilaus ? What was that local precinct, where the
farmers are bidden sacrifice to Asclepius and Hygieia 7 ? or the
1
Dosiadas, Cretan History, ap. Ath. ping a fire-brand down by the light
iv. 143 A oi 5 AuKTioi trwdyowri p.tv TO. ning tree"
(p. 172). So in the N.-W.
KOifd ffVffffLria ovT()s /ca<rros TU>V
yivo- provinces of India, firstfruits of sugar
fj.vi*}v Kapirdv dvcuptpei TTJV deKdrrjv ei s and corn are dedicated before use :
TT]v eraiplav. North Ind. Notes and Queries, 1893,

2
Frazer, 468, 469, etc. 203. An old Boeotian inscr., IGS
3
Frazer, 216 ff. i.
1670, appears to dedicate firstfruits
4
Anth. P. vi. 79. Compare the to Demeter. So the farmer, in exor
curious Shetland custom: "In the
yard cising the mice, gives them a plot for
near the stiggie was often to be seen a themselves TOVS
:
tôpKifa /JLVS
small skroo of corn, standing apart
from the rest. This was the annual a\\ov edarjre SiSw/ut yap dypbv vfjuv
offering set apart to Broonie, a house Geoponica xiii.
r6i>de, 5. 4. Compare
hold deity whose annual services were the story of Poseidon s temple on dis
thus secured." Shetland Folk-Lore, puted ground, Paus. ii. 22. 4. It is
John Spence: Lerwick 1899, p. 174. the same idea which makes the Pythia
"
In a corner of the loader [in a Shet ordain that the Cirrhaean land should
land water mill] stood a toy eg (a small waste Aesch. Ctes. p. 406
lie :
TTJJ/ x&P av
straw basket), containing as much corn avr&v ^KTropdr/ffavTas KO.I cti)roi)j
dvdpa-
as would be a hurd o burstin. This iro8i<rafjLti>ovs
dvadeivai ATrdXXwvi T<$
T<$
was the annual offering to the Water Hv6l({} Kai rfj ApT^/j.i5i /ecu A^ro? KCU
Neugle, in order to insure the good Adrjvy Ilpovoiq, eiri iraffrj depylq..
godship. When this was

offices of his 5
Anth. P. vi. 53.
Philostratus, Heroicus 286 = 665.

the Neugle would some 6
neglected,
times grasp the tirl and stop the mill, 7 Attica (Roman date) :
te/xh TO
and could only be dislodged by drop TOU Acr/fAijTrioO Acai TTJS T-yietas.
to the infernal deities ? Was

1
private plot at Cnidus, consecrated

the shepherd of Theocritus alone, when he feasted at the altar
of Demeter at the threshing-floor, and did he perchance dress up
a sheaf to represent bounteous Mother Earth ? These questions
2
can never be answered now but it does not follow by any ;
means that there was nothing of the kind because we hear

so little about There needs a reaction from city life, and
it.
the self-conscious art of a later age, to suggest that rustic
merrymakings are worth describing. But when the glorious

all come
prime of the ancient cities is past, and they have
under the iron rule of Rome, then the old country customs,
which had survived so many vicissitudes, come into our view.
Such scenes as Longus describes in his pretty pastoral tale
could not be the invention of his own day and I make no ;
apology quoting from him in illustration of the time when

for
Peisistratus was not yet born. A cave of the nymphs there "
being a great rock hollow within and rounded

3
was," he writes
"
without. The images of the nymphs themselves were carved

out of stone : unshod feet, arms bare to the shoulder, hair loose
and flowing down over the neck, a girdle about the waist,
a smile on the brow their whole aspect was as it were a troop
;
of dancers. The mouth of the cave was in the centre of the

great rock. And from it a spring of water bubbled up into
a rippling stream, so that a delightful meadow stretcht out
before the cave, with much fresh grass fed by the water. And
there were offerings of milk-pails and cross-flutes and pipes
and reeds, dedicated there by the older shepherds." Hard by
was a pine tree, with an image of Pan horned, goat-footed, ;
4
syrinx in hand Here the country folk worship the nymphs,
.
sacrificing to them and praying them to interpret their dreams,

and in the spring-time wreathing the heads of the statues with
ffveiv TOVS yeiiipyotis /cat
TOIV 6eoiv T)i 6tfus, BCH v. 262. 3

Longus, Daphnis and Chloe, i. 4,
1
Newton, Branchidae 380, 407. iv. 26, 32, 39. Cp. Xenophon, Symp.
2
Theocr. vii. 154 TOIOV v^KTa.p...olov vii. 5.
4
77 r6/ca Trujyua dieKpavdaare, j/tf/x0cu, Longus ii. 24. Achilles Tatius
/3w/u Trap Ad/uctrpos dXyd5os/...a 5 viii. 6 speaks of Pan dedicating a
ye\dffaai dpay/j-ara /ecu /td/cwyas iv a/A- syrinx in a cave.
flowers 1 .
vintage and wine- treading, he says of
After the
his rustic
pair, great joy they worshipt the nymphs,
"in
bringing them bunches of grapes as firstfruits after the vintage 2 .
Indeed, they had not neglected this in the former time, always
waiting upon them as they set out for their pasturing, and
worshipping them when they returned ;
and always they brought
some offering, flower or fruit or fresh leafage, or again a
libation of milk. And this in time brought them a recompense
from the goddesses 3 Songs and pipings and dancings in ."
their honour were not wanting 4 . In misfortune, Daphnis

vows the sacrifice of a goat for help, and an answer is given
in dreams 5 . His prayer heard, he chooses the best of his
flock, crowns him with ivy, slays and flays him, and hangs
up the skin at the
holy place, adding thereto a libation of
milk. The flesh, after a portion offered, and the rest of
the milk, he and Chloe themselves partake of. The same
ceremony, with a libation of wine, is done before the statue
of Pan. Limbs and skulls of animals, part of the sacrifice
no doubt, were hung up on trees by the farmers to ensure
6
.
fertility
Some such scenes as these we may fairly assume to have
been common in Greece from early times. Homer alludes as a
matter of course to the altars of the nyrnphs, where all way
7 9
farers did sacrifice to their caves 8 and to their dances
,
The ,
.
god might vary with place and age, appropriate titles being
added to the greater gods 10 or late-comers taking over the ,
rights and duties of their predecessors as the successive tenants
7
Longus i. 9, 32. Od. xvii. 210, a spring, a grove,
dTrapxas. and /3w^6s 5 etpuirepQe TTVKTO vv/j-Qduv,
Longus ii. 2. odi Trdvres eirtppêcrKov oSIrcu. Coupled

Longus i. 36, 37, ii. 3. with Hermes xiv. 435.
8
Longus ii. 24, 30, 31, iv. 34. Od. xiii. 350 <r7rtos..JvOa cri) TroXXas
Schol. Arist. Plut. 943 eiudaai rots /)5e<r/ces vijfj.(p7)cri. TeXrjfocras e/axrdAt/Sas.
dtvdpois KuXa KO.I

Kpavia TrpoviraTTa-
9
Od. xii. 318.
10
\eveiv 7rp6s dirorpoTr^v /Sour/capias oi Demeter XX6?; or Ei^x^ 7?* A//.aa,
ycupyoi, 7rp6$ TO /U.TJ ^pavdrivai. avrd. l&irdy/Mos Dionysus Av^Lrtjs
; ; Zeus
His explanation is not
necessarily "Evdevdpos, OTrwpefo, ETri/cdpTrios ;
Po-
true, but it is the reason given by the seidon <J>urdX/u,tos,
<I>i/Ktoj are a few
modern Greeks for doing the same examples. See Usener, Gotternamen,
thing. 242 ff.
of the oracular cave did at Delphi We find not only the 1

.
2
localhero Agenor blessing the Argive flocks at his tomb nor ,
the national hero Heracles associated with Hermes and Cybele

3 "
amongst the mountains but the hero and the heroine," ;

" "
4
nameless, coupled with Zeus Anthaleus in a farmer s calendar ,
Demeter guardian of flocks in Sicily

5
as she was giver of
6
corn, Apollo as shepherd s god in many places perhaps ,
Aphrodite even when she rides on the goat

7
Sicilians make .
prayer for prosperity to the Mothers, and offer all kinds of

8
acknowledgments Grain is offered to Cybele 9 But the . .
countryman eyes were generally turned to Artemis and Pan,

s
two of the most ancient deities of the Greeks, coupled with

Hermes 10 and the Nymphs. Wreaths of corn were offered yearly
11
to Artemis is usually worshipt by herself,
Artemis in Patrae .
until later shebecame associated with Apollo but the others ;
12
go in a group together for the most part The Nymphs were .
often confused with the Graces and the Seasons, but each group
seems to have had its own particular dances 13 .
Eum. Compte Eendu 1870,

1
Aesch. prologue. See Stephani,
2
Plut. Quaest. Gr. 80. p. 100. He is also called lord of the
3 Aristides v. 65 ctXXa y^v Ep/xoO 76 earth, Plut. Quaest. Gr. 24.
7
/cat HpaK\tovs effrl vvv dyd\fj.aTa Koivd tTTiTpayta :
compare eTrt/x^Xio? and
... idols 5 ai> Kal eV opeffi n^ffots Hpa/cXe a rpdyios of Apollo. The artistic form
Trapa ^rpl Ofui>,
Kal iv affT<ri,
Kal Trd- may be due to the form of the word,
\iv ad avv AicxrKijpois. Pan associated which might mean riding upon a goat.
with Cybele, AM xxi. 275. 8 Diod. iv. 80.
4
AJA x. 210 (from Marathon) i)pu-
9
Dittenberger, Sylloge, 377
8
.
10
Hermes was a special guardian of
Keavtai, Motpcus, Zeus AvOaXevs, 777 67 flocks: Paus. ii. 3. 4.
ytiais, etc. One i)puivr] receives TO. upa ia ;

11
Paus. vii. 20. 3.
12 But
since no price is named (which is done first-figs were offered to
for the other offerings) I take these to Hermes. Corp. Paroemiogr. Gr. i. p.
be firstfruits. Zeus was also called 157 elVcre yap CTUKOV, TOVTO <f)avei-r)
T<
Teupy6s. Sophocles speaks of giving i, TOVTO 5e
T<?X77 tyxapira K-rjvalu Ait, Track. 238.

5 13 at the
Ma\o<f>6pos,
Paus. i. 44. 3 ;
Collitz Philostr. Apoll. iv. 21. 73 :
iii. 3046. She is worshipt in a cave, Dionysia there were dances in the
Paus. viii. 42. 4. theatre, differing from the choric
6
tiriiJ.ri\ios in Camirus, Trofymos and dances, TO, ^v us upas, Ta 5e us i>v/j.(j>as,
rpdyios in Naxos (Macrob. Sat. i. 17. TO.5e us Bd/c%as See also irpa.TTOv<Tu>.
45, Steph. s.i\ rpayla), /uaX6etj in Heuzey, La danseuse voilee d Auguste

Lesbos (Thuc. iii. 3, Steph., Hesych.), Titeaux, BCH-zvi. 73 ff. Heydemann, ;
Kctjoi/elbs (Preller, Gr. Myth., Index). VerMllte Tanzerin, Halle 1879.

The offerings were made to Hecate also, as to Hermes, at

their wayside statues, cakes, cheese, and fish 1 Firstfruits were .
2
also offered to Hestia .
The worship of Pan and the Nymphs was widespread in
Greece, and the literary tradition probably gives a very in

adequate idea of their importance. As the peasant of to-day
fears the mysterious Neraidhes, who can bewitch him to death,
or strike him deaf, dumb, or blind 3 so in ancient days the ;
dweller in solitudes feared that panic madness or nymph-stroke

4
which the god and his woodland elves could plague him with .
Pan ruled the mountains and the forests; gave luck to the
hunter, and kept the flocks from harm
5
He appears in classical .
6
times as the national god of Arcadia where Artemis was also ,
at home 7 and where if anywhere we should expect to find the

,
most ancient faith and ritual of Greece but his sanctuaries :
8
are dotted over the land from Cape Malea to Macedon In .
particular, wherever there a notable cave or grotto, there we

is
are likely to find him ensconced. At Delphi, when Apollo was

a new-comer, Pan and his nymphs took refuge in the Corycian
9
cave It was a cave of the Nymphs in which Ulysses hid his
.
1
See Pausanias Index for the way- xix. 5. Priapus was also worshipt
side Hermes; and for Hecate, AM "
where there are pastures for goats or

iii. 194. Schol. Arist. Plut. 594 KO.TO. swarms of bees
"
(Paus. ix. 31. 2), but

vov^vlav of Tr\ov<not 2ire/j.iroi>
Sei-rrvov he plays a small part in dedications.
6
wffirep dv<riav
rrj EKdrrj tv rots Paus. viii. 26. 2.
Schol. Arist. Peace 277 5ta- 7
. Lusi.
8
rjv rb Tt^pivdiov avrpov, tvda TTJV Sanctuaries : Heraea (Paus. viii.
EKa.Tr)j> 6pyid{eu> tXtycro, Kai reXerds 26. 2), near Lycosura (viii. 36. 7), Mega-
17701 a.vrrj Kai KVVO.S Zdvov. lopolis (viii. 30. 2), Acacesium (viii. 37.
2
Schol. Arist. Wasps 846 (she askt) 8) ; also at Sicyon (ii. 10. 2), near
dwapxds 6vo/m.fvwv avrrj vtêadcu irpwrri Argos (ii. 24. 7), at Troezen (ii.
32. 5),
irapd dvdpuirwv.
TUJI> at Oropus (i. 34. 2), in Thessaly
3
I met an old goatherd in Lesbos,
(Theocr. vii. 103), and others named
who told me that one night on the in the text. The Sicilians held feasts
hillshe heard the sound of bells rung and vigils in honour of the Nymphs at
by the Neraidhes, which made him to their own homes Timaeus ap. Ath.
:
be deaf ever after. For more on this vi. 250 A tdovs 6Wos Kara ZiKeXtav 6v<rias
head see Schmidt, Volksleben der Troielcrdai /card rds oi/cfas rats vv[j.(pai5 Kai
Neugriechen, 98 ff., and my paper in irept rd dyd\/j.a.Ta iravvvxifrw, pedvffKo-

Folk-Lore, vii. 145. yti^voi/s, dpxflffdai re irepi rds fleets.
4 9
Paus. x. 23. 7. Paus. x. 32. 7. Still to be identi-
5
Paus. viii. 38. 8, Horn. Hymn fied by inscriptions : see Collitz ii.
treasures when he returned to his native isle

1
. In Attica the
popularity of Pan dates from the Persian invasion, although
the story implies that he was there worshipt before 2 The .
3
people consecrated a grotto to him under the acropolis, and
establish t a torch-race in his honour. At Vari there was a cave
and garden of the Nymphs 4 and a grotto of Pan on Parnes 5 A , .
shrine of the Nymphs down by the Ilissus was known to Plato,

who in speaking of it implies that such a sight was common 6 ;
and to Euripides, who alludes to the votive tablets hung in

7
these places The nymphs had caves in Cithaeron 8 Samicum 9
.
, ,
10
Siphnos Pan at Marathon 11 and Calamata 12 The belief in a
, .
13
plurality of Pans, which has left some traces may be due to ,
the number of places where he was worshipt, aided no doubt

(but at what date first we know not) by a popular derivation
of the name from Tra?. His general favour is attested by the
1536. For other sacred caves see : Schol. to Clem. Alex. Strom, iii. 45,
IGS i. 3094 (Lebadea) ;
Collitz iii. p. 49 in Potter. Schol. Arist. Lysistr. 2
4673 (Messenia) caves in Euboea ;
IIcu/i upyiafrv al yvvaiKes fj.era Kpavyvjs.
3
sacred to Dionysus (Paus. ii. 23. 1) ;
Or reconsecrated ?
4
in Cyprus sacred to Apollo and Anassa, CIA i. 423 ff.
Collitz i. 31, 32, 38 ; rb Xapdviov avrpov 5

CIA iii. 210, AM v. 291.
at Acharaca, Strabo xiv. 1. 44. The 6
Phaedrus 230 B 77re yap wXaravos
caves of Ida and Dicte in Crete are not avTij /*dX a[jL(f>L\a.<pr)s
re /cat 1^77X77, rov
alone ;
a cave is sacred to Hermes re ayvov rb v\f>os
ical rb OVVKLOP iray-
Cranaeus (Mus. Ital. ii.
914) ;
another Ka\ov,...rj re av virb
7777777 xa/JtecrraTT?
to Hermes at Rhethymna (Melidhoni) rrjs wXaravov pet /xaXa \f/vxpov OSaros, a!s
(GIG 2569) cave of Rhea in Mount ye irodi re
; r<^ reKfj-r/paffdaf NfyU^wj
Lycaeus (Paus. viii. 36. 3) ;
a cave in nviiv Kal dwb r&v Kop&v
"Ax^Xyoii lepbv
Phrygia, sacred to the Mother (Paus. re Kal a.ya\pArwv eomev elvai. Dedica
x. 32. 3) ; another, to Heracles, Her tions to the Nymphs and Achelous,
mes, and Apollo (5) ; one near Mag AM x. 282, CIG 470 b.
nesia, to Apollo (6) ; cave of Apollo 7
Eur. Ion 492. So in hero shrines,
in Delos ; of Poseidon at Taenarum Aeneas Tacticus xxxviii. 10.
(Paus. iii. 25. 4); of Hecate (Schol. 8
Paus. ix. 3. 9.
Ar. Peace 277). 9
Paus. v. 5. 11.
1
Od. xiii. 349. It is identified with 10
IGA 399.
a stalactite cavern, just above the 11
Paus. i. 32. 7, still easily identi
little bay of Dhexd, the next on the Frazer, ad
"
fied ; loc. p. 439.

right hand "
before you enter the 12

IGA 74.
harbour of Vathy. 13
Arist. Eccles. 106 9
c5 J
HoVey,
2
Herod, vi. 102, Paus. i. 28. 4. His Paus.
Koptpavres. Aristides i. 14, viii.
worship is alluded to by Lucian, 37. 2. Compare Lucian s remarkable

Dialogues of the Gods, xxii. 2 ; and story of Great Pan s death.
sixth book of the Anthology, where he receives more dedica

1
tions than any other deity there mentioned It . is remarkable
that in the matter of temples and shrines he falls far behind
2
most of the others but there are traces that his power had ;
dwindled from what it once was

3
He is in fact essentially .
a deity of country life and in his worship bears to the great ;
city gods much the same

relation as the heroes. We are not
surprised to find, then, that he is neglected
in after days.
"
They don t treat me as I deserve at Lucian makes him all,"
say worse indeed than I might have expected, when I

4
,
"
far
defended them from all that barbarian garboil. However, they

do come up twice or thrice in the year, with an unmistakable
smelling most rank; then they sacrifice him,
and
billygoat
make a feast of the flesh, callingme to witness their jollity
and honouring me with a handclap or two." So we find the
farmer or breeder, if he were able, consulting the famous
oracles in his own interest. At Dodona, the only place which
5
has yielded a series of such documents hitherto Cleotas ,
and
enquires of Zeus and Dione whether he shall have profit
6
benefit of his sheep-rearing others ask how they are to prosper ;
in their business or desire a recommendation to some other

7
,
"god
who may be depended upon 8 I have already
or hero" .
pointed out how the later gods usurp the rights of

the earlier.
At this stage differentiation comes in : thus in a Rhodian
1
in all as against deities outnumber male by 57 to 43
Thirty-four ;
Athena 27, Artemis 26, Aphrodite 23, per cent.

a
Apollo 21, Hermes and Dionysus 16 Paus. viii. 37. 11.
4
each, Priapus, Demeter, Cybele 10, Lucian, Bis Accusatus, 10.
Zeus, Poseidon, and the Nymphs alone
5
One fragment was found at Delphi :
9, the Muses
Hera, Heracles 5, 7, Collitz ii. 2970 and a few others are
;
Asclepius, Ares 3, the others two or one. recorded.

2 6
Statistics are given by G. B. Collitz ii. 1559 :
Ipovrdi KXeoirrcts
Hussey, AJA vi. 59 ff. ; the order is rbv At a Kail rav Aiwvai at
,
avrol
<TTI
Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Zeus, Aphro- irpoârevoi Tt ftvaiov /ecu ci0fXi/u,oj .
7 1561 1568.
dite, Demeter, Dionysus, Asclepius, Collitz ii. c,
Poseidon, Hera, Cybele, Heracles,

8 Collitz ii. 1582, etc. The god s
Eileithyia, Dioscuri: after which replies are tantalising indeed, and keep
Tyche, Hermes, Pan, the Maid, Ares, up the oracular mystery. They break
Pluto, the Fates, and Ge come to- off at the interesting part,
gether. The rest are rare. Female

inscription, offerings of grapes are made to Bacchus, of sheaves

1
to Deo, of olives to Athena .
We may take it,then, that the offerings of firstfruits recorded

in the Anthology,
though late in date and at times fanciful, do
not misrepresent the ancient custom. Sheaves are offered to
Deo in thanks for a
good harvest
2
even if the earing be small, ;
she must have her share, a handful of corn and a few seeds laid
on a wooden stool 3 Or the same offering is made to the .
Nymphs, as a tithe of winnowing 4 . At the vintage, grapes

are offered to Aphrodite 6 ; grapes,and pomegranates are
figs,
the portion of Priapus 6 . So the herdsman offers his milk to
7
Pan the bee-keeper his honey 8
, . The firstfruits may also take
the form of cakes dedicated to Pan and Priapus 9 or Hermes ,
of the Roads 10 ;
a cake is laid in a basket on the threshing-floor
as a thank-offering to Demeter 11 . Three jars of wine are offered
to Bacchus and the Satyrs as the firstfruits of three 12
vineyards .
There is a striking parallel to these ancient customs in the

communion feast of a modern panegyris, especially when this
fallsin harvest time or vintage. In some places, the pious will
eat nothing of grape or grain until it has been blest
by the
priest at the harvest home. The service on the saint s day
always begins about sunrise; and after it is over, the holy
bread (which has been provided by some of the more well-to-do
of the is handed round.
company) The people emerge in the :
precinct stand little tables, on which stand bunches of grapes

and small decanters of mastick, also a gift, which all taste of,
as they eat the pieces of consecrated bread, each other
wishing
a happy year in the set formula. Then too in the church may
sometimes be seen offerings in kind, when they are such as to
last : as the sponge-fisher s tribute, chosen from his last
takings,
1
IGS i. 781. 5
Anth. PaL vi 119
2
Anth. Pal. vi. 36. Anth. Pal. vi. 22.
3
Anth. Pal. vi. 98 CK fUKpwv 6\i- 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 99.
s
ywTa. Anth. Pal. vi. 239.
4
Anth. Pal. vi. 225. See Dionysius 9
Anth. Pal. vi. 232.
ap. Ath. ix. 401 F :
vvnQ&v VTTO <nrrj-
10
Anth. Pal. vi. 299 :
compare pp.
\vyya TT)V avrdareyov trvaypov e/c/36Xeioj> 45, 46, above.
evdrjpov K\veii>, $ -rrXeiffr
aTrapxas aicpo-
n Anth. Pal. vi. 258.
12
6u>tdfrfuu. Anth. Pal. vi. 44.
R. 4
which hangs beside the icon of the patron saint. Even a

last trace of the Corn-maiden seems to survive, in a curious
plaited mat made of the ripe ears, hung up in the peasants

1
houses ,
which bears a distant resemblance to a begowned
human figure.
In like manner the huntsman paid his devoirs to Artemis
deities of the woodland, in local
Agrotera, or Pan, or other
2
shrines or under a tree where he hung up the head, horns, :
3
and skin, and offered a share of the catch One of the local .
4
shrines is described by Philostratus and another may be seen ,
5
on a marble There is a shrine of the goddess at hand,"
relief .
"
says Philostratus, "and an image smooth

with age, and the
heads of boars and of bears and thereby live wild beasts at ;
large, fawns and wolves

and hares, all tame and fearing man
not at been found of the antiquity
all." Evidence has at last
of these customs, in the temple of Artemis at Lusi where ;
have been found stags horns with boars tusks and the teeth
6
of bears in numbers, apparently the relics of early offerings .
Xenophon offered a tenth of his hunting to Artemis in the

7
private shrine which he built King Philip slew a wild bull .
8
at Arbela, whose horns and skin he consecrated to Heracles ;
1
my paper in Folk-Lore, vii.
See and were built up for a whim, like the
147, with photograph. I have seen pile of tripods at Dodona (Steph. s.v.
these as far east as Lesbos, where they Awdusv-rj). Deer were sacrificed to Arte-
are regular, and rarely on the main- mis, at the Elaphebolia,inPatrae(Paus.

land of Greece. The people callthem vii. 18. 12, Bekker, Anecd. i. 249), the
mat, or corn, and have hunter s firstfruit being made a custom,

\f/dda, <rird/)t,
forgotten what they once meant. Skins of African buffaloes were hung
2
Diodorus (iv. 22) tells of an im- in the temple of Heracles at Rome
pious man, tv fj.tv TO?S fy-n-poffdev (Ath. v. 221 F).
4
XpfooiS eiudtvcu TWV \rj<f>6tvTWV dypluv Philostr. Imag. i. 28 rr\v Ayportpav
TCIS Ke</>aXas
/cat roi)s 7r65as avaTiOfrat. Trpoi ovTes q-ffovrai, veus yap rts avrfjs
AprîuSi /cat TT povrjXovv rots dtvdpeai,

rrj
f/cet /cat &ya\/jt,a \eiov virb rov XP^ VOV
who dedicated one to himself, with /cat <rvuv /ce0aXat /cat &PKTWV, j/ûcrat 5
disastrous results. avrfj /cat dypia dVera, vefipol /cat \VKOL /cal
3 Schol. Arist. Pint. 943, Diod. iv. Xa7wo, TTOLVTO. Tûepa /cat /j.rj
5e5t6ra TOVS
22, Philostr. Imag. i. 28. 6 :

Trpuraypia, avdpuirovs.
5
TrpwriXeta, aKpodivia. Or money Ar- : lloscher i. 311, from Braun, Ant*
rian De Yen. 33. The altar at Delos, Basrel. figs. 9, 10, pi. 77.
6
built of horns, has no demonstrable Jahreshefte iv. 37, 58.
7
connexion with hunting the horns ;
Xen. Anab. v. 3. 9.
8
were doubtless relics of many sacrifices, Anth. Pal. vi. 114 116.
and following the Greek custom, a party of elephant hunters

1
in Egypt dedicated their catch whilst Hadrian the Emperor ;
dedicated in Thespiae the firstling of a bear hunt 2 In the .
Anthology, skin and antlers of a slain stag are offered to

Artemis 3 or the horns hung on a tree for Pan 4
, A hunter in .
chase of a wild bull, knocks off his horn with the

hunting-
5
cudgel, and hangs it upon a wild pear-tree Two brothers .
dedicate stags heads to Apollo, hanging them in the porch of

his temple
6
A
lionskin and claws are hung on a pine tree
.
7
for Pan
a wolfskin upon a plane 8 a boar is offered to him
, ,
under a birch tree 9 Hunters dedications are found as late .
as the sixth century after Christ 10

Perhaps we may include .
here the elephant s skull which Pausanias saw in a shrine of

11
Artemis in Campania .
The fisherman also dedicates

firstlings, and not to one god
only. It seems to have been the custom for tunny-fishers after
a good haul to offer the first tunny caught to Poseidon 12 but ;
the eel-catchers of Copais offered their finest eels to "the

gods,"
18
by ancient prescription . These gods may be the nameless
deities, or the Cabiri, or the Ptoan hero, or Apollo. In the
Anthology we find the fisherman offering a crab to Pan as first

14
ling of his catch or a seasriail to the nymphs of the caves 15
;
;
or a parcel offish, wrapt in seaweed, to Artemis 16 .
The Magnetan herbalists dedicated firstfruits of their simples

1
Classical Review xii. 275 ; Brit. 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 168.
Mus. Inscr. 1207 (208-6 B.C.). 10 Brit. Mus. Inscr. no. 1043.
2
IGS i. 1828. Doubtless he com- n Paus. v. 12. 3.
the 12
posed epigram: c5 TTCU ro6ra Antigonus aj?. Ath.vii.297D: hvrl-
RvTrpidos \LyeLr)s, Geo-Tricus EXt/cwj>iai(7t
yovos 6 KapiVrios ...TOUS d\itas \tyei
valwv, vapKiffffov irapd K^TTOV dvdtovra, Ovviav fTrtrcXouiras HocretScDvi virb r<
rb dt TOL 5t 5wcrt dô dicpoQeiviov T&V

i\r)Kois TTJV Qiivviav upav, orav evayp-âwcn
Adpiavos &PKTOV, rjv avrbs Kavev linrbdev 0vetv ry 0ey TQV irpCorov a\6vra Ovvvov.
6 ai)rwi avrl TOV 13
TUXT/craj. <ri>
X^P "
Agatharchides ap. Ath. I.e.: <t>r)<ri
irveois air
ffatypuv ovpavias A0/>o- yovv 6 AyaffapxiSrjs rets inrep(f>veis T&V
. . .
T7?s. KWTraiSuv eyxtXew lepelwv rpbirov <rre-
3
Anth. Pal. vi. 111. <f>avovvras
/cat KarevxofJ-evovs oti\ds T
4
Anth. Pal. vi. 96.
eTTi/StiXXoiras Gtifcv TOIS deois rous Botw-
5
Anth. Pal. vi. 255. rotfs. These are rd irpoyoviKa
6
Anth. Pal. vi. 112. "
Anth. Pal. vi. 196.
7
Anth. Pal. vi. 57. w Anth. Pal. vi. 224.
8 Anth. Pal. vi. 106. w Anth. Pal. vi. 105.
42
the
"
to Cheiron, the Tyrians to Agenorides ;

first physicians,"
and their own patrons 1 .
Besides the private celebrations of the countryside and the

shore, there were public ceremonies by which
the state sought
to express gratitude and to avert dearth. The Hyperboreans
-
used to send and tithes in a mysterious fashion to

firstfruits
Dodona and Delos 2

Eretrians and Magnetes paid firstfruits .
to Apollo as giver of corn

3
At Athens the Eiresione 4 was
"
."
a sort of harvest home, at which bread and fruit, honey, oil, and
wine 5 were offered to the Sun and the Seasons, or to Athena
Polias 6 The Trporjpoo-ia was similar 7 arid so was the bunch
. ,
of grapes offered to Dionysus at the Oschophoria

8
At the .
Panathenaea, the eiresione was a branch pluckt from the

sacred olive groves, and offered to Athena 9 . The Troe-
zenians gave firstfruits to Poseidon
10
;
and firstfruits due to
11
and at Delphi 12 in which
Apollo are mentioned at Decelea ,
latter place the threshing-floor"

had an important part in the
"
1
Plut. Symp. iii. 1. 3 Tvpiot. ptv
5
The verses they used to sing are
jTes 8t Xetpow, rocs given by Schol. Arist. Plut. 1054 and
larpevcrai \eyofj.frois, d,7rapx as Eudocia, no. 333 eipe<nuvr) avKO. Qtpei :
iv et crt /cat fiora.va.1. 5t KO.I irlovas dprovs KCLL /iAt iv KOTV\y /cat
pifat yap
<v ICjvro TOI)S Ka/mvovTas. e\a.Loi>
airo^r]<ra.crdai
KO.I KV\IK ettfapov
2 Herod, iv. 334. Paus. i. 31. 2. us dii>
/j,fdi>ovffa Kadevfiris. Those who
Compare Plut. Mot: 1136, Callim. wisht to find a reason for the rite
ascribed to a plague: Schol. Arist.

Hymn to Delos 278 d^terets 5e/caT7706pot it
Mannhardt, Knights 732, Eudocia c. If the

dwapxal TT^TTOJ TCU
I.
ailv ;
Wald und Feldknlte 233. The first- Delphic oracle commanded the public
fruits are mentioned in an oracular celebration, that proves nothing for

8
response from Delphi (AM win. 193 ) its first origin.
and at Samothrace (loc. cit. 349 B 9 ) 6

Schol. Arist. Knights 732. Here
So too some "barbarians" sent first- we see the celebration diverted to the
fruits to the Syracusan shrines, Thuc. patron deity of the state.

7
vi. 20. 4. Suidas s.v. Schol. Arist. Knights ;
3
Plut. De Pyth. Or. 16. He says 732, Plutus 1054.
8
avdpwTrwv cr7rapx a s which must be Botticher, ch. xxvi.
if the reason be right. Query
9 Schol. Clem. Alex. p. 9. 33 (Potter),
wrong
/capTruJv or TTO.VTUV. quoted by Dar. and Sagl.
10 Plut. Theseus 6.
4
See Dar. and Sagl. s.v. ; Mann-
11
hardt, Wald und Feldkulte 239 ff .
;
Xen. Hellen. iii. 5. 5.
Botticher, Baumkultm, ch. xxv, who 12
Collitz ii. 2561 D 49 Bov/can ots rcDt
however has misunderstood part of At Trarpwtwt /cat TiiTriXXaw ra axpodiva
the evidence. The offerings are called (4th cent.).

. Anecd. 246.
religious ceremonies The cereals offered to Zeus and other

1
.
deities in sacrifice, and possibly the

sprinkling of barley meal,
would appear to recal the ancient custom 2 Aristotle says dis .
tinctly, that the ancient sacrifices, made

after the harvesting,
were a kind of firstfruits 3 . We see the old surviving into the
new order of things, when the Eleans
after their ancient custom
sacrificedmonthly on the altars" wheat kneaded with "all
4
honey The custom of sacrificing cakes, and things without life,
.
was ancient in Athens also 5 and the traditional offering to ;
Phigalean Demeter was fruit, honeycombs, and wool yet unspun

6
,
while the fruits of autumn were offered to Demeter in

Myca-
lessus 7 .
The word "
firstfruits," although it does not occur in Homer,
the cognate verb which has a ritual meaning and

is 8
implied by ,
Homer uses apy/jLara in the sense of aTrapâi 9 The same form .
occurs in very old Attic inscriptions 10 Homer recites also how .
Artemis sent the great boar to destroy the crops, because the
usual offerings had not been made to her on the threshing floor 11 .
1
Collitz ii. 2642 64 Trofj.trev6vTW IK ras firdpxovTO.1 ol dy/JibTcu dirb TTJS dpxys
aXwos ev rbv va6v. fKdffrys 17? &v Xdxei, fU TT\V oiKo5o/j.iav
2 -18
Collitz iii. 3636 . TOW iepwv /cat TUV oiKodo/ui.r)fj.dTui> /cat TT]V
3
Arist. Eth. xi. 1160 a 25 at yap iSpvcrip rQ>v
iepuv. IGS i. 235 21 . But
dpxdiai Qvffiai. /cat vvvoSoi <j)aivovTa.L it also appears to mean firstfruits
yiveadac /uera rds ru>v

Ka.pir(av crvyKOfJU- in Delphi ; and îrdpyfjiara certainly
dds olov dirapxal. bears that sense in Thera: IGI iii.
4
Paus. v. 15. 10. 436 ofipoi yds 0e<j)v
/j-arpi . . . Ovala. Ap-
5
Paus. viii. 2. 3. X<-vov
Ti2i ret run. TrpariffTdit dvffovTi
6 Paus. viii. 42. 11. fiovv /cat irvpiiov ly /j.e5i/uu>ov /cat Kpt.dG>v
7 Paus. ix. 19. 5. ey dtio fj.e8ifji.vu3v /cat oivov

8
dTrdpxf<rdcu : II. xix. 254, Od. xiv. d\\a eirdpyfj-ara at
<Lv
cjpat
428. See for this subject the article CIA ii. 632 has eiri rpd-rrefav K
aTrapxai in Pauly, from which I take aKpoOlvia is also used for firstfruits :
a few references which had escaped Suid. s.v. at T&V eviavaiwv Kapirwv
me. The verb appears to be used, but dirapxai. So Hesych., adding Gives 5t
in the active, on a very old Tanagran eiffiv ol TUV Trvpwv /cat xpidQiv.
ffwpol
9
inscription, recording a dedication to Od. xiv. 446.
Hermes; a bronze cup BCH xix. 242, 10
airapyua CIA \. 347, cp. GIG
lapov TW KapvKefiu <&\6fdyos dirdpxovTOS 2465. ToCybele: Dittenberger, Sylloge,
\eKTols 077/3aiots avtOeav. Cp. Jahres- 37714 (Thera).
hefte iii. 137. In Eretria : GIG 2144. 11
II. ix. 534 xwcra/u& Tj 6 poi otfrt
e-rapxTiseems to mean a fe? or money 0a\vffia yovi>$ aXw?js poivevs pt . Com

contribution CIA ii. 588 etrapxr) r^v
:
pare Apollodorus i. 8. 2.
Herodotus, who first uses the noun airapxy, speaks of the first-
fruitsof his inheritance which Croesus sent to Delphi and
2 3
elsewhere 1 Inscriptions mention the firstfruits of corn of
. ,
oil ,
of the fruits of the earth those of fish and of house-property, 4

:
in Delos, are probably a civil tax 5 Firstfruits of tribute money .
occur often in Attic inscriptions

6
and firstfruits of men 7 were ;
dedicated to the gods, originally perhaps for sacrifice, later for

use as slaves. The word occurs on inscriptions of Rhodes 8 ,
Miletus 9 Delos 10 and very common in Athens as we shall see.

, ,
is
aicpodiviov or d/cpoOiva is used in a similar sense for firstfruits ;
11
in kind I have already given an instance and it is applied to ,
12
a statue dedicated by a poet or some such person in Phocis .
There is nothing to show whether the firstfruits formed any

particular fraction of the whole, but the country custom would
appear to have been that a sheaf or two was enough for the
small farmer. Indeed, so long as there was no organised priest
hood, there would be no reason to offer more than would make
a good show. But with the organised priesthood, and with the
organised social system, there must needs come a change.
A fixt minimum would be appointed by the king or the repre
13
sentatives of the god, and exacted as a due Moreover, with .
large amounts offerings in kind become inconvenient and we ;
can hardly doubt that as soon as a fixt currency was intro

duced, whether in tripods, axes, cauldrons, or what not, which
each represented some unit of value in kind 14 the firstfruits ,
1
Herod, i. 92 TUV irarpquv xprj/j.6.Tuv
8
IGI i. 466 statue, Athena Lindian,
a-jra.px fiv. etc.
2
KapTrov GIG 484 :
particulars of 9
CIG 2855.
wheat and barley for each tribe, CIA lu ECU xiv. 408.
834 la
iv. 2. 6. Above, p. 52 .
3
AcuoD CIA iv. 1. 27 6. 12
IGS iii. 1. 131.
4
IGI iii. 436 aTra/ryyuara uv at w/oat
13 The tithe of Peisistratus: Aristotle,
4>{pov<ri.
Ath. Pol. xvi. ; Diog. Laert. i. 6. 53
6 eVao-ros TUV rov
(TiToO, evoiKiuv, ixdvuv, quoted by dirdyet 87] AApafw*
Homolle, Dar. and Sagl. s.v. Donarium avrov K\r)pov Sfftanjl , OVK e/j.ol d\\d
p.366 note 47 . birbdev &TTCU dva\ovv h re 6v<rias rots
6
CIA i. 226, 257, etc.; iv. 1. 51. 8r)/ji.oT\fls, KOLL em a\\o ruiv KOIVUV,
airapxr) is used of money in Eleusis, Kal r)v 6 7r6\e/xos iâs /faraXci/Sr?. Arist.
AM xix. 192 5
. Oec. ii. 1346 b 3 fTriKapTria /cat Se/car??.
7
Plut. Quaest. Gr. 35, CIA i. 210,
14
Ridgeway, Origin of Coin and
Dionys. i. 16. 44. Weight Standards, Index.
would be commuted for their value. This is perhaps the origin

1
of the tithe (Se/earT/) although since the two words are used for
;
votive offerings side by side, as we shall see, the question is not
yet clear. The principle of the firstfruits or tithe offering was

extended, as civilisation increased, to merchants and tradesmen ;
and was applied also to the portion set apart by states for their
2
patron deity, or for support of some national shrine The tithe .
was also dedicated to the gods not only from yearly profits but
from occasional gains, such as the spoils of war, and a windfall
or lucky find. The same idea prompted the consecration of
one-tenth of the land apportioned out for cleruchs allotments 3 ,
and one-tenth of confiscated property, which we shall discuss

later.
The evidence for the extent of the tithe offering is not
complete. The reason, however, is probably that the inscrip

tions so far discovered are unevenly distributed, whilst smaller
towns would have a less organised cult. The earlier inscrip
tions, moreover, have often only the deity s name, often only his
and the giver s, with or without a verb and as we know that ;
some dedications so inscribed were the firstfruits or the tithe of

war 4 the fact that this is not specified elsewhere does not prove
,
that it was not true. The Pelasgians offered the tithe 5 as the ,
1 2
Robertson Smith, Religion of the The tithe was a royal tax under
Semites, 245 ff., 458, discusses the Peisistratus : Arist. Ath. Pol. xvi. ;
tithe. The have gone

tithe appears to and perhaps later, Xen. Hell. i. 1. 22,
to the kings, and the maintenance of Pollux vi. 128, ix. 28.
3
the tribal sanctuaries to have been a Thuc. iii. 50 records this of the
first charge upon it. See also Trans- cleruchy in Lesbos. We have no
actions of the Victoria Institute, xxxi. further information on the subject,
126. The fraction chosen depends on but he mentions it as a matter of
the fact that a man has ten fingers, course.
and therefore ten is the natural basis 4
As IGA 32, 46, 510 on helmets
of arithmetic. Se/cafeu ,
like Tre/jurafeiit, and a lance, each naming an enemy,
meant properly to count (not as
5
Stephanus s.v. Afiopiyives. Diony-
Suidas says s.v. 5e/cdfe<r0cu,
derived sius i. 18. 49 5e/cdras es Ae\0oi)s
from a marshalling of the recipients avTJyov ry tfey Kal rQ>v dirb TTJS tfaAdrTTjj
in tens). Later the word de/tarT), like wêXetwv etwep nres /ecu aXXot Xa^Trpord-
deKaretieiv, may have lost its exact ras. So did the Carthaginians (Justin
sense, so as to be used for any sacred 18) and the Tyrians (Plut. Symp.
portion. Cp. IGI iii. 258 deKarav inrkp 313).
6vya.Tp6s.
Hyperboreans did There are ancient dedications of a tithe of

1
.
war in many places 2 the tithe not specified is offered to Zeus at;
Thebes 3 to Demeterby men and women in Argolis 4 by a woman

, ,
by a man at Naxos
6
to Athena at Paestum 5 Statues ,
to Apollo .
on the Sacred Way at Branchidae are an early example of the

dedication of the tithe to a non-local deity
7
In Athens we find .
the war tithe early and tithe

8
a of slaves is mentioned 9
A great
,
.
number of other tithes have been found here, which we shall

12
consider by and by 10 Dedications from Calabria and Calymna
11
.
are specified as a tithe of work. Later, we find the tithe in
Anaphe
13
Boeotia 14 Crete 15 Cyrene 16 Delos 17 Didymi 18 and Epi-
, , , , ,
daurus 19 in Argolis, Halicarnassus 20 Ithaca 21 Megara 22 Naxos 23 , , , ,
Rhodes 24 Thera 25 ,
The
tithe of trade is alluded to incidentally
.
in a Cretan inscription of the third century 26 It is also used .
in connexion with feasts for the dead 27 The tithe is not .
mentioned in Homer.
1
Herod, iii. 334, Callim. Delos 17
BCH vi. line 47.
278 ff.
18
Collitz iii. 3407: two women to
2
See below, chap. m. Demeter.
3
IGA 191. 19
Collitz iii. 3335: a woman to
4
Collitz iii. 3407, GIG 1172 ;
IPI i. Demeter.
20
580, 977. CIG 2660 Athena. :
5
IGA 542. 21
IGS iii. 1. 654 Artemis. :
IGA 408. 22
Paus. i. 42. 5 :
Apollo Ae/car^/sos.
7
IGA 483. 23 IGA 408 :
Apollo.
8 CIA i. 334. 24 IGI i. 817 a 3: Athena Lindia
9
CIA i. 210. Xenophon s men sold (common).
25
their slaves and gave a tithe to Artemis, IGI iii. 431 Heracles :
(in a cave) ;
Anal), v. 3. 437 : Mother of the gods.

10
Tithe and firstfruit occur together: 26 CIG 2556 52 cu W rt TUV 6et>
/SwXo-
Ear. 269 CIA iv. 1. 382 p. 154. ..r65 IJitvuv \OL/ULV dyadbv diro TWV 7roXe/wj>
aTrapXT]" vei[ivos ScKar^z/. One is 77 KOU S-i eo5ov<ravTes, rj idiai TII>S

Trap
offered by each of two persons, CIA eKartpuv rj Kara ya.v f)
Kara OdXaffcrav,
iv. 1. 373 77 .
\ayxav6vTdiv fKarepoi Kara rbs avdpas
11
IGSI 643 (Hera) see below, p. 92. ;
r6s %pTroi>Tas, Kal ras 5e/caras XafjLâvov-
12 TWV fKarepoi rav idiav
Ross, Ined. Insc. iii. 298 Ni/c/as /* es TTO\LV.
dvtd-r)Kev A7r6\Xuw tpywv rrjv deKarrjv. Heracles, we learn from Diodorus

13
IGIiii. 257, 258: Apollo. (iv. 21), promised weal and wealth to
IGS 1739 16 (Thespiae, to Hera
14
i. those who would tithe their goods to
cles), IGA 191 (Thebes, Zeus). him, and many Romans grew rich by
15
CIG 2556. that means.
16
Collitz iii. 4839, 4840 (Apollo). 27 CIG 1034 leaden tablet T>
ruv
AM xxiii. 22: woman to Artemis. dt>i{pu<nv...a<t> rjs 3^5o>/ca Se-
CIG 5133.
At the great national sanctuaries, in which every Greek

city was interested,
each city which hoped for the favour of the
1
made offering occasional or regular Herodotus .
presiding deity
to Apollo 2 and Zeus and each deme
3
speaks of the tithe due ,
appears to have been bound to pay

its share
4
The Athenian .
theori, who sailed to Delos in the sacred ship of Theseus, in

to Apollo 5 took the firstfruits with them
6
memory of his vow , ;
and the same was done by other states 7 Vases were dedicated .
9
as firstfruit by Cos and Rhodes
8
and the Mapsidichae, perhaps ;
10
an agricultural tribe, send their firstfruits year by year The .
same was the case at Delphi 11

The Eleusinian shrine was .
which had been

supported from early times by the firstfruits
12
all the Greeks
enjoined by a Delphic oracle apparently upon ,
and were sent Athens "from all parts." During the fifth
to
before the
century, this pious custom fell into disuse and just ;
a law was it compulsory upon Athens and

war, past making
1
Cp. Eur. Mdeag. fr. 520 Ofoefc 12
CIA iv. 1. 27 b Ke\everw 8t 6 iepo-
TTOT K Xa/3wv ara. xyv xai 6 5at5oOxo$ dirdp-

yys Tro\vfj.erpov di>TT)s fji.v<TTr}pioi.s
Ovuv dirapxds. TOVS "EXX^j/as roO KapTrov /card

2 ey
Herod, vii. 132. TO, Trdrpia /cat TT]V /j.avreiav TT]V
3
Herod, i. 89. AeX^cJi/. The tax was ^^; it was
4 Crates
ap. Ath. vi. 235 c: rbv d paid in kind, and sold votive offer ;
eKrea Trapextw ** ra &PX f a T ATroX- <?

ings were bought with part of it, and
inscribed diro TOV KapTrov eirapx^-
Xctwi rot)s A.xa.pv<j}v irapaffirovs dirb rrjs TTJS
K\oy-rjs ru>v
Kpiduv. Called curapxcu See also Korte, AM xxi. 322 ff., who
below. gives the later history of the custom,
5 Plut. Thes. 22. and makes some interesting deductions
6
CIA ii. 984, 985 ;
BCH xviii. 183; as to the price of cattle. He places
Mommsen, Heortoloyie 402, Feste der the date of our decree later than it is
Stadt Athen 451. done in the Corpus. Cp. Isocr. Paneg.
7 BCH xx. 695. Poeta ap. Clem. 31 ai n-tv yap TrXettrrat TUV TroXew^
Al. Strom, iv. 24. 164 6<f>pa...SeKdrrjv VTr6fj,vTf)/Jia Trjs TraXatas evepyeffias dirap-
Xas TOV ffirov Ka& eKaffrov rov eviavrbv ws

aKpoOivid re KpefJ.dffcuiii.ev.
8
BCH xiv. 408 (f>i.d\r)
. .
.r-fjs TroXews r//xas a7ro7re/i7rou(Tt, rals 5 e/cXfi7roy<rcus
rrjs KwtW dvaGy/J-a, TUH A7roXXtoJ>i TToXXd/cts TI Ilu^ta Trpoaeraêv d-rrotyepeiv

rd fJ-^pr}
rwv Kapwuv /cat TroieiV 7r/)6s rr\v
dirapx-nv (279 B.C.).
9 These cups are only part of
Ibid. TTO\IV TT)V Tjfjierepav rd irdrpia. Schol.
the offering, no doubt. Arist. Plutus 1054 x a P lffT7?P ia 7r 7-a- "
10
BCH vi 41 114
,
etc. Xodev KTreft,TrovffLv A&r)vae rwv Kapiruv
"
BCH xviii. 183, xx. 6956 ;
Xen. rds dwapxds. See also CIA i. 32, Schol.
Hell. iii. 5. 5 opyift/mevoi aurots TTJS Arist. Knights 727.The Delphic oracle
dvn\ri\ê(jjs TT}S rov AiroXXwi/os does not imply that the practice was
ev not older it merely sanctions it.
:
her allies, and inviting the other states to join in 1 . Occasional

offerings were sent for some special prosperity. Here the tithe
or firstfruit assumes a form it is a
developed thanksgiving for ;
that which gave wealth to the Thus Croesus

dedicating state.
sends to Delphi an offering of the gold which was found in his
2
country . The Siphnians offer a tithe of their mines 3 ;
the
Corcyreans acknowledge a special haul of fish at Delphi and
4
Olympia ,
and Tenedos makes similar acknowledgment ap
parently for a fine catch of crabs
5
;
Selinus renders thanks for
6 7 6
its
celery Metapontium , ,
Myrrhina, Apollonia for their corn,
all at
Delphi.
The Samian merchants tithed their profits to the amount of
six talents and with the money they procured a magnificent
;
bronze crater supported on kneeling figures, which

they dedi
cated in the Heraeum 8
.
When we examine the private dedications of this class, we

find a great variety of Sometimes the
callings represented.
nature of the offering alone shows that it is the tithe or first-
9
fruit of husbandry, orchardry, shepherdry, or hunting but in ;
many cases the dedicator records his calling. Actor and

physician offer a tithe of profits at Delphi
10
On the acropolis .
9
of Athens we find the fisherman the breeder 9 and the farmer 11 , , ,
before the Persian invasion ;

and a fisher apparently vows his
first cast to the nymphs of Syra 12 .
Among the early inscrip-
1 6
edv POV\UVTO.I. De Pyth. Or. 16.
Plut.
2 "
Herod, i. 50. Strabo p. 264.

3 8
Herod, iii. 57, Paus. x. 11. 2. The Herod, iv. 152 oi 8t Sdûm TTJV
finding of the mines was an unexpected de/car^c ruv eiriKepdiwv e eA6i/res
windfall, but the offering thereafter rdXavra, etc.
vowed was to be regular. When it was 9
Cp. Kor. 2, CIA iv. 1.
neglected, the sea flooded their mines

10
BCH xx. 695 rdde TroXets /ecu
and destroyed them. Idiwrat. eirdpâvro.

4 Paus. x. 9. 3, v. 29. 9. The objects 373 dypas dirapxtjv, CIA iv. Suppl.
sent were axes. 1. 373 I21
p. 182 rddrjvalai deKdrqv
:
5
Plut. De Pyth. Or. 12. I take dirb x ôv A6/mov66et> Xatptdwos <J>t\<?a.
T&V napidvuv to be the account given to 12

IGA 7, if rightly restored. It was
Plutarch and his explanation to be the rule to dedicate the first tunny of
wrong. Axes were once a unit of a good haul to Poseidon ; Athen. vii.
currency (Ridgeway, Origin 319). Why 297 E, 302 B, 346. So the fisherman
on earth should Tenedos offer an axe in the Anthology dedicates a crab as
simply because the pattern on the back the firstfruit of the quest, vi. 196.
of a crab was like an axe ?
TITHES, FIRSTFRUTTS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 59
tions of Athens are dedications of fullers 1 , potters 2 , a baker 3 ,
5 7
a tanner 4
,
a physician ,
a builder 6 a recorder , ,
and washermen
or washerwomen 7 who seem ,
to have been a pious tribe. One
8
may refer to a shipwright a later inscription of
inscription ,
Astypalaea to a shipmaster
9
. Elsewhere we read of a butcher
12
Several, both
10
or cook a courtesan 11
and possibly a smith
, ,
.
men and women, speak in general terms of a tithe of their

13 14
or of their blessings of their skill, or
earnings or property , ,
15 16
of their holy works others pray for skill Pairs of partners ;
.
18
or brothers 17 and even larger companies combine in one
,
,
offering. A vow was often made before the offering 19 All .
handicraftsmen at Athens, we know, bearing baskets of offer

ings, used to worship
Athena at the feast of Chalces 20 this ;
1
CIA iv. 373 /, p. 42 : 5
14
BCH xiii. 160
KJ>a<t>e6s
...... 5eKa,Tr)v ;
others below.
2 2- 3 4. T&V dyaduv, rwt cri) 56s d(f>doviav, etc.
Below, p. 60 7 61 1
,
- -
3
Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 264.
15
Kar. 48 dirap yjjia ri^vns. IGS iii.
4
(TKvXodtyTjs CIA iv. 1. 373 s224 . 1. 131 ^ offiwv tpyuv d/cpo^tviov.
5 CIA Nothing
iv. 1. 422 14
, p. 185.
16
CIA iv. 1. p. 79.
else surely can be the source of another

v CIA i. 351, 358, 375, 396; iv.
inscription ao-rwv da\6vTw, TroXi^xe :

1. 373 215
. avtetTyv is common (373
113, 183, 189 418 gY
irbrvC A6dva, ^fJLiKpov /cai jralSuv fj.vS.fjC }
124 .
?Xoi We TroXts : CIA iv. 2. 373 106
.
18 CIA iv. 1.373
6 CIA iv. 1. 373 2 2
, p. 203.
19
CIA i. 349, iv. 1. 373 202 , etc.
84 . 20
7
CIA i. 399, iv. 2. 373 Mommsen,jHeo7to/o0ie,313: Soph.
CIA frag. 724 /Jar ei s 656^ 5r? iras 6 xeipu-
8 iv. 1. 373 2;i4
198
, p. dv<?-
val; Xecbs ot At6s yopy&wiv f&pydvrjv

6r\Kev TdQr\va.Co.i SeKdTi\v rr]i>
Very archaic, vafv- is Naxian. (rraTOts \iKvoLcnv TrpoffTptireffde. Of

9
IGI iii. 203 vauv uicvdpfyoiv ?r6XX course no special deity was necessary
airo os. vai /cXapos TraXXa... for the artisan to worship ; but Athena
KTT]<rd/xej
Ear. 185. in this aspect was often called Ergane,

10
IGA 543 (Calabria). the Worker (Diod. v. 73, Paus. i. 24.
11
Rhodopis: Herod, ii. 135 (Delphi), 3), and coupled with Hephaestus (Solon
cp. BCH xv. 113. xiii. 49, Paus. i. 14. 6, CIA ii. 114 b).
12
BCH vi. 47 168
, &K^V in Delos. Athena Ergane at Sparta, Paus. iii.
13
Croesus: Herod, i. 92. CIA i. 345 17. 4 ; Olympia, v. 14. 4 ; Megalopolis,
fyywv dirapx^ (boustrophedon); Kred- viii. 32. 3 ; Thespiae, ix. 26. 8 Organe
;
vuv CIA iv. 1. 373 105 2l8 ii. 1434; ;

at Delos, BCH vi. 351 Ergatis at
;
91
iv. 2. 1550 d ;
iv. 1. 373 ,
Ear. 172 Samos, Hesych. s.v. (Farnell, Cults i.
SeKOLTTjv lipydiv Kal xpy ^ 7 uv A. dedi 410). There is no evidence or likeli
cation to Athena Ergane can only be hood of a special type, cult, or temple
that of a work-woman CIA iv. 1. : of Ergane at Athens (cp. Farnell i.
373 2 ^. So in Delos ;
see below, p. 344 f.). As Stathmia, she protected
60 3 . commerce, Hesych. s.v. The Bur-
then would be the season for such

offerings, and the custom of
dedicating them must have been common. Isaeus speaks of a
generous man performing this duty for those who could not or
would not 1 and the custom is attested by the 2
;
inscriptions .
Cleon then, not gibing, when he

says to the sausage-seller,
is
ll denounce
"I
your sausages as confiscate to the gods; never
a tithe have you paid on them 3 The tithe of profits, with ."
reference to fishermen, is alluded to as a

thing of course by
Diphilus, but as being sometimes dishonoured in the breach
4
.
Later, a cordwainer s
guild dedicates a statue in Lesbos 5 .
As late as the Roman age a trade-dedication is found in

6
Amphipolis .
If we may trust analogy, the firstfruit of a craftsman would

be his first finisht piece, the of the mediaeval
masterpiece
workman and some of the dedications appear to be of this
;
kind. The most conclusive evidence is furnisht by a covered

earthenware jar, found at Athens, and inscribed "Lycinus
dedicated to Athena his 7
first piece of work ." "Firstfruit of
nishers of Olympia sacrificed to the within a comparatively small space of

Worker goddess before polishing the
time, it is clear that the practice was
image (Paus. v. 14. 5). common. The tithe of work appears
1
Isaeus vi. 42 tri 5 tv dKpoiroXei also in Delos, BCH vi. 193 53
.
Isaeus,
dTrapxds r&v ovrwv dvadfrres 7roXXo?s, as quoted above (note speaks of
4
),
u>s dwo idias KTr/crews. this as a common so does
practice ;
2
CIA i. 349 SeKaT-rjv rov TKVOV evx- Demosthenes, alluding to the same
Collitz 3448 (Anaphe)
; iii.
age, Androt. 617, ai>roi>s Se/carerfoiTes ;
Kal Timocr. 741 TUV deKaruv Oeov

AKe<?Ti/j.a vwtp evyarpbs rfjs dfj.e-
deKdrav Air6\\wi ; IGI ii. \rjcrai. War is nearly always specified
258 (Lesbos). when it is the occasion.
3
Arist. Knights 300 at Qalvw 4
rots Ap. Ath. vi. 226 E oi> TTWTTOT ixdvs
irpVTa.ve<nv dSeKarevrovs T&V 6e&v Ipas olda Tifjuwrtpovs Idtbit Il6ffi5ov, el dexd-
txovTa KoiXias. The tithe is mentioned TTJV
CIA i. 353, 384, 385 ; the firstfruit i.
351, 352, 375, 382 ; and in the Acro 5 IGI ii. 109 avyKaditpuvav oi rr)j>
polis inscriptions (KardXoyos vol. 1), T^Vt]V

<TKVTlKTp> pya^6fJ.VOl.
some 427 in number, dirapxTj occurs 6
BCH xix. 110 M. KcufcAios 2<Sras
49 times, SeKdri) 37, not counting doubt 6 xaX/ceus dirb rijs T^x vrJS deois /J.eyd\ois
ful instances and both
together, dedi
;
rots tv
cated each by a separate
person, CIA AV rrjt Adrjvdai. rb
iv. 1. 373 91 (cp. 382). When it is re BCH
irpuiToi> -fjpydaaTo : ii. 522, 547,
membered that hardly any of these with cut. De who edits
Witte, it,
inscrr. is complete, and that they fall believes the inscr. to be genuine. A
work" scratcht on a fictile vase found on the Acropolis 1

is ;
and perhaps some of the famous vase-painters whose names

3
appear there, such as Andocides Nearchus and Euphro-
2
also , ,
nius 4
may have dedicated
,
a choice piece of their own. The
phrase "with his hands" inscribed on another block may be
interpreted in the the same by one reading may be same way 5 ;
said of one of the pottery tablets at Corinth 6 An Aeginetan .
7
artist made a statue for his deity Another inscription, appar .
ently from Corinth 8 records that Midonidas offered a piece ,
which he had himself painted; and a similar formula is found

at Athens
9
An Athenian vase bears the figure of the goddess
.
armed, and upon the shield is the legend Callis made and
"
dedicated it to Athena Health 10 We may perhaps take as ."
the workman s
attempt a rough obelisk of terra-cotta
first
found at Metapontiurn, and dedicated by a potter to Heracles 11 .
A bronze statuette of a youth, ascribed to the fifth century,

and dedicated to the goddess at Rhamnus, is a firstfruit 12 .
13
Ecphantus s offering from Melos was made by himself it may ;
14
have been the column, or a statue upon it Iphicratides of .
Naxos also dedicated an offering to Delian Apollo which he

made himself 15 and Tisagoras, "whoever he was," dedicated an
;
potter s son, perhaps an

apprentice,
n
Rohl, Imagines xv. 5, Collitz ii.
dedicates a vase at Athens : CIA iv. 1. 1643 xcupe, fdva.% Hpa/cX^s. Nt/c6/ia-
373 w. x<^J fjC e?r6et, 8 rot Kepa/j.evs ^ dvedr)K.
1
CIA iv. 1. 373 12
6, c ; / has 56s 5<? / Iv toepAirou Soâv &ya0dv. ^"
eKa.T-r)v. A potter s son dedicates no. Roberts, p. 302; see fig. 7, p. 62.
373 w. 12
CIA iv. 1. 422 16
AvffiK\ei8r)s oW-
2
CIA iv. 1. 373 215 ; Klein, Griech. GrjKev Eiravdpidov vibs ainjapxV r6vde
Vasen mit Meistersign. 188, etc. 0ecu rijide -q r65 ^x et T^CICVOJ. Lysi-
3
CIA iv. 1. 373 91 Klein, 38. ;
cleides was perhaps a better craftsman
4
CIA . iv. 1. 362 ; Klein, Euphronios. than poet.
5
CIA iv. 1. 373 249 .
13
1GA 412 TTCU Aids E K 5tat <f>dvrui
6
Reading avroiroeia with Collitz iii. r65 a/xerês cryaX/xa, <roi
yap e?reux6-
3119 68 but see p. 81 4
; .
/tei/os roOr ^rAeo-cre yp6<f>ui>.
7 IGA 352 Ap\iwt> tTrolrjve.

14
&ya\/j.a is any precious thing a ;
8
IGA 36 a p. 170 MtSwi/tSas Zypaê tripod in two inscrr., Herod, v. 60, 61,
Kdvtd-rjKe. cp. Paus. x. 7. 3 (quoted by Roberts,
9
CIA iv. 1. 373 174 eTrotet K&vt0i)Ke p. 32).
rwt Qeui, on the fragments of a small 15
BCH xii. 464 FHJ>IK paries M wt-
column. 0T) K e 6 Ndtos Tronjcras (very archaic).
10
AM xvi. 154 Adrjva.ia.i Tyielai The base has rams heads and gorgo-
KdXXts eTrotT/cre /cat dvedKtv. neia carved on it.
FIG. 7. Workman s dedication. Roberts, p. 302.

iron group of Hercules and the Hydra at Delphi, and iron

heads of lion and wild boar to Dionysus at Pergamus, all
which he had made himself and were "marvels of skill 1 ."
Perhaps the "beautiful partridge" of Protogenes, dedicated at

Rhodes, was offered with the like feeling
2
The wording of an .
ancient inscription on the steps of the old temple at Syracuse
suggests a maker s dedication Of the same kind will be the

3
.
two amphorae dedicated at Erythrae, by a master and pupil, who

4
held a contest to see which could make the thinner . Palamedes
is said to have dedicated in the shrine of Fortune at Corinth
5
the dice which he had invented Parmenion a painter painted .
a pig so naturally that those who saw it expected a grunt and ;
6
this he dedicated The outline which traditionally suggested .
to Butades of Sicyon the moulding of portraits in clay, was

7
preserved in the Nymphaeum Eubulides of Athens, too, .
made and dedicated a statue of Apollo 8 Two sacrificial vessels .
are made and dedicated Pan and the Nymphs by the same
to
man 9 . It is on this principle I would explain the bronze
Apollo,with an inscription in silver letters declaring that
Charidamus dedicates it as a tithe to Athena 10 There is no .
1
Paus. x. 18. 5. ex argilla similitudines Butades Sicy-
-
Eudocia, no. 994 : el 5t xpy rrjv onius figulus primus invenit Corinthi
vfj<rov Tavrrjv ov /j.6vov T$ /ueytVry filiae opera, quae capta amore iuvenis,
KoXocro-y fffj.vvvai, d\\d Kai ffjj.LKpoTa.Tif abeunte peregre, umbram ex facie
illo
Tivl tirapou di>aOr)/j.aTi- e*e? ydp Kai 6 eius ad lucernam in pariete lineis cir-
/caXds irtpdi r)i>,
rd TOV HpwToytvovs cumscripsit, quibus pater eius impressa
vfj.vo<j/m.vov irdpepyov. argilla typum fecit et cum ceteris
3
IGA 509 KXfo/jL^Tjs tiroi-riffe T&ire- induratum igni proposuit,
fictilibus
Xwpt 6 T^KTV?...DO the words refer eumque servatum in Nymphaeo donee

to part of the temple? Mummius Corinthum everterit tra-
4
Pliny, NH xxxv. 12. 46. dunt.
5 8
Paus. ii. 20. 9 with Frazer s Pans. i. 2. 5,
note. Eustathius on
308 says it II. ii.
9 AM xxi. 437, Attica :
ffirovdrjs Kai
was a draughtsman, and dedicated at \ifidvov 6e\KT^pia xa\Kta reâs JIavL
Argos ; perhaps Palamedes distributed re Kai Ni5/z0es Ofj KC <j)tpui> No/u:6s.
the set as Alexander did with his Space on top for (nrovSelov and dv/jua-
arms. rripiov.
6
Corp. Paroem. Gr. i.
p. 412 Hap- 10 IGSI 2274 XapLda/j.os AOrivalat 5e-
/jieviwv 6 faypd<j)os
vi>
ypd\f/as dv^d-rjKev Karav ; archaistic, probably of the 1st
rjv Kai (puisty dfiitvai ol deu/jLevoi td6- or 2nd The makers names
cent. B.C.
KOVV. (there weretwo makers) were engraved
7
Pliny, NH xxxv. 43. 151 fingere on lead and put inside unluckily they ;
meaning in dedicating the statue of one god to another, except

1
it be dedicated as a work of art or a thing of value It .
can hardly have been dedicated by this man, as a tithe of war.
Perhaps too the curious cast bronzes, found in the Idaean

cave of Crete, are the maker s masterpiece 2 I suggest this .
because they include two or three scenes cast in one piece a :
war-galley manned, a ma,n milking a cow, and other incongruous

scenes together. Each scene has its own base, so they were
meant to be separated ;
but there seems no reason why they
should be dedicated together unless as specimens of the maker s
art.
A somewhat fanciful extension of this idea suggests to the
literary man the dedication of some of his work. Plato is using

metaphor, no doubt, when he speaks of the mottoes at Delphi
as the fruits of wisdom" dedicated by Solon and other
"first
3
wise men and Pindar, when he uses the dedicatory verb of
;
4
his odes but Heraclitus dedicated his book in the temple at
;
Ephesus
5
The poems of Hesiod appear to have been dedi
.
cated on Mount Helicon, where Pausanias saw them engraved

on ancient tablets of lead 6 . At Delos were the poems of
Alcaeus and the astronomy of Eudoxus 7 and at Lindus the
,
Seventh Olympian of Pindar

8
. A "golden
book" was dedi
cated at Delphi by the poetess Aristomache, who had won
9
a prize at the Isthmia The custom was not confined to .
Greece; the Carthaginian traveller Hanno dedicated his

for
10
log-book in the temple of Baal at Carthage Oenopides of .
11
Chios dedicated an astronomical table of bronze at Olympia ;
cannot be made out, but one was a 5

Diog. Laert. ix. 6 aved-rjKe de avrb
Khodian. es rb TTJS A/rr^/xiSos iep6v.
1
For Panofka s view see the final 6
Paus. ix. 31. 4. Whether in a
essay, ch. xiv. temple is not stated, nor the dedi-

2
Mus. It. ii. 727 ;
see fig. 8. cator.
3
Plato, Protag. 343 B ; cp. Paus. x.
7
Par. and Sagl., Donarium 378.
8 Schol. Pind. 01. viii., p. 157,
24. 1. Isocrates also uses the meta-
phor (Lam Hel. 29 p. 219). Bockh (Lindian Athena).
4 9
Pind. 01. xiii. 35 ew AX0eoO Plut. Quaest. Conv. v. 2. 9.
10 Bosworth Smith, Carthage 13.
petdpoiffiv aiy\a Troduv dvaneiTai; xi.
(x) 8 d<p06i>T)Tos
5 alvos OXvpiriovlKdis
n Aelian, VH x. 7.
OVTOS
Xenocratea at the Pythium on Mount

Olympus, his calcula
tions of the height of the mountain 1 .
In later days we find prize

poems so treated. Paeans to
Apollo have been unearthed in the Treasury of the Athenians
FIG. 8. Votive offering, from Crete.

Museo Italico ii. 730.
at Delphi 2 and a hymn to Dionysus in the same 3

,
sanctuary ;
all these of the fourth

century. Such another is Thrasyllus
hymn to Apollo Maleatas and Asclepius, found at Epi-
daurus 4 . At Delphi
have been found two inscriptions
also
in shorthand, and references to a work of Aristotle 5 So .
we see Agathias dedicating his book to Paphia 6 Perhaps .
the alphabet inscribed on a piece of

pottery, and dedicated
to Poseidon at Corinth, may represent a learner s first
1
Plut. Aemil. 15. 5
BCHxxii. 269, 270. A. received
-
BGH xix. 562, xvii. 561, 569. a vote of thanks, and his work was
BCH xix. 392. placed in the temple library.
Collitz iii. 3342 is used).
6
Anth. Pal. vi. 80.
R.
masterpiece
l
;
and the same explanation may apply to
others 2 .
offering in kind was often commemorated by

The a model.
There is no reason to think that the models took the place of
the tithe or rather to be supposed that they
firstfruit; it is
accompanied the offering, and were meant to keep it in mind.

Thus we find three cities sending "golden harvestings" or
sheaves to Delphi and eleven ears of corn, silver gilt, were
3
,
among the Parthenon treasures in the fifth century

4
At a .
later date other gilt corn -ears are mentioned here, standing
upon a little pillar

5
. For a similar reason, doubtless, Selinus
sent a golden head of celery 6 . A golden olive appears at
golden vine-clusters at Delos and at the shrine of
7 8
Oropus ;
9
the Cabiri near Thebes at Delos was also a golden sea- ;
lavender 10 . The Ampeliots,

a Libyan tribe, sent to Delphi a
head of the precious silphium an offering small indeed, and ;
All these are men

11
perishable too, if it were not a model .
tioned by the way, but they were certainly not alone Pliny :
12
adds a golden radish, a silver beet, and a turnip of lead ,
private offerings no doubt.

Many of the animals mentioned in the Inventories, or found
in excavations, may have had a similar origin. Some may have
1
Collitz iii. 3019 k ;
IGA 20 13
. TTOTC xpvcrovv (rtXivov dvadelvai
2
As that from Calymna, Inscr. Brit. 7 IGS i. 3498 61 e\ala xpvffij.
Mus. 123. It may however have been 8

BCH xiv. 406 d/unre\os
meant for a charm alphabets have ;

Also poiai, /j.rj\ov, perhaps parts of
been found in tombs, IGA 390, and on ornaments.
a vase placed there 524.
9
IGS i. 2425 a 0aXX6v a/xirAou.
3
Plut. De Pyth. Or. 16 etpq xpvffS. 10
BCH vi. 30 n XCL/JLUVIOV.
Strabo vi. 264 n Schol. Arist. Plut. 925 = Eudocia,
(Myrina, Apollonia);
(Metapontium), Hv\iuv 5 X^yercu no. 226 : Kai ot A^TreXtwrat 5^, ZOvos
KT/(T/ua...o0s otfrws dirb yeojpylas evrvxij- AtjSihjs, cs AeX0ous dveBeaav Kav\bv
cat (f>affiv
wffre dtpos xp vff ^v & AeX0oFs <rt\<f>lov,
ws (f)rjffiv AXeaz/5/>t5?7S.
The
dvadfivai. The ear of corn was a Libyans were connected with the
device on the coins of Metapontium :
Pelasgi Ridgeway, Early Age 230.
:
Head, Hist. Num. 62.

lu
Pliny, NH
xix. 86 ut est Graeca
4 CIA i. 161 9 \rjiov ireplxpvffov era- vanitas, fertur in templo Apollinis
Xês AI, B.C. 434. Delphis praelatus adeo ceteris ibi
5
CIA ii. 731 (rraxves tv irvpylo-Kwi raphanus, ut ex auro dicaretur, beta ex
^7ri xpv<rot. argento, rapum ex plumbo.
6 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 12
been dedicated as ornaments or trinkets; and

yet it is not un
likely that the Athenian silver duck was a poulterer s offering 1 ,
or that the goats and rams

given at Delos by Parmenion and
Timoxenus were firstlings in model 2 At the Argive Heraeum .
were found the duck, the cock, the sheep, and the cow 3 Oxen, .
sheep, pigs and suchlike found amongst the ruins of a temple

4
may be memorials of sacrifice but it is difficult so to regard ;
the riderless horse and the mare. I

may mention, then, that
models of horses were dedicated in the ancient shrine of
Menelaus 5 at Calaurea 6 Taenarum 7 Delos 8 at Dodona 9 at
, , , , ,
10 11
Olympia in Crete and in the Heraeum 12 most ancient of
, , ,
all. Bulls, rams, stallions and brood-mares will come under

a different category 13 although some of these
, it is
possible that
were model firstlings.
The fruit or offering in kind which is sometimes seen in the
hands or upon the knees of votive statuettes
may represent the
firstfruit or tithe.
There is direct evidence for the hunter s dedication of a

model of his prey. Hesychius tells how a Sam an hunter made i
such an offering to Hera in his native isle 14 Another

example .
will be the bronze hare dedicated to 15

Apollo at Priene . Cakes
1
CIA ii. 698 ii
21
VTJTTO. dpyvpa.
8
AZ xl. 333 oxen and horses, :
2
ECH vi. 34 49
<TKd(f>ioi>...dirb TWV bronze and clay, in the lowest stratum.
alyw /cat r&v rpdyuv uv 9
dvtffrjKav Tifj.6- Carapanos, pi. xx. 4 bull, xxi. 1
fj>os teal
Ilap/j-evluv . If not, they were mare, 2 ram.
living firstlings ; but in that case we 10
Bronzen, 28 foil. all strata, lowest ;
should expect Tirf to be added, with

mostly horses and cattle :
pi. xi xiii.
the value. I assume the models to bull, ox, horse, mare, pig, ram, goat.
have been melted and cast in form of n Mus. Itai. 727 milch cow (Cave of
a cup the formula is regular for this
:
906 bulls, rams, etc. (Cave of
Ida) ;
process (cp. line 51 ^VKT^LOV curb rrjs Dicte) 914 pi. xiv. goat, ox, cow, ram,
;
Aa0oi; Kal rpdywv). Note that a calf etc. (Cave of

Hermes).
is offered for a 12
good harvest in Anth. Bull, cow, ox, goat. Bronzes :
Pal. vi. 258. 10 ff.

3
Bronzes :
44, 47, 22, 27. 13
Below, 75.
p.
4
See chapter vm. Mandrabolus u Hesych.s.u. BaraKapas- dvoravra
certainly dedicated a model of the oâra [perhaps only one, after all]
sacrificial animal. 5e
5
tiriytypa.^ eirl dêâros tv r$
Rev. Arch. xxx. 13, early 6th cent.
r^ H/xis iep$ otfrw Bora Ka/aas 2 a/aios
6
AM xx - 308.
"Hpr, rfrSe Q^v dV<?<Ve.
7
Frazer, Pausanias, ii. p. 397.
"
IGA 385j B oberts 153j CaL BriL
52
in the form of deer were offered to Artemis at Patrae at the

feast of Elaphebolia
1
. As late as the sixth century after Christ
FIG. 9. Votive hare, from Priene.
a hunter in Egypt places a model of his antelope on a pillar,

and dedicates it to Isis, with an inscription which he proudly
2
claims to have carved with his own hand Others are perhaps .
3
the deer of silver or gold mentioned in the Delian inventories .
Many other animals are named in the lists which may have a
similar origin, though it is impossible to say that they were not
in a wooden
toys or ornaments at Delos were two silver beasts
:
4 5
cage ,
at Athens a basket with ivory beasts in it . There was
Mus. Br. 237 : AT^XXuwi TM Inscr. 1043, from Coptos : "lo-tdt
p a.i>6r)Kfv H0cu<rrW (date about A/u.a<Toiffa dopxada v~xjn v

(?)
500). See fig. 9. The bronze hare d\f/as rov ffrixov avrbs (f>
found on the Athenian Acropolis ap 3

BCH vi. 34 51
.
pears to have had a handle Cat. :

4
BCH vi. 32 si
faiddpia dpyvpa
Bronze Acrop. Mus. 463.
1
Athen. xiv. 646 E. 5
CIA ii. 678 A n9 KO.VOVV Iva. TO,
2 59 .
Classical Review xii. 282, Br. Mus. ia ; cp.
1
a bronze bison head at Delphi, dedicated by a Paeonian chief
s .
It is difficult to doubt that models of beasts of prey or the chace

were often, if not generally, the hunter s gift. For such groups
as the bull attacked by a lion, found at the Heraeum 2 and the ,
stag brought down by hounds, two at least of which kind were

found at Olympia 3 the explanation ,
is
practically certain; and
it is
likely lions, bears, stags, hares and
for the figures of
4
rabbits which have been unearthed at Olympia at the shrine ,
of Menelaus
5
. at the Cabirium ,
at Calaurea
7
,
at Athens 8 at ,
FIG. 10. Hare, from Olympia. FIG. 11. Stag on stand, from Olympia.
Bronzen xiii. 209. Bronzen xiii. 205.
9
Naucratis . From the Argive Heraeum come the stag, the
10
wild goat, and wild birds with long beaks, in pairs or singly :
these last belong to the stage of geometric decoration. Heads

11
of lions, eagles and other creatures were probably ornamental .
1
Paus. x. 13. 1. BOH xix. 171 (Boeotian shrine).
2
Dr Waldstein. It is worth noting 8
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 524 deer, 463
that a colossal group of a bull attackt hare; 53843, 46475, eagles and
by a lion was found on the Athenian lions may have been parts of larger
Acropolis. objects.
3 9
Bronzen, pi. xiv. 219, 220. Petrie and Gardner, Naucratis i.
4
Bronzen, pi. xi. 213 stag, 207, 207 a 14, ii. 56 lions.
10
etc. roe, xiii. 208, 209 hare. See figs. Bronzes: nos. 19, 21, 37 ff.
10, 11.
11
Plataea AJA vii. 406 /Sov/ce^ciXiy.
5
Rev. Arch. xxx. 13, lions. Delos BCH vi. 49 191
Trporo^ \tovros ;
6
AM xv. 356, hares, bears. Athens : see Indices.
7
AM xx. 322, hares, rabbits; cp.
The workman or artist might dedicate a picture or model of

his work,when the work itself was not suitable for the purpose.
Mandrocles, who built Darius s bridge over the Bosporus, spent
part of the fee in a picture of the bridge, which he dedicated to
Hera in Samos for a firstfruit 1 shoemaker dedicated a stone . A
relief of a shoe to an Athenian hero 2 . I have met with no
other certain example of the kind, but perhaps the models of the
temple at Delos, preserved amongst its treasures, and the wooden
3
pattern of the tiles were dedicated by the master mason. ,
It is a pretty thought which suggests the dedication of the

workman s tools, after a successful job, or when they or the owner
are past work. I have found no direct evidence for this in the
classical age but both legend and history prove that it was in
4
;
accord with Greek ways of thought. The Argo was dedicated

to Poseidon after its famous voyage 5 Meleager, it is said, dedi .
6
cated in Corinth the spear with which he slew the great boar ;
and a story of Cimon from the year 480 implies the same idea.
When the Athenians, we read, were hurrying out of the city to
take refuge in Salamis, Cimon was the first man that went "
with a life and jollity into the castle, carrying a bit of a bridle
in his to consecrate unto the goddess Minerva
hand signifying :
thereby, that the city had no need of horsemen at that time,

but of mariners and seamen 7 Eighty years later, it is on record ."
that Xenophon s men, their long march over, consecrated their
1
Herod, iv. 88 air wv dr) yiavSpo- the third century or later.
K\tr)S dirapxtiv, faa. ypa\J/dfj.i>os
iraaav 3 BCH vi. p. 105, Tra.pa.5eiy/jia.Ta , p.
rrjv êvîv rov Hocnrbpov, /cat /SacrtXâ re 48 172 TVTTOV ty\ivov Kepafiiduv rdov eiri
Aapelov ev Trpoedplr) KO.T-qfj.evov, /cat rov rbv Keparajya. They may of course
avTov Sta/SatVovra, TO.VTO. ypa\f/d-
<TTpa.rbv
have been sent in by the contractor,
jj.evos aV07j/ce es TO Hpdiov, eiriypdâs and kept for reference; but if so, why
rdde B6a-rropov IxBvbevTa 7e0u/>i6cras were they preserved afterwards ?
4
avedr)Kf MavdpoK\e-r)s "Hpy nvyiJibavvov Unless the passage of Alcman,
<TXe5tT7s- ai/ry ^v artQavov irepiQeis, 2a- quoted on p. 276 1 ,
be rightly inter-
fj.toi<Ti
5 /cCSos Aapetof /SacrtXôs e/creX^- preted as the dedication of a plough
<ras Kara. vovv. See Anth. Pal. vi. 341. ((f>apos,
schol. &porpov in MS. and
2
Pollux vii. 89 -rjpws A6r}vi)<ri.i>
6 itri papyrus, so also Herodian ii. 942 13 ;
^XaijTTj- oW0i7/ce yap rts <rKVTorb[j.o<>

Qapovv dpoTpiav Hesych.).
Cp. CIA iii.
5
jSXcu/TT/j \iOwov TVTTOV. Apollod. i. 9. 27.
411. The title doubtless refers to the 6 Paus. ii. 7. 9.
hero s figure. The dedication is not 7

Plut. Cimon 5 ; North s transla-
early, for reliefs of this sort belong to tion, p. 494.

staves upon a cairn which they there built where first they had
caught sight of the sea
1
These indications are too scanty to .
decide how far the customs recorded in later poems of the Antho
logy are true of earlier times but in these all sorts and conditions ;
of men seem to conform to them. The hunter hangs club and

dog-collar on a plane tree in honour of Pan 2 ,
or dedicates a
spear to Pan and the Nymphs When he wants a rest, he 3

.
4
entrusts his bow and arrows to Artemis "during the truce ";
too old to work, he leaves his gear to Pan

5
when he is Traps .
6
and snares are dedicated to Hermes The fisherman dedicates .
rods, nets, and other tackle 8 his very boat 9

and creels 7 trident , , ,
to Poseidon. The carpenter retiring from business offers to

Pallas saw and axe, plane, auger, and footrule 10 The goldsmith, .
gone blind with age, gives over to Hermes the file, tongs, and
blowpipe of his calling
11
A plowman dedicates his plow and all .
his gardening tools to Deo 12 . The lucky delver, on finding a

treasure in the earth, offers to Athena his rake, shovel, pick, and
13
axe .
Timon, when he accepts the offers of Plutus,
So Lucian s
exclaims spade, and beloved leather jerkin, now it were

"
:
my
14
well to dedicate you to Pan The harpist dedicates his lyre ."
to Phoebus 15 .
Spinther the cook, on leaving service, places in
the shrine of and pans, pestle and mortar,
Hermes his pots
chopper and and sponge, and the key of

ladle, fan, flesh-fork
16
the pig-sty The grim pedagogue superannuated remembers
.
17
Hermes, and hands over his cane and tawse and skullcap .
Ascondas the writer, appointed tax-collector, gives his writing
1 6
Xen. Anab. iv. 7. 26 dveriffeffav Anth. Pal. vi. 296.
7
Sep/MTwi> ir\TJdos w/uo/Soetwi /cat /Sa/crT/p/as Anth. Pal. vi. 192, cp. 107 (Pan),
/cat TO, cu x/AaXajra yeppa. 4, 5, 25 30, 38.
2 8
Anth. Pal. vi. 35, 106, 107. Anth. Pal. vi. 1116, 23, 24, 33.
3 9
4n**.PaZ.Ti.6,57,177,cp.l76. The Anth. Pal. vi. 69, 70, cp. 90.
10 Anth. Pal.
epigram recording the dedication of a vi. 103, 204, 205.
bow and quiver (326) is clearly modelled
n Anth. Pal. vi. 92, 95.
12
on the well-known epigram of Mna- Anth. Pal. vi. 104, cp. 21 (Pria-
salcas (9) ;
but here "
my arrows are pus).

in the quarry
"
is ridiculous. A fine 13
Anth. Pal. vi. 297.
14
huntsman this, to waste all his shafts Lucian, Timon, 42.
15 Anth. Pal. vi. 83.
and bag nothing.
4 16 Anth. Pal.
Anth. Pal. vi. 121. vi. 306.
5 17
Anth. Pal. vi. 73, 109. Anth. Pal. vi. 294.
1
materials to the Muses The working woman, her task at .
Athena shuttle and spindle, bobbins

length done, consecrates to
and basket 2 The same thing is seen where a person changes
.
his manner of living. Nicarete turns music girl, and dedicates

her bobbins and quiddities to Aphrodite 3 Bitto offers her .
fcepKis to Athena, having found at the age of thirty that more

4
profitable is the cult of Aphrodite Courtesans on the same .
principle make free to dedicate their mirrors or other articles

5
6
of ornament and dress to Aphrodite. The occasion is not
always stated ;
but it is now a lawful marriage or again 7
,
when old age has robbed the woman of her beauty, and her
day is past
8
. On the last occasion, one offers a bronze mirror,
sandals, girdle, ringlets, and other symbols
9
When Alexis the .
eunuch sickens of effeminate revelry, he leaves his and cymbals

other gear in the shrine 10 Cleitostheries too can no longer use
.
his musical instruments, so to Cybele fall the tambours and
cymbals, the flutes and the knife

11
eunuch dying of excesses . A
gives to Priapus his muslins and false hair, his box and his
12
pipes After the orgies, Porphyris of Cnidus gives garlands,
.
thyrsi,and anklet to Dionysus 13 Many of these epigrams are .
only half serious, and we are now prepared to find the poet
playing with the idea. The effect is pretty enough when the
labouring ox, outworn with toil, is dedicated in his old age to
14
peace and rest but one Xenophon, after making a night of it,
;
is
frankly impious :
Bibbing Bob to Bacchus brings

These his pious offerings,
Empty empty pot
bottle,
All that Bibbing Bob has got 15 .
The
inscriptions furnish hardly anything to bear out this
custom. A
hunter dedicates his club in a late inscription 16 ;
Anth. Pal. vi. 295. Anth. Pal vi. 210 a r ov

Anth. Pal. vi. 39, 160, 247. rrpos &vdpas (Aphrodite).
Anth. Pal. 10
vi. 285. Anth. Pal. vi. 51 (Cybele).
Anth. Pal. vi. 47, 48, cp. 74. n Anth. Pal. vi. 94.
Anth. Pal. 12
vi. 1, cp. 1820, 211. Anth. Pal. vi. 254.
Anth. Pal. vi. 206, 207.
13
Anth. Pal. vi. 172.
Anth. Pal. vi. 208, perhaps 206,
14
Anth. Pal. vi. 228.
207, 133. is
Anth. Pal. vi. 77.
8
Anth. Pal. vi. 1, of Lais. "
BC H iii. 323
by a woman
1
and in Athens we find a spool of thread dedicated ,
2
whilst another apparently offers a basket of soft wool both ,
perhaps given (though this is only a guess) in memory of their

3
part in weaving the Wool is also dedicated by a peplus .
woman what deity is not known 4

at Plataea, It is
why or to .
not unlikely that the loom-weights and similar objects found

5
in great numbers under the soil of ancient sanctuaries were ,
dedicated by work-people two or three such loom-weights are ;
inscribed with a woman s name 6 Physicians at least seem to .
have consecrated their tools. Even if the KaOerfjpes of Athens

7
and Delos were not such (the word may mean a necklace 8 ),
Medon certainly dedicated his probes 9 and for a later date ;
the practice is proved by a relief in stone of a whole case

of surgical instruments 10 A leaden quiver is inscribed, .
These saved us from starving 31

"
We meet with no other ."
tools in the Inventories which may be confidently placed in

this class; but there is a fair
probability for the iron anchors
and the four metal ox-goads at Delos 12 and the cow-bell dedi ,
cated to the Cabiri 13 . There are, however, a great many picks

and and choppers, and articles of
mallets, fleshhooks, scrapers
female use and ornament, some of which were votive offerings
and all may have been so 14 It would be rash indeed to assume .
that every axe was dedicated by a

retiring butcher, or a mirror
by some lesser Lais or Rhodopis but with this caution, we ;
may briefly review the remains. A mirror found at Dodona was

dedicated by a woman Polyxena 15 . Most of the objects are
1
CIA ii. 757 P6dr, Xh/a tiri TTÛHS
9
BCH ii. 431, Delos.
(335-4 B.C.) : Artemis? i
BCH
212 plate i. ix., E0. A/>x-
2
CIA ii. 758 38
ifpia (j.a\a.Ka ev a\a- 1877, p. 166, no. 86.
OICTKOH. 11
JHS i. 31 raura yap ireivrjv ZffUffev
3
As epyacrrivai, two TWV -fjpyaa-fJLfvwv ûas.
r-fji Afloat TO, ifpux, CIA iv. 2. 477 d 1 2 .
12
BCH vi. 47 168 48 ,
171
.
4
AJA vii. 407. 13
AM xiii. pi. ix., AA ix. 176, Cat.
5
E.g. in the Heraeum, Athens, Brit. Mus. Bronzes 318: Ilvplas KajSi-
Crete, Tegea, Boeotia. pan /cat iraidi. Proceedings of the Soc.
6
BCH xi. 416 Qedwpis Atfavai, of Antiquaries, xv. 74.
Elatea AJA N. s. ii. 593 A/oxa/oArTas,
;
14
See Indices.
cave of Hermes, Crete. 15
Carapanos, pi. xxv. 1 :
IIo\v&i>a
7
Indices vi. 29. ; BCH raytv avrLd-nn rut A2 ical x/n)/*ara (early
8
BCH ii. 421. 5th century). So in the Heraeum.
uninscribed. They include pins, bangles, and brooches in

1
numerable, mirrors and clasps, in the Argive Heraeum and
Dodona 2 rings, pins, and bracelets at Olympia 3 spindles and
, ,
5 6 7
pins at Delos
4
and Tegea pins bangles and brooches 8 , , , ,
9 10 11
mirrors earrings perfume-pots
,
and lamps" on the Acro
,
polis of Athens, gold or silver girdles and cords, and earrings

at Plataea, where one woman dedicates the ornaments she
wore 13 . At Dodona were found spurs and horse-trappings,
14 15
knives and tools at Elatea picks and mallets
;
at Athens ;
16 17
axes and knives at Delos are recorded ox-goads and spits
; ;
18
while quantities of iron spits were found in the Heraeum .
A
remarkable example of the dedication of the tool when its
work is done, is the story of Pheidon king of Argos. Pheidon,
we are told, was the first to coin money in Aegina and ;
he dedicated the metal rods, which formerly past current, in

19
the temple of Hera in Argos It is interesting to note that .
large quantities of metal rods have been found there, and

some iron objects of huge size, which the discoverers are
1
Dr Waldsteiu ;
and AJA viii. 210,
14
Carapanos, pi. lii., liii.
224. 15 BCH xii. 60.
2 16
Carapanos, pi. 1, li. Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 31934,
3
Bronzen von 01. pi. xxi xxiii., 33648.
454 ff., 474. 17
BCH vi. 48 171
povrrdXiva, 87 note
4
ECU vi. 31", 46 157,167. ciA ii.
6/3eXtcr/cot.
751 n 18 Dr
Waldstein. For these however
, certainly votive.
5
AM v. 67. see below, chap. xiv.
6 19
Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 243. All Etym. Magn. s.v. 6/3eXt <r/cos ir&v-
these are votive, if the inscr. (no. 428) T(j)v d TTpuJros 3>ei5(i)v
A/ryelos vo/nia /â
refers to them ol racial rdde x^X/cta
:
2KO\J/ei>
iv Alyivrj /cat dovs TO
.
..(TuXXeâj/res, Atds /cparep6<J>povi KOvpTji /cat ctfaXa/3u;j roi)s o/SeXtV/cofs,
For iron currency
"
dv0<rav. T-fj
ev A/rya "Hpa.
7
Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 2412. of this sort see Ridgeway, Origin of
8 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 244 5. Coin and Weight Standards, 214 ff.
9
Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 2369. The iron /Sovirbpovs 6/3eXoi)s which
10
Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 243. Rhodopis sent to Delphi as a tithe
11
Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 250 1. were perhaps an early currency
12
Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 425 (Herod, ii.
135). Plutarch calls them
7. obelisks : De Pyth. Or. 14. The
13
AJA vii. 406 fuvrj dpyvpd, d/A/xarta word meant originally a long straight
Svo xP Vff &i evwTiov,
e0 Hi/t6xa TO. spit. What was the iron currency of
avrrjs. For a more probable explana Sparta ?
tion see below, p. 25P.

inclined to explain as the largest multiple of the mint. I
suggest, but with diffidence, that the same principle may

explain a curious entry of twenty-one golden letters in the
1
list of the Chalcothece at Athens Could this be the old .
Athenian alphabet, dedicated when Euclides changed the

2
official script in 403 ? The dedication of an alphabet would
not be unexampled, if Newton was right in regarding one
found at the temple of Apollo in Calymna as votive 3 and ;
an alphabet is painted on one of the Corinthian tablets

4
dedicated to Poseidon .
when the devotee

It is a step further in artistic expression,
attempts to express by his offering the act or process which

the deity has blest to his prosperity. The evidence is scanty,
but quite clear. Nothing else can be meant (for a portrait-
model is out of the question) by the model of a stone-ram
dedicated on the Athenian Acropolis, with an inscription which
admits of no mistake 5 . We may therefore interpret in the
same way the bronze ram inscribed to Apollo Maleatas 6 and ,
the rams found or recorded at Delos 7 Dodona 8 Lycosura 9 , , ,
10
Olympia and Naucratis ,
11
A group such as the brood-mare .
12
suckling a foal, again, several of which were found at Athens
13
and at Olympia can hardly be mistaken or the stag brought
, ;
14
down by hounds, also found at Olympia ;
or the man milking
a cow, from Crete 15 . This is the most likely interpretation of
1
CIA ii. 721 15
xapaKTypes AAI, cp.
8
Carapanos, pi. xxi. 2.
720. 9
Frazer, Pausanias, iv. p. 370.
2 10
ABrAEZH9IKAMXOnPSTT<J>X, Bronzen von 01. xii. 195.
being no vowel
n
there rj (H was the Petrie and Gardner, Naucratis,
aspirate), w, ,
or \f/
:
Roberts, Epi- i. 14.
graphy, 106.
12
Cat. ACT. Mm. Br. 480, 481.
3 13
5th century: see Inscr. Brit. Mus. Bronzen von Ol. xiv. 217, 218.
123, Roberts, p. 19. See fig. 12.
*
IGA 20 13
.
"
Bronzen von OL xiv. 219, 220.
5
Kar. 72, Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes See fig. 13.
15
527 TT)V oKeiav /te TaOyvalai fotdyKev Mus. Ital. ii. 727. Although this
(i.e. 6xetaj>). group is cast along with two others,
6
Collitz iii. 4536 MaXedra bis. But not connected with it, in one piece,
it may be the sacrificial victim ; below, we may argue from the type equally
ch. vin. as if it had been dedicated alone.
7 BCH vi. 34 ; but see above, p. 67.
FIG. 12. Mare and Foal, from Olympia. Eronzen xiv. 217.
1
which could not have been sacrificed;
the models of stallions ,
and may be the right interpretation of some creatures which
FIG. 13. Stag attacked by hounds, from Olympia. Bronzen xiv. 220.
2 3
could, the bulls of Argos of the Cabiri of , ,
Dodona 4 ,
ofOlympia
5
,
8
of Athens 6 of Crete
,
7
,
of Naucratis ,
the fine bull engraved on
1
Bronzen von 01. xii. 171, xiii. 194, so indistinct that nothing definite can
perhaps xiv. 216 (bird on rump). See be made of them.
fig. 15. Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 4836, 493, Bronzes :

24, etc.
498. I omit the horses of Corinth AM xv. 365.
(Frazer, Paiisanias, v. 545), Crete, Carapanos, xx. 4.

Delos, Therapne, the Cabirium, and Bronzen von 01. xii. 187.
other places, where the sex cannot be Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 517, a fine
distinguished. This is the case with the creature.

7
early terra-cotta animals, innumerable Mus. Ital. ii. 736 (Ida), 906 (Dicte).
8
and found in many places, but of form Naucratis, i. 14.
TITHES, FIRSTFEUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 77
1
a silhouette plate found near Apollo s temple at Metapontium ,
and the Athenian or Olympian boar

2
The sire, or the dam .
with young, thus embodies as it were and sums up the
FIG. 14. Boar, from Olympia.

Bronzen xii. 196. FIG. 15. Stallion, from Olympia.
Bronzen xiii. 194.
breeder s work. Ahorse carrying two jars, found in Cyprus,
suggests traffic in oil 3 one laden with loaves or fruit in

;
baskets may also have been dedicated to Cabirus by a trader 4 .
Groups like the milch-cow in milking and the stag at bay re

present the dedicator s work more fully and a similar thought ;
may have caused the dedication of a cart drawn by oxen,

5
found in the Dictaean cave . The hunter s dog was sometimes
6
dedicated in a late Lesbian inscription testifies and
effigy, as ,
7
a of the Anthology offers a stone dog instead of
"
poem
a real one." These may explain the model hounds of Lusi in
9
Arcadia 8 and the Cabirium and the model hawks of Naucratis 10
,
.
1
AJA iv. 28 ff., figured. Mr Emer 5
Annual of the British School at
son, the editor, suggests this explana Athens vi. 108, fig. 39.
tion as a guess, along with a symbolical 6
IGI ii. 514 0ea
fj.eya\rj AprûtSi
interpretation which is quite untenable. TT)v Kvva KAcwSios AovKiavos A\af3avdevs
The was noted for agriculture
district
7
and breeding, as the corn and bull Anth. Pal. vi. 175, 176 (Pan and
devices on coins of Metapontium and Nymphs).
8
Thurii go to show. Jahreshefte iv. 48, fig. 64.
2
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 479, Bronzen 9
AM xv. 356.
10
xii. 196. Naucratis, i. 14. I do not forget
3
Sanctuary of Golgi : Cesnola, the connexion of hawks with Egyptian
Cyprus, 140. worship, but there is no reason -to

4 AM xv. horse carrying
357. A separate them from the other animals.
two jars was found in the prehistoric Why should the sacred Egyptian bird
palace of Phaestus (Crete) while I was be dedicated to a Greek deity? The
there in 1900 ;
but whether votive or assumption cannot be accepted with
not there is nothing to show. out evidence. See also chap. xiv.
Perhaps the golden anvil of Delos was another attempt in

1
the same direction. In later days, at least, such models were

common. Philostratus describes how in the temple of Dionysus
on Mount Nysa, were sickles, "
pruning knives, and wine-presses,

and all things belonging thereunto, made of gold and silver,
and dedicated to Bacchus, as to one concerned in the 2
vintage ."
It is fitting also to mention the foundation deposit of the

" "
temple at Naucratis, which consisted of model knives and

axes, hoes, rakes, adzes, chisels, trowels, with libation bowls
and other such things; models of a brick and a glazed mud
brick, ingots of gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and pieces of
precious stone all the tools and materials used in the
:
8
building .
The same explanation must be given of figures

representing
the worshipper in some characteristic attitude. There is
very
little evidence for this in At the Heraeum
early times. Argive
was found the figure of a man cooking or of the
4
something
5
sort in Cyprus, a baker bread From Dodona
;
kneading .
comes a youth clad in hide or frieze cloke, and a carrying

6
hunting club . At Naucratis was found a hunter s figure
carrying game, and inscribed
Perhaps the to Aphrodite
7
.
"statue with a
hare," which is recorded in the Athenian list
of bronzes on the Acropolis,
may have been dedicated by a
hunter 8 One statuette was found at Paestum, which I cannot
.
explain otherwise, although I do not suggest the present

explanation with any confidence. It represents a woman,
draped but without distinguishing attributes, one hand raised
to support a basket or some other article which has disap
peared. The figure stood on a small pillar, and was dedicated
9
by Phillo to Athena as a tithe . It is impossible to
suppose,
1
BCH vi. 47 &K/JLW. A plow
168 4
Dr Waldstein.
found in Boeotia has been claimed 5
JHS xii. 140. Both may be
as votive, on what grounds I know
toys or dydX/mara.
not BCH xvii. 80.
: 6
Carapanos, pi. xiv.
2
Philostr. Vit. Apoll. ii. These
4. ?
Naucratis, ii. pi. xiii. 5.
are a shade less material than the 8
CIA ii. 742 13 .
dedications of real tools. IGA 542 rdtfâi <tXXcb Xappv\l8a

2
Naucratis, i. 28. Sexdrav. Not later than 500.
TITHES, FIESTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 79
1
as Curtius does ,
that a temple official dedicates a tithe of her
pay, without evidence of such pay, and without authority for

such a custom. The word tithe had its proper meaning at
this date, and therefore the figure cannot be the memorial
of an honourable place in the ritual, the representation that
is of a canephorus in some procession. It is conceivable that
the figure represented a working woman or huxter ready to
trade and I can think of nothing else.
;
An equally puzzling
object is the well-known marble disc bearing the portrait of
Aeneus the physician, inscribed as a "memorial of his skill 2 ."
Style and script suit the latter part of the sixth century; and
the Aeneus mentioned is probably a physician of Cos, uncle of
3
the great Hippocrates Where it came from is not known; .
but it cannot be sepulchral 4 It may conceivably have adorned .
some physician s hall; if it be votive 5 ,

it differs in formula
from all others I have met with, and is the unique example
6
of a votive portrait at so early a date . Even so, however,
it will be more than a portrait, and falls in here with the
rest. It is at least probable, then, that a successful hunts
man, artist, craftsman, trader would dedicate a figure, in
character,as a thank-offering for success in his calling.
Further, we have Aristotle s evidence for such a dedication

as a thank-offering for good fortune. There was to be seen
on the acropolis, he says, the ancient statue
"
of a youth
"
standing beside a horse, the figure (not necessarily a portrait,

of course but an image not divine) of one who by some
;
lucky chance rose from the lowest class into that of the
1
AZ xxxviii. 27, pi. 6. vi. 215 ^vd/aara vavâxLa.^. Once only
2
CIA iv. 1. 422 u yui/a/ua r65 At- have I met with this type of phrase on
velov ffO(f>La.3 iarpou dpiarov, Jalirb. xii. an early epitaph, fj-vafj-a 0tA?7 7/5 /
w,o<T^j
pi. 1. CIA i. 472, where it suits the occasion

3
Jahrb. xii. 1, Steph. Byz. s.v. pat, which fj.va/u.a does not;<ro0ios
4
fjt,vTJ/j.a alone is found on tombs : moreover, there 0-77/110,
is coupled with
CIA iv. 1. 477 c, d ; Amorgos, Roberts it.
Thespiae, IGA 146, 284

158 5
a, b ; ;
Votive plaques of marble like this
and others. With the abstract noun are known: IGI i. 700, and Jahrb.
(as here o-o^/as) it is common on votive p. 4 note (the last from Priene).
monuments. To the exx. given in 6 The characterised figures were not
the Jahrbuch I add CIA i. 374 /xi/S/na realistic portraits, so far as we know.
TTQVUV "Apeos, Simonides in Anth. Pal.
1
Knights . The ancient fragment of a led horse which is
among the votive offerings found there may belong to a similar

monument 2 .
In a picture, of course, the craft or calling can be more

clearly represented and it is certain that the practice of dedi
;
cating terra-cotta tablets was common. Its prevalence cannot

be measured by the few which survive, because articles like
these, of no intrinsic value, were sure to be destroyed; and
those actually found appear to be the refuse of the sanctuary
of Poseidon. But it so happens that a large deposit of them
has been found at Corinth, and these of a high antiquity 3 .
Corinth was famed for its potteries in the old days, and
Corinthian vases were largely exported to Italy; amongst the
tablets are a large number which refer to the potter s craft ;
others relate to hunting or to agriculture, others to war or the
games. This single find is enough to show that votive offerings

of all sorts were made to the patron deity of a city, irrespective
of his later traditional character. Some of the sherds are painted
on both sides, and therefore must have been meant to hang free,
not against a wall. A
represent Poseidon, with large number
or without Amphitrite, sometimes with other figures such as
Athena 4 or Homeric heroes 5 besides the votive inscription, ;
the names are often inscribed, and in one case the furnace 6 .
With two possible exceptions, the occasion is never mentioned,

nor any word said in elucidation of it, but prayers are found 7 .
The figures of oxen are common, and in one case they appear to
1
Arist. Ath. Pol. vii. 21 eUbva.. He Griechische und Sicilische Vasenbilder,
quotes two lines of the inscr. :
Ai0\ou 8ff.He quotes Aeneas Tacticus xxxviii.
Av0e[jiiui> T-rivd avtOrjue Oeots, OrjTiKov 10, who speaks of such tablets as com-
dvrl T\OVS tTTTrdd d/j.ei\l/d(j.ej>ns.
Aris- mon in hero shrines : iinrta. <f>ucr<j)6pov
totle implies there were other figures 77 on dv f3ov\ei.

of the kind. 4 IGA 20 56 .
2
Jahrb. viii. 135, no. 697.
5
IGA 20 45 AxiXXetfs; Ant. Denk.
a Antike Denkmaler i. 7, 8, ii. 23, 24, i. 7. 15.
29, 30 ;
Jahrb. xii. 9 ff. ;
IGA 20, Kat.
6
/cd/uj/os : Jahrb. xii. 19, F. no.
der Berl. Vasensammlung (referred to 482.
~4
below as F), pp. 48105. More than 7
IGA 20 62 TV dt 56s
1000 fragments were found. The other d<popfj.dv.
remains are discussed by Benndorf,

AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 81
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS,
represented and perhaps

1 2
be drawing a plow . The vintage is ,
3
the grapes growing on their vines, with
a predatory fox below .
FIG. 16. Artist at work (Corinth). FIG. 17. Corinthian votive tablet.
Ant. Denk. i. pi. 8, fig. 20.
One appears to record thanks after a shearing

4
. We see also
5 6 7
the hunter and his dog wild boars and Poseidon with a hare, , ,
all which may be ascribed to the huntsman s life perhaps ;
some
8
of the stray beasts have the same origin. One tablet
9
shows a statuary at work But the potter is most chiefly in .
evidence. Here are miners, with pads on their heads to

10
support the baskets or digging the clay underground with
,
12
picks";
there the craftsman moulds his pot on the wheel or ,
F. 729 cp. 44, nos.

1
Jahrb. xii. 31, ;
8390. 5 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 13 ovM-qice TWL

2
Ant. Denk. i. 8. 24. See fig. 17. UoTciSSu i. See fig. 18.
6 Ant. Denk. Jahrb.
3 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 2. This was i. 8. 19, xii. 44,
originally interpreted as the fable of

nos. 8390.
fox and crow, but the letters 90 are the
7 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 27.
8 F. 422.
beginning of a name which has since Jahrb. xii. 15,
been completed, Jahrb. xii. 34.

9 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 20. See fig. 16.
20 w avê-rjKe See 20.

10 F. 648.
4 IGA II<m8avt Fci- Jahrb. xii. 27, fig.
VO.KTI avroirbKia ;
Jahrb. xii. 23, F. 11
Ant. Denk. i. 8. 7.
12
524. Collitz reads auro7r<kia; above, Ant. Denk. i. 8. 17.
R.
gives it the finishing touches The 1

. stoker pokes up the
2
furnace the vessels are stackt within
, it and burnt 3 out they
,
come and are shop and finally the ship sets

hung up in the 4
,
5
sail with the articles strung in a row on the The
rigging .
voyage safely accomplisht, comes back the merchant from

6
Italy or "from Peiraeus and pays his offering with a prayer
,"
7
for future blessings , accompanied with adoration and solemn
sacrifice 8 .
FIG. 18. Votive tablet, from Corinth.

An Athenian vase-painting of the fifth century shows a

scene which has been interpreted as a tradesman s thanks
giving
9
The worshipper, a bearded man with a garland upon
.
his head, approaches a blazing altar. On the twigs of an olive

tree hang three tablets, perhaps (like those of Corinth) depict
ing his trade ;

a statuette which he has dedicated stands on a
* Ant. Denk. i. 8. 14. IGA 20 Uepaebdev

6 5
Uoftet. Not
:2
Ant. Denk. i. 8. 1, 4, 12, 15, 26 the Athenian port.
62 ~ 64
Jahrb. xii. 44, nos. 7480. 7 IGA 20 .
3 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 12, 19 b. Ant. Denk. i. 7. 16.

4
Jahrb. xii. 26, F. 640, fig. 15. 9 J. E. Harrison, Mythology and
5 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 3. See fig. 19. Monuments of Early Athens, 461.
slim pillar ;
to the right is Athena in the form of the armed
Parthenos. Whether the reliefs, which came into fashion in
F ,3.
Ship with Freight of FIG. 20. Miners digging for potter s clay
* ttery, from Corinth. (Corinth).
Ant. Denk. i. pi. 8, fig. 3 a. Ant. Denk. i.
pi. 8, fig. 7.
the fifth and especially the fourth century, ever represented

the tradesman the remains are too scanty to show.
s craft,
One tithe dedication of an early date is affixt to the remains
1
of a reliefbut there is too little left to determine its character.
,
Those which can be made out are mostly sacrificial, that is they
2
represent and commemorate an act of cult If the tithe were .
habitually offered at the Chalces the relief might depict the

ceremony at that feast. One relief, inscribed to the goddess,
shows her standing with an altar upon her left hand, and
behind a votive pillar with a sunk panel in it 3 and a fragment ,
of a similar relief shows the worshipper, a woman in this case

4
.
Reliefs to Zeus Meilichios, which show worshippers in the

5
presence of the deity enthroned, have been found at Athens ;
and since this deity is connected with agriculture 6 they may ,
be placed here. The Good Spirit has the same pose and aspect
1
CIA iv. l. 373 20 . 5214, 5215.
2
See below, ch. vni. s
Cat. Ath. Mus. 1431, cp. 13889,
3
CIA iv. 1. 418 i A07?micu aj><?0... 1408; Farnell, Cults i. 117, 119,
This and the next, if part of hex. pi. ii. See fig. 21.
verses, may have read a-rrapx^v.

6
Worshipt at the Diasia : Momm-
4
Sybel 3253 Aî/a/at avt6ijice. Cp. sen, Feste ; Preller, Gr. Myth. 146.
62
on another relief, from Thespiae, which is likely to be a thank-

1
offering for prosperity Very late we have a barbarous relief

.
to Men, Saviour and Giver of Wealth 2 .
A P i
1 TAP* H ^ I I A\ C A" I X rn.1 \
FIG. 21. Dedication to Zeus Meilichios, from Athens.
We are but little better off with Artemis. Since the god
dess typically represented in huntress garb, we cannot read
is
any reference to the occasion into such representations of her;

they were the natural offering in a shrine where she was
3
worshipt, the worshipper desired to offer an
if Nor can
image .
we interpret so common a motive as holding a flower to the

nose, to imply that she was here regarded as goddess of vegeta
tion 4 But sometimes a hunting scene
.
suggested and it is is ;
not too fanciful to interpret as the hunter s

thank-offering an
Athenian relief which shows a naked figure, apparently in the
act of shooting his arrow, with a
dog, Artemis appearing in
the background among rocks 5 So too where the goddess is .
1
AM xvi. 25 Ay<rTp6rov Ti/Lto/cpd- /cat H\ovTodit3rr}L.
reia, Hrwi dXeia, E/jLTredoviKa Ayaduc
3
Such, for example, as the Corfu
Aaipovi. The title was applied to the statuettes :
below, ch. vm.
4
god as giver of all good, Paus. viii. As Farnell does with an old Acro
36. 5. polis vase, Cults ii. 523.
2
BCH xxiii. 388, pi. 1 :
Mrjvi
5
Sybel 4300.
2
striking the animal with arrow or spear especially if a male
1
,
worshipper is also seen

1
In these the deity is conceived as
.
herself carrying out the process which she has blest. Perhaps
the Macedonian relief to Fruitful Demeter is a farmer s offer
3
ing Perhaps also a relief, dedicated to the river-god Hermus,
.
is a fisherman s on a couch a male figure reclines, holding a

;
4
fish and a vase .
One class of relief has so obvious a reference to the celebra

tions of country life and the worship of the rural deities, that we
may fairly bring it into connexion with the tithe and firstfruit.
These represent as a rule Pan and the Nymphs, sometimes

associated with other deities. The songs and dances which
accompanied their festivals have been already described. The
scene a rough cavern, in which is an altar; within the cavern,
is
the nymphs are seen dancing, clad in flowing robes which

sometimes shroud the head also. The number is usually three ;
they hold by each other s girdles, or some part of the dress.

Occasionally Pan, or at times Hermes is in the cave; other
5
,
wise Pan sits in a corner, playing for them upon the pipes.
The head of a river-god is usually visible to one side, and there
are sometimes small figures of worshippers in the attitude of
adoration. Apollo as god of the herds is sometimes found in
the same connexion. The grotto at Vari was dedicated to
6
Apollo, Pan, and the Nymphs in common and the two deities ;
were neighbours under the Acropolis rock, where they were

worshipt far into the Roman age
7
.
1
Sybel 5995, cp. Cat. Br. Mus. Hours: see AM in. 181ff.,D/e Chariten
Sc. 778. Same type, with female der Acropolis. Such names as Auxo,
worshipper: Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 779. Carpo, Thaleo, Pandrosos, Agraulos
See below, chap. vi. point without doubt to natural per-
Bonifications; and for our purpose it
2 F-W. 1202.
3
Sybel 358: ... TTTTOS KXeoTrctr/ms is what they be called.
immaterial
A/u/uaj Tj yvvrj avrov Ar)/j.rjTpi Kapiro- very doubtful whether there were
It is
06py fvx nv. Demeter with torch, many dedications to the Graces. The
burning altar. authorities speak of one famous ex-
4
-
AM
xix. 313 IXapiuv Ep/uSi av- ample, made by Socrates: Schol. Arist.
8f)Ktv. Clouds 773, Paus. ix. 38. 5.
5
For Hermes see BCH xiii. 467. 6
CIA i. 423431.
It is impossible now to define clearly 7
E0. Apx- 1897, 1 ff., 87 ff.
the relation of Nymphs, Graces, and

The
oldest relief of this class comes from Thasos, which,
though not votive, is interesting from its scheme Apollo,

1
.
lyre in hand, stands on one side of a door or the opening of a

cave a female figure crowns him. On the other side of the
;
door are Hermes and three nymphs. Of the typical scene in the
cave there are In one variation, Pan plays on
many examples.
the pipe to three dancing nymphs, one of whom carries ears of
corn in her hands 2 Another shows the head of the river-god
.
on one side 3 A third, found in the grotto on Parnes, has Pan

.
seated with goats heads indicated on the edge of the

aloft,
carving; within the cave, Hermes leads the nymphs in their

dance, and as before the river-god s head is visible
4
fourth, . A
this from Megara, adds the figures of four worshippers 5 . Yet
FIG. 22. Pan, Hermes, and Nymphs in grotto with altar and worshippers.
Cat. Berl. Sc. 711.
another variant is seen in the Archandrus relief 6 . Here Pan

appears to be peeping out of his grotto upon the dance, whilst
1
In the Louvre. Rayet, Mon. de 0cus: Sybel 360, cp. 387 (Megara),
VArt Antique," Bas-reliefs de Thasos"; 1238, 3139 (Eleusis), 3753, 4212: F-W.
Harrison, Myth, and Mon. 544. vv^- 1839.
5
Ka.irb\\(t)VL Wfj.(f)r]y^Tr]i #77X11 ical Harrison, 546; Cat. Berl. Sc.
&/* (3ov\-r]i Trpofftpdetv 6iv ov 0^tus 711. See fig. 22.

6
ovdt xocpoi ,
v wcuwlffTOl. Harrison, 548; Sybel 4040 "Ap-
2
Sybel 317, 6961. XavSpos Nw0au Koi Havl. For the
3
Harrison, Myth, and Mon. 547 :
portrait figure see AM v. 206 ff.
this has a hole for suspension. This is the oldest Attic example,
4 Havi xal 5th century.
T7/Xe0dj 77s dvtdTjKe Ntf/i-
a worshipper gazes over the altar at the nymphs, who this time
are standing still. The figure of the dedicator seems intended to
be a portrait. A slab found in Rome, but of Greek workman
ship, shows this scene
with all its meaning refined out of it.
There is no cave, no Pan, but Hermes leads three very quiet
nymphs towards a worshipper, and from behind a river-god
1
looks benevolently on .
Three curious reliefs show a pair of Pans in the grotto. In

2
one the Pans carry each a goad, while the nymphs dance above .
In another, of later date, the Pans have crescent horns

3
The .
belief in a of Pans, which was fostered by the

popular plurality
derivation of the name from vra? has been already mentioned.
4
,
The dedication of this piece to Cybele reminds us that Cybele

5
and the nymphs are associated as early as Pindar They are .
joined in a Tanagran relief

6
,
and in the deme Phlya they were
worshipt together
7
,
as in the grotto ofArchedemus at Vari 8 .
9
A sacrificial relief to M^TTJP Noyum a must belong to this
class .
But the mass of Cybele dedications have no obvious reference

to rustic celebrations. The female deity, with calathus on
head, in another relief (4th century) may perhaps
be Demeter ;
holding two torches, meant perhaps

a female for Hecate,
idol,
10
is present, and a smaller male figure holds a libation-jug .
11
Another relief, even more puzzling, was found near Phalerum .
The slab is carved on both sides one representing Echelus and :
Basile, two local heroes, in a four-horse car ;

in the other, the
1 7 Paus. i. 31. 4.
Cat. Berl. Sc. 709.
2
AM another, p. 276.
xxi. pi. 8;
8 CIA i. 423431.
Cp. Beschreibung der Glyptothek zu
9 GIG 6838 M6<rxos MijTy
Milnclien, 456. evxw-

3
AM xxi. 275 EfcriAs Aiodupov e/c
10
Cat. Berl Sc. 690.
Aafj,wTptuv Mijrpl Qe&v KO.T iirLray-fiv. AJA ix. 203, pi. xii., E0.
Trdi>Ta dibv ffcpyfoofjicv. 1893, 128, pi. 9, 10. (A)
a...
4 Arist.EccL1069 <Z Haves. Cp.inscr. BacnAi?. (B) Epurji Kal NiV*0cu<ru>
in last note, and on the Washermen s Echelus is the eponym of deme

Relief iratn 0eots, p. 88 3 and p. 89 below. Echelidae, Basile is Basileia (CIA iv.
Note that other gods are represented 1. 53 a, Diod. iii. 27). I do not know
double: Athena and Cybele for instance. any other votive relief with a purely
AM xxi. 280, E0. Apx- 1890, pi. i.
mythological scene ;
there must be
8 Find. Pyth. iii. 77 = 137. some reference to cult which has been
6
AM iii. 388. lost.
three nymphs appear with a river-god, and the other figures are
a youth and a bearded man who face one another. A rude piece
from the bed of the Ilissus appears to be dedicated to the Naiads 1
;
another shows Achelous, Hermes, and Heracles, the last two

pouring libations to a seated god, perhaps Zeus Meilichios
2
.
An interesting memorial, of nymph-worship is an zVthenian

relief, recording a dedication of a dozen washermen and washer
women 3 . Two scenes are represented, a space being left
between for the inscription. The upper scene is a grotto of
the familiar type; to the left is the head of the Achelous,
towards which advances Hermes leading three nymphs in the ;
right Pan squats on his haunches playing upon the pipes. The
lower scene represents Demeter and the Maid, facing an altar,
towards which advances a bearded man leading a horse. The
stature of the man shows that he is not human, and his horse also
suggests that we have here some local hero. That washermen

should worship the nymphs down by the Ilissus 4 who sent ,
them water to ply their trade, is as

is for the natural as it
farmer and the huntsman to thank them for their winnings.

Dedications are often made to the nymphs alone. The
earliest datesfrom the early sixth century 5 One which is .
assigned to the fifth century is

fragmentary, but appears to
have contained the nymphs only 6 So we find a dedication of .
the fourth century to them alone 7 The groups of three dancing .
figures, called by some the Graces, would appear to belong to

this class ;
and if so, they show an earlier form of the votive
tablet than the cave of Pan 8 In a piece from Naples, a female
.
worshipper joins hands with six others of larger size, doubtless

Nymphs and Graces together 9 .
A series of reliefs from Thrace, of the second or third
Ncucuriv? NaCwi Ai? 6

AM xxiii. 367 ...KXewvtdov NI//A-
E0. Apx- 1894, 131. 0ats. Three Nymphs or Graces on a

2
E0. 1894, 131, pi. 7.
A/>x- Samian relief: AM xxv. 172, no. 67.
3 Cat. Berl. Sc. 709 oi irXvvfc 7
Ntf/*- Sybel 4038. It is dated tirl ieptw
0cus ev^dfj-evoi Kal 6eols ira<riv,
followed A<TK\r)Tnov... No. 5983 is a fragment.
by names of ten men and two women. 8
Not inscribed. Discussed as Graces
4
Plato, Phaedr. 230 B. by Furtwangler: AM in. 181 ff.
5 9
Beschreibung der Glyptothek zu Harrison, Myth, and I/on. 545,
Munchen, no. 241. fig. 7.
century after Christ, may be here mentioned, although they show

a debased feeling Four types are represented. In one (1) the
1
.
three figures are nude, and stand in a cave, entwined in the

attitude of the familiar group of the Graces or they dance and ;
wave a wrap. In another (2) they stand draped

veil or a
in various attitudes. A third (3) adds the figure of a priest

placing incense on an altar and a fourth (4) adds Zeus and ;
Hera in large size, the nymphs being small. horseman also A

appears. The ritual dance and sacrifice here reappear, but the
representation has become artificial. In the last type, the
nymphs are subordinated to Zeus and Hera; in the early
examples, they are always the most important figures. do We
find,however, other deities united with them. Cybele, Demeter
and the Maid we have seen already 2 Dionysus and Pan are ;
found on another piece 3 in the second century, Men appears ;
by Pan s side in a grotto 4 but the most explicit rendering of the

;
5
idea that Pan is All Gods has yet to be mentioned Here .
a table stands in the grotto, and the river-god s head is

upon
it. Ona group of deities, seven in all Zeus
either side is ;
enthroned holds the centre, and amongst other figures which

cannot be identified, we see the Maid holding two torches,
and a male figure holding the horn of plenty. The three
dancing nymphs are a subsidiary motive in a late relief dedi
cated to Isis, in which the central figure is a reclining male
6
person, perhaps Achelous .
Again, the tithe often took the form of a statue of the friendly
deity. An example in point comes from legendary times.
Ulysses, we are told, being of a mind to breed horses, dedi
cated an image of Horse Poseidon in Pheneus 7 Bathycles of .
Magnesia, who made the gold-ivory Apollo at Amyclae, his work

done, dedicated statues of his patron deity Artemis and the
Graces 8 . Statues appear to have been dedicated in Olympia for
1
BCH xxiii. 122 ff. Ni50ais cW ,
5
Megara: Cat. Berl. Sc. 679.
one with a name and ei^"; Kvpiais
6 EH xii. 146 Etfj>ota EfcriSi evx nv:
vtiv<f>ais ;
euxapicTTTjpioi .
fig. 2.
2
Above, p. 87 ; another from Aero- 7 Paus. viii. 14. 5.
polls, AM ii. pi. 18.

8 Paus. iii.Artemis Leuco-
18. 9.
3
Cat. Berl. Sc. 687. phryene was worshipt in Magnesia.
4
BCH xx. 78 (cut). It is easy to understand the Graces.
1
the Naxian builder who invented marble tiles
In Athens, before .
the battle of Salamis, Phrygia the baxter dedicated a bronze

2
statuette of Athena armed, whose shield remains still other ;
such figures remain, one being inscribed as a tithe

3
The word .
used on other Athenian tithe and firstfruit dedications is that

specially applied to divine figures at this
date 4 The statue is .
that is, the image of Athena her

"
even inscribed as a "maiden ;
self, otherwise the offering would have no point. When further

we find that a private person, and he a man, dedicates as a first-
fruit 5 or tithe
6
same type as the famous Maidens
a statue of the
of the Acropolis, and the same type is seen on reliefs to be
7
meant for the goddess a new light is thrown on these mysterious ,
statues. Other columns of the same shape as those which bear

these inscriptions, and inscribed as the tithe or firstfruit, may
well have borne similar statues and they were so common that
8
,
9
Euripides uses them for a simile Thus some of them were .
demonstrably the tithe or firstfruit thank-offering of a tradesman

or artisan
10
and they may all have been such, or at least we
;
1
Pans. v. 10. 3 Ncitos EiV/os /xe
5
CIA iv. 1, 373 9 , p. 179:
yfrei i\.*r]TOvs Trope, Bueo> TTCUS, 5s 717x6- K0pr)v dvedtjKev dirapx^v X6xos tiypas
TKTTOS reue \idov K^pa/mov. He lived T]V ot \pvcr or piaw gwopev.
TTOvTOfj.ed<av
in the time of Alyattes. Pausanias This is not a dedication to Poseidon,

calls the offerings dyd\fj.ara, and says as the formula shows. CIA iv. 1.
that Byzes dedicated them, which seems 373179 ^LifvXXos av^d-rjKev, base, with the
to imply that the son merely made the statue belonging to it figured in E0.
formal dedication. Apx- 1887, 134. B0. Ap*. 1886, 81
2
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 260, fig. 60,
JHS xiii. 124 &puyla dvtdrjite rr\\.
6
Several pillar-bases in the Acropolis
Adyvalac i) ctpTOTroDXis.
Museum have SeKdrrjv, e.g. no. 150.
Acrop. Mus. 581.

3 7
E0. Apx- 1887, 134.
4
&ya\fj.a,now contrasted with ekuj/, 8
CIA iv. 1. 373 /, 373 lw - 197 - 118
:
a portrait. It occurs in CIA iv.

9 Eur. Phoen. 220.
1. 373 10 5, cp. 171 ^ 18 with oirapxV,
373202,216 w tbi SeKaT-nv. CIA i. 375 10 For other explanations see BCH
(perhaps therefore 351), made by xiv. 573, AM xiv. 493; Collignon,
Critias and Nesiotes, must have been Sculpt. Gr. i. 340 ff . ; Frazer, Pans.
a statue. So i. 402, 403 by Cresilas. ii. 346. All are full of difficulty ;
the
See also E0. Apx- 1891, 55, pi. 6 figures are too numerous for priestesses,
Earlier, &ya\fj,a meant any
cLTrapx^f. and there is no evidence for the
ornament or precious thing II. iv. :
customary dedication of priestesses at
f
144, Hesych. s.v. irav t<j>

< TIS dryctX- this date. They were not dedicated by
Xerai. Of a stone basin : Kar. 360. their makers, nor would a series of
may say that all were intended to represent the goddess and
to be thankofferings of some sort. Isaeus seems to allude to
these divine figures, when he speaks of the custom of dedicating
1
firstfruits of one s substance The type is the simplest possible .
conception of an anthropomorphic goddess, without attributes.

In this light we may interpret a similar series of Maidens found
2
at Delos although there we have not the help of inscriptions
, ;
the remains of other such elsewhere 3 the series of so-called ;
Apollos, which in their nakedness may often represent other

4
gods and the figures of Zeus or other gods without attributes
3
.
;
Indeed, as Phrygia s armed Athena proves, any figure of a deity

may have been dedicated on some such occasion as these
6
.
A
few allegorical offerings may be mentioned. There was
one at Delphi, attributed to the great Hippocrates ;
a moulder
ing corpse, nothing but bones left, perhaps an articulated
skeleton 7 The people of Corcyra, who had been guided to
.
a great haul of fish by the bellowing of a bull, dedicated an

image of this animal at Olyrnpia and another at Delphi 8 .
Aelian s account of the golden sheep of Mandrobulus was that

the lost treasure of the temple had been found by a sheep 9 .
There was a group of Earth praying for rain on the Acropolis

at Athens 10 .
So far the offerings have been more or less of an ideal type;

their value depending wholly or in part upon their meaning.
But here as elsewhere the offering may be given for its intrinsic
masterpieces all follow one type. The regards the Delian statues as meant
word used by Plato of dedica-
Kbpij is
for Artemis.
3
tions to the Nymphs; Plat. Phaedr. Sicily: Kekule, Terracotten von
230 B vv/j.(f>&v
rt TWWV /ecu AxeXyoi; Sic., pi. 1 (life-size). Eleusis :
E</>.
Ifpov dirb r&v Kop&v re /ecu ayaX/j-druv Apx- 1885, 179, pi. 8. Marseilles :
ZoiKev elvai. It is also applied to the Gaz. Arch. ii. 133, pi. 31.
4
goddess Persephone. See further in See ch. xiv.
5
ch. xiv. Zeus :
Olympia, Bronzen von 01.
1
Isaeus, De Dicaeog. Her. 113 : ot vii. 40.
rjfj.TepoL irpbyovoi...v d/epoTroXei airap-

6
Terracotta statuettes are common
X<xs
rCjv &VTUV avadevTes TroXXots, ws in the Maiden type: see helow, ch.
aV6 idla* /cr^crews, dyd\fj.aai x a ^KOts *a vm, XIV -
7
\idlvois KKO(r/j.riKa<TL TO itpov . Paus. x. 2. 6.
2
BCH xiv. 573; AZ xl. 326;
8
Paus. x. 9. 3, v. 29. 9.
9
Homolle, De
Antiquissimis Dianae Aelian, Hist. An. xn. 40.
Simulacris Deliacis (Paris 1885), ch. 10 Paus. 24. 3.
2, i.
value, and have no reference to the occasion at all. A man

of Boeotia offers a sum
of money, apparently in gratitude for
a legacy 1
. A shrine or other building might commemorate
exceptional profits or a lucky windfall. According to the

legend, Danaus founded a shrine
of Apollo Lycius in Argos,
having got the kingdom after seeing the omen of a wolf killing
2
a bull The Siphnians built their treasury at Delphi on the
.
3
first discovery of their
gold mines .
The tithe might be paid in money or valuables bought

with money. A silver ingot found in Sicily, and dedicated
to Zeus, from the names of the dedicators has been ascribed
4
to a similar origin . In the Inventories we find such entries ;
5
as Andron offered
gold pieces as firstfruit The so many .
courtesan Rhodopis sent a tithe of her earnings to Delphi

in the form of iron bars or goads, which I have
already
suggested may have been used for barter 6 .
Offerings from
Corcyra and Tenedos are more than once said to have been
axes, which were another ancient unit of currency Axes
7
.
of similar shape have been found in the Dictaean cave of

8
Crete at Dodona 9 in the temple of Artemis at Lusi (Arcadia) 10
, , .
A bronze axe found in Calabria is dedicated to Hera by

a butcher as tithe of his business 11 .
1
IGS i. 4137 KdTriXXos SrpdTwi os explains by a myth, as others have
AT}povfj.vos avtdeKe TV AiroXXcoyi TV done before him (Aristotle to wit),
TLr<aiv
X^KU dpax/u-as Trerpcmsx ^ tts and since. It is natural of course that
eTrra/ccmas \a.p\.<TTeipi.ov,
Kadus e/meptê when axes were no longer current as
6 K\apov6fj.os KO.T TO.V 8 ia0a Kay. . . Aiwv- money the sight of them should have
ovffiw. suggested the proverb.
2 s
Paus. ii. 19. 3. Ann. Br. Sch. Atli. vi. 109, fig. 40.
3 Herod, 9
iii. 57, Paus. x. 11. 2. Carapanos, Dodone, pi. 54. These
4
IGA 523 AIDS A.VKO., Tpvyuv. are unfit for use, and they were pro-
5
CIA ii. 652 u 19 (4th cent, early) bably simulacra made for exchange, as
"Avdpwv EXctowrtos air-qpâro xP Vff hh we shall see i n chap. xiv.

10
GpcicnAXos EiWeus xP vao ^v C. Jahreshefte, iv. 49, figs. 67, 68.
6
Herod, ii. 135, Plut. De Pyth. Or. n IGA 543 ras ras ev
"Upas iepos ei>
14; above, p. 74
19
. TreSt wr QvviaKOs /xe dvedyKe wpra/mos
7 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 12, Paus. v. ftpyuv deKarav. It is a very fine
29. 9, x. 9. 3, 14. 1. The last, an ornamental specimen, and perhaps
offering of Periclytus,explained by is only took that shape through tradi-
Pausanias as referring to the pro- tional association.
verbial axe of Tenedos, which he
But the most numerous dedications are vases and vessels of

one kind or another 1 dedicated in the Acropolis. One appears
to have been a marble sprinkling-bowl, a nrstfruit 2 and a similar ,
given by a washerwoman, is inscribed as a tithe

article,
3
fuller . A
dedicates a bronze vase, of which fragments remain 4 another is ;
a bronze patera 5 .
Articles made of gold or of silver were also dedicated as

6
trade-offerings, like the bowl of Dazos or the silver tithe-
saucer of Proxenus, in the Delian inventory 7 and it is impossible ;
to say how many of the innumerable bowls which are mentioned

have the same origin. Bowls are among the offerings made by
huntsmen to Pan 8 ,
or by fishermen as a tithe to Priapus 9 Two .
10
bowls, dedicated to Pedio, suggest a connexion with agriculture .
There are two little pots of gold offered at Delos by Cleino, a

courtesan of the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus II. 11
Pieces of several fictile vases were found in the Acropolis,
inscribed as votive offerings, one at least with the tithe
specified
12
. Vases are dedicated to Pan and the Nymphs
13
.
In the Anthology, Eurydice learning to read in her old age,

dedicates a crown to the Muses 14 .
Whatobjects stood on the base which bore a double dedica

tion, perhaps of man and wife, for firstfruit and tithe
15
or on ;
1
Vases, such as 0id\cu, were stored
6
BCH vi. 34 line 53 0ta\r/, inscribed
in vast numbers in the shrines, as a Acifbs AafiV/cou Afai>Tii>6s
a wv elpyd-
convenient way of keeping bullion. aa.ro ATroAXwi/i. A masterpiece ?
They are spoken of as units of value 7

BCH vi. 34. 47 Kvîov, Hp6evos
by Nicolaus Damascenus (ed. Tauchn.) /ecu TrcuSes deKdr^v TUL ATTO\\UVI.
a reward of 10 talents in gold, 8
p. 11 : Anth. Pal. vi. 35.
10 gold phialae and 200 silver. 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 33.
2
CIA iv. 1, 373 v, p. 126, also w, 10
IGA 519, 52Q = IGSI 595, 596
Kar. 362, 367, 3713, 375, 378, 379, HeSto?. A "Bpa
ev Tredlwt has been
381, 383, 388390, 393. There are mentioned above, p. 92 n .
several others. u BCH xv. 118 xoftict.

3 CIA iv. 1. 373 *.
12
CIA iv. 1, 373. 12/, cp. 12 c. There
4
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 178 HO\VK\TJS were thousands of uninscribed vases;
djttdrjKev6 Kvafavs rddijvaiai. is <f>
for which see chap. vm.
written Q, and 6 .
13
AM xxi. 437.
5
Cat. Acr. Mm. Br. 219, Ear. xvii. 14
Plut. De Educ. 20.
dirapx nv. Compare Kar. xiv. xl. Ixvii. 15

Two offerings stood there. CIA
Ixviii. Ixx. Ixxvii. iv. 1. 373 77 .
1
the oblong base of the potters offering ;

or on the numerous
pillars
2
,
it impossible to guess.
is The boy who has gained
a prize of twelve knucklebones for learning to write well
dedicates a comic figure to the Muses 3 Here, as elsewhere,
.
there is no limit anything may be offered.

:
1
CIA iv. 1. 373 18
,
tithe. Jahrb. in. 269.
2 3
See K. Borrmann, Stelenfiir Weih- Anth. Pal. vi.
geschenke auf der Acropolis zu Athen,

III.
WAR 1
.
And the Lord discomfited Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his host,
with the edge of the sword before Barak.
Judges iv. 15.
THE Greek army went into battle after solemn libation and
sacrifice, singing paeans to invoke the protection of the gods;
and victory was celebrated by thanksgivings 2 We need feel .
no surprise that the prayer for protection was often accom
panied by a vow and that victory was regularly followed by

3
,
an offering. Indeed, inasmuch as war was the natural state of

humanity in the early ages, the records of these vows and
offerings form a very full series, beginning in prehistoric times
and running on to the end of Greek history.
The Greeks had, however, no single and exclusive God of
Battles. We are accustomed to think of Ares as such, and it is
true that as early as Homer he is
supposed to inspire com
batants, even the very weapons they used
4
He is fierce and .
furious, he laps man s blood, he is armed in panoply capapie :
the personification of the lust of battle, one would call him in

vincible, it would seem that he alone should be prayed to by
this side or that, yet the truth is far otherwise. Ares is on the
1
In this chapter I have made use deriving the word from Tratiu.
of Franciscus Ziemann
program De s 3
Besides those recited below, I may
Anathematia Graecis RegimontiBorus-
: mention the vow of Callimachus before
sorum 1885. Marathon to sacrifice as many oxen as
2
Schol. Arist. Plutus 636 ira<.a.v
^v they should slay enemies (Schol. Arist.
V/JLVOS iarlv eis Air6\\wva CTTI iratiaei Knights 660). Compare Soph. Track.
Xoi/xoO q.56/j.evos, dXXa /cai tiri iratiffei. 240.
4
iro\t/jLov, 7roXXd/as 5 /cat irpoffSoKUfJievov II. xvi. 615, xvii. 210.
deivov. We need not follow him in
side of Troy, yet Troy is taken the very god of war is himself ;
beaten in the fray. Athene causes him bitter pangs arid with ;
her aid, the mortal Diomedes wounds him, and makes him roar
as loud as ten thousand men
2
If Ares or Enyalios is some .
3
times invoked by the fighter yet
the paean belongs specially ,
to Apollo, and no less powerful on the battlefield are Zeus the

6 7
4
Saviour or Zeus of the
,
Rout 5
Athena, Poseidon Aphrodite , , ,
4
Later, no doubt, some deities
or even the demigod Heracles .
had in this matter, as in the Middle Ages

special prestige
St Peter or our Lady of Walsingham had in danger of ship
wreck 8 but the natural instinct of each tribe or each person
;
would to call
be, that deity who was likely to be most
upon
favourable to in particular. This god was god of the
him
hills, and that of the valleys
9
and Ares was the local god of ;
Thrace. The people of Selinus are most impartial, and ascribe

their victories to Zeus, Fear, and Heracles, to Apollo, to
Poseidon and the Tyndaridae, Athena and Demeter guardian of
10
flocks, to Pasicrateia and all the
other gods, but most to Zeus .
So when the strife was won, the victorious host would testify
their gratitude by some offering to their own deity, in the
11
chief shrine of their own city or in a national sanctuary like ,
Delphi or Thus it is we find offerings in these

Olympia.
national shrines made by any of the various states of Greece,
and mortal enemies there meet in friendship or truce at
least whilst war spoils are found on the Acropolis of Athens
;
dedicated to the maiden Athena, and in Samos to Hera, other

wise the goddess of peaceful wedded life. The attitude of the
1
21. v. 766. Posidonius ap. Ath. viii. 333 D.
7 Ath. xiii. 573 D.
2
II. v. 590909.
3
Xen. Anab. i. 8. 18, Hell. ii. 4. 17.
8
Erasmus, Colloquies : The Ship-
4
Xen. Anab. vi. 5. 25 Zei>s
SWTTJ/J, wreck.
9
Upa K \7Js -hyeuuv was the watchword. Compare 1 Kings xx. 28.
10 IGA 515. See p. 126 4 below.
Cp. Paus. ix. 11. 6. Altar to Zeus
Areios in Olympia, Paus. v. 14. 5.
u Soph. Track. 182 paw* &ywr
So when
Offerings of spoils are made to Leto in d-rrapxas deotffi rots iyxwplois.
Anth. Pal. vi. 215. Artemis : Farnell, Messene was rebuilt, each helping
ii 585. tribe sacrificed to its own gods (Paus.
There was a yearly sacrifice to
5 Zei>$ iv. 27. 6). Compare Jonah i. 5 "
Then
Tp67rcuo5 on Salamis Day CIA ii. 467. : the mariners were afraid, and cried
6 A sacrifice to Poseidon
Tropaios, every man unto his god."
WAR. 97
Greek to his patron deity is clear, when we remember that he is
the Champion of his city; and so Athena, and even Aphrodite,

1
appears in full armour. Solon
is the only historical s temple
dedication connected with war, made to Ares, until we come to
the later poets of the Anthology*. It is not for nothing, then,
that the gods of the Homeric pantheon take sides the Greek :
always thought of his gods as taking sides, and his prayers

were guided accordingly.
What vow should be made before the battle, or what offer
ing depended of course on circumstances the importance

after, :
of the issue, the wealth or number of the combatants, and so

forth. It did happen once or twice that a leader, confident in
his cause and own
right arm, paid the vow before the
his
battle was fought; but on most of these occasions the deity seems
to have mistaken his faith for presumption, and allowed him to
be defeated 3 Legend tells how Polyneices and his Argive allies
.
set up statues of Ares and Aphrodite before their disastrous

4
expedition . As a kind of faith did not appeal to
rule, this
the Greek ;
he waited to let the god fulfil his part of the
bargain first. In some cases, however, the deity does not seem
to have been displeased by an act of bravado. Aristomenes, the
hero of the second Messeniari War, struck terror into the
Spartans by entering their city by night, and hanging up a
House of Athena, inscribed with the words
shield in the Brazen
Aristomenes from the spoils of the Spartans 5
"
Afterwards, ."
like King Rameses at Lachish, he is said to have routed a body

of Lacedaemonians all by himself. The hero s shield was
turned to account before the battle of Leuctra. Before the
battle the Thebans had sent to inquire at various oracles,
amongst others of Trophonius, who returned them answer that
they should set up a trophy and adorn it with this shield.
Epameinondas gave orders accordingly, and the trophy was set
up by Xenocrates with the shield upon it, in a place where it
Below, p. 119. xpvaovv &/a xai dpyvpcuov &>a KO.I x a ^~

2
E.g. Anth. Pal. vi. 81, 163. Late KO Ss y M d
in Egypt : GIG. 5128. King Aizanas, 3 p aus . ii. 6. 3 and iv. 25. 1.
4
inrep 5 evxapiffrias TOV ty yevvrjâvros Paus. ii. 25. 1.
5
CUHKTJTOV "Apews avtOyKO. aimo avdpiavra Paus. iv. 15. 5.
R. 7
of the Lacedaemonians. They knew it, and

could be seen
at all events, the oracle was
perhaps recalled the
old precedent;
of his words The statue of Xenocrates was after

1
.
justified
wards set up at Thebes
2
Themistocles, again, founded a temple .
3
So, too, Thrasybulus
and his
before the battle of Salamis .
to return to Athens, dedicated

men, on setting out from Thebes 4
statues of Athena and Heracles in the

Theban Heracleum .
is usual to
It those offerings which the com
distinguish
of his army, or those made by the
mander made on behalf
state, from the private offerings whether of the
as public,
The dis
commander made on his own behalf or of his men.
and as it serves
tinction is merely formal, not one of principle,
no useful purpose I have neglected it here.
The offerings
classified as follows
themselves may be broadly
:
I. Spoils the
arms of the vanquisht, or their treasure.
:
II. The Victor s Arms or dress.

III. Other Commemorative offerings.
I. doubt if the Greek gods had so ordained,
Spoils.
No
their right wholly to
the people would not have questioned
life and property of a conquered race,
as was com
dispose of the
manded in the matter of Amalek by the mouth of the prophet
We know how Cypselus vowed to dedicate all the
Samuel 5 .
citizens if he gained possession of Corinth,

and
property of the
with what skill he observed the letter of his
vow whilst violat
6
But in the are not grasping.
ing the spirit practice . gods
and fruits to tribute, so
As they give men the world its subject
1
Paus. iv, 32. 5, ix. 39. 14.
4 Paus. ix. 11. 6.
2
IGS 2462. See Pint. Pelopidas
i.
5 Sam. xv.
De Genio Socratis 25, 30. The in- 1 3.
8,
Arist. Oec. ii. 1346 a 32 KêXo,
scribed base has been found, as follows:
eeiiro/tiro*. MvaalXaos. e#d/*" TV Aii ^ rfpwf y*mr*
tora K*U*f0 ra d,a^-
r^dm ir6\eo
TO Zird/mis tepAret
S,cpdTi, S
06 rb* dTr
K \d PV rp6iraiW
EvptTa Seura. crr6Xo,
86pv
,r, For the very opposite Moxus
etc.
the Lydian vowed a tithe: Nicolaus
dcnrWa.
"
&,& Kpelv- Damasc. (Hist. Min. Gr. p. 19)

o A,56 S ...r6,
tap**** Ae^rpo
rols
- 1885 P- iÔ 45 8 ISpvaaTo

:
Beols.
Trpo TT?S irepi SaXa/xiva vav-

WAR. 99
they are content to leave the conquerors what they win pro
vided that certain dues are paid, the tithe or firstfruit of the
spoils. These dues are voluntary, in the sense that a man may
choose whether he do right or wrong, but to deny them would
be impious. They are however gladly given for the most part;
and they are rightly counted among votive offerings.
One form of this tribute
the trophy (rpoTraiov) 1 arms and is ,
armour of prize hung about some tree-trunk or pillar, or piled

in a heap, on the foughten field which as its name denotes is :
a memorial of the rout (T/OOTT??), and Zeus is invoked as

rpoTraio?
by the fighting host. I do not doubt that this is an offering to
the protecting deity, set up in that spot where he had proved
his present power. Sometimes it is distinctly said that
trophies
are consecrated to the gods of battle 2 sometimes a
permanent ,
3
trophy is erected in a sanctuary Sacrifice was done before a .
trophy periodically by the Athenians both at Marathon and

Salamis 4 and doubtless elsewhere 5
, .
In legend Pollux erects a trophy for his victory over

Lynceus The trophy is
6
. recorded as far back as the eighth
7
century in Sparta the seventh century in Athens and except
8
, ,
Macedon was universal in Greek lands 9

The trophy was so .
much a matter of course, that it was erected for victory even

when spoils there were none 10 .
Perhaps it is not too much to
assume that this is the earliest form of war-dedication, inde
pendent of temples, and accepted by the protecting gods as

1
See Pauly, Realencycl. s.v. 7
Paus. iii. 2. 6, when the Dorians
2
Dio Cass. xlii. 48 the Theban ; took Amyclae. Plutarch Ages. 33 says
trophy from Tolmides, to Athena that in early days the Spartans offered
(Paus. i. 27. 4) ; Mantinean trophy to only a cock as VLK^TÔV, but he must
Poseidon for victory over Agis (viii. 10. surely have taken for granted the
8). Sometimes made of sacred wood :
trophy and spoils.
Eudocia (Flach) p. 9 avLffra<nv avrfj 8
Dem. Amat. 1416 26\uv...T6 wpbs
(Athena) rp6wa.ia eK eXaivuv. tfXan>
Meyaptas Tp6wcuov vw6fMvr]/j.a KaraXnnbv.
3
Paus. x. 18. 7 (Delphi). See for others, Herod, iii. 59, Thuc. iv.
4
CIA ii. 471 26 >
71
,
467 27
to Zeus 12, vii. 23, Xen. Hell. ii. 3. 8.
Tropaios. 9 p aus . i x< 40- 7>
5
A late vase painting shows Victory 1
In the bloodless battle recorded
sacrificing before a trophy: Stephani, by Xenophon, Hell v. 4. 53: atrtdavev
Cornpte Eendu 1869, p. 161 = AZ 1865, ^v ovdds, fyuos 5e ol Qrjpatoi rp&Traiov
pi. 199. 3. f<TTJ,ffai>To.
6
Paus. iii. 14. 7.
72
Pan accepted the trophies of the chace hung upon some

mountain pine 1
.
But the usual practice was also to dedicate in some temple

the choice pieces, the firstfruits, or the tithe of spoils as we see
2
,
in our cathedrals the flags of our ancient foes. The booty was
collected, and a portion set apart for the gods; this was either
dedicated all, or a part of it, the remainder being sold and the
proceeds used to procure some offering

of price or magnificence.
Now and then a permanent trophy made of bronze or
some other material was set up in a sanctuary. The Persians,
if the report be true, intended to make one such
common
in 490 if they had not been defeated
3
Pausanias mentions .
a battle fought in the Altis at Olympia between the Eleans

and the Lacedaemonians : the Eleans, who won the day,
erected a bronze trophy with an inscription upon the shield,
under a plane tree in the Altis 4 A similar memorial was put .
up after Leuctra
5
A bronze trophy was dedicated at Delphi
.
by the Aetolians, after they had chastised the Gauls for their
horrific Trophies of Gallic arms in relief
treatment of Gallium 6 .
were carved on the temple of Athena at Pergamus, built in

memory of the defeats of the Gauls
7
The Mantineans, to .
commemorate a defeat of Agis, placed a stone trophy "over
against the temple of Poseidon

8
the Argives, having con ";
quered the Lacedaemonians, placed the like beside a tomb in
Argos
9
The permanent trophy at Marathon was of white
.
10
marble .
When the practice of dedicating the tithe of spoils became
general,we have no means of learning. There is no direct

evidence in the Homeric poems of a systematic dedication of
1
Above, p. 51. A miniature trophy of bronze, perhaps
2 Herodo- Etruscan, is in the Antiquarium at
a.Kpo6ivLov,aTrapxri,8eKdTr).
tus 12 uses aKpodlvia. and dptcrrera
viii. Berlin.
in one sentence of the same thing, but
5 Cic. De Inv. ii. 23. He tells us it
not necessarily in the same sense. was not the custom to erect a perma-
3
Paus. i. 33. 2 Anth. App. Plan. ;
nent trophy when Greek met Greek.
6 Paus. x. 18. 7, 22. 3.
221, 222, 226, 263.
4 Paus. v. 20. 4, 27. 11, vi. 2. 3.
7 Paus. i. 4. 6, with Frazer s note.
8 viii. 10. 5.
Eobert refers the trophy to 418 or Paus.
9
thereabouts, when an Elean contingent Paus. ii. 21. 8.
10 Paus. 32. 5.
aided the Argives (Thuc. v. 5860). i.
WAR. 101
arms or tithe by the conquerors, or of any vow made against

the taking of Troy 1 When Pausanias relates that Polyneices
.
made an offering before attacking Thebes, this is evidence

only that the later Greeks believed the practice of their own
day to be as old as the heroic age. The inference that it
was really so is, however, not unreasonable, in view of the
practice of single warriors. Hector, when about to fight with
Ajax, vows to dedicate the spoil in Athena s temple at Troy
2
.
Ulysses, being out of reach of the temples of his native land,

hangs the bloody armour of Dolon upon the poop of a ship, to
"
make a shrine for Athena 3

Menelaus dedicated the spoils of ."
Euphorbus in the Argive Heraeum where Pythagoras, who ;
claimed that the soul of the hero breathed in him, proved

his claim by recognising the arms he once had borne 4 In .
the caves of Dicte and Ida in Crete lance-heads and shields

have been found which belong to the Dorian period 5 We .
know how Alcaeus shield was captured by the Athenians in

606 and hung up in Athena s shrine 6 Aeschylus speaks of .
arms and foemen dresses pierced with the spear-point as hung

s
in temples 7 ,
Euripides of the spoils of the Amazons dedicated
by Heracles at Delphi and Pindar of the dedication of choice
8
,
9
prize .
1
Hecuba does however vow to offer was said to have first dedicated shields
a precious robe to Athena if
Troy is in Eome as a private person, which
not taken, II. vi. 269. Compare Hec- implies that public dedication was
tor s offering, ii. 82 ff. earlier :
Pliny, NH xxxv. 3. 12. The
2
II. vii. 82 foil. sword of Goliath will be remembered :
3 1 Sam. xxi. 9.
II. x. 460 Kal TO. X^mSt7 Adrjvair)
6
Sios 05w(7ei>s
1^60- aveffxeOe- The Ale. 32 (Strabo xiii. 600, Herod, v.
phrase Athena of the Spoils shows how 95) o-s AX/KCUOS "Apy,
tvrea 5 otf- KIJTOS
these epithets do no more than repre- dvaKropov es rXctu/cwTrcu ipbv 6veK.pfj.a.aav
sent one aspect of a deity s power. ArriKol.

4 7
Paus. ii. 17. 3, Hor. Odes i. 28. Aesch. Sept. 265.
11. 8
Eurip. Ion 1143 Trr^pvya 7repi/3dXXei
6
In the Museum of Candia. Mus. TrtirXw, dvaO-rj/m-a Aiov Traidbs, ofls
Ital. ii. 696, 906 ;

AJA iv. 430, pi. Hpa/cX^s A/j.a&t>wi> <rKV\etfj.aT -fjveyKev
xvi xx. ; Annual of the British School 6e$. Cp. Phoen. 856 T6vSe xp vcro ^
at Athens vi. 110. So elsewhere. In arâvov, ws 6ps, xw Xa/3wv dirapxas
the temple of Ningirsu, at Tello, Tro\efj.iwi> <TK.v\eviJ.a.Tuv.
9
Babylonia, a bronze spear-head was Pind. Ol. ii. 4 0\v/u.7rid5a 8 tffra-
found inscribed with a king s name : <rev
Hpa/cX^s dxphdiva ir6\faov : xi. 56
AJA N.H. ii. 105. Appius Claudius rdv TroXôio 56<ri
aKpbdiva 8if\uv tBve.
There are dedications of the war-tithe at Apollonia 1

,
Athens 2 Branchidae 3 Crete 4 Mantinea 5 Megara 6 Boeotia 7

, , , , , ,
10
and Sparta 8 at Delphi by Athenians", Oaphyes
;
Cnidians 11 , ,
12 14
Liparians Spartans
13
and Taren tines
,
at Olympia by Clei- , ;
torians 15 Eleans 16 Messenians 17

, , , Spartans
18
,
Thurians 19 . But it
must be remembered that all dedications of war-spoils are

either tithe or firstfruit.
If cattle formed part of the booty, a part of these would
be sacrified 20 The tithe of captives was also reserved, and
.
sent to Delphi or some other sanctuary at first for sacrifice 21 :

,
22
doubtless, or to be temple slaves which happened to the ,
23
daughter of Teiresias but by softening of manners they were ;
later sent forth to The Dryopians, conquered found colonies.

by Heracles, and dedicated, went forth to found Asine 24 But .
the Greeks were more merciful than their own Apollo, who hung
25
up the very skin of Marsyas in a cave Thebes was "deci .
mated by the Greeks for its defection to the Persian side

"
and the writers use the phrase in a way which shows it

needed no explanation 26 . For other reasons, a tithe of men
1
Paus. v. 22. 3. of human sacrifice in early times, as
2
Paus. i. 28. 2, x. 10. 1. the story of Aristodemus shows: Paus.
3
Newton, p. 777. iv. 9, see also vii. 19. 4. So at Dodona :
4
Mon. Ant. iii. 4024. Paus. vii. 21. 3.
5
IGA 100, Collitz i. 1198. 22
Eur. Ion 309 roO 0eoD /caXoO/iai 6ov-
6
IGS i. 37. \os...dvddr)fji,a. 7r6Xews, tf
rtvos irpadels
7 IGA 191; AJA N.S. ii. 250. OTTO; Compare the captives in the
8
Paus. iii. 18. 7. Trachiniae, and verse 245.
9 Paus. 23
x. 13. 9. Diod. iv. 66 ot /u.h Myovoi T^V
10 BCH xviii. 177. jr6\iv e\6i>res
8n?ipwa.<Tai>
Kal TT?S Tei/aecn ou
11
BCH xxii. 592. dvyarpbs Adc^Tjs eyKpareTs yevbêvoi,
12
Diod. v. 9. TavTrjv dv^dfffav els AeX0ous, Kara TWO.
13
Plut. Ages. 9, Xen. An. v. 3. 4. etfx 7 ?"* a.Kpodivt.ov T$ 6e$. She became
14
Paus. x. 13. 10. a prophetess.
15
Paus. v. 23. 7. -
Paus. ii. 35.
<
2, iv. 34. 6 ;
Diod. iv.
16
Paus. vi. 24. 4. 37 Apollod. ii. 2. 7 (Pauly). Compare
;
17
Inschr. von 01. 259. Plut. Thes. 16, Plato, Laws x. 919,
18 Paus. v. 10. 4. Strabo vi. 257.
19 10
Below, p. 106 .
2*
Xen. Anab. i. 2. 8. The skins of
20
Soph. Track. 760 ravpoKTovel ^kv sacrilegious on Danes are to be seen .
5ui5e/c ei>Tf\e is xw ">

Xetas dirapxrif, church doors, as at Tewkesbury.
26
/Sous. Herod, vii. 132 r6 3 opKiov u8e
21
The Delphic oracle was not shy av <r<ptas
aurot)s
WAR. 103
was dedicated by Chalcis and firstfruits of men by Crete

2 1
.
,
3
The tithe of ransom was also dedicated In historical times .
4
the consecration of the war-tithe was a matter of course ,
and applied not only to the enlisted hosts but to privateers 5 .
We
may now pass in review the chief instances of the
dedication of spoils, in historical order and first the enemy s :
weapons, armour, and equipment, the material of war.

The earliest recorded naval memorial comes from the war
waged between Athens and Megara for the possession of
Salamis. The Megarians commemorated one victory (which
must have taken place about B.C. 600, before Solon aroused
the Athenians to reconquer the island) by placing the bronze
6
beak of a prize ship in the Olympieum at Megara Another .
such was erected by the Aeginetans, who somewhere about

520 conquered a colony of Samians settled at Cydonia in
Crete. The beaks of their ships, which were boars heads,
they hung up in the temple of Athena in Aegina
7
The beak .
became the regular token of the captured galley, as we shall

see later 8 It is worth
.
mentioning that the roof of the Odeum
at Athens was made from the masts and timbers of Persian
9
ships .
The great struggle in Sicily between Carthaginian and

Greek left, as might have been expected, many traces.
Amongst them are the spoils which Pausanias declares to
have been dedicated by Gelo and the Syracusans for some
10
victory gained by sea or land : three linen corselets, doubtless
TOIJTOVS deKarevffai r<$

ev Ae\</>ot<ri 0ey. d/cp07r6\et rd dpiffre ia. rrjs 7r6\ews, a
Lycurg. Leocr. 193, Diod. xi. 3. 29, ZXafiev diro TUI>

jSapfidputt.
5
Polyb. ix. 39. 5, Xen. Hell vi. 3. 20. Lys. Polystr. 686 t\r)i-6/j.T)v /cat TOI>J
I see no reason why the word should TroXe/xious KCIKWS eno iow, ware TTJ 0ey
not mean what it says, although rds 5e/caras eâipedrji ai wXeov TJ rpid-
Stengel (in Pauly) and others take it KQVTO. pvas.
to mean devastation of the whole race. 6

Paus. i. 40. 5 (Zeus).
7 uv
Strabo vi. 257. Herod, iii. 59 Ka-rrpiovs ^x Vff ^
Arist. ap. Plut. Thes. 16. rds Trpy/aas.

Herod, v. 77 rG>v
\trpwv TTJV deKa- 8
So in Kome, the column of
T-r)
. Duilius, the Eostra, etc.
9
Xen. Hell. iii. 3. 31, iv. 3. 21 ; cp. Plut. Pericles 13.
10
Dem. Timocr. 741 diroarepuv ras d.7r6 Paus. vi. 19. 7.
taken from the dead bodies of their foes. The are

spoils
generally assigned to the battle of Himera, B.C. 480 but we ;
shall see cause to think that they to an un

really belong
known victory of much earlier date
1
. A more interesting relic,
from the battle of Cumae in 474, when Hiero defeated the
Tyrrhenians and his victory was sung by Pindar himself 2 was ,
found at Olympia. It is a bronze helmet, much battered,

and inscribed in what appears to be a rude attempt at verse 3 .
Two other articles of the same batch of spoils have been found,
the remains doubtless of a larger sending.
In the early years of the fifth century an obscure war
between the Phocians and the Thessalians seems to have
given
cause for votive offerings on both sides. The Phocians we
know to have been victorious in one affair, when Tellias of Elis
whitewashed six hundred men, who so struck terror into their
adversaries that they slew no less than four thousand 4 For .
their victory the Phocians sent half the shields to

captured
Delphi and half to Abae. The effect of the stratagem, though
itwas intended merely to help recognition, reminds us of Lord
Dundonald, when in command of a crazy cockboat he kept the
whole Biscay coast on a flutter. He once blacked the faces of
his whole crew, including doctor and supernumeraries, and
launched upon the deck of a Spanish ship of war every man who
had legs to walk before the enemy discovered that these
;
yelling
monsters were not devils, the Englishmen had won the ship.
When we come to the Persian Wars, there is some confusion
in the accounts of
thank-offerings on the Greek side, because
Marathon came later to overshadow all other victories in the
popular imagination. Whether because this victory was won
without any outside help save the Plataeans, or for whatever
reason, votive offerings were attracted to it as jokes to Sydney
Smith, or Psalms to King David 5 There are a number of .
bronze weapons in the Acropolis Museum at Athens, which
1
See below, p. 123. 250.
2
Find. Pyth. i. 137 and Scholiast. 4
Herod, viii. 27.
3
GIG 16, IGA 510, etc. Idpwv 6 5
See on this subject the judicious
AeiifOfj.fi> eos /ecu rot 2vpa/c6crioi rut AJ remarks of Brunn, Gesch. der gr.
airb Kâs. Cat. Br. Mus. Br. Kiinstler, i. 162; and Paus. i. 14. 5.
WAR. 105
must be earlier than 480, and may well have come from
Amongst them
1
Marathon ; nothing to prove it
but there is .
are helmets, one inscribed to Athena 2

shields, but not all ;
these have had to do with war

3
;
heads and butts of lances,
some inscribed with Athena s name 4 and swords 5 Plutarch
;
.
records 6 that one Lycomedes, who captured the first prize at

Artemisium, dedicated the ensign or figurehead of this ship to
Apollo Daphnephoros at Athens. After Salamis, the Greeks
in general dedicated amongst other things three Phoenician
triremes: one at the Isthmus, which Herodotus saw; one at
Sunium; and one to Ajax at Salamis
7
The Athenians con .
secrated in the Erechtheum Masistius golden cuirass and the

8
sword of Mardonius In 447 Tolmides led a rash expedition
.
into Boeotia to quell a rising of exiles, and was slain: the

Thebans afterwards erected a trophy on Mount Helicon to
Athena Itonia 9 .
All thesemay be regarded as public offerings but there ;
are not wanting private ones from the same period. Themis-
tocles, we learn, sent a part of his own spoils to Delphi; but
the Pythia told him to take them home again. It is hard to
say why Apollo, after accepting so many treasures of the vile
barbarians, should boggle at this ;

unless the sender found
means himself The explanation sug
to procure the answer.
gested by Pausanias, that the god knew Themistocles would

end his days in Persia, and did not wish to make the Persian
king hate him, does credit to someone s ingenuity. Perhaps
3 Cat.
1
De Bidder, Catalogue des Bronzes 263 mentions several frag-
trouves sur VAcropole d Athenes. The ments of large shields. For the
letter M seen on some of them is not baker-woman s shield, which belonged
at all likely to be the first letter of the to a statuette of Athena, see above,
Median name, as some have imagined p. 90.
4
(JHS xiii. 53); it is doubtless, like Cat. 266 ff., 282 Arafat, 287
other letters of the alphabet, placed A^j/cuas.
5
there as the ticket of a shelf or division. Cat. 316 ff.
6
No. 307 in de Bidder has M, with Mr]- Plut. Themistocles 15 TO. irapdffijfJM
j/aias beneath; 308 and 309 have A. TrepiK6\f/as; cp. Herod, viii. 11.
For other examples of letters so used 7

Herod, viii. 121.
8
see 283, 284, 289, 290. Compare Herod, ix. 2024; Paus. i. 27. 1.
9
chapter xm. Paus. i. 27. 4 ;
Plut. Agesilaus 19 ;
2 Thuc.
Cat. 252 Aeyvaiai. i. 103, 108, 113.
it was an afterthought of the oracle An Athenian Callias 1

.
also sent thither a horse,which he had taken in the Persian

Wars 2 Sailors dedicate prize arms to Leto 3
. .
After the Eurymedon (469), the southern wall of the Acro

polis of Athens was built with the proceeds of the spoils
4
;
and Cimon, we are told, adorned this wall with the spoils of "
5
Mycale and the rebellious islands The Athenians sent also ."
a tithe of these to Delphi 6 .
Other dedications of arms are of less certain date. At

Dodona 7 a bronze tablet was found, bearing a legend which
declares it to
belong to Peloponnesian spoils. The shapes of
the letters suggest that it dates from the middle of the fifth
century it has consequently been assigned to the great sea-

;
fight off Aegina in 460, where the Corinthians, Epidaurians,

and Aeginetans were defeated 8 The arms named on the much- .
talked-of Colonnade of the Athenians at Delphi may have

9
come from the same battle . After the sack of Thurii, the
Tarentines appear to have sent captured arms to Olympia.
There three spearheads were found, inscribed as spoils from
Thurii 10 . Arms taken from the Spartans by the Methoneans,
and found in the same place, are ascribed by Ziemann
11
to the
period 440420.
1
Paus. x. 14. 5, 6, who gives the e/3crt, Kparei TroX^/xof. I take
words of the oracle. for Kvirpii) M??5oiys from
2
Paus. x. 18. 1. Aristides iii. p. 260.
3
Simonides 134 (Bergk) Plutarch, ;
7
Carapanos, Dodone et ses mines,
De Herod. Mai. 39; Anth. Pal. vi. 215. p. 47, pi. xxvi. 2; IGA 5
4
Plut. Cimon 13 see Frazer on ; atrb lle\oirovvriffiuv i>av/j.axia-t-
Paus. i. 28. 3. dv0<rav. Phormio s victories, which

5
Plut. Cimon 2. have been suggested (BCH v. 18), are
6
Diod. xi. 62 6 de STÛOS TWV Adyvaiwif, too late for the script.
8
Thuc. i. 105 ; JHS i. 107. A list
6rjK T({J #e<jj,

/cat rrjv 7nypa(f>T]v eiri rb of the fallen is given in CIA i. 433.
Ka.TO.ffKeva.ff 6 ^v d,vddrj[j.a
etrcypatyf T-fjvde
9
IGA 3 a, p. 169. See below, p.
06 -y "Evpii)irrjv
A<nas
Siâ TTOJTOS 107 1 .
,
/cai TroXtas OvrfT&v doupos "Apr)?
10
IGA 548 cr/cOXa airb Qovpluv Tapav-
Ov8tl> 7TW TOLOVTOV 1TL\doviwV Tlvoi ai>tdt)Kai>
Ad J
0\vfj.TrldJi.
yever dv5puv fpyov ev riireipy KO.L Kara Cp. also Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 321.
TTOVTOV aifj.a. aide yap v yairj M^Swv 163 Collitz iii. 4615. See Strabo vi.
;
7TO\Xoi)s 6A^(7CU TeS, ÔiViKdJV CKO.TOV VO.VS 264.

11
%\ov v weXdyei, avdpuv Tr\-r)dov<ras, Op. ctt., p. 19.
5 ZffTVv Acris vw O.VT&V
WAR. 107
of Corinth
Phormio, after his brilliant victories in the Gulf
1
seems to have dedicated a quantity of arms at Delphi ,
(429),
and the Peloponnesians on their part offered a prize-ship in
2
Poseidon s temple at Rhium not far from the battle-scene
.
The success of Demosthenes over the Ambraciots in 426

signal
secured an immense booty. The general s own share of the
spoils was no fewer

than three hundred panoplies, which were
dedicated in the Athenian temples
3
The shields of the .
Spartans captured at Sphacteria (425)

were hung in the Painted
Colonnade 4
their side
.
were afterwards
By hung the shields
their revolt had been quelled in 423.
5
of the Scionaeans ,
when
When 413 annihilated the Athenian army,
the Syracusans in
the usual custom; for in Plutarch s
they must have followed
we learn that a shield magnificently adorned was still
day 6
shown in one of the Syracusan temples as that of Nicias .
Passing on to the fourth century,

we first meet with a
memorial of Iphicrates, who in 392 did a brilliant feat of arms
It is natural to assign to
by annihilating a Spartan regiment. 7
this victory a gilt shield which he dedicated on the Acropolis .
After Leuctra (371), the Thebans hung up the Spartan shields

8
which they had taken in the temple of Demeter at Thebes .
Timoleon s of the Crimesus (343) may have been com

victory
memorated by the offering of a two-horse car,
if an inscription
of the fourth century (which is sadly mutilated) be rightly
restored 9 . We
there were war- wagons in the Carthaginian
know
10
host, and that the victor dedicated the best of the spoils .
Be that how it might, there is record of a trophy set up by
1
Paus. x. 11. 6. His mistake in 6
Plut. Nicias 28. He did not see it
attributing to him the Colonnade of himself.

the Athenians may be due to the 7 atnris tirixpvffos TJV I0t/c/3ar^s av-
fact that these arms were placed B-rjKev : CIA ii. 733 14
,
restored with the
the.e. aid of 735.

2 8
Thuc. ii. 92. 5. For the temple Paus. ix. 16. 3.
see Strabo, p. 335.

9
AM xx. 483. The words diro
3
Thuc. iii. 114. Kapx-nSofiuv, rCii Air&XXwvi, and feDyos
4
Paus. i. 15. 4; Arist. Knights etrraOi are certain; but nothing re-
849. mains of the name, restored as Timo-

5
Thuc. iv. 120, v. 32 ;
Paus. i. Icon, save the last two letters.
10 Plut. Timoleon 27.
15. 4.
Mamercus tyrant of Catana, who making common cause with

Carthage slew a body of Timoleon s mercenaries. He dedicated
their shields,and proud of his poetic skill, himself composed
the following epigram, worthy of the latter-day music halls 1
:
ocrrpeioy panels KCLI

? acrTTiSiois ei\oêv
Alexander the Great, after the battle of the Granicus (334),

sent to Athens three hundred suits of Persian mail some of ;
the shields were hung on the architrave of the Parthenon 2 .
When he defeated Porus (326), he sent the royal elephant to

the Temple of the Sun at Taxila 3 It is doubtless a mere .
accident that we hear of no other spoils offered by this magni

ficent person, who was Greek of the Greeks in his religious
practices, and spread Grecian customs over half Asia.
Greece now comes in contact with east and west, yet the
practice of dedicating spoils continues. Shields of the Gaulish
barbarians, after their repulse in 280, were dedicated at Delphi 4 .
Pyrrhus, after his return from Rome, defeated Antigonus at

the head of a mixt force of Gauls and Macedonians (274). The
arms of the Gauls he offered to Athena Itonia at her temple
between Pherae and Larissa; the Macedonian arms he sent
to Dodona 5 Some of the arms found at Dodona by M. Cara-
.
panos, and now in his private museum at Athens, may have

been part of this offering. Pyrrhus also made a dedication
to Zeus of the Waters at Dodona, for some victory
gained over
the Romans 6 . In 272 Pyrrhus was killed in the streets of
Argos ;
and was hung up in the temple of Demeter
his shield
there 7 Demetrius Poliorcetes also sent shields to Delphi 8
. .
Foreign potentates followed the same fashion. The long
1
Plut. Timoleon 31. Anth. Pal. vi. 130. It should be noted
2
Plut. Alexander 16; Arrian, Hist. that Athena Itonia was invoked by the
An. i. 16. 7: AXeai 5pos ^L\i-mrov Kai Thessalians in this battle, Paus. x. 1.
oi "EAA^yes Tr\T]v Aa.Kedaifj.oi iui airb T&V 10.
pappApuv T&V Tyv Acriav KaroiKotivTW. 6

Nciibs the inscr. in Hicks, Greek
:
3
Philostratus, Vit. Apollon. ii. 12. Historical Inscriptions, 162 Collitz ii. ;
4
Paus. x. 19. 4. 1368.
5
Paus. i. 13. 2, where the inscrip- 7
Paus. ii. 21. 4.
are given 8
tions ; Plut. Pyrrhus 26 ; Plut. Demetrius 13.
WAR. 109
struggle between kings of Pergamus and the Gauls seems

to have been specially commemorated by Attalus II in his
own name and his predecessors and in the splendid memorial ;
pile built for this purpose, the Gallic spoils were displayed .
No tribe so obscure that it did not follow this custom 2 . So

Mummius, after the custom which also prevailed in his own
country, but himself the first

Roman to dedicate war-spoils
in a Grecian temple, sent to Olympia a number of the shields

3
captured at Corinth (146) .
The ancient caves of Crete contained, as I have said, arms

of offence and defensive armour 4 In the great sanctuaries
.
of Delphi, Olympia, and Dodona, at Athens, and elsewhere

weapons of war have been amongst the finds. At Olympia
a large number of bronze shields were found, most of them
entire 5 . Sometimes it is possible, as in the case
of Hiero s
helmet, to identify them ;

more often they are without in
scriptions, or if inscribed, give

no clue to the dedicator. We
6
have, for example, inscribed spear-heads from Olympia and ,
one
from the Peloponnese bearing what is clearly a private dedi
cation 7 Spear-heads and lance-butts from the Acropolis of
.
Athens have been mentioned already 8 in the same place ;
were found bronze arrow-heads, though none inscribed

9
At .
Athens were also found swords, knives, an axe-head, and

helmets 10 at Olympia shields, greaves and corselets, the last
;
engraved with scenes in the geometric style 11 A helmet once .
actually used in war, and dedicated by the Argives, is now in

the British Museum 12 another very old helmet, found in the
;
Alpheus, is inscribed of Zeus 13 . Yet another, found in South
1
Paus. i. 4. 6. See below for the cp. IGS 2735.
*
other offerings, p. 122, 132. Cat. Bronzes 282, 287, 298, 307.
2 Paus. vi. 19.
4, the Myanians. So Thucydides speaks of <r/cOXa M^Stxd on
the Arvernians hang a captured sword the Acropolis, ii. 13.
9
in a temple: Plut. Goes. 26. Cat. 310.
3 10
Paus. v. 10. 5. Cat. 310, 336, 319, 252.
4
Above, p. 101.
u Bronzen von 01. Iviii Ix.
5
Bronzen von Ol. p. 6.
w rapyeloi totBev, JHS ii. 67.
6 IGA 565 0\vi>iriov Ai6s ;
shield 33 13 JHS ii. 68, plate xi. ;
IGA 123
Tapyeloi dWOcv. Zijvbs OXvviriov.

7
IGA 564 0c65wpos &vt6riKe /SewtXet ;
Italy, is dedicated to
1
Persephone .
Shields, bow, and quiver
appear in the Delian treasure-lists ;
but it is doubtful whether
the bow and quiver were not models in the precious metals 2 .
In Delos was also a Heracleote bow and quiver, inlaid with

gold an iron spear 4 helmets, one being silvered, cavalry
3
, ,
swords and sheaths, an lyM) arpanwriKri (be that what it

5
may) a ship s beak and anchors
,
6
A spear-head was found .
7
at Acraephia (Boeotia) dedicated to Apollo . Iron lance-
heads have been found at Orchomenus 8 and ,
there was a
Sarrnatian corselet in the Asclepieum at Athens 9 cuirass, . A
said to have come from Epidaurus, is inscribed to Zeus Cronion 10 .
To the same class we must assign a marble base found at Delos,

which once bore a four-horse chariot dedicated to Apollo "from
the spoils 11 Perhaps the tithe offered to Athena at Megara
."
by a company of persons, whose names have been lost, was a

12
private dedication .
Scanning the Athenian lists 13 we see in the Hecatompedos

shields 14 missiles of many kinds 15 16 17
, , spears ,
breast-plates ,
helmets 18 and cavalry sabres 19 greaves 20

,
swords
horse-trap , ,
pings
21
and a panoply
22
A spear-stump occurs in the frag
, .
23
mentary Eleusinian list It is not certain that all were
votive,
.
although most were so.

1
IGA 538 Il77pi06j>cu dve 07]^ fj.e with.
Zcva.ytro.<s.
11
BCH iii. 471 IleunVrparos Aptaro-
2
BCH ii. 325 TOOV o-KvdiKov Kal \6%ou P65ios vavapxâs /cat TOI avarpa.-
<f>ap^Tpav
: round 6vpebv 7reft/c6j> (long Tv6fj.ei>ot dir6 rwv \a<f>vpwv
A7r6XXaw.
shield) another is said to be gilt, and
;
12
IGS i. 37 ro/3 ci7r6 Xatas rav de/cd-
was therefore no doubt a real shield. TO.V di>6r)
K ai>
Afloat, archaic.
3
BCH vi. 32 (paptrpa Hpa/cXeam/c-r; 13
CIA i. 117175.
XpvffoirolKt.\Tos rbôv ?x ovffa- u dffiris, TreXrrj.
4
BCH vi. 47, line 171 :
ttpv a^- /fc\ OJ , pt\n uv
KaraTraXru
5
BCH vi. p. 130 KUVOS, 7re/)t/ce0a\ata
16
d6pv, dopdnov.
^
(Ti8r)pd TTfpiTrjpyvpufj.^7), fj.dxa.ipa nnriKrj, 0^p a ^
K0\fbv fj.axaipas nnriicfjs, aKpoardXiov. rcpdvos, Kpdvos
6
BCH vi. p. 47 pews t/j-poXov. K vi>rj.
7 IGS i. 2735 TU Uruifios iapbv. ^dxaipa., p. itnriKri, i<po/j.dxaipa.

8
BCH xix. 208. 20
^^,.
9
Paus. i. 21. 5. 21
KeKp â\ os nnrucfo.
10
RM iv. 71 a.v{e-r) K e Al Kpovtuvi
22
iravoTr\La.
(early 5th cent.). This is the only CIA ii. 682 c, iv. 225/, 2256 ffrvpd-
dedication to Zeus Cronion I have met KI
WAR. Ill
Thus we have a continuous tradition of the dedication of

foemen s arms from the heroic age down to the loss of Greek
independence and it would be easy to trace it further. Less
;
commonly heard of is another custom, by which the victor

dedicates the arms which helped him to win the victory; or
the old warrior no longer fit for the fight, his outworn weapons
of war. The thought seems to us so natural, and is indeed
so frequently exemplified in later days, that we are surprised
at first in meeting with so little evidence before the days of
Alexander the Great. Perhaps rightly considered it involves
a self-consciousness not suited to earlier and more simple times.
Simonides gave it the noblest expression, and he could hardly
1
have been drawing on his imagination when he wrote
To%a Tu&e TTToXe/AOio ireirav^kva Satcpvoevros

) *A07/i/ati7? /celrai vTrwpotyia,
r crrovoevra /card tcXovov ev Bai (
Meleager elaborated the same thought from another side, in

2
the lines
rt? raSe poi OVTJTGOV rd irepl OpLyKolatv dvftyev

*
atcv~\.a, TravaKr^LQ-Trjv reptyiv \Lvva\iov;

ovre yap alyavecu Treptayees ovre TL 7rrj\r)j;
aXXoô? ovre %pav6ev (iprjpe ad/cos

<$>6vw
aura)? yavowvra KOL d&rv(f)\iKra cn^dpw,

old Trep OVK evoirds, d\\d %opu>v evapa.
fiporew
But there are was not unknown

indications that the custom
in very early times. weapons of Homeric
I say nothing of the
heroes, for they were no doubt spurious, and in any case the
dedicator generally remains unknown

3
But Aristomeries the .
Messenian, who had lost his shield in the victory he gained
1 3
Anth. Pal. vi. 2. See below, chapter x.
2
Anth. Pal. vi. 163.
single-handed over a Spartan regiment, on recovering it

1
dedicated it to Trophonius at Lebadea Simonides celebrates .
a spear grown old in warfare 2

;
and Anyte, if we may venture
to suppose this fine poetess to belong to an earlier
age than
the third century, may also be brought in evidence 3 The .
story of Cimon and the already related

bridle,
4
points in ,
the same direction. Herodotus mentions that King Nekos,

aftertaking Cadytis, dedicated to Apollo at Branchidae the
costume he wore on that occasion 5 There is a spear-head .
from Sicyon, with the inscription ê/cvcopiuv upon it in

very
ancient letters, which if dedicated must belong to this class 6 .
But these few examples exhaust the list of those recorded before
the fourth century.
From the fourth century come a few more. The shield of
Asopichus, a friend of Epameinondas, who did brave deeds, was
dedicated in Delphi, but by whom does not appear 7 Alexander .
the Great seems to have been struck by the idea, and on visit
ing Troy he armour there in the temple, taking thence

left his
in exchange some which was reputed to have belonged to

heroes of the great siege 8 a sacred shield was afterwards ;
carried before him when he went to battle 9 If we may draw .
an inference from this, and from the cuirass and spear which he
dedicated to Asclepius in the Arcadian Gortys, he
may have
shed his arms frequently as he marched along his
conquering
10
way His example was followed by his namesake the son
.
1 7
Paus. iv. 16. 7. This partakes also Theopompus ap. Ath. xiii. 605 A
of the class of spoils. 6av/ma<TTws avrov Kivdvveveiv dvaxeiaOai
2
Anth. Pal. vi. 52. 5 ryv aa"jrl8a
raijrtjv ev AeXôts tv rrj
3
Anth. Pal. vi. 123.
yroq.. The word avaKelcrdai is so loosely
4
Plut. Cimon 5 ; above, p. 70. used in this age that it may mean
5
Herod, ii. 159 tad-fi?.Cp. Paus. i.
nothing more than preservation as a
21. 7 "linen corselets may be seen curiosity.
dedicated in various sanctuaries, par- 8
Arrian, Anab. Alex. i. 11.
at 9
ticularly Gryneum (to Apollo)." Ib. ii. 9.
They are worn by Homeric heroes 10

Paus. 28. 1. The epigram
viii.
(II. ii. by Persians (Xen. Cyrop.

529), Anth. P. 97 professes to be inspired
vi.
vi. 4. 2), and are mentioned in the
by an inscribed spear dedicated by
armoury of Alcaeus (frag. 15). See Alexander somewhere to Artemis,
Frazer on Paus. I.e. which he vowed in the fight, and 128
6 IGA 27 a, p. 171. has a shield under the same name.
WAR. 113
of Polyperchron, whose panoply is attested by an 1

inscription
to have been once on the Acropolis of Athens. barbarian, A
probably in the fourth century, dedicated his helmet at Olym-
2
pia On the same principle, the shield of Leocritus, who was
.
the first to leap into the Museum at Athens, and fell

gloriously,
when Olympiodorus drove out thence the Macedonian garrison
in 288, was inscribed with his name and deed and dedicated to
Zeus Eleutherios 3 So also Cydias the Athenian, who distin-
.
guisht himself in the repulse of the Gauls from Delphi (280),

was honoured in like manner 4 Lastly, in the Roman age, .
Flamininus, after his defeat of Philip in 197, sent his own shield
inscribed to Delphi 5 So another Roman, perhaps one who
.
fought against Mithradates, dedicated his shield the gods" "to
at Syrne 6 An impious offering was that of Alexander tyrant

.
of Pherae, who dedicated the spear which he used to murder

his own
uncle Polyphron, about the year 370 7 He was wont .
in fact to wreathe it about with and to worship it

garlands,
as a god.
In the Anthology we meet with the principle of
dedicating
tools which were to be used no longer, under many forms but ;
examples of weapons are not many. In a daring epigram

Mnasalcas (about 200 B.C.) imitates his master Simonides, and
8
just overshoots the sublime :
crol /jiev roâ KCU iojgeaipa

/ca/ji7rv\a
Bcopa Trapd Ylpo/jidôv, Qolfte, rdSe

lov$ Se TrrepoevTCK; dvd K\OVOV dvSpes
ev /caSiais o\od
Paulus Silentiarius makes his Lysimachus dedicate shield,
1
CIA ii. 723 TraôirXfo. TJV *AX^- Malory, Morte 14.
avdpos 6 IIoXvTrt pxovTos dvtO-rjKev.
6
IGI iii. 7.
2
Inschr. von OL 695 Ftpai> Tpd-
7
Plut. Pelopidas 29.
8
/3uj>os- Ftpfavrbs elfu. Anth. Pal. vi. 9. Compare 91.
3
Paus. i. 26. 2. This very epigram is imitated and
4
Paus. x. 21. 5. overshot in another, no. 326, which is
8
Plut. Flamin. 12 (Dioscuri). King mere bathos.
Arthur dedicates his sword in a church :
R. 8
is too old to fight more

spear, and cuirass to Ares, when he
1
;
and his Nicagoras dedicates the battered remnants of a shield

to Zeus 2 . Echecratidas the Cretan, in an epigram of Anyte
which has all her simple strength, dedicates his spear to
Athena 3 ;
Timanor to Pallas the shield which has protected him
in many battles 4 . The very war-trumpets come in for their
turn 5 . A whole armoury is offered in two other epigrams, one

of which of a degraded style, a vulgar slang, giving only
is
single syllables for

whole words 6 The votive epigram here .
becomes the means of breaking a paltry jest. But the lowest

level is reached in that which celebrates the lover s triumph
over Sochares the Cynic, whom he had captivated, and now
dedicates over the lintel his staff, slippers and flask, and his
wallet stuft full of wisdom
7
.
Occasionally an offering was specially made

in a shape
which had direct reference to the spoils of war. Gilded shields

have been mentioned already; but sometimes shields were
made all of silver or gold, and hung up to adorn the temples.
There were golden shields hung on the architrave of the
to Marathon 8 but if
Delphic temple, which Pausanias assigns ,
9
Aeschines be right in telling us that they were inscribed as
spoils of the Medes

and Thebans together, they must belong to
Plataea. In 457 the Lacedaemonians defeated the Athenians
at Tanagra, and in memory of the fight they sent a golden
shield to Olympia, where it was hung on the gable just under
the statue of 10
Flamininus sent silver targets to
Victory .
1
Anth. Pal. vi. 81. rots E\\r)<nv efj,dxovro ;
see Brunn,
2
Anth. Pal. vi. 84. Geschichte der griechischen Kiinstler,
3 Anth. Pal. 163.
vi. 123, cp. 122.
4 10 4 vabs
Anth. Pal. vi. 124, cp. 141, 264. Paus. v. 10. fj.ev (f)id\a.v xpv-
5
Anth. Pal. vi. 159 <rd\iriy
:
cp. vtav x et >
^K ^ Havdypas rot Aa/ce5ai-
151, 195, ai>X6s. fji6viOi ffv/Ji/Jiaxia T dvtdev 5u>pov

dr
6 In the ra,v
Anth. Pal. vi. 85, 86. for- Apyeiuv /cat Adrjvaiuv /cat Id>vui>,
mer we have rbv du, Kal ras KVT), rdv r SeKarav vlKas etW/ca ru TroX^w. The
dvirioa, Kal d6pv, /cat Kpa. shield stood on a block, which was fixt
7
Anth. Pal. vi. 293, cp. 298. on the top of the gable. Three bits
8
Paus. x. 19. 5. of it have been found, bearing parts of
tt
Aesch. Ctes. 409 rds xP vff Aff7ri - each line Olympia, Ergebnisse, Die
:
A6r)va ioi Inschriften, no. 253. They agree

with
dasa.rf8e/j.ev...KaieTreypd\f/aiJ.ei>,
OTTO Mr}dut>
Kal Oâtwv, 8re ra.va.vrio. Pausanias, except in giving TOV instead
WAR. 115
Delphi
1
. A marble model of a shield was dedicated by a
2
general in Cos ;
others in Camirus 3 .
On the same principle a four-horse chariot of bronze was

made about the years 509 505. The Athenians had defeated
a Boeotian force, and on the same day crossed over to Chalcis
and gained a second victory. Several hundreds of prisoners were
taken, and kept in chains but these being afterwards ransomed, ;
their chains were hung up on the Acropolis, and a tithe of the

ransom money was used in preparing the chariot, whose base
has been found on the spot. There remain a few fragments of
the original inscription, which Herodotus (who tells the story)
4
Perhaps the chariot mentioned above
5
preserves complete .
was made, like this, for the purpose of dedicating.

also
Another offering of the same class is a group of horses and
captive women, made by Ageladas in bronze, which was sent
to Olympia by the Tarentines, as victors over the Messapians in
6
a border war (473) Pausanias mentions "another tithe of the
.
Tarentines, from the spoils of the barbarous Peucetians," sent to

Delphi: being images of footmen and horsemen by Onatas,
amongst them Opis king of the lapygians who fought for the
barbaric foe 7 . Some time before the beginning of the Pelopon-
nesian War, the Athenian Knights won a victory which was
commemorated by the statue of a horse, set up on the Acropolis.
Their leaders were Lacedaemonius son of Cimon, who was
of the DoricrtD. Pausanias speaks as first and third lines are transposed :
though the inscr. were on the shield, CIA i. 334, iv. 1, p. 78, 334 a. Doubt-
as such often were; and perhaps the less the monument was destroyed by
stone has a later copy made for some Xerxes and afterwards restored with
reason. this change. This explanation is pre-
1
Plut. Flamininus 12. ferable to that of Hicks, Gr. Hist.
2
Collitz iii. 3655 ffrparay^ffa^ 6eois Inscr. 27, who supposes the money
= Paton and Hicks, Inscr. of Cos, 66, voted for the dedication to have been
67. first employed by Pericles about 445.
3
IGI i. 7013. 5
Page 107.
4
Herod, v. 77 Zdvea, Boiwrwi KCU 6
Paus. x. 10. 3. An inscription
XaX/a5^wi Sa/udcra/ Tes TrcuSes A.dr)va.ii>jv
deKarav has been found on a support-
?py/j.a<nv
ev iroXôv, 5eo>twt
ei>
dxXuoei Ti ing wall close to the spot where
vidiiptwi fofieffav v/3pii>-
r&v I TTTTOI/S 5e- Pausanias saw it, which M. Homolle
Kdrijv HaXXdSi rd<rd ZOfffav. Paus. i. conjectures to have belonged to the
28. 2. The inscr. seems to have been Tarentine trophy : BCH xviii. 187.
7
re-cut in the Periclean age, and the Paus. x. 13. 10.
82
1
killed at Potidaea in 429, Xenophon, and another It is not .
likely that the statues of men-at-arms, which are found in

shrines, were meant for captives.
It is usually said that mock arms were sometimes made for
soldiers to dedicate, but I have not found early evidence in
support of this
2
There was a thin shield found at Olympia,
.
which the Argives dedicated, useless as it stands but it may ;
have been merely a bronze casing for a substantial frame 3 .
The same must be said of the bronze casings from the Idaean
Cave 4 A terra-cotta lance-head in Olympia, if it really be
.
meant for a lance-head, is unique 5 Miniature models in .
the precious metals are not unknown. Lysander sent to

Delphi a trireme of gold and silver, which Cyrus had given
him in honour of Aegospotami 6 and there was another ,
such at Delos 7 Silver shields are known at Athens and

.
Delos 8 Some of these shields were buttons or ornaments 9

.
,,
but it is impossible to say that none were dedicated by

soldiers. There have also been found at Olympia knives, axes,
helmets, and shields 10 and at Delos lance-heads and arrow ,
1
shields, cuirasses, and axes in Crete and Lusi
11
heads ,
small *,
and of thin foil, which have no use and appear to have had no
value. These are usually explained as soldiers offerings, but as
such they would be very mean. It is true that the Greeks,
were familiar with the idea of dedicating a valueless model,
especially models of beasts
13
but also models of tripods 14 it is ,
:
therefore conceivable that a soldier might have dedicated such

trifles as these. On the other hand, he ought to have given
part of his spoil, if he won any; and the things would have
no meaning as models of anything but spoil, his own arms.
1
CIA iv. 1, p. 184, 418 h : oi iirirrjs 8
a.<nrh
apyvpa ;
see lists and BCH
airb r&v Tro\e/j.iui> nrira.p\ovvT(i)i>
Aa/ce- iii. 125.
9
Hpov
daifj-ovlov fZfvofiuvTos aaTrtSiov, affirtSifficri ;
dcTTriSi cr/ccu 6vA--
x ivai BCH vi. 32.

-
Pausanias says shields were hung
10
in a gymnasium 0<?as ê/ca /cat OVK et s Bronzenvon 01. 52027, 530, 1002
tpyov iroXttMv, vi - 23 - 7. 5, 1021.

3 IGA 33. u AZ xl 333.
12
4
Above, p. 101. Below, ch. xiv.; Mus. Ital. ii. 712.
6 13
Bronzen von Ol. 1041. Chapters vm., xiv.
14
6
Plut. Lysander 18. Below, p. 145, and chap. xiv.
7 BCH vi.
WAR. 117
for example. It is not likely that toys would be dedicated

at Olympia or Delos, and some of them, the axes at any rate,
are so old that they are not likely to have been toys for such ;
toys belong to a somewhat advanced stage of culture. I have

another explanation to offer of these anon 1 and am fain to ;
leave the question open.

Choice prize, not arms only, was commonly dedicated.
Sthenelus is said to have dedicated at Larissa a three-eyed
Zeus, taken by him at the sack of Troy 2 Pausanias saw in .
temples at Elis and

3
Argos statues taken at the sack of Tiryns .
Croesus sent to Apollo of Branchidae spoils taken from "an
enemy who had plotted against him 4 At Olympia stood

"
a group of suppliant boys, taken by the Agrigentines out of

"
the spoils of Motye, a barbarian city of Sicily 5

"
Xerxes .
silver-footed throne was placed on the Acropolis of Athens after

Salamis 6 ;
and the Tegeans dedicated to their Athena Alea
a bronze manger which they found in Mardonius tent on the
Plataean battle-field 7 Callias sent a horse to Olympia as
.
part of the spoil taken by himself in the Persian war

8
After .
the sack of Thebes, Alexander consecrated to Apollo at Cyme

a hanging lamp which Pliny describes 9 The statue of the .
jumper which Pausanias saw at Olympia was dedicated by the

Thracian Mende, at an unknown date, after the sack of Sipte,
as firstfruits of the spoils 10 Whether the "statues" (avSpi-
.
dvres) dedicated by the Liparians after conquering Tyrrhenian

11
pirates were part of the spoil, or part of a group of victors
or vanquish t, does not appear; but we learn that
they sent
many remarkable tithes to Delphi from their perennial feud 12 .
Perhaps the statue of Athena, sent to Delphi by the Achaeans

after the sack of Phana in Aetolia, was part of the spoils of
1
Below, chap. xiv. the Parthenon.
2 7
Pans. ii. 24. 3. Herod, ix. 70 <f>a.Tvr] xa.\ictr).
3
Paus. viii. 46. 3. Called a Kpo8ivia, Herod, viii. 121.
4
Herod, i. 92. 8 p aus> X- 18- le
5
Paus. v. 25. 5, with Frazer s note. 9
Pliny, NH xxxiv. 8. 14.
6 10
Herod, ix. 2024, Paus. i. 27. 1, Paus. v. 27. 12, inscribed.
Demosth. Timocr. 741 ; Harpocration
ll
Paus. x. 11. 3.
12
a.v. Apyvpbirefa says it was kept in Diodorus v. 9.
war 1 .
King Prusias II of Bithynia sent to Branchidae a
number of articles which he seems to have taken in his sack
of Pergamos (156) There is some reason to think that the
2
.
3
veil of the temple at Jerusalem was dedicated at Olympia .
III. Other Commemorative Offerings.
It would be commonplace merely to dedicate to a god the

money gained by selling his share of the booty, although
such
a gift doubtless had its charm for the recipients. Moreover
this left no memorial, and was therefore unsatisfactory from
the victor s point of view hence Agesilaus stands almost alone ;
in our records when he sends a hundred talents of gold to

4
Delphi as the tithe of his Asian spoils Others may have done .
it, and the deed thought unworthy of record, especially if the

sum were small. Votive coins indeed meet us by thousands in
the treasurelists, but there is generally no clue to the occasion.
It however worth while to point out, that some of the

is
magnificent Syracusan medallions bear on the exergue of the

reverse a trophy of arms 5 these then may have been struck :
out of military spoils, and in particular

from the spoils of the
Athenian army in 413. If the view be right that the panoply
represents a prize in the games, yet these games were instituted
to commemorate victories, and these very prizes may have been
arms taken from the enemy.
But the tithe-proceeds usually went to procure some per
manent offering. Sometimes the offering had value chiefly or
wholly for itself, as the sacred couches made out of captured
iron and bronze, and dedicated to Hera by the Lacedaemonians
who had destroyed Plataea 6 . Sometimes the value lay in
its meaning, as in the case of pictorial tablets. Usually there
is something of both, as there is in the dedication of captured
1
Paus. x. 18. 1. Evans, Syracusan Medallions, 8, 142,
2
GIG 2855 <t>id\T)...eK TT}J airoffra- etc. Victory crowns the charioteer
Xet tTTjs d-rrapxTJ* vwb /SacnX^ws Upovffiov. on earlier coins of the required date
Both he and his queen send other 153)
(p. they are usually interpreted
;
articles. as being connected with races.

3
Frazer, Pausanias, iii. p. 545.
R
Thuc. iii. 68. There is more of
4 Plut. Agesilaus 9. propitiation than thank-offering here.
5
Head, Historia Numorum, 154 ;
WAR. 119
arms 1
. We shall take first those in which material value
predominates, the others second.
1.
Buildings. When the tithe was large enough, or the
giver sufficiently grateful, a temple or shrine was often built ;
and a certain number of these buildings were ascribed by tradi

tion to this origin. Thus Heracles, after conquering Hippocrates
and his sons, is said to have built a shrine to Athena Axiopoina
and Hera Aigophagos 2 after conquering Elis, another to Apollo
;
Pythian in Arcadia
3
and a third to Delphian Apollo, after
;
conquering Phylas and the Dryopes 4 Theseus followed his .
example after he had vanquisht Asterion, son of Minos, in

Crete, by dedicating a temple to Athena the Saviour
5
. Where
the Amazons ceased their forward march, near the town of
Pyrrhichus in Laconia, a temple was built to Artemis of the
War-host 6 .
Similar traditions, which may be true, but there is nothing

to prove it, come from the borderland between history and
fable. When the Dorians swarmed into the Peloponnese, they
commemorated a victory near Sparta over the Achaeans and
Arnyclaeans by founding a temple to Zeus of the Rout
7
.
In historical times Solon built a temple to Ares after taking

Salamis 8 We have also the temple of Artemis of Good Fame
.
at Athens, built from the spoils of the Medes 9 and the shrine
;
of Pan in the cave on the Acropolis. It will be remembered

that as Pheidippides the runner was sent to Sparta to appeal
for help against the invader, Pan is said to have appeared
in his path, upbraiding the Athenians for their neglect, in
spite of in the past, and more
many good deeds done them
which he promised for the future. When the battle of
Marathon was won, the runner s tale was remembered and ;
"the shrine of Pan was founded beneath the Acropolis," where

the Athenians henceforth honoured him with yearly sacrifices
1
The victor s arms belong to the 6
Paus. iii. 25. 2 Ao-rpdreia.
second class. 7 Paus. iii. 12. 9 rpdiraios.
2 8
Paus. iii. 15. 6, 9. Plut. Solon 9.
3 9
Paus. viii. 15. 5. Paus. i. 14. 5 ;
Plut. Aristides 20;
4
Paus. iv. 34. 6. GIG 467.
5
Paus. ii. 31. 1.
and a torch-race At Salamis, a serpent appeared among the

1
.
ships, and was interpreted to be the hero Cychreus; accordingly

after the battle the Athenians erected a shrine to Cychreus, and
a trophy of the battle, on that island 2 Themistocles built .
in Melite a shrine to Artemis of Good Counsel 3 and one ,

at
Peiraeus to Aphrodite
4
. The temple of Athena Areia at
Plataea was rebuilt and refurnisht with eighty talents, which
the Plataeans had received as the prize of valour at the battle
of 47 9 5 . The Athenians erected a shrine by the Ilissus to
Boreas, because he blew with his wind, and the ships of the
Persians were scattered 6 have also temples erected from . We
the spoils of the Carthaginians at Himera, to Demeter and the
Maid, two at Syracuse and one at Etna
7
The great temple .
and image of Zeus at Olympia are said by Pausanias 8 to have

been built from the spoils of Pisa, which was destroyed by Elis
9
in the sixth century but a variety of considerations go to
;
fix the date of this temple between 480 and 457 if, as seems :
likely enough, war spoils did give the occasion and the means
for building it, they probably came from a later war, perhaps
10
that mentioned by Herodotus and Strabo The beautiful .
temple of Wingless Victory on the Acropolis of Athens must

commemorate some feat of arms it cannot commemorate the ;
capture of Sphacteria (425) and the Peace of Nicias, since the

decree which directs the building of it goes to prove that the
temple is older than the Propylaea, and it must belong to some

earlier battle, Oenophyta for instance, or Oenoe 11 .
The tithe of spoils won by Xenophon s army of Greeks was

allotted to Apollo and Ephesian Artemis, each general taking
a portion of it into his charge. What Xenophon did with
1
Herod, vi. 105 idpvcravTo virb rfj This is unlikely; but see Frazer on
aKporrbXi Ilav^y ip6v Paus. i. 28.
; 4, Pausanias i. 1. 3.
5
with Frazer s note. Plut. Aristides 20.
2 6
Paus. i. 36. 1. Herod, vii. 189.
3 7
Plut. Themistocles 22 api<TTopov\Tj.
Diodorus xi. 36.
His own statue was in it. 8 Paus. v. 10. 1.

4 9
Schol. on Hermogenes (Walz, Summarized by Frazer in his note
Rhetores Graeci, vi. quoting
393), on Pausanias v. 10. 2.
Ammonius. An inscr. of Roman date 10
Herod, iv. 148, Strabo viii. p. 355.
u Hiller von Gartringen, Arch. Anz.
probably alludes to this shrine, but
says it was dedicated before the battle. xiii. 124 ff., E<f>. Apx- 1897, 177.
WAR. 121
Apollo s share he does not state it was not used for a temple ;
.
But the share of the goddess he took with him to Greece, and
at Scyllus bought with it a plot of ground upon which he built
a temple, which, to compare small with great, was as like as
possible to the Ephesian, with a grove about it, arid there held
annual feasts 2 .
Conon, after defeating the Persian fleet at Cnidus (394),

dedicated a temple to Zeus the Saviour at Athens 3 and one ,
to Aphrodite at Peiraeus beside the sea 4 This was probably .
of the Fair under which title she was

Aphrodite Voyage,
worshipt at Cnidus. In some feud between Elis and
Arcadia, the Eleans founded a temple of Eileithyia and
Sosipolis at Olympia
5
and in Elis a shrine to Sosipolis ,
alone 6 For material magnificence probably no votive shrine

.
could vie with those which commemorated the victories of the
kings of Pergamus over the Gauls

7
Eumenes II (197 159), .
we learn from Strabo adorned the city and temples in many

8
,
ways, and offered up thank-offerings for his successes while ;
1 3
Xen. Anab. v. 3. 5 a Isocr. Euagr. 57.
fvos dvaTidTjcnv et y TOV ev Ae\0ots T<JJV
4 Paus. i. 1. 3. A dedication to
.6riv aid)v 0r)uavp6v. A<ppodiTr)
EirTrXoi a has been found at
2
Xen. Anab. v. 3. 11 fta 5t ev T$ lep$ the Peiraeus, CIA ii. 1206 ;
and there
Kai Xei/j-wv Kai d\ffrj Kai ftpy d^vSpuv was another temple of Aphrodite there,
jj.ffrd, LKavd Kai ffvs Kai alyas Kai /Jouy founded by Themistocles (above, p.
Tpe<peLV
Kai i
TrTrovs, ware Kai rd TWV es 98). Aphrodite appears as guardian
T7)v eopT-rjv LOVTWV virotyyia e!7Ci>x0 0at. of seafarers in later times : see below,
Trepi Se avTbv TOV vabv aXcros rnj.p<av ch. v.

5
oevSpwv (f>vTevdr)
off a, ecrrt rpUKra wpdia. Paus. vi. 20. 5. Sosipolis is a
6 5 vabs wy fj.iKpbs /JLeydXy r ev E0e<ry title, Soter, here personified
like it ;
er/ca<rrat, Kai rb ^bavov toiKev u>s

Kvirapia- is applied to Zeus in Magnesia Strabo :
aivov xpvffy 8vTt T$ ev xiv. p. 648.

6 Paus.
ffT-fjXr) 2ffTr)K irapd rbv vabv vi. 25. 4. Purgold (Fest
fyovffa lepos 6 x^P 05 T ^s Apre/Lu5os. schrift fiir E. Curtiusz. 70. Geburtstag,
rbv lx oj/ra /ca Kapwoijfji.ei ov TTJJ/ jj^v 1884, Olympische Weihgeschenke) as
deKaTTjv Karadveiv eKaarov ZTOVS. eK 8 signs others to this date, amongst
TOV irepiTTOv Tbv vabv ewiffKevdêtv. dv them the Hermes of Praxiteles, but
8t TIS /AT) TTOiri TavTa TTf 0({j /XcX^(Tei. without cogent reasons.
A pious person of Ithaca, emulous of
7
See the records of the excavations ;
Xenophon, dedicated a like precinct and Baumeister, Denkmdler, s.v. Per-
in his native isle, with the same yamon, for References: Paus. i. 4. 6,
inscription: IGS iii. 1. 654 (2nd cent, 25. 2.
8
after Christ). Strabo, p. 624.
Attalus II seems to have commemorated his predecessors

victories as well as his own, according to the inscription dis
1
covered on the spot The temple of Athena was rebuilt, and
.
a great altar was erected to Zeus; the temple was adorned by
trophies of arms carved upon it, and the altar with the battle of
gods and giants, a "heroic precedent." It remains to mention
that after Actium (31), the Mantineans, who fought on Octavius
side,dedicated a temple to Aphrodite Symmachia 2 this goddess :
being no doubt chosen because of the legendary connexion

of Aeneas with Rome 3
.
So, in modern times, after the repulse
of the Turks from Rhodes in 1480, d Aubusson built a chapel
to Notre Dame de la Victoire, whose imago is still in the Latin
4
chapel at Rhodes .
A of votive buildings is formed by the

distinct class
Treasuries and Colonnades, which were erected at great na
tional shrines. The Treasuries are cell-like buildings, much
of a shape with temples but on a small scale, being a cella with
a foreroom, opening through a couple of pillars between antae.
The foundations of twelve have been found at Olympia 5 Pau- ;
sanias 6 mentions seven at Delphi, and there were besides five

others, making the same total at Delos again several are ;
known to have existed 7 . These buildings were used as show-

houses for the display of votive offerings. The first we can
assign to a victory in war is the Megarian Treasury at Olympia,
built with the spoils of some victory we cannot identify. Pau-
sanias 8 gives it an absurdly high date, but the evidence of the
remains is conclusive for the later part of the sixth century.
To the gable was affixt a shield, which bore an
inscription
1 3
(3a.<ri\vs"ATTa\os /3a<rtXea>s
ArraXou Should the Philippeum, built by
Au teal AdrjvS.1 ptK7706/3UH x a P ia
"
I
"*IP
L01 Philip after Chaeronea, be added ?
TUSV Kara TrciXe/ioz/ aywvuv quoted by ,
Paus. v. 20. 10.
4
Frazer; Baumeister, Denkm. 1222. Biliotti, History of Rhodes, p.
2
Paus. viii. 9. 6. The list might 266.
be 5
carried further, if it were my Pausanias mentions ten ;
but be-
purpose to go down into Eoman times. fore his day two were destroyed.
The latest I have met with is a shrine 6
Paus. x. 11. 1 ff. 6770-01^0^.
dedicated to Zeus by Jovianus, about 7
BCH vi. 88 byXluv okoj, Natu>
363 A. D., when he restored the pagan 01*05; 158 AvdpLw okos 178 ;
worship, EXXTjj/wy re^vr] /ecu /3w/ioi>s

oT/coy.
eaXa7rdas: IGS iii. 1. 721. p aus . v i. 19. 2.

WAR. 123
telling that the building

had been made from Corinthian spoils.
Not much later is the Treasury built by the Syracusans,
called of Carthage. It contained a colossal image of
commonly
Zeus and three linen corslets, which Pausanias declares to have
been the offering of Gelo the Syracusan for some victory either
by sea or land. The words of Pausanias are not clear to decide
whether the Treasury itself was to be of the same dedication,
but I think he did mean this, and that its common title,
Treasury of the Carthaginians, refers to its origin
1
. The spoils
are generally assigned to the battle of Himera (480), but this
date is many years too late for the building. It is possible
that both building and spoils were dedicated, as Pausanias says,
by Gelo, after some victory we know nothing of, when he may

have been in command though not yet tyrant or it may be ;
the spoils belong to Himera, and the building to this earlier
victory, by whomsoever dedicated; or the treasury may

have
been dedicated by the Syracusans before Gelo came on the
scene. Style of architecture and sculpture, and the alphabet
used in the inscription, alike point to the years 510 500 at
latest ;
and there are indications 2 that the cities of eastern
about that time wage a dire struggle with Carthage, in
Sicily did
which they were victorious 3 The Athenian Treasury at Delphi.
was built out of the spoils of Marathon 4 and on the metopes ,
were carved the Battle of Gods and Giants, with the deeds
of Heracles and Theseus 5 clearly a heroic precedent like :
"
those of Pergamus. Brasidas and the Acanthians used the

"
Athenian spoils to build another of these cells in the same

place
6
. When the Athenian empire went to wreck in Sicily,
1
For other views see Frazer s note 5
See Frazer s note, and BCH xvii.
on Paus. vi. 19. 7. 217 flf., 612, xviii. 169. A terrace next
2
See Herod, vii. 158. this building bears the inscription,
3
See Freeman s Sicily ii. 98, App. which has been cut or re-cut in the
vin. pp. 478 9. The Treasury may third century, AOyvaloi Td7r6\\wvi
be used as another argument in support aKporivia rrjs Ma/ra0u>j/os
the explana-
:
of his suggestion. tion is unknown (Cecil Smith, in

4 Paus. x. 11. 5. The remains of Frazer, I.e.).
6
the inscription cannot be fitted in with It contained a statue of Lysander.
his words : BCH
xx. 608 AGyvaioi rui Plut. Lysander 1, De Pythiae Oraculis
A7r6X\wj/i diro M^So^ d/cpoOiîa TTJS 14, 15 cp. Thuc. v. 10.
;
Mapaflwvi
the Syracusans built their Treasury at Delphi (41 3) 1 After .
the battle of Leuctra (371) the Theban Treasury was founded

there also 1 As to the other Treasuries, it is fair to conjec
.
ture that some of those whose origin is not attested were built
from war-spoils. This is probable for the one which Cypselus,
tyrant of Corinth in the seventh century, erected at Delphi
2
,
and for the Sicyonian Treasury there, which belongs to the

3
early sixth Others are mentioned, dedicated by
century .
4
Croesus and Gyges by Massilia 5 and by the city of Spina , ,
on the Adriatic coast 6 The Cnidian Treasury, in spite of .
Pausanias statement, seems to have been built from a tithe

of war 7 .
Occasionally the victor preferred to build a colonnade from

war-spoil. Thus the Spartans built in their own city what was
called the Persian Colonnade, in which were statues of Mardo-
nius, Queen Artemisia, and the Persian spoils 8 others, "from ":
statues of Persians in their barbaric dress supported the roof

in place of pillars 9 A
colonnade of the Athenians at Delphi has
.
10
given rise to much controversy The inscription, which is .
complete, still remains on the spot whereThe it was placed 11 .
alphabet puzzling, some

is of the letters pointing forward in time
and some back. Kohl assigns it to the time of Peisistratus,
U. Kohler to a victory won over the Aeginetans about 490 ;
Pausanias again gives the victory to Phormio 12 which is impos ,
sible, not only from the antiquity of the script, but because
Phormio s victories, though brilliant, were not considerable
1
Paus. x. 11. 5. adorned with Persian heads, which
2
Herod, i. 14 ; Paus. x. 13. 5. Ctesylis dedicated at Delphi (BCH vi.
a
BCH xviii. 187 ff. ; Paus. x. 11. 1. 152),would have been appropriate to
4
Strabo ix. p. 471. the great war but there is no reason
;
6
Diodorus xiv. 93. for assuming any connexion.
6 10
Strabo v. p. 214, ix. p. 421 ; Pliny, Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 20 Paus. ;
NH in. 120. The last reference I take x. 11. 6 with Frazer s note, where the
from Frazer on Pausanias x. 13. 5. rival theories are stated.
7
Paus. x. 11. 5; BCH xxii. 592 n 1GA 3 a, p. 169 :
KviSioi dv0T]Kav rbv drjaavpov xal rrfv VToav KOI TO. ow\a Kal
TcrydX/uara AiroXXwvi Ilvdiut 5e/carav c\6j>res ruv iro\e/j.iu>v.
12
airo TOV iro\ûv. Paus. x. 11. 6. Some of Phormio s
8 Paus. iii. 11. 3. spoils may have been added later, as
9 Vitruvius i. 1. 0. So the bowl, I have suggested (p. 107 1 ).
WAR. 125
enough have afforded so rich a booty. The probabilities are

to
in favour of some victory between 490 and the mid-century,
such as the sea-fight of Cecryphalea off Aegina in 460. Another
colonnade, called Myropolis, was built by Aristodemus, who was
tyrant of Megalopolis before the
Achaean league, after defeating
1
Acrotatus and his Lacedaemonian soldiers of fortune There .
2
was also a colonnade in Elis built from spoils of Corcyra .
Some kind of building appears to have been dedicated at

Athens by the Tarentines during the period of their alliance
3
(280 279), perhaps for the victory of Heraclea Colonnades .
4
were amongst the buildings erected by Attalus II .
To the same category belongs an altar which is connected

with Plataea After the battle of 479, the united Greeks
decreed exalted honours to the city, promising them eternal
independence and protection and there they built an altar to 5
;
7
6
Zeus Eleutherios with an inscription by Simonides
,
This is .
the only altar I have noticed as dedicated for a feat of war,

until we come to the end of Greek history, when Mummius
dedicates an altar to the gods at Thebes
8
But perhaps the .
altar of the Chians at Delphi was one such

9
The altar, how .
ever, was not an obvious offering nor a thing beautiful in itself;
it was not necessarily built at all, and it was often made of the
10
ashes of immemorial sacrifices .
2. Divine statues. An
obvious dedicatory offering was the
statue (dya\/jia) of the protecting deity, and examples are
the goods of the
Cypselus having vowed to dedicate
11
many .
1 Paus. viii. 30. 7.

9
Herod, ii. 135. The inscr. which
2
Paus. vi. 25. 1. has been found belongs to the fifth
3 rbv
Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 163 :
lapav- century : Xiot ATrdXXwj/t PU/MV.
Tivot O.TTO TUI>
-rro\fj.luv oveQcffav. BCH xx. 617.
4 10
Baumeister, Denkmaler, 1222 : See Paus. v. 13. 8, 11, 14. 8, 10,
above, p. 122
1
. 15. 9, ix. 11. 7. Also of unhewn
5
Thuc. ii. 71. stones vii. 22. 5 ;
of unburnt brick
6 20. 11.
Plut. Aristides 19. vi.
7 Anth. P. vi. 50.
n One statue, perhaps of Zeus, at
8
Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 199. But Olympia, bore an inscr. unique in
altars were made to Peace and sacri- form â\duv wepl 0/j.ovoiap, Inschr.
:
fices offered after the peace of 374: von 01. 260 (?cp. Paus. v. 24. 4).
Nepos, Timotheus, 2.
Corinthians if he won Corinth, used the money to procure a

golden Zeus which he sent to Delphi At the beginning of 1
.
the second Messenian War (685668) the Spartans are said

to have dedicated a statue of Zeus which Pausanias saw at
Olympia, thus inscribed:

KpoviSa, Zev O\vv7rie, KO\OV aya\/Jia
Ovfjbwi TotA, AaveSatyLtoytot?.
The base of this statue has been found, and isa useful proof
of the uncertainty of these early traditions : the alphabet is of
the sixth rather than the seventh century, and the inscription
has even been claimed for the Messenian revolt of 464
2
Some .
warlike feat must be commemorated by the great statues found

on the Sacred Way inBranchidae, for nothing else surely
could have so magnificent a tithe
3
The oldest of many .
memorials of the great struggle between Carthaginian and

Greek in Sicily, is an inscription of Selinus, which belongs
to the middle of the sixth century; this appears to record a
vow made before the that when peace was made statues fight,
of gold should be erected to guardian deities but the frag ;
mentary state of it makes certainty impossible

4
From the .
same struggle we have an Apollo dedicated by the Massaliots at
Delphi, as the firstfruits of the sea-fight

with the Carthagi
nians 5 Gelo s thank-offering after Himera included a colossal
.
1 and Frazer s note

Paus. v. 2. 3 ; TOUS deoits rovsde VIK&VTI rol
Strabo Plato, Phaedrus

viii. 353, 378 ;
TIOI- Sid rbv Ac a viKw/nes Kal 5ia rbv
236 E; Suidas and Photius s.v. Kv\f/e- 4>6/3oj/
Kal 8td Hpa/c\â Kal 5t A?r6X-
\idu>i> dva.d rj/J.a. \u}va Kal 5ia IIoTeiSai/a /cat did Tvvdapi-
2
Paus. v. 24. 3; Die Inschriften 8as Kal Si Ada.va.av Kal did MaXo-
von Olympia, no. 252; Kohl, IGA, Kal dia HaffiKpareiav Kal dia.
<j>6pov
no. 75. TOI)S &\\ovs deovs, 8td 5^ Aia /id-

3 inscr. no. 66,
Newton, Branchidae, Xt<rra.
0tXi as 8 yevo^vas y
p. 777 : ra aya\/J.aTa rdSe avtdeaav oi
xpiWwi e\a<ra^ras, TO, 8* dvu/j-ara
TLvQwvos TratSes TOV dpx-rjyov, 0aX^s Kal ravra /foXci\J/aJ Tas S TO AiroXXwîoi
Kal Kal AI^KIOS KaBQtfjifv, rb Atos irp07/)a|/avres rb
UaffiK\TJs H.yr)<ravdpos
British Museum assigned to the 6th

: Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 25, assigns this
century. See also 780, 781, nos. 67, to the fifth century, and the struggle
68. between Selinus and Egesta.
4
IGSI 268, IGA 515, Collitz iii.
5
Paus. x. 18. 3.
3046. As restored, it runs thus: 8id
WAR. 127
Zeus 1
. There was a standing feud between Thessaly and
Phocis; and when fortune looked with favour on the Thessalians,
they dedicated a Zeus at Olympia
2
The Lipari had much ado .
to protect themselves against Tyrrhenian pirates, and many a
victory sent its tithe to Delphi

3
Once the Pythia, it is said, .
told them to put to sea with as few ships as possible they ;
accordingly sent out a squadron of five. The Tyrrhenians, with

more romantic pride than one would expect of pirates, thought
shame to meet them with a larger number. The five pirates
were defeated and taken, and a like fate befel three other
squadrons of five ships each which followed. The victors then
4
sent to Delphi an Apollo for each captured ship Miltiades, .
as we have seen, had special cause to be grateful to Pan he ;
consequently dedicates a statue of Pan, perhaps in the Acropolis

cave, and Simonides writes him the epigram
5
The famous .
bronze Athena Champion, which stood in front of the Par

thenon, was said to have been made by Pheidias from the
Marathonian tithe 6 ;
no doubt it was set up at the close of
the Persian Wars 7 and ,
called after Marathon by the loose
convention already spoken of 8 . After Salamis, a colossal image
of Apollo was erected at Delphi, and one of Zeus at Olympia,
by the Greeks in common The tithe of Plataea was used to

9
.
purchase two one of Poseidon to be placed on the

colossi :
Isthmus, its face set towards the rising sun; and one of Zeus
10
for Olympia Another Zeus was given to the same place by
.
11
the Argive Epidaurians, out of Median spoils and a third, ;
12
this colossal, by the Clitorians as a tithe from many cities
"
."
Deliverance from a wandering horde of Mardonius s men was
paid by the Greeks; xix. p. 478.

1
Paus. vi. 19. 7. reiov
2
Paus. v. 24. 1, x. 1. 3 11 : the He is aloue in this view and probably
occasion is not known. wrong.
3 Strabo 9
Paus. x. 14.
Diod. v. 9, vi. 275. 5.
4 10
Paus. x. 16. 8. Herod, ix. 80; Paus. v. 23. 1,
Anth. App. Plan. xvi. 232

5
; Bergk, x. 13. 9.
Poetae Lyr. Gr. iii. 1163. Paus. x. 15. 1.

6 Paus. i. 28. 2 n>6juaxoj.
The base 12
Paus. v. 23. 7. At Olympia was
is identified with CIA i. 333. another Zeus, dedicated by the Eleans
7
So says expressly the Schol. on for their victory over Arcadia: Paus.
Aristides (iii.
320 Diud.). vi. 24. 3. Another from the Psophidii,
8 Demosthenes says it was an dpi<r~
v. 24. 4.
the occasion for dedicating the Saviour Artemis at Megara 1 .
Later, in 445, the Megarians revolted from Athens, and slew

most of the Athenian garrison in memory of which they ;
2
sent an Apollo to Delphi After the Sacred War (346), the .
Amphictyons set up an Apollo at Delphi, and the Thebans

a Heracles 3 There was a bronze Apollo in the Pythium at
.
Athens, dedicated as a war-tithe about the middle of the fourth

The people of Patrae, who had helpt the Aetolians to
4
century .
6
fight the Gauls, set up a statue of Apollo in their own capital .
The Colossus of Rhodes was procured with the money got by

selling the siege-engines of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who gave them
to the Rhodians when he was forced to raise the siege (303)*.
Mummius set up at Olympia two bronze statues of Zeus 7 and ;
after Actium, one Nicippe dedicated a statue of Aphrodite in

the temple then built for her honour 8 .
We know of one divine statue dedicated by a private

person for success in war: Hegelochus the alien did this at
Athens in the fifth century 9 . It may be that some of the archaic
Apollos discovered in Boeotia or other places are images of

the deity, Apollo or who not, dedicated for this cause. One
bronze figure of this type at least is inscribed as a tithe 10 and ;
there is no indication that it was a trade-tithe. A fuller dis

11
cussion will be found in a succeeding chapter .
Two items Cimon, after his victory on the

call for remark.
Strymon (477), was allowed as a special honour to set up two
Hermae in the Street of Hermae, but without inscribing his
name upon them la I do not know whether he regarded Hermes
.
as the source of his good luck, or whether the motive was
apery* re iraa^ ndipav

1
Paus. i. 40. 2. \rjv dt 0iXof J>ITJS
2
Paus. x. 15. 1. xw "
TTjj/Se ir6\u>
vt/j-ercu. RATIOS nal
3
Paus. x. 13. 1, 15. 1. NTjo-twTTjs fTroijffdrrjv.
4
CIA ii. 1154, 1204.
10
AJA N.S. ii. 50 Mdjri/cXds ^ aê-
5
Paus. vii. 20. 3. Beixe /re/ca/36Xo?i dpyvporo^wi ras Sc/cdras*
6
Eudocia says it commemorated TV d 4>oZ)3e
5idoL x a PêTTav dyuoipav.
victories by sea (no. 994). Archaic.
7 Paus. v. 24. 4.
u Chapters vm. and xiv.
8
Paus. viii. 9. 6; see above, p. 122.
:2
Plut. Cimon 7. Inscribed herms
9
CIA i. 374 irapfl^wi Exâjtroi; fj,e in Jahrb. ii. 22830, one inscr. =
irarrjp dvtd-rjKf /ecu vifa ti>6d5
AdTjvalrji Anth. Pal. vi. 144.
7r6vwv "Apeos
WAR. 129
1
pride The other is the dedication of the Saviour Demigods,

.
the Dioscuri no doubt 2 to Poseidon at Elatea, in memory of ,
some signal deliverance

3
The inscription dates from the fourth .
century; arid I cannot believe with M. Paris 4 that the lines have
been recut and that the dedication belongs to an earlier
age,
perhaps to the affray when Tellias struck terror into his adver
saries by means of a coat of whitewash 5 because the dedication ,
of the statue of a deity to whom gratitude due

is is
always made
to that deity himself while Greek religion is sincere".
3. Artistic representation of the human act blest by the god.

To up set way a divine statue was one of acknowledging
his power; and although we are not often told what the
figure lookt like, we know that the plastic genius of Greece
power by clothing him in attributes, such as
often exprest this
armour, and by placing weapons in his hand. As the faculty of

artistic expression grew, attempts were made to depict in some
way the effect of that power, or more
precisely the event
wherein he had shown it. .The Odes of Pindar show us how
she Greek mind would naturally regard human life in relation
to higher things and as he seeks out heroic or mythological ;
precedent for the feats which he celebrates, so victories in war

were sometimes commemorated by a mythological or
allegorical
group. So is explained the scene on the Aegina pediment, so
the metopes of the Parthenon. In the offerings which we have
first to do with, there is no At most along with realism.
the divine and heroic figures, mortal man whose
strong arm has
helpt may sometimes be found.
J
Dem. Left. 491 cites an inscr. in afartpwv aXo^wv. The stone reads
this street as a chief mark of honour XPONOTIEI in the first line,
in olden days : e?rt TWJ>
irpoybvuv TroAAa
4
P. Paris, Elatee, 10, 223.
5
dyadd eipya.fffj.evoi ruses ovdevos r)%iovi>TO Herod, viii. 27.
TOIOVTOV, dAA dya-n-rjTws e-jnypdfj.fji.aTos ev
6 For this point see ch. xiv. It
TOIS epfj,dls erv-ôv. is true that if the dedication refers
2
There was a pavaKeiov at Elatea : to peril at sea, there would be some
IGS iii. 1. 129. fitness from a latter-day standpoint ;
3
BCH x. 367; IGS iii. pt. 1. 130 but it has yet to be proved that this
irovriui Hoffeid&vi was true
nnrofj.edot>Ti XP^ OV of the great age. If these
viel TJ TroAis ei/sa/j.e vTj Totiad were a group in action they
dvedrjKe figures
0eu>i, T)fj.L0eovs (rwTTjpas vwep irpoybvuv may be older ;
see next section.
T6 KO.I O.VTWV KCU 777$ KO.ITCKÛV KO.I
R. 9
the meaning of the group sent to Olympia by the

This is
the seven who fought

Argives for their victory at Oenoe
:
Thebes and the Epigoni, together with the chariot of

against
Amphiaraus and his charioteer Baton At Olympia also, upon
1
.
a great pedestal, stood Zeus, Thetis, and the Day, with

a number of Homeric heroes in fighting pairs, the group
of Apollonia on
being the tithe of Abantis sent by the city
the Ionian sea 2 group of Heracles and . A
Apollo, striving
for the tripod,was dedicated at Delphi by the Phocians after
their defeat of the Thessalians
3
. Attains I commemorated
his Gallic victories by several groups on the Acropolis of
Athens : battles of the gods and giants, of the Athenians
with the Amazons, and the battle of Marathon, then held of
equal importance with the great
deeds of legend 4 Perhaps .
the cedar-wood group of the struggle of Heracles with

Achelous, in the Megarian treasury at Delphi, was meant in
the same way 5 At some date unknown, the citizens of
.
Heraclea Pontica, having conquered a barbaric tribe, the

the Labours
Mariandyni, sent to Olympia a group representing
of Heracles: the Lion, the Hydra, Cerberus, and the Eryman-
thian Boar 6 The same principle must also explain an Argive
.
offering at Delphi, a bronze copy

of the Wooden Horse of Troy,
This should belong to
bought from Lacedaemonian spoils.
the successful raid of Argives into the Thyreatis in 414, when
7
they took booty to the amount of tive-and-twenty talents .
Athenian
Perhaps the "Wooden Horse" of bronze on the
acropolis had a similar origin 8 .
1
Paus. i. 15. 1
note; with Frazer s Frazer on Paus. I.e.
x. 10. 4. C. Robert (Hermes xxv. 412)

5
Paus.12. It should be
vi. 19.
places the battle between 463 and 458 ;

noted that the gable had the war of
this date is supported by IGA 165, gods and giants, and the building was
where the sculptors of the group, ascribed to a victory.
6 Paus. v. 26. 7.
Hypatodorus and Aristogeiton, are
named in an inscr. assigned to the 7
Paus. x. 10. 9; Thuc. vi. 95;
early 5th century. Others place the Brunn, Gesch. der gr. Kilnstler, i. 283.
date in the 4th century. Pausanias appears to refer it to their
2 p aus< y. 22. 6. well-known victory of a hundred and
3
Herod, viii. 27 ;
Paus. x. 1. 8, fifty years before ;
but Aiitiphanes, the
13. 6. founder of the Horse, was not earlier
4 Paus. i. 25. 2 ;
Plut. Antonim 60. than the Peloponnesian War.
Ten existing statues are identified as
* Schol.
Aristoph. Birds 1128 Paus. ;
originals or copies from these groups ;

i. 23. 8 ;
CIA i. 406 Xatp^Sôs Evay-
WAR, 131
Another expression of the same idea is a

group including
the protecting deities,
together with personifications of the
dedicating states, either in the form of the local heroes or
otherwise, sometimes also the commander or anyone who had
rendered signal help in the event. The Phocians, after the
successful stratagem of Tellias the
soothsayer, sent figures of
their local heroes to
Delphi and Abae, with Tellias and their
generals, Rhoeus and Daiphantes 1
. Another group was sent
by the Athenians to Delphi after the Persian Wars 2 : in the
presence of Apollo and Athena stood Erechtheus,
Cecrops,
Pandion, Leos, Antiochus son of Heracles, Aegeus, and Acamas,
all tribal
eponyms; Codrus.. Theseus, and Phyleus, ancient
chiefs; and the general Miltiades. The three remaining
eponyms, Ajax, Hippothoon, and Oeneus, must surely have
formed part of the original dedication; but when Pausanias
saw the group, these three statues had been dubbed with the
names of Antigonus, Demetrius, and 3
Ptolemy who had given ,
their names to later Athenian tribes 4

After Salamis, a .
colossal statue was set

up at Delphi, holding in one hand
a ship s beak 5 the word
dvSpids, used by Herodotus, cannot
;
apply to the Apollo mentioned by Pausanias 6 and it was ,
probably a local personification of Aegina, or Salamis. The

Arcadians, after ravaging Laconia, probably under
Epami-
nondas (370-69), sent to
Delphi a large group: images of
Apollo and Victory, of Callisfco mother of Areas of by Apollo,
7<?Xou K KoiXrjs av^Kev. But this reason for taking away the three which
appears to be a private dedication. are missing, and I therefore assume
1
Herod, viii. 27 ; Pans. x. 1. 8, that only the names were changed.
4
E. Curtius, Gesammelte Abhand-
2
Pausanias
says (1) the sculptor Inngen, ii. 365.
was Pheidias, (2) the group was 5
Herod, viii. 121.
really
and truly part of the Marathon battle- 6
Paus. Hero statues were
x. 14. 5.
tithe. It is hard to reconcile these so called: Peace 1183 TOV dv-
Arist.
statements, unless we suppose that dptdvra rbv Ilavtiovos. We read also
the money was kept unused for a of one of gold, not
described, bought
long time. It should be noted that with Median spoils: Epist.
Philippi
Miltiades soon fell odour, and
into ill 179 (speaking of Amphipolis) A\eeu-
so the date is likely to be after his 5pov TOV trpoybvov Kara^vros TOV TOTTOV
death- 00 ev KO.I TWV alx/J-aXuTwv Mr/Suv
3
dirap-
Paus. x. 10. 1. If the three last xh" avdpidvTa xp^rovv dv^Têv y
had been new statues, there was no Ae\0oi5s.
92
1
Areas, and his sons Tolmides and his soothsayer stood on
.
the acropolis of Athens, as part of a group with Erechtheus

2
fighting against Eumolpus This should refer to the raid on
.
the Peloponnese in 455, when Gythium was burned and Cythera

taken 3 Similarly Aetolia was placed at Delphi amidst a group
.
of protecting deities, Apollo, Artemis, and Athena, and the

generals Polyarchus Eurydamus, and when the Aetolians
conquered the Gauls (280)
4
A type of Aetolian coins struck.
after this date seems to have been copied from this figure ;
whence it would appear that she was seated upon a pile of

arms 5 .
Lysander s oriental ostentation was doubtless to blame for

the tone of his group dedicated after Aegospotami. There
stood Zeus, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, and the Dioscuri, there
stood Lysander and all his admirals, his pilot, and his priest ;
and Poseidon was placing a crown on Lysander s head 6 .
The event
itself might be more realistically presented.
A group dedicated by the Tarentines at Olympia consisted of

a number of horsemen arid footmen, with King Opis coming
to help the Peucetii; he is dying, and over him stand the
heroes Taras and Phalantheus, and a dolphin is near. It is
7
inscribed as a tithe of the Peucetian spoils .
Attalus I added a group representing his Gallic victory

8
to the great historic fights mentioned above .
Groups representing a man Phormis, a Maenalian, fighting

with various foes were dedicated by a friend, Lycortas the
9
Syracusan, in Olympia .
1
Paus. x. 9. 5 and Frazer, AM xiv. barians, but this was perhaps a super-
15 40. ficial view (cp. Eidgeway, Early Age,
2
Paus. i. 27. 4. 70).
3 5
Thuc. i. 103, 108, 114. P. Gardner, Types of Greek Coins,
4
Paus. x. 15. 2, 16. 4, 6, 18. 7, 19. 4. pi. xii. 40; Head, Hist. Num., 283 f.
6
The same principle may explain other Plut. Lys. 18 Paus. x. 9. 7. Pede-
;
mythological groups. Hercules fight- stals and inscrr. have been found, but
ing Achelous, whom Ares helps, with are not yet publisht.
7
Zeus and Deianira (Megar. Treas. 01., Paus. x. 13. 10.
8
Paus. vi. 19. 12). It is to be noted Paus. i. 25. 2 ; above, p. 130.
9
that the Sardinians sent a statue of Paus. v. 27. At Aegira was
7.
their eponym to Delphi (Paus. x. another group ;

a warrior who had
17. 1). Pausanias calls them bar- died righting bravely, his fatber in the
WAR. 133
Towards the end of the fifth

century, reliefs began to be
commonly used for dedication and a few of them suggest war.
;
Some indeed are inscribed ;

there is no doubt about the battle-
scene dedicated by a cavalry commander at Eleusis, which
belongs to the fifth century horsemen are chasing and cutting :
down the enemy 1 Others, though not inscribed, show warlike

.
subjects: Victory and a trophy warriors armed or wounded ,
men 3 or a ship 4 Now a battle-scene on land seems to be

, .
represented now a sea-fight".

5
,A Roman copy of a Greek ori
ginal has Victory holding a ship s taffrail-ornament (a<f>\aarov),
and an armed warrior beside a
pillar wreathed with a snake
7
.
So perhaps the reliefs where Athena stands a of

trophy by
arms hung on a tree 8 or she stands armed, a
Victory in her ;
hand, between an armed and an unarmed man, the latter

holding up one hand in the attitude of worship 9 The warrior .
pouring a libation may represent the thank-offering after

battle 10 That the relief or picture was familiar in the fourth
.
century we learn from the story of Charon, a Theban, who helpt

Epaminondas and Pelopidas to free the country, and afterwards
won the victory in a cavalry fight
shortly before Leuctra (371).
Androcydes of Cyzicus was just then at work on a relief or
painting (?rtWf) of some other battle, which when the revolu
tion took place was all but done. This had been
preserved, and
Menecleidas, being jealous of the two chief movers, persuaded
attitude of mourning, three sisters Samoa Museum, no. 54, see AM xxv.
doffing their trinkets in token of 174.
mourning, and three brothers. Pau- Sybel 6623, 6711.
sanias 26. 9) does not
(vii. say that it
Sybel 1379.
stood in a temple, but "
in a build- Sybel 379.

in g-"
Sybel 370.
1
CIA iv. 1. 422i", p>
184 .
s Eirt _ AA ix 1?lj restored from Louvre
tfXov tTrtrapxTJeras av0TiKv or the replica; Miiller-Wieseler, Denkm. der
like. See AM xiv. 398, pi. xii. CIA ant. Kunst, i.
pi. 14, 48. Other exx.
iv. 1. p. 84, 373 6 * reads i-n-n-apx... in Jahn, Arch. Beitr. 210. Furt-
-
TWV iroXe^wv ? The

a-n-6 relief of a wangler, Meisterwerke 202 2 guesses ,
horseman and prostrate that the original

Sybel foe, may have been dedi-
3140, may be a tombstone, like that cated by Nicias.
of Dexileos. 8
Sybel 4239.
2
Sybel 368. So on bases Sybel
9
Sehone
85.
:
Victory appears to be
6418 (5th century), 6743 Victory and
holding out a wreath to the latter,
trophy on a relief of Roman date in 10
F-W. 1197.
the people to add Charon s name to it, and to dedicate it in

memory of the victory aforesaid
1
In the Lamian war (323) .
Leosthenes the Athenian defeated the Lacedaemonians in

Boeotia and at Thermopylae, and shut up the garrison in
Lamia, where he fell; a picture was put up in the joint
temple of Athena and Zeus at Peiraeus, showing Leosthenes
Olympiodorus, who raised
2
and engaged in the fight
his sons .
the siege of Elatea (298), was honoured by a painting in Eleusis,
perhaps votive
3
Porus is said to have dedicated in some Indian
.
4
temple bronze tablets portraying the feats of Alexander It .
will be remembered that Queen Matilda is supposed to have

dedicated the famous tapestry in Bayeux cathedral after the
conquest of England.
A fragment of a war scene in bronze repousse was found at
Dodona 5 but I hesitate to place it here as it was probably part of
,
the bronze case of some other object. Similar friezes at Olympia

bear warriors fighting
6
A war galley comes from Crete 7. .
In Corinth, where painted pottery was made from an early

day, the poor man seems to have had the means to make a
dedication of this sort. At least, some of the sherds amongst
the refuse of Poseidon temple s fall in place here quite naturally.
There are pictures of Poseidon and Amphitrite, with other

deities, common enough, although giving no clue to the occasion;
but others represent Homeric combats, one of the motives as
we have seen of the warriors heroic precedents 8 Others again .
9
bear armed warriors, or two or more men fighting or a battle ,
ship
10
These date from the sixth century or earlier, and there
.
is no reason to suppose that they were not matcht at other

places, such as Athens, where such things could
be made.
Archaic reliefs of warriors, in terra-cotta, come from Praesus
in Crete 11 ,
one leading a captive 12 .
9
1
Plut. Pelopidas 25. Antike Denkmdler i. 8. 13, ii. 23.
2
Paus. i. 3. 4. 14 b, 24. 24; Gaz. Arch. vi. 107; Jahrb.
8
Paus. i. 2G. 3 "to his memory." xii. 1G no. 521, 579, cp. 589, 593.
4 10
Philostr. Apoll. ii. 9. Jahrb. no. 621, 647, 650, 654.
5
Carapanos, Dodone, xvii. 1. AJA N.S. v. 390, 392, figs. 19, 25,
6
Bronzen von Ol. xxxvii. 709. plate xii. 3.
7
Above, p. 65, fig. 8.
12
AJA N.S. v. 390, 392, figs. 19, 25,
8
Antike Denkmdler i. 7. 15. plate xii. 4.
WAR. 135
The following I would also interpret as a

representation of
the event. After Salarnis, the
Aeginetans dedicated at Delphi
a bronze mast with three
golden stars upon it. I can only
suppose that St Elmo s fire had been seen on the ships, and
that it was thus commemorated as a omen 1 One of
good .
Lysander s many offerings after Aegospotami was a pair of

golden stars by him sent to Delphi, which may have had a
2
similar Plutarch, who for a sceptical observer was
origin .
singularly awake
to portents, notes that these stars
mysteriously
disappeared before the battle of Leuctra.
Further, the story of the Corinthian women should be ex
plained in the same way. It is said that when the Persians
invaded Greece, the courtesans of Corinth went to s
Aphrodite
temple and prayed for the preservation of Greece. After the
triumph the people dedicated a picture or a bronze group of the
women in the same place, which we are to suppose was not a
row of portraits, but the women in act of 3
supplication .
We have seen in sundry of the groups described, how the

victorious general stood in the
high company of gods and
heroes. The sentiment which caused him to be included is not
quite simple, and as the ancients have not themselves analyzed
it we should be rash to
jump to conclusions. There was a
desire, no doubt, to show honour; but this was not the certainly
main motive, as it was in honorific statues of later days.
Demosthenes 4 recognises the distinction quite clearly, when he
Herod, viii. 122. He says nothing

1
\pa^rwv, ras r6re Troir)o-a/j.{i>a$ iKe-

rr]i>
of the Dioscuri, but later writers of xai

reiav, varepov irapovaas, avvtdyKe
course identified the stars with them. rode TO itrLypau.^ A?5 virtp EXXjvwv
They do not explain why there were re Ka l v6vâ X ^v TroX^ToV frradev
three, or what the mast meant. As a etfxeo-tfcu ov
Kvirpidi 5a.ifj.ovlq.. yap
fact, the stars are not known as sym- To$o(f>6poi<ni> eâro 5? A^podirrj Ilep-
bols of the Dioscuri until much later. <rcus
EXXûn/ d/c^TroXii/ irpoob^v.
2
Plut. Lys. 18. Plutarch interprets Pint. De Herod. Malign. 39 says
them as signifying the Dioscuri. It is bronze statues.
true the Dioscuri were 4
Demosth. Aristocr. 686 eKelvoi 0e-
special patrons
of Sparta, but see last note. rbv
Lysander /WO-TOKÔ, rr,v iv SaXaî âu
ra ust have known of the older offering.
3
iM-xlav vtic/iffavTa, /ecu MiXruicV rbv
Theopompus and Timaeus ap. Ath. ijyov^fvov Ma/mfluw, K ai TroXXovs fiXXous,
Xlii. 573
...Si/iOH/tSijs, o.va.Qfvrwv TUV Ko- oik tcra rois vvv <TT
parrjyms dyaOa eip-
luv irlvaKa. rbv tn /cat vvv
rjj 8e<?,
yaff/j.frovs, ov xaX/coDs trraffav ovd vwep-
8ia(J.tvoi>Ta, /cat rds (freu/jaj i 5ici
ypa- rjydTrwv. OVK &pa TCHJ eavrovs ayaddv TI
says that Miltiades and Theraistocles did not expect the honour
claimed by latter-day captains; no bronze portrait statues
were set up to them. The victory was not the captain s but
belonged to the Athenian people; and a memorial portrait would
have been out of place. And yet Miltiades was one of that
Marathonian group which stood at Delphi yet the figure was ;
recognisable for the man.

then this figure is to be distin- If
guisht from an ordinary portrait, the distinction lies not in the

form but in the motive of dedication. Perhaps we may regard
him as partly the personification of the fighting force, the armed
conflict being as it were summed up in its leader appropriately
arrayed partly the intermediate instrument through which the

;
god worked. The statue was a memorial, not an honour; just

as the bronze ass, dedicated by the Ambraciots at Delphi,
was to remind all men, how the god had used him as a humble
instrument by his braying to reveal the ambush of their
1
Molossian foes But the essence of the moving idea was .
exprest by the group, and the single statues had no meaning.

If Miltiades then, and Tellias, Rhoeus and Daiphantes were
to be seen in Delphi, the figures were not placed there as the
portraits of great men. the same principle we must judge of
By
human statues when dedicated alone in the great age of Greece.
Statues of Scyllis the renowned diver, and his daughter Hydra,
who at the battle of Artemisium were said to have dived under
the sea, and cut the Persian cables, sending their ships adrift
to destruction, were dedicated in Delphi by the Amphictyons 2 .
,
c5
avdpes TTJV /j,6pai> KUT^KO^CV I0tK-pdr7;s, KOI TTJV
i, Kai diredidocrdv ye Kai avruv irepi Ndifoj cvlKa vav/ji.axia.i Xa/3/3i as.
dîav 6vres ydp TroXXoO iravres When Pausanias claimed the victory
dtoi, irpovKpivov eKeivovs avT&v T)yei<T6ai..
of Plataea as his own, the Greeks
Zen 5e <ru<ppo(riv dvdpunrois, Kai irp&s would not have it: below, p. 147.
l
d\T)diai> povXofJLfrois ffKO-jrclv, TroXi) pet- Paus. x. 18. 4.
fay TI/UI.T] rrfs x^ K ^ tbcivet TO KO.\U>V

2
Paus. x. 19. 1. Ziemann, p. 16,
KdyaGuv dvdpuv KeKpicr6ai irpu/Tovs. speaks of a statue of Euchidas, who
/cat ydp TOL r(av tpyuv r(av r6re ovdevbs ran to Delphi and back in one day for
dTreaTtpTja-av eavrovs" ovd tffr<.v ouSetj the sacred fire, and fell dead on the
forts di> eiTToi rr}v iv âXa/juvt vavâ- spot, quoting Plutarch, Arist. 20. But
xiav Qefj.iffTOK\tovs, dXX AO-rjvalwv, Plutarch says nothing of a statue,
ou5e TT]i> Mapaduvi fj-dxnv MiXTiaSov, only that they buried him (26a\f/ai>) in
dXXd TTJS 7r6Xewj. vvv 5^ ?roXXot TOVTO the precinct of Artemis Eucleia.
eiXe
WAR. 137
of this deed in the round were the

The only possible memorial
characterised no doubt in some way as
figures of the divers,
doers of the deed. The same is true of any man who might
be thought to have done more than a single man could do;
and yet it is doubtful whether Greeks, with their keen sense
of the fitting, would have done at that time what the Lydians
did, in dedicating to Artemis a statue of one Adrastus, who

in the Greek army, and
fought against Xerxes as a volunteer
fell
1
fighting valiantly
Arimnestus it is true, who led the
.
Plataeari men-at-arms at Marathon and Plataea, was to be seen

in the temple of Athena at Plataea", and he seems to have stood
alone if he was dedicated alone, it would seem that the centre
;
of interest was shifting already, and that the great change was
begun which in the next century was to make

these dedications
Why the statue of Phormio was dedicated,

morally worthless.
whether for his feats in the Gulf or for something else, is not
stated .
Apart from these I can find no evidence for the dedication

of the victorious general alone in the fifth century. But once
human statues were dedicated for whatever cause, the motive of
compliment was bound to come in sooner or later ;
and Lysander
distinct proof that the change had begun.
gives us the first
When Poseidon is made to crown his figure in the memorial of
Aegospotami, the human agent not the god

becomes the centre
of the composition. In the fourth century there are many
statues of generals and other such on record. A portrait of
Thrasybulus, soothsayer of the Mantineans

when they fought
Iphicrates was set up by his
4
against Agis, stood at Olympia .
feat of
grateful country, but not until long after his celebrated
arms 9 This distinguisht honour became cheap with Alexan
.
der, if (as seems likely) he dedicated the statues he had caused

to be made of four and thirty Greeks who fell at the Granicus
(334)
6
. About the year 300 we find the statue of a certain
1
Paus. vii. 6. 6. Aristotle, Rhet. 13976; Paus. i. 24. 7
2
Paus. ix. 4. 2. with Frazer s note, from whom I bor-
?
Paus. i. 23. 10. row these references.
4
Paus. vi. 2. 4.
6 Plut. Alexander 16; but the word
Dionys. Hal. De Lysia used
5 is
372/1 : a.va<rra.6riva.i.
indicium 12; Demosth. Aristocr. 663;

Timagoras, who had commanded in a victorious sea-fight,

dedicated at Astypalaea, nominally by Ares himself 1 Olympio- .
dorus the Athenian, who raised the siege of Elatea when beset
by Cassander (298), was honoured probably at this time by a
bronze statue, which the Phocians dedicated at Delphi 2 There .
was also a statue of the same man on the Acropolis, and another
in thePrytaneum, the former at least votive, dedicated no doubt
after hehad got rid of the Macedonian garrison in 288 3 The .
Phocian allies put up there also a statue of their own leader,

Aleximachus, who in fighting against the invading Gauls
4
(280) did all that valour could do, and fell In 207 Philopoe- .
men defeated and slew Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedaemon for ;
which deed the Achaeans dedicated a bronze statue of him in

5
Delphi In later days the dedication of a commander was a
.
compliment for ordinary services, like that of an honorific

crown 6 . The base of a statue, dedicated by Hermolycus, son of
Diitrephes, "as a firstfruit," has been found

7
this cannot com ;
memorate the wanton and horrible raid of Diitrephes mentioned

8
by Thucydides but must belong to some other event. ,
It be noted that none of the generals, not even

is to
Lysander, dedicates his own statue

9
that combination of vanity ;
and impiety was reserved for creatures of Nero s kidney. It is

not to be conceived,
however, that they made no private
acknowledgment of their victory or their deliverance or that ;
the private soldier, whose safety was not less momentous to

~
1
IGA iii. 211 KbfffJ.ov "ApTjs Trarpidi "p[j.6\vKos Aurpttpovs dirapxr)i>
ev9d5e Traida Iliduvos Tifj.ay6pav KpeaiXas eirb^ffev. CIA i. 402, but the
VLKÎ vavfj.axoi> ijytfj.6va. editor of the Corpus gives reason for
2
Paus. i. 26. 3. thinking it is not the same.
3 *
Paus. i. 26. 3, 25. 2. Thuc> vii 2 9; Paus. i. 23. 3. He
4
Paus. x. 23. 3. held a command in Thrace 411 B.C.
5
Plut. Philopoemen 11. (see Frazer, on Paus. I.e.).
6 IGI i. 41 Rhodes ar par ever dptvov 9
Paus. vi. 16. 5. But in later
v Tf rats a.<f>p6.KTOi<i
/cat rats Kara0pd/c- days, Philonides, a quartermaster or
rots vavffl Kara -rr6\/j.ov. Cf. 40, 42, stepper , of Alexander the Great,
43,56; and Demosth. quoted p. 135, seems to have dedicated his own statue
note 4. It has been too readily assumed at Olympia. Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr.
that the statue was that of Diitrephes ;
129 /WtX^ws AXe|dv8pou
but it probably was that of the wounded /cai /3?7/um<rTr?s r^s Acrtas
man mentioned by Pliny, NH xxxiv. 74 ZUTOV Kprjs Xepffovdvios avtOyKe Aii
Cresilas [fecit] vulneratum deficientem.
WAR. 139
himself than that of any captain who ever lived, should offer no
thanks for this great event beyond a sacrifice at the altar. We
do not know how far a private soldier felt bound to tithe his
share of spoils which had been tithed in common but if he ;
was grateful enough he would not stop to count obols The 1

.
is the meaning of those figures of

question now arises, What
armed warriors so often found in ancient shrines: were they
meant for the divinity, or for what ?
We must first clear our minds of a misconception. The
attributes of a Deity were not fixt by immutable laws; they
the in the s mind, which within
express conception worshipper
certain limits might vary
2
If the deity be conceived as .
a he will naturally be armed, as the heroes are,

protector,
now with spears,
in panoply as Aphrodite
now swords, now
early times armed
and Athena. Although Zeus is from with
4
the thunderbolt 3
yet he bears ,
a helmet in Phrygia and
a battle-axe in Caria 5
and there is no reason
,
in the nature
of he too should not have been represented

things why
in the panoply. armed warrior figures, then, are dedicated
If
to male deities, they may be meant for those deities. But
the question takes a different turn when we see that such
dedications are found in the shrines of female divinities, as
of Athena and Aphrodite. Take this conjunction with
in
the rare figures in hunter costume

6
,
and with those of athletes 7 ,
and it is clear that we may lawfully deny the warrior figures
to be meant for the god.
It does not follow, however, that they were meant as

The given in the last
8
facts
portraits of the worshipper .
section go to show that for a to dedicate his

worshipper
portrait would be the height of arrogance.
Moreover, one of
1
After the 4th cent, at least sol- But the votive statuettes of this type
diers dedications are certain. CIA ii. in Dodona are not early.
4 i. 1. c.
962 ol trims TTJI 2a\afuvi avede<rai> for Overbeck, Kurutmyth. pi.
defeat of Pleistarchus; E0. Apx- 18 9 8

5
Plut Q uacst Gr 45
- - - -
6
16, no. 10 ot (rrpcmujTcu ol Ad-^vaiuv in Above, p. 78.
7
wreath. Below, pp. 168 9.
2
See on this point more fully in 8 I am indebted to Dr Waldstein for
ch. xiv. a hint which brought these figures

3 into their proper place.
Bronzen von Ol. vii. 45, viii. 44.
these figures dedicated by two men together.

is
Neither can
we fairly interpret them as a personification of the spirit of war,
which, if not over-subtile, would at least fail to meet the case!
We are supposing that the warrior wishes to commemorate his
success in war as the act of his
protecting deity; and his
artistic expression
being unequal to the task, he embodies the
idea of successful war in the concrete
figure
of an armed warrior in act to strike. These
figures are then less and more than portraits:
they attempt to express the act which divine
protection has blest.
The footman armed capapie
is
represented
by a bronze statuette from Dodona,
fine
assigned
to the year 600 or thereabouts 1
Another, but .
lacking the cuirass, was found in the precinct

of Apollo Ptoan 2 . Two warriors were unearthed
in Olympia 3 and one at Selinus in
,
Laconia,
armed in
panoply the
the last is dedicated 4
:
to Apollo Meleatas 5 Another

represents a naked .
bearded man, the hand uplifted to hold some

weapon, and is dedicated by two persons in
23 Warrior
FlG> -
>
common from Olympia.

to Apollo the Acropolis Ismenian". On Hronzen vii. 41.
of Athens were found several ancient
figures of
armed warriors 7 and , statuettes of warriors were in Cyprus
dedicated to the Paphian goddess
8
to Artemis 9 to
, ,
Apollo
10
at Golgi and to deities unknown 11 Besides
, .
these clearly
characterised figures, others of rude make and
probably older
still were found at Olympia 12 one in terra-cotta 13 , others in the
;
1
AZ 1882, pi. 1, Baumeister, Denk- rium, Bronze Case vui. T. 7100.
A,
maler, fig. 2093. 7
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 741-5, cp. 748
2
BCH xi. 360, pi. ix., and also pi. (? parts of some other object).
x. probably. 8
3
Cat. Cypr. Mm. 5347.
Bremen von Ol. pi. xxv. a. 1, xxiii.
9
Cat. Cypr. Mm. 55412.
2; xxvii. 3. vii. 41, 42. See 23. 10
fig. Cesnola, Cyprus, 150. There were
4
AM in. 14, pi. i. also rows of larger figures of the same
5
IGA 57; Collitz iii. 4525 Ka>\o
5
(?) sort.
a.vtdr)K run MaXectrai. 11
Cat. Cypr. Mus. 60015.
6
IGS i. 2455 Ilrutuv Maoror rcDt
12
Bronzen von 01. xv. 247, xvi. 242,
loymi/i an avtOeav; Roberts, p. 214, no. 243, etc.
202; AMi. 97, pi. v. Berlin Antiqua- 13
Bronzen von 01. xvii. 288.
WAR. 141
Therapnae Armed
2
Idaean cave in Crete 1
,
and in the shrine of .
riders are also Athena in Calaurea 3

known from the Temple of ,
4
and some of the Cyprian examples were mounted in chariots .
It is perhaps worth while suggesting the question whether some

of the Olympian chariots may not have been war-offerings.
The same principle will explain a series of votive statues
found on the Acropolis of Athens, which belong to the time of
the Peisistratids. These are the so-called Persian horsemen,"
"
clad in oriental costume, with soft cap and hose fitting tight to
the leg. It has been pointed out that the costume is as much
Scythian as Persian, and that the style is too early for the
Persian wars 5 It is more likely that they have to do with the
.
rule of Miltiades and his family in the Thracian Chersonese.

The romantic story of the first Miltiades, a Greek Rajah Brooke,
his victories over the savages, and his marriage with a Scythian
girl, seems to have caused intense excitement in Athens ;
Scythian caps became all the wear, and amongst other signs
of the public interest we have the Miltiades plate, now at
Oxford", with a figure almost exactly like the Acropolis horse
men. The adventurers would naturally wear the dress of the
natives, which was better suited than their own to the climate.
The elder Miltiades we know commemorated one of his exploits
Similarly these Horsemen may
7
by a dedication at Olympia .
have been dedicated by some of the Scythian adventurers,

perhaps in gratitude for a fortune gained in that flourishing
colony. One base has been found with a fragmentary inscrip
tion 8 placed on the small end, showing that the sculpture
1
Mus. It. ii. 731. but in pairs or in rows, both on foot
2 or
liev. Arch. xxx. 13; above, p. 15. and mounted, in relief or repousse"
Warrior figures, apparently dedicated, silhouette.

come from Etruria (Baumeister, pi.
3
AM xx. 315.
4 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 6001
Ixxxix.). One from Orvieto is in 5.
my own possession. Many warrior 5

Studniczka would assign them to
statuettes have been found in Sardinia : a Marathonian trophy Jahrb. vi. 239.
:
6 See W.
Gaz. Arch. x. 177 ff. and others were
; Klein, Die gr. Vasen mit
found in a large votive deposit at Lieblingsinschr. (Wien 1890), pi. 1.
Este (Notizie, 1888, pi. vii. ff.). The 7 Paus. vi. 19. 6.
8 TOV Aio-
interpretation suggested in the text is IIpoK(?)Xei577S dv0T]K |
confirmed by the fact, that at Este K\tovs

were found warriors not merely alone
upon it was something of the shape of a horse, not a group ;
and in fact the base would fit the Persian horseman

"
1
."
A similar dedication was made about 446 by a body of

knights, who offered the statue of a horse or more probably
a horseman out of the spoils 2 .
A
step further leads to personification of an abstract idea ;
and one expression of it, the statue of Victory, was especially

common as a war-dedication, and is never before the fourth
3
century found dedicated alone for anything else .
Hiero sent a gold Victory to Delphi after the battle of

4
Himera, and Gelo did the like . Diodorus 5 relates that Hiero
dedicated another for the Cumaean victory which has been
already spoken of, but this may be the same statue. The most
famous example of this class is the Victory of Paeonius, which
was found at Olympia 6 . The Messenians themselves declared
it to be a thank-offering for their part in the capture of
Sphacteria (425), and that the name was omitted from fear
of the Spartans
7
Mr Frazer suggests that it may have been
.
erected after the Peace of Nicias (421), so that it should refer

to the general result of the first period of the war: in that
case, however, fear of Sparta would hardly have caused the

omission of the name. The Athenians took a great pride in the
capture of Sphacteria, and we need not wonder at finding that
1
See Winter, ArchducheReiterbilder CIG 2069, 2073-4.
von der Acropolis Jahrbuch viii. 135.
:
4
Athenaeus vi. p. 231, quoting
These are the chief fragments (illus- Theopompus and Phanias. See below,
trations of most are given) pieces of :
p. 146 5 for the discovery of the base,
,
horses once part of a quadriga, Mu- 5

Diod. xi. 51.
6
seum, nos. 575 580; pieces of a It is inscribed MeoWi/tot KCU Nau-
horseman, no. 590 a horseman, no.
; Tret/mot wtdev Au OXu^Trfon deKarav airb
1359; another, no. 700 (Collignon, rw/tt TroXe/w wi . Ucuwvios tiroi-riae Me^-
Sculpt. Gr. p. 358); the "Persian 5a?os, KCU raKpurrjpLa TTOIW eirl TOV
horseman," no. 600. vabv Mxa.
2
CIA iv. 1, p. 184 oi iinrv dirb TW 7 p aus> V- 26; Thuc. iv. 9, 32, 36,
Tro\e[j.iuv l-n-rrap\oiJVTuv Aa.Kedaifj.oviov 41. Pausanias would place it some
EevoQuvros Upo Au/aos iTrolrjaev thirty years earlier, when the Messe-
EXevOepevs Mvpwvos. nians of Naupactus sackt Oeniadae.
3
But in later days a silver or gold Schubring, AZ xxxv. 59, recounts all
Victory seems to have been offered possible victories, and supports Pylos.
as a customary dedication to Apollo So Collitz iii. 4637.
Prostates at Olbia, by the five strategi :
WAR. 143
they dedicated a bronze Victory on the Acropolis

1
If the wing .
less Victory, sent to Olympia by the Mantineans, was the work
of Calamis, as Pausanias says, it cannot belong to this period,

but otherwise possible-. The magnificent Victory of
it would be
Samothrace, now in the Louvre, was dedicated by Demetrius
Poliorcetes for his victory of Salamis" she stands poised on :
Lysander commemorated his

the prow of a great stone galley.
Ephesus and Aegospotami by presenting two eagles
victories at
with statues of Victory upon them to the temple of Athena
the Worker
Sparta The ancient winged Victory by
at 4
.
Archerrnus was dedicated in Delos by the Chians on what ;
occasion is not specified ; probably, like all the rest, for a feat
of war 5 .
The Athenian temple

lists frequently mention golden
Victories 6 There were in Pericles time no less than ten of
.
these, each weighing about two talents and it would seem ;
these should have been made at some time when Athens was
at the zenith of her power. It is fanciful to suggest, perhaps,
that they were part of the imperial tribute, preserved thus
against any time of need, and their shape determined by

that abiding sense of victory over the barbarian which the
Delian League kept ever fresh. Certainly they were most of
them melted down before the end of the war. One was melted
in 407 7 ,
and at the beginning of the next century only two
of the old ones remain, but a new one appears, perhaps, as
is suggested, made out of the goods of the thirty Tyrants 8 .
We have no hint of the occasion of these Victories but ;
although Eutychides and Timodemus are mentioned as dedi

cators, it seems unlikely that they can be really private offer
ings. The official who had to do with their casting might

1
Paus. iv. 36. 6. MAuvos irarpuLov dcrrv vep-ovres.
2 6
Paus. v. 26. 6. These are treated in the paper,
3
Revue Archeologique xxxix. pi. ii. Les Victoires en or de VAcropole, BCH
4
A0T)vL Epydvrj : Paus. iii. 17. 4. xii. 283 ff. They are mentioned in
The epithet must be meant in a wide CIA i. 32 B, iv. p. 12, p. 63 : 435 B.C.
sense as the accomplisher. eVtcrraTcu roiv vlxaiv are spoken of.
6
AM xiii. 149 Mt/cKidSTjs rdS &ô.\â.
7 J3C7f xii.288. Compare Demetrius,
/caAov 7TTivov TU|V A/)xe p//ou (TOiJKTji- Hepi Ep/u,. 281.
<nv
E/C77/36X&H aOr avt6-r)Kai> ol Xtot,
8
BCH xii. 292.
be said to dedicate them 1

. On the other hand, the small
bronze Victories of the Acropolis
2
may well have been private ;
and we are justified in counting them amongst dedications of
war, for the reason given above.

Another aspect of the event is personified in the great
statue of Nemesis at Rhamnus, carved (if the common tale

be true) out of the very block which the Persians had intended
for a statue of Victory".
A
third personification is the Lion. Heracles is said to
have dedicated a stone lion which stood before the temple of
Artemis Eucleia at Thebes, in commemoration of a victory over
Orchomenus 4 . A stone lion was one of the statues found at
Branchidae, which can hardly be but a war-tithe 5 . The
Elateaus, when Cassander was driven away from their walls
by timely help (298), sent a bronze Delphi

6
The lion, lion to .
placed on a cliff, overlooking the place where the battle of

Cnidus was fought, probably marks the tomb where slain
heroes rest like the great lion of Chaeronea, which still guards
;
the bones of those whom Philip slew 7 or that other in Ceos ,
8
which covers unknown dead It would appear from these .
instances that the lion laid stress not so much on the victory,
as the courage of brave men, whether victors or vanquished ;
and the symbol has thus a pathos and nobility of its own,
which sets it above the records of mere triumph and pride.
There is more than personification, there is a complete
allegory, in what the Athenians sent to Delphi after the Eury-
medon (469) a palm tree of bronze, with fruit upon it, a gilt
:
Athena and a couple of owls being apparently percht on the

branches 9 This must surely imply that Athena and her
.
1
As the ra/miai did with the old TTJV rcDi A7r6XXow.
bronzes, Cat. Acr. Mm. Br. 428. 6
Paus. x. 187.
a AM xi. 373. 7 Paus. ix. 40. 10.
3 8
Paus. i. 32. 2; Antli. App. Plan. Bent, Cyclade*, 453; E0. A/>x-
221, 222, 226, 263. 1898, col. 231, plate 14.

4 9
Paus. ix. 17. 2. Paus. x. 15. 4; Plut. Nic. 13.
5
Newton, Italia, 777
6ti
ra dyd\fj.ara
: There was a palm tree with frogs
rtide avtOevav ol TLvQuvos ireu5es rov and watevsnakes at the foot, in the
apxyyov, QaXrjs /ecu llacn/cXTjs /ecu Hyy- Corinthian treasury, but nothing is
/ecu AVKIOS /ecu AâîXews, 5e/ed-

<rai>8pos
known of its origin : Plut. Pyth. Or.
WAR. 145
favourite city were now possessors of the east and its riches.
Plutarch notes that just before the Sicilian disaster, crows
peckt off the fruit. So perhaps the horn of Amalthea, sent by
Miltiades the elder to Olympia, after taking a city 1 Pausanias .
explains on a like principle why the Corcyreans and the

Eretrians sent to Olympia 2 the Plataeans and the Carystians ,
to Delphi 3 each a bronze ox, after the Persian wars because,

, ;
says he, they were now able to plow in peace. It would be more
satisfactory to have the givers word for it, but the thing is not
impossible. The Council
of the Areopagus dedicated a bronze
bull on the Acropolis, which, if it belongs to the same period,
may have a similar reference to stock-breeding 4 But all five .
may be memorials of sacrifice. A distinct example of the

sacrificial model is known as a Orneae, having war dedication.
conquered Sicyon, in the heat of gratitude rashly vowed to
institute in the god s honour a daily procession at Delphi, and
to sacrifice such and such victims
but this proving a burden ;
upon them, they dedicated a bronze representation of the whole

procession, victims and all, instead
5
.
Tripods form a large class of war-dedications, and I have

reserved them for this place because the motive of choice
6
differs in different
ages Originally they are dedicated for .
their value and this explains why in the first Messenian War
;
(743 724), when the Messenians shut up in Ithome enquired

of the Delphic oracle what
they must do to prevail, the reply
was, That whichever side should first dedicate a hundred tripods
to Zeus of Ithome was to The
possess the Messenian land.
Messenians being too poor to make these of bronze in due
399 p. Another in Delos : Ath. xi.

s
Paus. x. 16. 6.
502 B 27/ôs 5 iv ArjXy dva.Kei<r6ai
<f>T]<ri
4
Paus. i. 24. 2; see AZ xviii.
XO\KOVI> (poiviKo. Xaiftwi ava.d-rjfj.a /cat 37. It does not help us to know that
Kapvuras 0tctXas xP vcr ^- Hera was worshipt in both places,
1
Paus. vi. 19. 6 Zyvi /j. aya\/j. av- and that a cow or bull is seen on
6-rjKav OXv/ATrly tic
Xepot>rj<rov re?xos coins of Carystus (Head, HN 294,
X6irej Apdrov eTrijpxe 8e MiXridS?;? 302).
iv - 5
*4> Paus. vi. 18. 5.
2
Paus. v. 29. 7 : the base of one of 6 p or the history of the tripod see
them, and one ear, remain : Inschr. ch. xiv.
von OL 248 Eperpifjs rut Ai.
H.
10
form, proceeded to make images of them in wood; but mean

while Oebalus a Spartan, a man of no mark but shrewd
enough, tripods of clay, and having by
made him a hundred
these up before
stratagem got within the walls of It ho me, set
the god at dead of night
1
In this way the Spartans were .
victorious ;
and at the close of the war they used part of the
three tripods, each having a statue beneath
spoils to procure it,
of Aphrodite, Artemis, and the Maid, which they dedicated to

2
Apollo of Amyclae .
But time the tripod became a traditional form

in course of
of dedication, which endured long after the bronze article ceased
to circulate. The beauty of its shape no doubt helpt to keep
the type in use but that tradition had more to do with it, is
;
clear from the miniature mock tripods and kettles which were
found in great numbers at Olympia, some cut out of thin foil,
others in model 3 But when they are made of gold the orna
.
mental side becomes important. Tripods of gold were sent to

Delphi after Himera by Hiero and Gelo both
4
An epigram by .
Simonides mentions the four brothers and as four tripod bases ;
have been found together, two of which are those of Hiero

and Gelo, it is likely that all four did dedicate tripods,
and
that the first two eclipst the more modest offerings of the
others 5 . A tripod of Hiero s, sent to Delphi after the battle of
Cumae (474), is also mentioned 6 . Most famous of all votive
tripods, and perhaps of all dedications, was the golden tripod
1
Paus. iv. 12. 9. spurious. See Freeman, Sicily, ii. 190,
2
Paus. iv. 14. 2, with Frazer s note. 206 ; T. Homolle, cited in next note.
Either date or artist s name is pro-
5
T. Homolle, Melanges Henri Weil,
bably wrong. Pausanias may have 212, who discusses the whole question,
mixt up the different Messenian wars. Inscrr. on the bases :
(1) IYXo>j/ 6
For a statue beneath a tripod see Aeô/êos <W0r7/ce

TibirbXXwvi 2vpa-
Paus. i. 20. 1. 960-105- rov rpiiroda Kal rrjv vltiyv cpyd-
3
Bronzen von Ol. xxvii. 536, 540, ao.ro ELuv Aiodupov vibs MiX?7<nos ; (2)
etc. Ictpwv 6 Aeivoji^feos dvtdrjue, with

4
Schol. Pind. Pyth. i. 155 brî orrci fumi at end as part of the weight
Schol. Pind. Pyth. 151
Upwa noXvfrXov QpafftpovXov, (fragm.).
i.
s, rous Tp nrodas fle/tei/cu, says Gelori offered three, &/ct plv oC

tdvTj, -jroXXrjv Se eavrbv, ovo ot dia roi>5
dde\(j>ovs
: the
"E\\-rj<nv xe V discrepancy be explained if we

may
Anth. Pal. vi. 244, the suppose that Hiero s was independent,
6 Diod.
last two lines of which are probably xi. 21.
WAR. 147
bought from the Persian spoils, and set up at Delphi after Plataea
had been fought and won It stood on a bronze pedestal made
j
.
of three snakes intertwining, and this seems to have been

supported on a stone base which was found in the recent
excavations. Pausanias had a couplet composed by Simonides,
and engraved upon the base, as follows 2 :
arparov
Tlavcravtas QoifSw /jivrj/ji dve0r)K
The Amphictyonic at his arrogance in Council, incensed
claiming the victory of Greece for his own deed, caused this
inscription to be erased, and the following to be put in its place
3
:
evpv%6pov (TWTijpes roi>8
crrvyepas pvardêvoi,
At the same time they engraved on the writhing snakes the
names of all those Greek states which had fought at Plataea or
Salamis, thus changing the character of the monument which was
4
originally a memorial of Plataea only The golden part of the .
monument was carried off by the Phocians in the Sacred War;

5
and the bronze column, which Pausanias saw on the spot, was
taken by Constantine to his new city, where it still stands in the
Hippodrome, broken and defaced. To the same period we
may assign the marble group of Persians supporting a bronze
tripod, which Pausanias saw in the Olympieum at Athens
6
A .
remarkable group of tripods is associated with Plataea. We

have seen how great importance the Greeks attached to this
victory, and how yearly sacrifices were decreed in memory of it.
Part of the ceremony may have been the dedication of a
magnificent tripod; but whether that be true of the fifth
century or not, it appears that in the fourth and third centuries
a board of seven magistrates was elected for the purpose of
1
Herod, ix. 80 ;
Paus. v. 23. 1, x. history of the monument. The heads
13. 9 ;
Diod. xi. 33 says Se/cdrr/, Thuc. of the serpents were broken off by the
i. 132. 2 aKpoOiviov, Dem. Neaera 97 Turks, but one is in the Museum at
dptaretov T<$
A?r6XXwi/i di>07)Kai>.
See Constantinople.
also Jahrb. i. 176. 5
Some think that the framework
2
Thuc. i. 132 ; Anth. Pal. vi. 197. was of bronze : see Frazer on Pau-
3
Diod. xi. 33. sanias, I.e.
4 For list of states see IGA 70,
6
Paus. i. 18. 8 ; Ziemann, p. 17.
where references are given for the
102
the end of which they dedi 1
performing certain ceremonies at ,
cated a tripod. Three of these dedications have been found,

2
the tripod to Zeus Eleutherios at Plataea one
dedicating ;
3
at Thespiae to the Muses ;
seven at Acraephiae to Apollo
Ptoan 4
one at Orchomenus
;
to the Graces
5
As the formula .
in each shows the dedication to be made in the name of the

Boeotian community, we may perhaps fairly assume that the
occasion was one, and that the place, and consequently the
6
deity, varied for political reasons To assume further that .
the of Plataea is to go beyond the

was the occasion,
memory
but in default of a better explanation I would
evidence;
suggest it. Three tripods are mentioned as dedicated by
Phormio on some occasion unknown, perhaps for one of his
victories 7 . Two bronze tripods were dedicated at Arnyclae from
the spoils of Aegospotami
8
Some Knights of Thespiae, sent
.
home in 330 by Alexander, dedicated a tripod to Zeus, the

in the Anthology*.
inscription of which is preserved Perhaps
the Knights of Orchomenus, their companions, made the same
10
offering to Zeus the Saviour, but
it is not described .
One very artificial offering remains to be mentioned. Aris-
tonous wrote a paean in commemoration of the repulse of the

Gauls from Delphi, which was performed at the Soteria, a
festival of thanksgiving for the deliverance. This was
yearly
engraved on a slab and set up in the
Athenian treasury there,
11
with a list of honours decreed to the successful poet .
together
This dedication has wandered far from the simple piety or
thankfulness of earlier use, and is a mere method of self-
glorification.
dQeSpiareteiv, as interpreted by the

1
noMpSivov. Some adjective of metal,
gold, silver, or bronze, must have
editor of the Corpus, W. Dittenberger. been
2
IGS i. 16724. added to the Tpl-n-odas in the original.
8 Paus.
3 IGS i. 1795. iii. 18. 8.
4 IGS i. 27234, 2724 a, &, c, d, *.
9 BCH iii. 457; Anth. Pal. vi. 344.
5
jag 3207.
j.
10
BCH iii. 453 ro\ lirir&s rot tv
6 IGS i. 1672 Boiwroi Ad EXeufleptat rav Acriav (TTpaTvo-d|XVoi PCUTI\O?
TOV TphroSa Kara rav âvrelav rCo A\edv5pw ffTparayiovTos 0o5w/>w
A7r6X\wvos. fi\id.pxovTOS, Ati SWITCH dv^crav.

7
Cratinus, frag. 456 Kock, quoted
"
BCH xvii. 561 ff. The slab haa
been found.
by Zonaras 1366 :
&op/j.iwi> rpeis tyy
rpiTToSas, ZireiTa
IV.
GAMES AND CONTESTS 1

.
KAKCON PAR ONT60N MypfcON KA6 EAA&A&

oyAeN KAKION ecriN A0AHTCON reNoyc.
EURIPIDES, Frag. 282.
ATHLETIC games, races, and contests of other kinds are

found amongst the Greeks from very early times. In Homer
a chariot-race is spoken of as the natural thing to celebrate the
death of a warrior 2 Hesiod visited the Games of Amphidamas
.
in Chalcis, where many prizes were given, and himself won

a tripod for victory in song 3 In the historical period we find .
this competitive spirit exprest in the four great Games, which

later sprouted into innumerable off-shoots 4 whilst many cities ;
had their own special games, as Athens had the Panathenaea.

It is not our purpose to discuss the history of these ceremonials,
but merely to consider how they were commemorated by votive
dedications.
The prizes at these games were, according to the earliest
records, articles of recognized value, but of many different
kinds. Homer speaks of tripods, kettles, and slave-women as
prizes
5
. Besides these, Pindar mentions vessels of gold 6 and
1
In this chapter I have used Emil 4 See list Olympia in Smith s
of local
Keisch s Griechische
Weihgeschenke Diet. Ant., s.v.These games, accord-
(Abh. des Arch-Ep. Sem. der Univ. ing to legend, were originally sepul-
Wien, viii.): Wien 1890. I acknow- chral.
5
ledge special obligations for the sec- II. xxii. 1624, xxiii. 264 ; cp. xi.
tions on musical and dramatic con- 701; Hesiod,,Shield, 312 (golden tripod),
tests. e p
m(j. isthm. i. 18 ft* T d<?0\oi<n
2
11. xxii. 162 4.
dlyov TrXeforwi dywvwv, /cai Tpnr65ecr<Tiv
3
Hes. Op. 654 7 ZvQa. /JL <f>ir)/j.i ft/jivy ^Kbffâav 86fj,ov Kal \e[3r)Teff(ri 0id\at<rt
VLKr)ffavra. (fitpeiv Tplirotf wrwevra.

silver
1
Bronze tripods were given in the
,
articles of bronze 2 .
Games of Heracles at Thebes 3 a bronze shield at the Argive ;
Heraea 4 bronze articles in the Arcadian feast of Lycaean Zeus 5

, ,
a kettle often 6 a crater at the Games of Aeacus in Aegina

7
, ;
8
silver cups at the Heraclea of Marathon a cloke or frieze ;
9
at Pellene One of the oldest inscriptions of Troezen
jerkin .
records the winning of a tripod at Thebes

10
A prize kettle for .
the long race is commemorated by an epigram in the An

Apparently a cuirass was also given at Argos, if we
11
thology .
may judge from a mutilated inscription

12
At the Panathenaea .
the prize was so many jars of oil made from the sacred olives,
which only victors were allowed to take out of the country 13 .
It will be rioted that at Athens, Pellene, and Argos the prize

was an article of local make 14 The others, whether of local .
make or not, were given for their own value, not for any hidden
meaning supposed to be implied by them ;

and the tripod must
1
Find. Nem. ix. 51 dpyvptai(rt...(pid-
10
BCH xvii. 85 on a column :
Aa/xo-
\aicri. ..as 7T00 iTTTTOt KTTja d/iej cu, etc.; r68e (ra/jia. (f)i\a fepyaaa.ro /maTyp
x. 43 Li.Kvwvbde 5 dpyvpudfrres <rvv
A[X0i5d/xa ov yap iraldes vi /j.eydpois
eytvovro /cat dv êou

oivypais 0tdXats tirtfiav. rpLiros ?7/3acrcri
2
Find. Nem. 22 dytby ^dX/ceos. x.
3
Schol. Find. 01. vii. 152 eSidoro TOIS d jraidi. This is of course an epitaph.
11
viKr/craffi rpivovt xaX/coDs. Anth. Pal. xiii.8 e/c SoXixov rbvSe
4
Schol. Find. OL vii. 152 x a ^ K ^ ff<pvpri\aTOV,
ws rdx^t /cparijcras, I ios
dffTTts /cat aT<pavos

e/c fj.vpffivr)s.
5
Schol. Find. OL vii. 152 <TKuc<n
XaX/cots. A bronze basin from Cumae 12

CIA iii. 116.
is inscribed eVt TOIS QvopAaTov TOV 13
Schol. Find. Nem. x. 64
3>ei5t6Xeu> &6\ois tQiQ-r]v: Eoberts, no. yap A0r)vais ev errddXov rdêt vdpiat
Mus. Bronzes 257. Bather
174, Cat. Br. Tr\ripeis t\aiov, quoting Callimachus
interprets two Athenian inscriptions frag. 122 nal yap AByvalois trap eirl
in the same sense: JHS xiii. 233. iepbv ^vraL /caXTrt Ses, 01) Koff(j.ov
6
Schol. Pind.iVew. x. dXXd TrdX^s. On 57 he says
TToXXots T&V dy&vuv. dfji<pi<popevfft %aX/cots; but Pindar him
7
Schol. Find. 01. vii. 176 self 7ai p 8 Kavdeia-q. irvpi Kap-rrbs e Xa/aj
8
Schol. Find. OL xii. 155 dpyvpal ...tv dyytwv tpKevw Tra/iTroiK/Xots. CIA
</>tdXat.
ii. 965 gives so many d/m(popTjs e\alov
9 Find. Nem. x. 44 ex 8t IleXXdVas as the prize for athletic events, a vdpLa
for the torch-race. For the fj-oplai see
Schol. ad loc. riderai 8 Tra^â t/idrta Schol. Arist. Clouds 1005.
14 1421
Iv MeXX-^j/?; &yva(f>a.
So Schol. Find. Schol. Arist. Birds
OL xiii. 155. Also called 8i(f>6tpa..
5e
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 151
be included, for as we shall see below 1 it is not confined to one ,
2
deity or one occasion. It is in fact given for wrestling in the Iliad ,
and appears on a Corinthian tablet between two men-at-arms 3

;
on vase-paintings it stands as the prize for chariot-races 4 and

other races 5 and for boxing and wrestling 6 The tripod continued
,
.
to be given as the traditional prize for the lyrical chorus at

Athens 7 Jong after its origin was forgotten. It was also given
,
at the Panathenaea 8 In the great games no prizes were given

.
but the wreath of glory but in local games prizes of value con
;
tinued to be the rule. Money was given at the Salaminian boat-

race 9 weapons and other articles at Delos 10 at the Panathenaea
, ;
a gold crown for the harpist, a hydria for the torch-racer, an ox

forthe pyrrhic chorus 11 at the Pythia a gold crown for the city
;
which sent the finest sacrificial ox 12 fine arms and armour or ;
13
golden crowns for soldiers sports these are a few examples.
:
We may divide the offerings in this chapter into three

classes: (1) The Prize, (2) The Instrument, (3) Other Com
memorative Offerings.
1. The Prize.
On the same principle which suggested the consecration
of war-spoils, the victor often made an offering of his prize.
There is no trace of this custom in Homer, although one
of the Delphic tripods was traditionally ascribed to Diomede,
who should have won it at the funeral games of Patroclus 14 .
Hesiod however brings back his prize from Chalcis and dedicates
1
See chap. xiv. xvi. 550, pi. iii., vii. ;
CIA iv. 2. 1305 b;
-
II. xxiii. 702. cp. Gerhard, Auserles. Vasenb. iv. 17,
3
Cor. Tablet, no. 697. pi. 247.
4
Dipylon vase (Mon. delV Inst. ix. pi.
9
BCH xvi. 797 ; cp. GIG 2758.
39. 2) Corinthian (ibid. x. pi. 4. 5) the
; ;
10
GIG 2360.
Francois vase and elsewhere (Reisch). n CIA ii. 965.
5 12
Vases Berlin 1655, 1712
: Ger- ; Xen. Hell iv. 4. 9.
13
hard, Auserles. Vasenbilder iv. 17, Xen. Hell. iii. 4. 8, iv. 2. 7.
pi. 247,
6
256 (Reisch). 14
Phanias ap. Ath. vi. 232 c 5e M
Amphora by Nicosthenes :
Klein, Tpl-n-odos, 5s r\v efj TUV en-i Ilar^/cXy
Meistfrsig. 31 (Reisch). Bather in &d\uv Tefftvrw x^ Ke ^ e rpiirovs, V

JHS 267 18 gives references to two
xiii. ITuôi 5 ai/a/cei/mi cryaX/xa, /rcu /* eirl
vases, chest of Cypselus, throne of ITaTp6/cXy Qfinev 7r65as ci/ci>s

AxiXXetfs.
Apollo, and Hesiod, Shield, 302, 313. Tvdddrjs 5 cWflijire poty ayaffbs Ato-
7
So at Delos CIA : ii. 814 32 , p. 279. wSris viKrxras iTnroHTi irapa TrXarvv
8
Base of Bryaxis. BCH xv. 369, E\\ri(nrovTov.
it appropriately enough to the Muses of Helicon, where they first

made him master of the singer s craft In the temple on 1
.
Helicon Hesiod reputed tripod was to be seen, and perhaps the

s
obviously spurious epigram, preserved in the Anthology, was

engraved upon it
2
Others were there also, some of which may
.
have been prizes 3 In the first Pythian Games prizes appear

.
to have been given and a tripod (perhaps one of them) was ;
dedicated to Heracles at Thebes by the Arcadian musician

Echernbrotus 4 Of the sixth century, or earlier, is the Athenian
.
dedication of a tripod won for tumbling or juggling 5 bronze . A

kettle, of which a fragment was found on the Acropolis, appears
to have been dedicated as a prize this comes probably from ;
the sixth century 6 and a tripod is named in another dedication 7

: .
From the fifth century we have a tripod dedicated at Dodona

8
by a rhapsode Terpsicles Herodotus mentions a tripod at .
Thebes the offering of a victorious pugilist 9 By Herodotus day it .
was a matter of course with victors in the Triopia to offer their

prize tripods to Apollo indeed they were not allowed to take ;
them out of the precinct 10 Many tripods have been found, .
whole and in fragments, at Athens, Delos, Delphi, Dodona,
1
Hes. Op. 654 tvda 5 tybv e?r ded\a (JHS xiii. 233) sees prizes in
12<>,
A/ic0i5jyiiaj>Tos
5cu0/)oi>os
XaX/a5a T several Acropolis fragments of bowls
O. 3 Trpoire<ppao^{va TroXXa or tripods. No. 62 ruv TT\
a0X tvda . 64 b eirt
UTwevra. TOV ptv ty& Mowrcus EXtKW- Sat. Cp. Od. xxiv. 91 of ewi <rd nare-
viddeffcr dv4dr)Ka, %vda /j.e TO irpuTov 6r)Ke Bed TTfpiKa\\t aed\a. We need
\iyvpijs tTrtptjffav dotS^s. not suppose with Bather that these
2 were placed on the Acropolis as de-
Anth. Pal. vii. 53.
3
Not however of the Musaea, where posits.
the prizes were garlands : IGS 1735,
8
1GA 502 Tep^t/cX^s rwt At Ncuwi
etc.; Plut. Amntorius 1. pai//wt56s dvtdrjKe; Carapanos, Dodone,
4
Paus. x. 7. 6 inscr. Ex^jS/aoros p. 40, pi. xiii. 2.
9
Ap/cas ZffrjKc rtf HpavXet r65 Herod, v. 60 inscr. 2/catos trvy-
5 q.5uv /iAea KOLL e\tyovs. This would reiv TreptxaXXes &ya\fj.a.

lo
be in the year 586. Herod, i. 144 iv yap T dy&vi TOV
5
CIA iv. 1. 373 7rt p. 86: Tbvoe $i\uv, fpioiriov A.Tr6\\uvo$ eTideaav TO TrdXat
J
v Adyvaiai TpnroSia-KOv Oa.vfj.affi. rptTroSas xaXô^s rotat viKUffi xai TOV-
es TTO\LV dpevlov. TOVS XP*I V r ovs \a.fjL/3dvoi>Tas e/c TOV ipou

6
Kar. ad\6v /xe....av6T]KV.
iv. dXX avrov avanQtvai r
7
Kar. 236 CIA i. 493. Bather
;
Olympia, and elsewhere

1
;
but without inscriptions we cannot
assign them to any particular
occasion.
The musical prize in Sparta was an iron object, part of the
ceremonial headgear, and named <7T\eyyl<;

from its likeness to
the body-scraper 2 There are dedications of these to Artemis
.
Orthia, and one of them still remains fixt in the stone

3
A strigil .
now in the British Museum was a prize and many such are
4
;
5
mentioned in the Athenian and Delian inventories which, like ,
may have been the same. Bronze

6
Xenophon s gold ones ,
vessels, or other prizes, may have stood on certain bases with
dedicatory inscriptions of torch-race runners,

but there is
nothing to prove it
7
One of these bases has round holes, as .
if for torches ;
and torches, or torch-holders, appear to have
been dedicated as prizes, at least
there is one such dedication
8
to Hermes and Heracles from the second century after Christ .
In the third century B.C. Straton a flotist won a prize, which he

dedicated in Thespiae 9 and a harpist appears to have dedicated ;
his inAthens 10 The Argive shield is modelled in relief as late as

.
the age of Hadrian 11 Other dedications of prizes are recorded, .
whose nature is not known. Such are the torch-racer s prize to

Hermes and Heracles at Byzantium 12 the harpist s to Apollo and ,
1 Ni/das AQrjvaios
See chap. xiv. dve6r)Kei>.
6 2
2
So used in Sparta : Sosibius ap. Above, note .
Ath. xv. 674 A <rv/j.paii>ei...Ka\dnois

7
CIA ii. 1229 Ara/iavrls eviica Xaû-
<rre(pai>ov<rdai 77 ffrXeyyidi. In Andauia: TrdSi Hava.d-f)va.LO. ra fj.eyd\a (346/5),
Collitz iii. 4689 13 . As prizes in an with round depression; cp. 1230, 1232,
ay6v: Xeu. Anab. i. 2. 10 ra de atfXct 1233.
rfffav ffrXeyyides xp vffa ^- See further 8

CIG 250
Collitz iii. NacJiwort p. 143.
d#\a ra TTJS viKfjs wpdpios HpaKXeCSrjs
3 Kal
Collitz iii. 4498 ...oi NiKô/Joum/cd- Xa/t7rd5as Ep/melai 8r)K Hpa.K\&.
avrep Kaaa-rjpaTopiv, n&av /cat \CJav For models of torches see chap. vin.
A/3T<fyu5i Bupdta dved-rjKav (temp. Marc.

9
IGS i. 1818 Toi6<r5 euv aclpar e/c
Aurel.) ;
4501 OpdeLrj dupov AeovTevs Moi><rai>
10
^ Zr/sdrwv dyuvos.
dvtdrjKe fioaybs puav i>iKT)<ja.s
Kal rdd CIA iii. 112 vt/cas A\Kt/3id5oy
ZTraQXa. \a/3uv. fftj^-fjiov evddde Ket/iat, crracre 5t p. ov
4 Cat. Bronzes Br, Mm. 326 rpia- (j.o\iras d\\ dperas ae6\ov.
Kariwir aOXov. n CIA iii. 127 rrjv c ^ Apyovs dffiriSa :
5
See Indices. A TrtXos dpyvpovs is mentioned, not dedicated.
also mentioned in Delos : BCH vi.
12
Collitz iii. 3058 ffrefiavwOeis rat
33 36 ,
x. 465 115 ,
465 113 vrXiyyides etri- \a/j.ird5i TUV OLv-fjpwv . . .rt> a0\ov
TT)KTOl KO.I ffTtfiCLVOS H ||| affTCtTOl, <? KO.I HpaK\l.
the Muses in Cos 1 and a third from some unknown contest in ,
Aegae
2
. Even perishable wreaths may have been dedicated, as
the Cretan Alcon did at the Isthmia 3 the soldiers of Agesilaus ,
did with theirs at their friendly contests in Ephesus 4 In .
a Delian temple-inscription is a long list of articles handed

on from archon to archon, and apparently votive offerings;
all are goblets of the different kinds mentioned
among the
temple treasure : since a list of victors in the artistic contests
is also given, it looks as though these might be prizes 5 . In
the the year 364 we find Tror-qpia ôpela, (f)t,a\r) VLKO-
list for
8po/jLios, and eleven silver goblets, which had been prizes in

the horse-race 6 .
We have seen that the panathenaic amphorae are mentioned

as early as Pindar, who speaks of the
"
fruit of the olive in

7
gaily bedeckt jars ." These jars have been found in many
places, a large number of them in Etruria, others in Cyrene,
8
in the Crimea, and in various parts of Greece The oldest .
existing specimen bears the inscription, in archaic script, rwv

*A.6r)V7)6ev the goddess, armed with helmet, shield,
(W\a)v elfjU:
and spear, and clad in the embroidered peplus, stands turned to
the left, brandishing the spear, and holding the shield so as
to show the device upon it 9 So far the form is stereotyped, .
except that between 336 and 313 the figure for reasons un
known is turned to the right 10 in most specimens a pillar or ;
two pillars are drawn, with sometimes a cock upon them, or an

1
Collitz iii. 3651 iuKd<ras.../a0a/H<r/u,wi
the last, 0tdXat apyvpat A I
, a#\a, irepi-
...rb reOev a6\ov A7r6X\am /cat Mo&rcus. yei>6/uLvai K not
TTJS nnrodpo/mias, does
Ancient dedications of KiOapySol in imply that they were dedicated by the
Athens CIA i. 357, 372.
: victors. They may have been extra
2
Bahn - Schuchhardt, Alterthiimer stock kept until next time. The
von Aigai, 43 viK?7<ras &f49ifKt rb dxpo- phrases d/m<popl<rKos iravubvios, Kparrip
GLVLOV ? TpiriprjTiKds (466) may refer to shape.
3
Simonides 158 (Bergk) Kpijs "AX/cwz/ 7 p age ISQW.
eXcbv TTU. 8
A,i5vfj.ov $>oi(3<{) <rr^0os I<r#/u Baumeister, Denkmtiler, p. 1151,
4
Xen. Hell. iii. 4. 18 robs &\\ovs gives references. I take from him the
(TTparicoras eaTecpavw/jitvovs dirb rQ>v

yv/j,- description of the vases.
9
vacriwv a.Tri6vTas icai oiHKri$4mt roi)s Baumeister, fig. 1346 ; Mon. dell
<TTe(pdvovs rrj A-pre/jildi. Inst. x. pi. 21.

5
BCH ix. 147 ff. dixi6r]K occurs 10
The dates of later specimens are
line 15. known by the archon s name.
6
BCH x. 462. But the wording of
owl, a panther, a Victory, a figure of Athena herself

l
On the .
reverse of the vase is another scene, generally agonistic. As

fragments of these jars have been found on the Acropolis, it is
natural to suppose the winners, who received a certain number
of jars for each victory 2 sometimes offered one to Athena. ,
Perhaps they also dedicated the prize at home at least, one :
victor in the Eleusinia offered something in Lesbos, and on the

inscribed slab is carven an amphora and olive leaves 3 and ;
a panathenaic amphora was found at Eleusis 4 One such vase .
5
appears to be dedicated to Asclepius .
The golden crowns and the like, won in public contests,

were sometimes consecrated. In the Panathenaea a crown was
the reward of musical contests, which by Pericles were added to
the list of events 6 Xenophon relates how athletic and military .
competitions were held for the army of Agesilaus at Ephesus ;
among the prizes were fine arms and golden crowns There are
7
.
a large number of gold crowns in the Athenian inventories,

but few can be identified 8 In the Delian lists one donor is .
Xenophantus, whom Hornolle identifies with the famous flotist 9 .
There are somefifty gold crowns mentioned in the list

10
myrtle ;
crowns are dedicated by the Delian girls as the prize of

dancing
11
. One crown bears the name of Nicias 12
laurel The .
state is also found dedicating a victor s crown 13 Nero, who was .
nothing if not a mimic, dedicated in the Argive Heraeum a
1
One of them shows a male figure
9
Homolle, Les archives de Vinten-
holding a Victory interpreted by C. ; dance sacree a Delos, p. 68 Plut. Dem. ;
Torr as Lycurgus (Plut. X. Or. vii. 5, 53 f\\oyi/j.uraTos av\r)Tr)s. He lived in

hi. 4). See Rev Arch. xxvi. 160. . the early third century.
2
The prizes vary from 8 to 60 jars :
10
BCH vi. 120.
Mommseu, Heortologie, 141. u BCH vi. 29, line 5 o-Te^cma XP U <>
3
IGI Lesbos 132 VIKCIO-CUS EXeu- ded. to the Graces ; 30, line 7 ff. (rre-
<Hvx, dVSpas crradiov. Cp. 133. <pavos dpvbs, Kiffffov, ddQvys, fj.vpaivr)S,
4
AM xvii. 126. p. 39 eXa/as.
5
AM xxi. 294. 12
BCH xiv. 411 ffrâvos xpwroCs
6
Mommsen, Heortologie, 151 ;
Si- Nt/aou dvdd-rjfjia, with 42 leaves 9 berries,
monides, frag. 155 (213) /cat Ilai>a.0r)vaiois
13
CIA ii. 652, line 36 :
ffrtQavos 0aXXoO
ffTe<f>di>ovs Xa/3e Tr^re : CIA ii. 965. xpvvovs, dv TI ir6\i.s dv^8r}K rd viKtjTrjpia
7
Xen. Hell. iv. 2. 7. TOV KiQapySov, list of 398/7. Or can
8
CIA i. 170 172. Many were this have been deposited against the
honorific : see below, ch. vii. next contest ?
golden crown and a purple robe the first doubtless a musical

1
;
2
prize, the latter the dress he performed in So also he sent to .
Olympia a golden crown

3
.
The most important series of prizes thus dedicated, are the

tripods awarded for the best tribal chorus at the Dionysia and
cyclic chorus at the Thargelia
4
. The origin of the form has
been spoken of; here it remained as an honorific
prize, its very
type, its shape and size, the ornamental lion-claws arid so forth,
being traditional In the vase paintings, it should be noted,

there seems always to be a kettle too. This tripod is usually
being taller than a man
5
represented as Ever since the tribal .
competition was establisht by Cleisthenes the tripod seems to

have been the only prize 6 there is clear evidence for the fifth ;
century and for the fourth

7 8
Simonides mentions fifty-six .
tripods won by his choruses 9 In the earlier part of the fourth .
century we find the usual victors records of choregi

10
but as the :
city became poorer, the choregia had to be shared between two

or more, whose names appear jointly as victors 11 the end of
By .
this century the burden appears to have grown too great for
private citizens, and the state takes it over 12 placing the celebra ,
tion in the hands of a public official, the This 1 -5
Agonothet .
reform ascribed to Demetrius of Phalerum, who presided at

is
the Dionysia in 309/8 14 The records after this date are not full,
.
but we find dedications in the second century 15 . Outside Attica

1
As Reisoh suggests (p. 60). CIA ii. 3. 1229 ff. ;
inscrr. in
2
Paus. ii. 17. 6. Delos BCH ix. 147 ;
further list in D.
3
Paus. v. 12. 8. and S. s.v. CJioregw.
4
See especially Beisch, chap. iii. CIA ii. 3. 1280 ff. There is an
In antiquity Heliodorus wrote a work example of joint dedication before 404,
ircpl TWV A0rivr)<ri rpnroduv (Suidas s.v. when Gnathis and Alexandrides com-
llvdiov}. memorated two victories, of a tragedy
5
Reisch discusses the existing bases by Sophocles and a comedy by Aristo-
75 ff. the vase evidence 68, 80
; the ; phanes. The stone was found in
reliefs 70. A pillar usually supported Eleusis. But this is clearly a dedica-
them in the middle ; one remains, tion of a different sort.
A8fyaiov
6
i. 170. 12
CIA ^ 3> 12 89 6 ^ os t x op-f}yei ;
Hermes xx. 66. ff.

7
Isaeus v. 41, cp. Xen. Hieron. 1:!
ayuvodtrris, I.e.
ix - 4 - 14
AM iii. 229 ff . ;
CIA ii. 3. 1289
8
Demosth. Meid. 6. note.
9 Anth. Pal. xiii. 28. CIA ii. 3. 1298.
we have no means of knowing how

far the choregic customs
but there are traces of such dedications at Eretria in

prevailed ;
Euboea 1
,
at Orchomenus 2 and elsewhere. ,
The practice seems
to have died out for a time,
perhaps for lack of musical talent.
After the Christian era the competition seems to have been
artificially revived
3
The Thargelian contest ceases to have
.
importance as early as the fourth century.

Originally the Dionysiac tripods
were dedicated in the
5
and Thargelian in the Pythium
4
of Dionysus the .
precinct ,
But when there was no longer room, or the choregus became

more ambitious, they were set up in a street close by called
after them The Tripods
6
The state used to pay a thousand .
drachmae towards the cost 7 but the opportunity for magni ;
ficence or display was not neglected by the choregus, and thus

the offering partook of both public and private character. They
8
were placed on a plain basis, or on steps, or on a pillar like ,
that of Aristocrates, which preserved. It seems pro is still
bable, as Reisch suggests, that the three-sided marble bases,

with concave sides, some inscribed, some bearing Dionysiac
9
to carry votive tripods
even tripods, were intended
.
reliefs,
Nicias would seem to be the first who made the base of a
1
AJA o.s., x. 335.
7 CIA ii. 814 a A 31 rpnroSes VIK-/I-
a
IGS i. 3210. TV)pia rots X ^ i {py&ff&p&wt
P ?S KaL T<
3 CIA iii. 68 b, 79, 82 c. Inscrr. on (375/4). Theoretically,

the offering was
bases: CIA i. 336, 337, iv. 1. 837 a, ii. therefore public; but practically pri-
1250 415), ii. 1281 (early 4th vate. This feeling is perhaps exprest
(B.C.
cent.), 1240 (B.C. 344/3), 1249, 1258, by the change of formula from the
1262. For the Thargelia : CIA i. 421, name to
tribal the choregus ,
6 dciva
422. Reisch adds reff. to Athen. ii. xPVY^ v ^ viKa C P- CIA " 553 (
40
37; Arg. to Dem. Or. xxi. p. 510, B.C.), 1234, and later. The choregus
Schol. Aesch. Tim. 10 p. 255 Schulz. is victor in the Thargelia, CIA i. 422,
4
Isaeus v. 41 /w^/ieta TTJS O.VTUI> Aristocrates, whose offering is mention-
1
dperys avteeaav, TOVTO êv iv AtowJ<rov edinPlato,Gor<7itfs472A(below,p.!58 ).
rpi-n-oSas, oi)s xm who Cl/T Kal viKtavres

8See the vases figured in Reisch, pp.
Three cylindrical bases from
tXapov of a man
: died in 429. 68, 80.
the Thargelia, p. 88. Reisch is in-
Cp. Anth. Pal. vi. 339.
5
Suidas s.v. Hvdiov iepbv A7r6AXu- clined to ascribe this to Delphic tradi-
vos, A0iH" &** Hciffiffrp&rov yeyovds, tion. The first certain evidence for
eis 8 TOVS rplwodas erLBeffav ol r KVK\ltf pillarsunder the Dionysiac tripod
X&PV wf)w<* Qapyn\ia. comes from imperial times, p. 89.

6 Paus. i. 20. 1, with Frazer s note.
9
Reisch, pp. 90, 92 note.
tripod something more than a base. Plato alludes to the

tripod of Nicias and his brothers in the Dionysium, and to
the "beautiful
offering"
of Aristocrates 1 and the words of ;
Plutarch 2 imply that those of Nicias were placed upon some

kind of a shrine, on the gable top and ends perhaps. Whether
or no Nicias may claim to be the inventor of the tripod shrine,
the latter half of the fourth century saw a number of these
erected in the Street of Tripods, of which the beautiful monu
ment remains on the spot 3
of Lysicrates (335/4) The still .
tripod stood probably on the trefoil ornament, and the frieze,

which represents scenes from the life of Dionysus, was doubtless
taken from the prize poem. A similar monument, called the
Lantern of Diogenes, is described by a traveller as standing in
1669 4 Another choregic inscription (of the year 323/2) is
.
carved on a piece of a Doric epistyle 5 The well-known monu .
ment of Thrasyllus, who won a victory with the men s chorus in

320/19, was placed against the Acropolis rock over the theatre,
and there its remains are a second Nicias won with the still"
;
boys chorus in the same year, and built a little Doric shrine
for his tripod The agonothetae probably
above the Odeum 7
.
continued the practice of the choregi, as we see from a similar

8
inscription on the fragments of an Ionic architrave and there ,
is evidence for similar buildings in the imperial age 9 .
The tripods themselves were sometimes covered with silver,
1
Plato, Gorg. 472 A fiaprvpfaowrl :
1675, quoted by Keisch :
Laborde,
<rot,
tav nlv POV\TJ, Niidas 6 NiKyparov Athenes, i. 219, 244, ii. 33.
/ecu oi d5e\0ot /*er avrov, uv oi Tptrrodes
5
CIA ii. 1245.
oi ^0e?7s earur^s elviv iv T$ kioweiy,

6
Dorpfeld in AM
x. 227 ; CIA ii.
ear 5t fiov\ri,ApiaTOKparys 6 Z/ceXXt cw, 1247. His son Thrasycles won two
oO aft tariv fv llvOlov rovro TO KaXbv victories with choruses furnisht by the
dva6r)/j.a. state in 271/70, and commemorated

2
Plut. Nic. 3 6 rots xo/>777t/cots rpi- them on the same spot CIA ii. 1292, :
Troaiv vTTOKei/j.evos ei> &IOVIHTOV vews. 1293.

3
Stuart and Kevett, Antiquities of 7
Dorpfeld in AM ix. 219, with
Athens, i. 32 C. von Liitzow, Ztschr.
; restoration, pi. vii. ;
CIA.
f. bild. Kunst, 1868, p. 233, 264 ff. The 8
CIA ii. 1264, AM iii. 234 : but it
inscription runs CIA ii. 1242 Aim- is doubtful.

KpaT-ris KiKvvvevs exop^T 64 * A/ca/xairts
9
CIA iii. 68 b : the tripod, or a
iralSuv eviKOi, Qtuv T/tfXei, Avffiadrjs memorial of it, is dedicated to Ascle-
A077j>cuos eSidaa-Kf, EycuVeros ^px f -
pi us privately, and not in the year it
4
Guillet, Athenes anc. et nouv., Paris was won.
as that of Aeschraeus in the fourth century

1
and some of ;
them
had statues enclosed between the legs. The suggestion came
doubtless from ornamenting the pillars, which as we have seen
stood below the belly of the cauldron for support.
Praxiteles famous Satyr under one of the
placed his
tripods in this street Dionysus, with Victory by his

2
. A
side, made by the same artist and doubtless dedicated by him,
3
is alluded to in the following lines :
Kal Tt? Trporepwv zvcvywviwi e

el Ep/u^t
tepd, KOI Nircrji
roidSe Swpa
ev
rjv TrdpeSpov B/OO/LU&H Xe*i>ot9
TIpa^LTeXrjs Stcrcrot? siaaff VTTO TpiTrocriv.
the Niobids,
Perhaps the group of Apollo and Artemis slaying
seen by Pausanias, was there placed
4
One Praxiteles placed .
statues of Victory under two tripods, probably for musical

victories 5 A similar tripod, with Dionysus beneath it, is
.
mentioned in the Anthology as dedicated by Damomenes the

6
The practice is illustrated by
a marble tripod found
choregus .
at Magnesia on the Maeander, which has Hermes between the
legs
7
. A
portion of what seems to be
the marble base of a tripod
is preserved in Madrid : it is three-sided, and there remain two
graceful figures
of dancing girls 8 Three dancing figures of a .
similar type found at Delphi seem to have adorned a tripod base 9 .
1
Harpocration s.v. Kararofji-r) : <tX6- mean "in the grotto"; it can hardly
Xopos ev ^KT-TI OVTWS AiVxpcuos Avayv- mean, as Reisch suggests, they were
pdffios a.vQr)Ke rbv virkp Otarpov rpi- ornamental work on the tripod, which
jroda Karap-yvpuffas, veviKTjKus ry irpo- Pausanias expresses by eTTfipyaff^vos.
repov ^rct xop 7 ??""

7rcu(7t -
Perhaps the scene was taken later by
2
Paus. i. 20. 1. The interpretation Christians to mean devils attacking
has been doubted, but seems to follow the Virgin, and hence the modern
from a reasonable rendering of Pau- consecration of the grotto to Our Lady
sanias. See for a discussion of pros of the Cave, Speleotiosa.
and cons, Reisch, pp. Ill 112.

5
CIA ii. 1298.
3
CIA ii. (3) 1298. The dedicator
6
Anth. Pal vi. 339.
alludes to the work of Praxiteles as a

7 AM xix. 54. It is not of the
3rd century.
thing known. choregic type.
4 Paus. i. 21. 3 ffirti\ai6v e<rriv...
s
AA viii. 76, 77. Attic, early fifth
rpiirovs d ^Trecrrt KCI! TOjJry A7r6XXo;v century.

t tv avry Kai "Apre/ws
TOI>S TraiScis eiffiv
9
BCH xviii. 180.
dvcupovvres TOUS Nto/S?;?. But this may

The model of a tripod in stone was dedicated at Tremithns

1
in Cyprus, apparently by the winner .
2. The Instrument.
the victorious warrior might consecrate his own arms, so
As
the athlete might do with the implement of his game. This
class, like the corresponding class
in the last chapter, is smaller
than the preceding but there is evidence for it from either ;
extreme of Greek history, which may throw light on the

obscurity which lies between. At the same time, quite a num
ber of competitions are by their nature excluded. Singing
choirs used nothing which would suggest an offering the pent- ;
athlete had his his weights, his javelin, but the runner
quoit,
had nothing to show neither had the hoplite, who for obvious ;
reasons must not run in his own armour

2
It is in fact the .
contest of quoit-throwing, or putting the weight, which is most

useful to us just at this point.
In Olympia a huge irregular stone, declaring by an
is
3
inscription that Bybon threw it
over his head with one hand .
We knpw that the stone was used in putting before quoits

came in 4 and although this has no dedicatory inscription, the
;
place of its rinding implies

that it stood in the holy place. We
cannot feel certain about the quoit called of Iphitus, on
quite
which was engraven the formula of the sacred truce
5
But a .
ancient bronze from is inscribed with

very quoit Cephallenia
words which leave no doubt 6 :
Eu<70t 8a< ? p aveQ^Ke Atfo? icovpoiv

>
u>i vUacre
A thousand years later we find a quoit dedicated as a thank-

7
in the year 241 of our era
offering by Publius Asclepiades
.
1
Collitz i. 122 T/xa\jfo$...f eXci>v of strength; we read of one weigh-
...<W077/ce A7r6Xww. ing 200 Ibs. (Games of Argyllshire, Folk-
2 Paus. v. 12. 8. Lore Soc., 1900, p. 233).
4
3 IGA 370 ;
Eoberts 167 :
Brf)3wi>
Paus. ii. 29. 9.
6
Paus. 20. 1 Hicks, Gr. Hist.
vir^p /ce0ctXas inrcpipa\c T&
v. ;
T-rjTtp-nt x<M
ov(f>6pa (?).
It 0-68x0-33
measures Inscr. I.
x 0-29 m. Such stones used to be 6 IGS iii. 1. 649.

7 Inschr. von 01. 241 IIoTrX.
kept by highland chieftains for trials AovcX??-
Again, a victorious pentathlete of the sixth century dedicates

at Athens a base with a flat circular depression, which may have
held a quoit 1 What more natural, then, than to assume that
.
two quoits, engraved with scenes from the five events, either
were votive or represented a votive type ? Both represent the
jump and the javelin, which with the quoit were therefore the
three events which the owner won. One is from Sicily, and is
dated about 500 2 ;
the other, found in a tomb in Aegina, belongs
FIG. 24. Discus with representation of two events of the pentathlon, leaping
and javelin-throwing.
Cat. Brit. Mus. Bronzes 248.
3
to the fifth century These, or such as these, may be models
.
made memorial or dedication. Several discs, not inscribed,

for
were found at Olympia, which are most likely to be votive 4 .
To the same class belongs the leaden jumping weight of
3
-n-iddfjs KopLvOios 7reWa0Xos ev Dar. and Sagl. s.v. Discus, figs.
Aid OXu/iTTiw OX. ffvc (
= 01. 255). 251, 2462; Ann. d. Inst. 1832, pi. B;
There is a mysterious legend on the Friedrichs, Berl. Ant. Bilder, ii. 1273 ;
other side which I have no concern Baumeister, Denkm. fig. 612; Schrei
with here. ber, Atlas, xxii. 11. The beautiful
1
Ear. 13; CIA iv. i. 373 189 ...os quoit of the sixth century, bearing a
xctX/C;Ueovi?7J dolphin, must have been made as a
memorial of some sort :
Havadrjvaia, ii.
2
Cat. Brit. Mus. Bronzes 248, figs. ;
31 ; Jahreshefte ii. pi. 1.
Gaz. Arch. i. 131, pi. 35; Schreiber,
4
Bronzen von 01. 179; AZ 1880,
Atlas, xxii. 15. See fig. 24. p. 63.
R. 11
Epaenetus, found at Eleusis There was a stone weight found 1

.
2
at Olympia inscribed with a name, but without a dedication .
Two weights were found at Corinth, but without inscription 3 .
I do not know whether we ought to call votive the stone flute

found in Ithaca 4 .
If Arcesilas IV of Gyrene, who won the Pythian race in

466, did as it seems dedicate the car he drove in, this would
be another example of the same principle 5 Euagoras did .
so at Olympia 6 and perhaps we may take it that this was

;
the earliest, as it is the most natural, custom.

8
Trappings have been found at Dodona 7 Olympia
of horses , ,
and elsewhere, but to assign these to any special class would be

guessing.
But in the fifth century the victor in musical and scenic
contests dedicated the trappings of his work. Lysias speaks of
9
the dedication of stage trappings by the choregus and an ;
inscription of Teos mentions the masks and the crowns 10

. A
11
fragment of Aristophanes "bogie-masks" hanging alludes to the
in the precinct of Dionysus and a number of reliefs from the ;
12
Athenian theatre show tragic masks suspended in rows The .
masks appear to have been either hung on the walls, or placed

13
on their own bases Such reliefs may have been themselves
.
votive, just as a trophy might be made in permanent form of

bronze ;
or they may simply reproduce the appearance of the
1
CIA iv. 1. 422 4 a\6/j.evos viK^crev <7iV
rfj rrjs cr/ceuT/s dvadta et 7rei/ra/a<r%tXi a?
ETTCuyeros, ovvfKa rude d\TT]p E0.; 5pa%/u,cis: 700 iiri de Ei}/cAet5oi>

apxovros
A/>%. 1883, 189 sixth or
: seventh /cwyuySots xP ]y^3V r
K^tcroSuipy eVi /cwp,
century. /cat avrfKwcra crvv rfj TTJS ffKevrfi avadtvet

2
IGA 160 KvwSias; Bronzen von e/f/ccuSe/ca /j.vas.
10
01 1101. Le Bas, As. Min. 92 : TO. Trpdauira
3
E0. Apx- 1883, 104, figs. /cai TOVS aretpdvovs.
4
IGA n
337; IGS iii. 1. 655 tap6s. Arist. Geras, 131 Kock : ris av (f>pd-
5
Find. Pyth. v. 32 Kar^/cXacre yap <reie TTOU Vrt rb Aiovvaiov ; OTTOV ra
tvrtuv adtvos ov8tv dXXa, K/>^//arcu, fj.opfj.o\VKela TrpocrKpe/j.dvi VTai.
birbaa xeptapai renrbvuv daldaX ayuv
12
AZ xxiv. 170, Abb. 13; Reisch
Kpia-aiov \b(pov &/uLei\//ev, etc. 145, 146, figs. 13 and 14.
Pompeian wall-painting, Mm. Eor-

6 Paus. vi. 10. 8. 13
7
Carapanos, Iii. bon. i. 1; Helbig 1460; Reisch 145;
8
Bronzen 1102 ff. theatre ticket, Mon. d. Inst. viii. 52,
9
Lysias, Dorod. v. 698 dv8pd<n xop-rj- 732.
yuv ei s Aioj ô ia evtKrjffa /cat dvrj\wffa

temple walls with real masks hanging upon them. The dedi
cation of the real mask comes first in point of
development,
although since this class of dedication does not
appear
until the practice of
dedicating models had begun, there is
nothing to show which kind, if either, comes first in time.
A large number of model masks are preserved; Sybel notes
about thirty of them in Athens 1 and the
practice will doubtless
,
have been followed elsewhere. A fine mask of terra tragic

cotta, with holes
hanging, came from Thebes
for 2
A disc, of .
the Roman period, made for bears on one side two

hanging,
Bacchic masks, and on the other a 3
Satyr .
A few other examples may be mentioned. Athenaeus alludes

to a Contest of
Beauty which Cypselus founded in honour of
Eleusinian Demeter, in which his own wife was the first victor 4 .
In a poem of the
Anthology a victorious maiden offers as
trophies of such a contest a fawn-skin and a golden vase, together
with her dress and trinkets, to 5
A votary dedicates
Priapus .
to Hermes the torch which he had used in the

torch-race 6 ;
Charmos Poseidon his whip, curry-comb, and the other

offers to
trappings of his horses after winning the Isthmian race 7 the ;
trumpeter dedicates his trumpet 8 and the actor his mask 9

, An .
oil-flask appears to be dedicated in a Boeotian

inscription of the
third century 10 .
3. Other Commemorative
Offerings.
The most important offerings, however, connected with the
Games are those which represent the act or
process blest by the
god.
1
Sybel 3875, 3877, 38823, 3968, Coll. Castcllani, 671.
3978, all from the theatre; 1069 ff., 3
Cat. Berl. Sc. 1042.
3256, 3467, 3531, 4095, 4107, 4141-2,
4145, 4155, 4803, 5744, 6130 (25-27), fc
4
Ath .
h rrj topry
xiii 609 F A ^ Tpl
K al rov rov K d\\ovs
^\ev fflvig.
Ayfiva
6475, 6566, 6810, 7134; Eeisch 146. ^reA^cu [KtyeAo,],
The item from the Delian inventories airov rty yvvaâ Hp
(BCH ii. 325) iriva.% Trpdewira Zxuv 5
Anth. Pal. vi. 292.
rpia cannot be taken of masks, as 6
Anth. Pal. vi. 100.
Eeisch diffidently suggests; 7
Anth. Pal.
irptxrwTrov vi. 246; so 233.
is used in the Inventories of 8
persons Anth. Pal. vi. 350.
(e.g. CIA ii. 835 ), and the iri va was
s3 9
Anth. Pal. vi. 311.
a relief - 10
IGS i. 3091
2
Now in Madrid: AAviii. 95; another,
112
The athletic and equestrian contests gave good scope for

those representations in modelling. The chariot with its team
and driver, the race-horse and jockey, and the athlete with dis
tinguishing marks or attitudes
were at once simple as con
ceptions and effective as memorials. An ideal element was
often added to the chariot by placing a statue of Victory beside
the driver.
The earliest dedication of the chariot-model recorded by
Pausanias is probably that of Cleosthenes the Epidamnian,
victor in 516
l
. He and his driver stood in the car, and he went
so far as names of the to inscribe the horses upon them.
Gelo, despot and afterwards of Syracuse, won the

of Gela
race and dedicated a similar group in 488 The chariot of *.
his
Hiero, who succeeded him, was dedicated at Olympia by
son
3
;
and the remains of a magnificent monument found at
Delphi testify to a Pythian victory for the same man. It is
a bronze charioteer, with the wreath of victory on his head, and
parts of the horses

4
Others recorded are those of Cratisthenes .
the Cyrenian and of Cynisca, daughter of Archedamus of5

,
Cratisthenes was probably the first to place a Victory

6
Sparta .
beside the driver 7 ;

but in other cases appears a "maiden"
Pliny mentions
8
who probably meant for this personification
is .
another, that of Tisicrates, by Piston

9
and probably the ITTTTOL ;
of Cimon, said by Aelian to have been in Athens, were

<Xa\tcal
Calamis, Aristides, and

10
the memorial of a successful race .
Euphranor, as well as Lysippus, Euthycrates, Pyromachus,

Menogenes, and Aristodemus, made
well-known chariot-groups,
1
Pans. vi. 10. 7 inscr. KXeocrtf^s VAcad. des Inscr. xxiv. 186. A plate
^ dvt9r) K ei> o H6vTios e îriSa^vov, of the charioteer in AA xi. 174.
&ywa Ai6s. Names

5
tirirois ica\bi>
Paus. vi. 18. 1.
viK7i<ras
6
Paus. vi. 1. 6 4th century. See
of horses <J>ou, K6/>a, Kva/cias, Sd,uos. :
2 Paus. vi. 9. 4 :
part of the base is below, p. 165.
7 Paus. vi. 18.
believed to have been found: Inschr. 1.
von Olympia 143; IGA 359; and see

8 Paus. vi. 4. 10, 12. 6.
Frazer s note on Pausanias I.e.

9
Plm. NH xxxiv. 89.
3 Paus. vi. 12. 1, inscr. in viii.

10
Aelian, VH ix. 32. Cimon the
42 9 elder won three chariot-races, Hdt. vi.
103. His horses were buried near

Dedicated by his brother Polyzalos:
4
A JD N.S. ii. 440 Comptes Eendus de ;

him.
some of which we may assume to have been votive. Quite late,

the chariot of Lampus of Philippi in Macedon is mentioned 1 .
These models we may assume to have been fall size, but

others were small. That Glaucon the Athenian s chariot was
small proved by its base, which has been found
is 2
Cynisca .
also placed a small chariot in the

ante-chapel at Olympia and
3
,
the car of Polypeithes the Laconian was "not

large
4
What ."
may be the wheel of one such model was found, it is said, in

5
Argos, arid it is dedicated to the Dioscuri Fragments of .
chariots arid drivers were found at Athens 6 . A number of

smaller models in bronze and
terra-cotta were found at Olympia 7 ,
so many indeed, and such trifles,

as to suggest a doubt whether they
can be meant for this great event.
Can it be that such things were
offered beforehand with the pro
pitiatory sacrifice ? I know of no
evidence for this, however. A
number of wheels were found which
had no chariots belonging to them ;
8
they are cut out of thin foil ,
or
cast 9 ,
most being of the four-spoke
type, but two, the wheels of the
mule-car 10 with five spokes. All are FIG. 25. Charioteer, from
,
older than the traditional

founding Olympia.
of the Games. Bronzen xv. 249.
It may be that
some are the bases of animal
11
figures ,
but this will not help with the rest. Reisch believes
1 6
Paus. vi. 4. 10. Cat. Acr. Mus. Bronzes 753.
2
Paus. vi. 16. 9, Inschr. von OL 7
Bronzen von 01. xv. 24850, 253,
178 Au OXvfiirCwi T\O.VKUV etc.; p. 40. Terra-cotta, xvii. 285.
ovs A0?7j/cuos. See fig. 25.
3
Paus. v. 12. 5; Collitz iii. 4418;
8
Bronzen 498 ff.
she claims that she was the only Greek 9
Bronzen 503 ff.
woman to win the chariot-race. 10
Bronzen 510. There were races
4
Paus. vi. 16. 6. with the mule-car (a-n-fjvri)
between 01.
5
IGA 43 a roi(v) fav&Koi(v) dpi. Ev8 70 and 84: Paus. v. 9. 1.
.. s dv^0f]K. But see chap. xiv. 11
Bronzen 509.
that they were dedicated for the whole car by a convention,

and so explains also the Argive wheel mentioned above If 1
.
the Greeks could have dedicated a wheel for a chariot, they

could have dedicated the leg of a tripod for the whole and ;
there is no evidence whatever that they ever made such an

artisticblunder. They might restore Heracles from a foot,
but they would hardly offer a foot for Heracles. I shall offer
another explanation of these wheels by and by 2 .
Turning to the horse-race, we find figures of jockeys on

horseback placed on either side of Hiero s chariot 3 We learn .
that Canachus, Hegias, and Calamis made such groups 4 .
Crocon the Eretrian was another

5
who and al
dedicated his horse ,
though no jockey is mentioned

he would be necessary to express
the idea we have seen in these
groups. There is one example of

the animal dedicated alone, but
then there was a reason for it.
At the outset of this race the FIG. 26. Eider, from Olympia.
jockey who was

Bronzen xv. 255.
riding Pheidolas s
mare fell off, yet the mare ran on
and came in first; so Pheidolas was adjudged victor, and was
6
allowed to dedicate his mare alone But the animal is singled
.
out for special honour in another Olympian victory of the sons

7
of Pheidolas Other victorious jockeys are thus represented as
.
;
8
Aesypus who rode These statues might
for his father Tirnon .
also be dedicated at home the base of Onatas on the Athenian

;
9
Acropolis seems to have borne some such group Whether the .
equestrian statue of Isocrates was dedicated for a race, or for
1 5
Reisch p. 61; accepted by Furt- Paus. vi. 14. 4.
6
wangler, Bronzen, p. 68. Paus. vi. 13. 9: about 500. She
2
Chap. xiv. was named Aupa.
3
Paus. vi. 12. 1. Pliny, NH xxxiv. 7 Paus. vi. 13. 10 uKv5p6/j.as AI/KOS
5. 19 says sed illi celetas tantum dica- 1<r0/Lu a7rct, 5vo 5 frddde vixens <-
bant in sacris victores, postea vero et 5w\a iraiSuv ^Tre^di/wcre 56/uous.

8
qui bigis vel quadrigis vicissent. Cp. Paus. vi. 2. 8.
Pind. 01. i. 9 CIA iv. 1. 373", E0. Apx- 1887,

4
Pliny, NH xxiv. 19, 75, 78. p. 146.
some athletic contest, is not stated : but there it stood on the

Acropolis of Athens found at
1
. Statuettes of riders were
Delos 2 and Olympia 3 one at Dodona on a galloper 4 a
galloping, ,
and a walking or trotting horseman at Athens 5 an archaic ,
6
jockey Argos a youth in the attitude of riding at
in ,
7
Megara Hyblaea Horses alone are quite common as votive
.
offerings, as has been pointed out in the Cabirium there were :
riders also 8 .
When we come to the statues of athletes, we are met by

a very puzzling question. The athlete, we are told, was
allowed to dedicate a statue of himself for each victory; the
girl runners at the Heraea, pictures of themselves painted
9
.
The question whether these were really votive

is, offerings, or
nothing but an honour done to the winner.
Now Pausanias says distinctly that whilst all the objects on
the Athenian Acropolis were votive, statues included, the athlete
statues at Olympia were not; but that, as a kind of prize, the
right
of dedicating them was given 10 Since in the time of Pausanias .
avaTiQzval and dvdOrjfjut were used of honorific statues, it

is he got this distinction from an earlier writer 11
likely that .
It is that the inscriptions on many of these

true also
statues are not dedicatory 12 that the right to erect one was ,
1
Plut. X. Or., Isocrates, 42. rrj M^vgaiv o i re avdpiavres /ecu biroffa
2
AZ xl. 328 61 .
(SXXa, ra iravra earlv 6/j.olus dvaO-f]iJ.a.ra
3
Bronzen von 01. xv. 255, xvi. 258. iv 5 rrj "AXret TO, ptv Ti/mrj rrj es rb
See fig. 26. deiov dâ/cîrat, ot 8 dvdpicu>Tes T(av
4
Carapanos, 183, pi. xiii. 1, 3: VIKWVTUV &6\ov \6yw cQiai Kal OVTOI
iv
other fragments xi. 3, xii. 2. The didovrai.Furtwangler (AM v. 29 ff.)

same attitude as in old Attic tombs, and Curtius (Inschr. von 01. p. 235)
where the dead man s feats were repre- agree with this view. Keisch p. 35
sented : AM iv. 36, pi. ii. regards all as votive, because they
5
Cat. Acr. Mus. Bronzes 751, 752. stood in the precinct. This misses the
Also Sybel in AM v. 286. point which I have tried to bring out
6
Catalogue, no. 3. in the text, that the motive was
7 Mon. Ant. i. 932
115
.
changing. Moreover, a thing might
8 AM xv. 357. belong to the god and yet not be a
9
Paus. v. 16. 3 avaddvai ffQiviv $<JTL votive offering.
ypa\l/a/jLâts etVoras. This does not n Frazer, ad loc.
mean "
statues of themselves with their 12

E.g. Inschr. von 01. 146 KaXXfas
names inscribed, as Frazer trans- Atdvuiov A.drjva tos irayKpdriov WIKWV
lates, but something painted.
10
Paus. v. 21. 1 ev d/c/307r6\et ptv yap
168 GKEEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS.
held to be a high honour, and that this fact is sometimes

stated or implied in the legend
1
On the other hand, we have .
seen that was a recognised principle to make the votive

it
offering a representation of the event and this could be done ;
for athletes by showing them in some characteristic attitude or
holding characteristic attributes. There is therefore nothing

in the nature of things to prevent the athlete dedicating in
the true sense such a figure of himself. Further, some of the
athlete statues have true dedicatory inscriptions; and the
2
chariot groups are admitted to be truly votive .
The truth seems to be, then, that some athlete statues

were votive and some were not. Here in fact is the earliest
beginning of that change which completed in the fourth is
century, by which the votive offering becomes chiefly a means

of self-glorification. Why the change should begin here is easy
to see. Victors in the chariot-race did not owe their victory
3
to themselves alone and driver had a share in it,
; horses, car,
and the group was distinct from the owner but the athlete :
stood alone, and in his case to represent the deed in doing was
to represent the man. The inevitable result was that pride
swallowed up piety, and in the fifth century or even earlier
s statue became a memorial of a personal honour.
the athlete
I take it then, that originally the Olympian athlete statues
were as truly votive as the chariot groups or race-horse and
rider, and as truly as athlete statues continued to be votive
which the victor dedicated at home. Pliny gives a hint in the
same direction, when he implies that they were generally
4
not realistic portraits But those actually recorded must be.
divided into two distinct classes, those which are votive being
1
As by Euthymus :
below, p. 169. fi/CTjtras 5 /ccti auropQiv xpu<rt oi>,
Kara rtva
2
Inschr. von 01. p. 239. eoprijv eTrixupiov KKoff/j.r)^vas tduv ras
3
Yet two chariot-victors, Timon yuvaiKas, iravra d<pd\To TOV K0fffj.ov,
and Telemachus, seem to have dedi- /cat ^Treê rb dvddrjfjia.. Perhaps it was
cated their own statues alone: per- in the car.
haps the effect of the athletes (Paus. 4

Pliny, NH
xxxiv. 4. 16 omnium
vi. 2. 8, Diogenes Laertius
13. 11). qui vicissent statuas dicari mos erat,
i. 7. 3 says that Periander offered a eorum vero qui ter ibi superavissent,
golden statue of himself: "E0o/>os
iff TO- ex membris ipsorum similitudiue ex-
pet ws etfcuTo, d viK7)<reit>
0\v fjt.tr
ia pressa.
xpvcrovv dvdpidvra
inscribed to that effect. If the dedicator was content to

describe his statue as a votive offering, I am content to
take him at his word, without assuming that he would say
what he did not mean, because like a fourth-form schoolboy
1
he wanted to make his verses scan .
One of the few that remained truly thankful for his mercies
was Euthyrnus the boxer, who won his third Olympic victory in
472 2 . He
however not unmindful of his own pride, but
is
3
another boxer Damarchus is more modest The same formula .
is used of Tel Ion in the fifth century

4
and of Milo the wrestler 5 ,
.
These are the mainstays of my argument but I may add ;
6
Cyniscus from the early fourth century, after which no others
7
demonstrably use the formula until the first century
8
,
when
9
the practice becomes general .
If the principle of dedication which I have adopted is
correct, the dedicatory statues must have been intelligible to
1
As Curtius in the Inschr. von OL and part of the older remains.
p. 239. He overlooks no. 213, which 5
Paus. vi. 14. 5; Inschr. 264; IGA
is in prose. So Furtwangler, AMv. 30. 589 MtXwv Aum /xou dveOr)Kev. Curtius
It is hardly possible to argue that the and Adler deny the restoration because
word aLv^6t]Kev was losing its force thus it contradicts their canon about prose ;
early, because (1) athletic statues were there is no other reason. They ought
actually dedicated at home, and (2) the to have heard of Dawes. For Milo Bee
word has full force elsewhere for an Simonides 156.
other century or more, whilst Lysander 6
Inschr. 149; IGA p. 175; Paus. vi.
has already given a sign that the motive 4. 11.

7
of dedications was to change (above, Other examples of dvtd-qKev are
p. 132). IGA 563 (stadium), and 355 (cp. Paus.
2
Inschr. 144; IGA 388 Etffliôs Ao- vi. 10. 9?) ; but the object is obscure.
8
xpbs AffTVK\eos rph OXtf/XTrt fri/cuv, el- Inschr. 213.
KQVOL 5 2(TTr)<Tev rrivde /Sporois ecropav.
9
Furtwangler, AM v. 30 note, cites
E##tY*os AoKpbs dirb Zi6<j>vpLov dv^6r]K. the following (for which see the place,
Paus. vi. 6. 6. The dedication, it will and the Index to Pausanias) early :
be observed, is in prose. I do not 4th cent. Aristion, Critodamus, Da-

think that even the fourth-form boy moxenidas, Eucles, Pythocles, Xeno-
would believe the last line to be a cles; later 4th Troilus, Telemachus;
hexameter. 3rd Philippus, Archippus; 2nd Acestori-
3
Paus. vi. 8. 2 uids &.IVVVTO. Aci/uapxos des, Hellenicus. None of these use
ravS aveOrjKev ei /cop OTT Ap/caStas Hap- the votive formula. Telemachus won
patnos -yevedv. in the chariot-race; Troilus acknow
4
Paus. vi. 2. 9, IGA 98; Inschr. ledges the help of Zeus (Inschr. 166);
147 : the dedication is in later letters, the others are bald descriptions for the
but the whole inscr. has been recut most part.
the chance beholder. And in fact so were those which are

minutely described. Damaretus, the first victor in the hoplite
race, was armed with shield, helmet, and greaves
1
Glaucus .
was in the attitude of sparring 2 Diagoras had the left hand ;
guarding the mark, the right uplifted

3
The base of Athenaeus .
the boxer shows that he was in the act of striking 4 The .
knuckle-dusters or thongs of cow-hide bound on the hand

(Ifjiavre^} also served to make out the boxer, as in the case
5
of Arcesilaus Tisicrates the pancratiast was represented as
.
6
boxing . Thewrestler Xenocles was apparently poised as about
7
to grip . Other motives are possible as the luctator anhelans :
of Nauceros. The leaper, or pancratiast, might hold the leaping-

8
weights ;
the discobolus holds or hurls his quoit, the doryphorus
his spear. The racer might be crouching down to prepare for
the start 9 More general attributes would be the hand upheld
.
10
in prayer for victory, the oil-flask the wreath 11 and the palm , ,
of victory 12 .
would serve no purpose here to enumerate the statues

It
we know of, from the wooden figures of Praxidamas and
Rhexibius down to the age of Hadrian 13 for without inscrip ;
tions we have no clue to guide us as to the motives of the

dedicator. But it is fair to assume that statues in the attitude
of adoration were really votive. In this attitude were Anaxan-
1
Paus. vi. 10. 4 (65th 01.). Helmet athlete statues; now in Ath. Mus.
and greaves were afterwards discarded See Il.ava.0riva.ia., vol. ii.
plates.
for this race. p aus Vt 27. 2 (part of spoil, yet
.
2
Paus.vi. 10.3 o-xyv-a ovaajuaxoCj/ros: an athlete statue originally).
9
early 5th cent. So apparently Ladas, Anth. Pal.
3
Schol. Find. Ol. vii. p. 157 Bockh. xvi. 54; and the running maiden of the
4
Paus. vi. 4. 1; Imchr. 168: 4th Vatican.
cent - 10
Reisch 46
he would add Apoxyo- :
5
Paus. vi. 7. 1; Schol. Pind. I.e. me ni. Cp. F.-W. 462 f.; Pliny, NH
The battered ears of the
Olympian xxxiv. 76 pueri destringentes se; 34,
head are due to realism and have no 86, 87 perixyomeni.
value here. 11
F _
w> 325 (the olympian bronze
6
Lowy, Inschr. der gr. Bildhauer,
head).
120>
7
12
Sybel 411; Pliny, NH xxxv. 75;
Paus. Inschr. 164; Ergeb-
vi. 9. 2; C p. 63, 71, 106, 130, 138.
nisse, Tafelband, ii. 150. Part of what Paus. vi. 18. 7; Pind. Nem. vi. 15.
seems to be a
group of wrestlers was It was always placed in the victor s
dredged up in the sea at Cythera, with hand, Paus. viii. 48. 2.
1
and Diagoras and Acusilaus
drus, victor in the chariot-race ,
2
the boxers . There
a bronze boy in Berlin, holding up is
one hand in prayer, and with the other holding a leaping-

If it could be shown that this attitude was taken
3
weight .
by any other of the athlete statues, we should have to alter

our view of them but we do not know how far it was ;
4
customary .
At Delphi, the wider religious interest eclipst the games ;
and neither there nor on the Isthmus, nor at N^mea, did

Pausanias think worth while to go into detail.
it A. great
many of the Olympic victors did however win also at one or

more of the other three places, and we may shortly hope to
be in a position to judge how the monuments at Delphi are to

be regarded. Statues were, however, not infrequently set up
at home for victories abroad. Callias in the fifth century
stood upon the Athenian Acropolis, and the inscription may
5
confidently be taken as votive There were also Herrnolycus .
7
the pancratiast 6 and Epicharinus, who won the hoplite race
,
.
8
Promachus of Pellene and Aenetus of Amyclae 9
had statues , ,
dedicated at home. Agias the pancratiast was honoured in the

same way in his Thessalian home 10 . The man "in the helmet"
11
in the Athenian Acropolis may have been a hoplite racer .
The victor s portrait is spoken of as a matter of course in the

12
fourth century .
It does not seem to have been the custom to dedicate

musical victors in this way. The statues which existed at
9
1
Pans. vi. 1. 7. Pans. ii. 18. 5.
10
2
Schol. Pind. 01. vii. E. Preuner, Ein delphisches Weih-
3
Catalogue 6306; AM vi. 158; cp. geschenk (Teubner 1900), 17, 18: the
Paus. v. 27. 2, vi. 3. 10. victor borrowed the epigram used by
4
See Scherer, De Olympionicarum Daochus at Delphi, p. 3.
n Paus. i. 24. 3
statuis, 31 ff. Kpdvos eirLKdêvos
39) points out how
5 Reisch
CIA i.419KaXXasdve0T]KvorKaT. dvrip ; (p.
163 KaXXtasAi8vjjtCovav0tiKj/t/c(3v with like the phrase is to what is said of
list of victories. The restoration of Telesicrates, avyp ^x uv KP&VOS, Schol.
fate-qicc is justified ;
see note 8. Pind. Pyth. ix. 401 Bockh.
6 Paus. i. 23. 10. 12
Xen. Mem. iii. 10. 6 OTI/X&/ dXXofous
7
Paus. i. 23. 9 ;
CIA i. 376 ETTI- Trotets 5po/z6zs re /ecu 7raXcu<rrds Kal Try/eras
Xapivos o-viQ^Kev . . . Kal TrayKpariaffTas 6pu>

re Kal dlda (said
8
Paus. vii. 27. 5. to a sculptor).
1
Delphi do not appear to have been votive in the true sense;
and the same may be said of heralds and 2
There
trumpeters .
were statues of poets or musicians in Mount Helicon who won

the prize there, and an epigram of the fifth
century which was
on one of them is votive in form 3 The relief of the .
Pythocritus
4
flotist in is also uncertain The pretty
Olympia tale of the .
cicala is worth mentioning.

musician broke his string, and A
a cicala settling upon the lyre buzzed the note of the broken
string so well that he gained the prize. An image of the little
creature was dedicated in remembrance of this 5
timely help .
FIG. 27. From Olympia. FIG. 28. The Tiibingen bronze.

Bronzen vii. 48. Jahrb. i.
pi. 9.
Some of the statuettes found at

Olympia appear to have
been athletes, and these are certainly votive. One naked
youth held an object in each hand, perhaps leaping- weights
6
;
others, with one foot advanced, are not clearly characterised 7 .
1
Paus. x. 9. 2. 5
Clem. Alex. Protrept, i. 1. 1 Anth.
;
2
Beisch, p. 54 note, gives examples. Pal. ix. 584 Strabo vi. 260.
;
3
Ath. xiv. 629 A quoting Amphion 6
Bronzen von OL viii. 47 (oldest of
Trepl TOU tt> EXi/ctDi t Moixreioi; :
all). An Etruscan statuette holding
a/j.<p6Tep (bpxev[j.av re /ecu fytt/xwcrwy eSt- the weights is inscribed : Gaz. Arch.
tivdpaf 6 d av\r)Tas r)i>
"AvaKos xiv. 59, pi. 13. Apossible athlete at
6t/xi 5^ Ba/cîciâs St/cuwi tos "
77 Delphi, BCH xx. 702.

pa deo icri ro?y St/cucDi i xaXbv TOVT Q.TT- 7
Bronzen von Ol. vii. 48. But these
Keiro ytpas. seem to wear ceremonial stlengis. See
4
Paus. vi. 14. 9 dvyp /uuxp* fig. 27.
t<rrlv
tKTTVTru/j,ti>os îri (7x77X77.
2
There a boxer 1 a quoit-thrower s arm
is ,
and many fragments ,
of similar figures. A
bronze quoit-thrower was dedicated in
5
the Cabirium
3
A group of wrestlers 4 a boxer and the arm of
. , ,
FIG. 29. Victorious athletes with votive tablet and prize.

Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vas. pi. ix.
a quoit-thrower in small were found on the Athenian Acropolis.

6
The running girl of Dodona wears the short tunic of the Spartan
racers The hoplite-runner has been seen in a remarkable
1.
1
Bronzen von 01. viii. 57. Wien, pi. 37. 4, 35.
2
Bronzen vonOl. vi. 59 (5th century).
4 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 747.
3 AMxv. 365 Kaplpov, archaic.
5
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 746.
Such statuettes are not rare, but it is

6
Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 636.
uncertain whether votive: Keisch re
7
Carapanos, xi. 1. She is not likely
fers to JHS i. 177 ; Sacker-Kenner, Die to be Atalanta.
ant. Bronzen im k. Miinzkabinet in

figure the Tubingen bronze 1

called At Delphi was found .
a very ancient statuette of

bronze, girt in a loincloth, the
hands clencht as though which be
holding something; may
meant for a runner 2 .
Pictorial
representations act or process of the
appear to
have been common, although we hear little of them. Some
such are upon the Corinthian tablets dedicated to Poseidon 3
:
a pair of pugilists, riders, and what not. There is a vase

which shows a youth, carrying a Panathenaic vase and a tablet
on which a human figure is painted 4 one was held in the hand ;
of a statue which used to be at 5

I do not know
Olympia .
whether we might venture to the scenes on some explain

Athenian tablets which remain as due to
mythological pre
cedent otherwise the apotheosis of Hercules
;
might be used by
some one who could claim connexion with
him, to indicate
labours accomplisht 6 The painter Nicomachus made a scene
.
of Victoria quadrigam in sublime

rapiens, in which Victory
seems to have been driving, and
holding a palm
7
Nothing .
but a more florid group would suffice the

imagination of
Alcibiades, who dedicated two pictures in the Pinacotheca.
In one, Olympias and Pythias were him in the crowning ; other,
Nemea was sitting with him upon her knees 8
reminded . One is
of Pindar s phrase that the victor "falls at the
knees of
Victory
9
A similar picture, apparently the memorial of a
."
10
race, is described by Pliny Nemea palm in hand is seated :
1
Hauser, Jahrb. ii. 95; A A x. 183 ;
6
Benndorf, iii. Heracles and
pi. :
L. Schwahe,Zur Tub. Bronze, Jahrb.i. Athena in car. Others are: iv. 1

153, pi. 9, believes him to be a charioteer, Athena in car, Hermes standing by;
which is impossible, because
(1) the iv. 2, v. 6 Athena meets car ; v. Pro-
attitude does not suit, (2) he wears a cession of the gods.
helmet, (3) he stands on a base and 7
Eeisch, p. 149.
therefore did not stand in a chariot. 8
Athenaeus xii. 534 D, E duo irivaicas
avtOyKtv, A.y\ao<t>&vTos ypa^v u>v 6

2
BCH xxiii. 620, pi. x., xi. ^ v dxev OXv^dda K ai nvdidda <rre-
3
Gaz. Arch. vi. 107 AntiJee
fig. fwofoas avrbv, ev 5t eartpy Ne/teth r,v
Denkmaler
fig 17
i. 8. 24. See above, p. 81, Ka 0r,^r, Ka l M rw yovdrw otfrfc
AXKiptddrjs ; cp. Paus. i. 22. 6.
Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vasenb., 9
PincL Nentm v> 42 .
Isfh ^ 26:
vLKas tv yovt>a<Tiv,
tv ayxuveacri. irlrvuv.
Pliny, NHxxxiv. 59Libyn, puerum 10
pii n y } ^rH xxxv. 27.
tenentem tabellam.
upon a lion, and by her side stands an old man with a staff,
over whose head hangs a picture or tablet with a two-horse
car upon it.
Imust not omit to mention that the scene of the contest,
or something connected with it, is sometimes depicted upon the
1
prize (as in a Panathenaic vase

and perhaps the quoits of ,
Sicily and Aegina), or upon the base which supported the

offering. An archaic base from the Athenian Acropolis shows
2 3
a four-horse car one from Aegina the pair-car
,
others show ;
4
the Pyrrhic dance The well-known base of Bryaxis (4th
.
century), which once upheld the memorial of the Athenian

contest inhorsemanship (av6nnraa-ia}~, was dedicated by a
father and two sons. Upon it the hipparch is seen advancing
at full gallop to receive the prize, a large tripod
6
A boy on .
7
a race-horse appears elsewhere .
But reliefs independently dedicated form a very large class,

which I cannot here do more than indicate in its main
8
features . The interpretation of details, the fixing of the
occasion, and so forth, mainly a matter of guess. The
is still
publication of the whole mass in some handy form would
probably make it possible to advance a step or tAvo further.

Meanwhile, it is encouraging to see that most of the existing
reliefs fall into certain main categories, and that these fit in with
what we see elsewhere.

Taking the pieces which seem to be agonistic, we may
divide them threefold :
(i) TheContest, (ii) The Victory and
Prize, (iii) The Sacrifice or Libation. Each is a different aspect
of the act or process blest by the deity.
We
shall take first athletic and equestrian contests, and
secondly those relating to music or the drama.
(i) The Contest. Part of a chariot and pair in full course,
found at Cyzicus, is ascribed to the sixth century; but there is
1
Baumeister, fig. 1156. 6
CIA iii. 1291 foeariraaiq. Uava-
-
Schoue73; Sybel 6741. 8-/jvaia ra /meyd\a.
3
Collection Sab. i. pi. xxvi. ; another,
7 AZ xxxv. 139, no. 89 (von Duhn).
8 Keisch 49 ff. has discussed this
Sybel 6739.
4
Sybel 6569. group, and I have borrowed a number
5
Xen. Hipparch. iii. 11. of examples from his list.
no proof that it is votive 1 . Archaic reliefs of the Acropolis

show similar scenes, one with a shielded person who may
2
perhaps be an apobates There is no doubt in the case of .
a remarkable Spartan monument. Damonon, who has won

a number of victories, several of them with the same team,
dedicates to Athena a pillar recording the victories, with a
relief of himself driving his quadriga 3 .
A group of athletes has also been found with names

4
inscribed . There are representations of Pyrrhic dancers 5 and
of victors in the torch-race 6
. Some of the scenes are explained
as referring to victorious apobatae, since the driver is armed 7 .
The scene may depict various moments of the contest or its

8
conclusion. Here the driver is mounting upon his car or
driving at speed in the race or the steeds ;

move moderate
at a
pace, before the start or after the finish

9
. A more solemn pace
10
is seen in a tablet from Palermo again, a boy gallops . Or
11
past on his racer Lads leading horses, perhaps victorious
.
12
ephebes, appear on one Attic relief a mounted boy on another 13 ;
.
A horseman leading a group of other horsemen may refer to the

u
anthippasia A relief shows two male
.
puzzling figures seated,
of heroic size, betwixt whom is a lad leaning upon a spear, and
15
apparently holding the jumping weights .
1
BCH xviii. 493. Pliny, NH xxxv. F-W. 1838.
99, describes a similar piece by Aristides

8
Sybel 6741. Compare F-W. 1838
the elder. Gazette des beaux arts (1882), 452, 456.
2 9
Acr. Mus. no. 1391 : traces of inscr. Sybel 6739; cp. Coll. Sab. xxvi.;
3
IGA
79; Roberts 264.
Aa.fji.6vwi> Oropus, Cat. Berl. Sc. 725, and per-
dvtdrjKe Adavaiai IloXidxwi viKaas ravra haps Bull, de Com. Arch. iii. 247
ar ovdty ir-qtroKa T&V vvv. rdde evlicae (Athens) ; cp. Sybel 5128; Gall, di
AafJLtovwv ruit aurcDi Tedpi-mrwi avros Firenze, iv. vol. 2, pi. 86. Thebes,
avio-xiuv (list)...<W/c7?
"EXei Kal 6 /c<?\T]g
Le Bas, pi. 92. 2; AM. iii. 414; Delphi,
afj.a avrbs cmoxiW ej/^wais iirwois, etc. Pomtow, Beitrdge zur Topographic von
4
Sybel 6154 Avny^Tjs, Aa/adSTjs, Delphi, 107, pi. xii. 32.
10
I8o/j.eveus "Or)9ei>,
Avr... Axapvevs. Reisch 50.
n BCH v.
Sybel 6151 CIA iii. 1286 with Terra-cotta from Thera
5
;
relief, seven x o P* VTa-L an d x /"??^- 436. Cp. F-W. 1206.

12
6
Cat. B. Mus. 813 (slab) ; CIA ii. Sybel 307.
1221 ;cp. 1229.
13
F. von Duhn, AZ xxxv. 139 ff.,
7 Cat. Berl. Sc. 725 ;

AM xii. 146 ; no. 88.
14
Bull, de Com. Arch. iii. 247; some Schone 79.
reliefs in Lisbon, see BCH xvi. 325 ff.; 15

AZ xii. pi. 13. 2.
(ii) The Victory and

the Prize. The moment of victory is
anticipated, when Victory throws a wreath on the driver s head
as he mounts or flies through the air to
1
,
place the crown on
the victor s head, he driving at full speed the while
2
or
; upon
the head of a victorious steed 3 Victory herself .
may even
drive the chariot 4 or the victor wears a , fillet
upon his brow 5 .
The quadriga, and apparently Victory in it, appears on a curious

relief dedicated to Hermes and the
Nymphs, from Phalerum
6
.
Perhaps the deity offers a winged Victory to her worshipper

7
,
or Victory holds a fillet over his brow 8 There again stands .
the prize by the hurrying chariot an amphora in one relief 9 ; ,
a tripod perhaps in another 10 Even the votive tablet appears .
to be depicted in the left-hand corner of the 11

Oropus relief .
The judge crowns the runner in the torch-race, victorious

whilst three athletes are grouped near by 12 or the whole
troupe ;
of runners. A fine relief in the British Museum shows a

company of eight naked youths headed by two men draped, one
of whom offers a torch to the statue of Artemis Bendis 13
.
An Athenian relief assigned to the fifth century combines

Types i. and ii. There are two divisions : below are fragments
of two horses ; above, a man as it were engaged in sacrifice 14 .
(iii) The Sacrifice. I know of no instance which

distinctly
refers to athletic or equestrian contests,
although some of those
in which Victory appears may be such. The class of sacrificial
relief is, however, very large, and as a rule the occasion is not
35
clearly indicated .
1
Brit. Mus. Anc. Marbles, ix. 38. 2. (archaic). These may refer to the
2
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 814 ; cp. 815. Panathenaea.
3
Schone, pi. 18, 80 ;
F-W. 1142 ;
n Berl. Cat. 725.
cp. Sybel 7014. GIG 257 Xa/jurdSi vtK^cras yv/j-vacri-

4
Hiibner, Bildwerke in Madrid, apxuv ; Hicks, Inscr. B. Mus. i. xli. ;
241, 559 ; Ann. d. Hist. 1862, pi. G, Cat. Mus. Sc. 813.
Brit. The lad
p. 103 ;Acropolis Museum 1342. carries a whisk for sprinkling there ;
5
In the Palermo relief, Beisch 50. is an altar.
6
E0. Apx- 1893, 108, pi. 9, 10 A.
13
Br. Mus. no. 7*; AA xi. 143;
7
Schone xix. 85, xxi. 93. Plat. Rep. i. 1. See C. Smith, Class.
8
AM xxv. 169, to Hera (Samos). Review, xiii. 230.
9
Beisch 50; Marm. Taurin. ii. pi.
14
von Duhn, AZ xxxv. 139 ff., no.
xxxiii. ; Dutschke, iv. 92, no. 174. 69.
10 5
Sybel 308, 6619, 6741 with biga >
See chap. vm.

R. 12
We now come and scenic class, for which

to the musical
direct evidence scanty. That some

is dedication was customary
in the fourth century is clear from what Theophrastus says of
the Mean Man. "When he wins a prize at the tragedies,"
is content to offer a wooden slab to
"he
says Theophrastus,
Plutarch tells us
Dionysus, with his own name upon
1
it ."
2
that Themistocles dedicated a iriva^ TJ?? vU^, inscribed and ;
the same word is used Aristotle of the of Thrasippus*.

by victory
Simonides also alludes to a dedicatory iriva% which he finally
offered after
winning fifty-six prizes
4
Now the word irlva% .
we know
may be used of an inscribed slab and no more, and
that the yearly victories were recorded on such slabs. But on
the other hand, this was done officially, and our authorities
refer to the victor s dedication. Moreover, iriva% is so often
used of reliefs or paintings, that we may assume some such

memorial was meant here
5
At all events, there exist still .
a certain number of reliefs whose subjects are connected with

the stage and we may provisionally take these to be the votive
;
or perhaps actors.
offerings of victorious composers,
(i)
The Contest. There is a work apparently of Roman
date, which however seems imply an earlier Greek original, to
where we see a man crowned with ivy and clad in stage costume
and buskins, seated upon a kind of throne, and holding a
sceptre in his right
hand. On one side a boy playing upon is
the flute on the other what seems to

;
be a dancing girl 6 .
Another is a relief in the Lateran. Here a young man, appa

sits on a chair, holding a mask in one
rently a portrait figure,
hand, while on the table before him lie two other masks and a
roll of manuscript. A woman stands beside him in the attitude
of declamation
7
. A variant of this type shows the artist gazing
1
Theophrastus, Charact. xxii. :
viKr)- dvdpuiv et)56ou Nt/cas dyXabv ap^ eTr^tys.
o-as rpay^dols raiviav ^v\ivt]v a.va.6([iva.i
5
The Picture Gallery on the Acro-
, tiriypdâs eavrov rb 6voâ.. polls was called the Pinacotheca. Paus.
2 Plut. Them. 5. i. 22. 6.
3 Arist. Pol. viii. 6. 1341 A.
6
Reisch 56, quoting Cabinet Pour-
4 213 xxxviii. Mus. Pio-Clem.
Simonides, Anth. Pal. vi. If eirl tales, pi. ;
, 2,1/j.wvlSri, tfpao raupovs Kai

ii. b, iv. ; Wieseler, Denk. der Buhnen-
TbvV dv6t/JLei>cu
irivaKa. wesen, iv. 10.
, irpiv
5 intptxvra SiSa^d/xei/os xP"
7 Reisch 54, quoting Benndorf and
upon a mask which lies in a box before him or holding one in 1

,
2
his hand ,
(n) The Victory and the Prize. A certain number of

Athena reliefs may belong to this class. The sets
goddess
a garland upon a man s
head; she is armed, standing 3 or
4
seated sometimes with her owl
fluttering near, and wor
,
shippers are present. Similar scenes with armed men

may
represent the victorious hoplite-races 5 Hints of the same .
origin, in the case of the wreath, appear on Dioscuri reliefs

from Tarentum 6 A relief-fragment from Athens 7 shows a
.
bearded man beside a

gigantic tripod, which should be regarded
as a
choregic offering, or perhaps the poet s own 8 doubtless ;
the offering of the bull, so often

coupled with the tripod on
vase paintings, occupied the 9
missing part of the scene In .
yet another scene, beside the man whom we may regard as the
poet and dedicator is a bearded satyr, who places the
tripod
upon a base
10
the satyr may be a
personification of the
:
dithyramb, as such a one is inscribed on a certain vase 11 A

boy .
holding a palm is seen on a late relief standing beside a grown

man and a herm 12 .
(iii) The
Sacrifice or Libation. The so-called Harpist
Reliefs are perhaps memorials of a musical
victory
13
On one .
of these the scene is laid before a

temple Apollo, holding the ;
lyre in one hand, with the other reaches a bowl towards

Victory,
Scheme, Lateran, no. 487 Wieseler, ; as Sybel 5013 says, there is a tripod.
op. cit. iv. 9 ; Michaelis, Ancient None is visible in Schone s sketch.
Marbles, 457 (replica). Schreiber, Cult-
*
So Simonides in Anth. Pal. vi. 213
hist. Bilderatlas, v. 4, for reasons best 4
(above, p. 178 ).
known to himself, entitles this Philis- 9
Eeisch 57.
cus tragoediarum scriptor meditans. I0
Sybel 3983.
1
Mus. Borbon. xiii. pi. xxi. n
(Naples); Aiâ/x/Sos, Welcke, Alte Denkm.
Zoega, Bassirilievi, pi. xxiv. (Villa iii. 125, pi. x. 2, quoted by Eeisch.
A1 ani) - 12
^ Maas, Jahrb. xi. 102 ff. ; he sug-
Cat. Berl. Sc. 951
:
(Hellenistic). gests for the female Tragedy, Hypo-

Sybel 5026.
Didascalia, the
crisis>
T<^ of the
4
Sybel 5121 ; Schone 87. guild, or what not, 104. Inscr. Hpa s
Schone 85. Aiwfcrwi
6
EM xv. a^Kav.
1 ff. 13
We mugt not be toQ gure> how _
F-W. 1196 Schone 82; Wiener

;
ever, since the traditional attributes of
Vorl.-Bl. via. pi. x. So the relief with a deity need not indicate the occasion.
Athena and seated men, Schone 83, if See ch. xiv.
12 2
who standing beside an altar pours from a jug into the bowl.
Artemis and Leto follow the god,
1
One found in Euboea, near .
a shrine of Artemis, bears Artemis, Leto, and Apollo with

a male worshipper
2
Much the same type is seen in the rest of
.
this class. An Attic relief of the fourth century was dedicated

by an actors to Dionysus.
guild
A draped female figure,
holds a tragic mask, and three more
probably a personification,
masks hang on the wall; a boy is engaged in libation,
and
3
a male himself
there are traces of figure, perhaps Dionysus
.
The Sacrifice proper may be rendered in some of those

indeterminate scenes where Victory sacrifices a bull. Less
obscure is a relief from Coropi, where a male deity, perhaps
Dionysus, holds a cup,
and by him stand sixteen men (the
whilst a boy leads a pig to
choregus, that is, and his chorus),
4
the altar .
The Sacrifice proper is often replaced by the Feast scheme,

which we have already considered. Here the type has clearly
become traditional, and that it is votive is attested by an
5
Athenian example which bears the inscription of a choregus .
Another appears to be the dedication of a poet

6
An old man, .
crowned with ivy, whose features are distinctive enough to be

a portrait, reclines on a couch. At his feet sits a maiden, and
before them is a table laden with light food a lad pours wine ;
for the banqueters. To them enters the youthful Dionysus,

a snake appears on the scene. The
holding a thyrsus, and
7
female figure is probably allegorical Poesy or Comedy perhaps, ,
as she probably is in a relief of the fourth century not dissimilar.

Here the reclining male figure may be Dionysus himself;
the female wears a fawn-skin. Hard by stand three actors, in
stage dress and masks

and the inscription has been interpreted
;
as Hai&rja (i.e. HatSeta)

8
large class of reliefs,
which have
. A
1
Cat. Berl. Sc. 921 (archaistic : im- 6 F-W. 1843 ;
AZ xxxix. 271, pi. 14
perial age) ;
F-W. 427 ff. (Louvre).
4 PL 2 4th ? So in the I)ecree relief F 1181
Apx- 1900
2 W<
E0. >
P- (
the figure is Evraîa.

century).
3
Cat. Berl. Sc. 948 ; cp. 10556. 8 F-W. 1135. The reading is very
4
Reisch, p. 124, fig. 12. unlikely to be right, but it is clear that
s
Milchhofer, Jahrb. d. Inst. ii. 27 12 : the female has something to do with
Jivffl as Airo\\o5upov xopaywv. Dionysus.

been interpreted without good reason as the visit of Dionysus

to Icarius,show the god, sometimes with satyrs in company,
breaking in upon a scene of feasting. Masks are also some
times represented in these scenes and taking all points into ;
consideration, it is possible that they were the votive tablets of

1
poets or actors .
Dionysus and Victory are found on a tripod
2
base which once stood in the Street of Tripods .
These examples do not by any means end the tale of scenic

dedications, but the most part give no hint of the object
dedicated. We may
fairly assume, however, that since these
dedications, ranging from the earliest times to the Roman
empire, from Sicily to the Crimea, from Macedon to Crete,
fall into a few well-defined classes, those which have perisht
belonged some of them. A few early examples may be here
to
added. There is an archaic pillar from the Argive Heraeum,
inscribed with a dedication, and mentioning Nemean and other
3
games Aristocrates son of Scelius made a dedication at
.
Athens 4 there are records of a chariot-victory at Eleusis 5

; ,
and at Athens of the victory of Alcibius, a flotist from Nasus

in Asia Minor 6 There is a dedication to the Twelve Gods for
.
Isthmian and Nemean victories 7 and the offering of Phayllus, ;
8
thrice Pythian victor and a pillar on which can be dis- ;
tinguisht an allusion to the games 9 Plato also speaks of .
dedications made for such victories 10 .
In the fourth and succeeding centuries we meet still with

victories in the great games Hegestratus conquers
: at Nemea 11
;
Diophanes wins the youths pancratium at the Isthmus, and he

mentions with pride a success of his grandfather s 2 another 1
;
man, whose name has been lost, wins the pair-horse race at
13
Olympia ,
another is victor in the three remaining celebra
tions 14
. The allusions to these games become fewer, however,
1
F-W. 1844, 1843, 2149, etc.; Cat. 47: he commanded a ship -at Sala-
Berl. Sc. 919, 920. mis.
2
F-W. 2147 Sybel ; 305. 9
CIA iv. 1. 2. p. 91, 373 108 : rbv
3
AJA ix. 351 TiyuoK\77S ^ ^dijKe. dywva.
4
CIA i. 422. 10
Plato, Laws 955 B.
5
CIA i. 419. "
CIA ii. 3. 1300.
6
CIA L 357. 12
CIA ii. 3. 1301.
7
CIA i. 420. is
C1A ii 3 1303
8
CIA iv. 1. 373 258 , see Herod, viii. 14
CIA ii. 3. 1304.
though we do find the Trepio&oviKiis quite late 1 and the interest ;
is diverted to a host of minor celebrations which spring up else

2
where. The Panathenaea is
always with us and the Argive ,
shield is not uncommon 3

;
but along with them come Ephesia,
Claria, and Iliaea 4 ,
Eleusinia 5 ,
Amphiarea Trophonia in
6
,
Lebadea, Dionysia Thargelia

7
,
8
,
and Naa in Dodona 9 Delia, ,
Soteria 10 Heraclea in Thebes 11

, .
During the Roman period we
find theThesea 12 Epitaphia 13 Hephaestea 14 Charitesia in Deho
, , ,
13
rn enus even Panellenia, Hadrianea, Eusebea, and Capitolea 16
, .
The events in these are often athletic, but oftener still of other
types which will shortly engage our attention.
Outside Attica the records are less complete, but they suffice
to show that the victor s pride was as
great, and his gratitude
acknowledged in the same way, all over the Greek world. An
ancient inscription of Argos describes how
Aeschyllus won the
stadium four times, and the race in armour thrice, at the home
games, for which he dedicated to the Dioscuri a slab depicting
them in relief 17 A
Theban pancratiast erects a memorial to
.
his Pythian victory at home 18 Another has won the boxing .
at the Trophonia, Coriasia, and Poseidea 19 . A redoubtable boxer

of the second century has twelve victories to his credit 20 and ,
another athlete of three or four centuries later no less than

twenty-four
21
A man of Tegea wins forty-three victories in
.
racing on foot or on horseback,

including the Asclepiea, Lycaea,
Hecatombaea, and Basilea 22 A Delphian records victories at .
Olympia, Nemea, the Isthmia and the Pythia

23
Victories are .
also still recorded in Sparta 24 . An Athenian commemorates at
1
CIA iii. addenda 758 a ; cp. ii. 3. 12
CIA iii. 107.
is
1319, 1323. CIA iii. 108, 110.
2
CIA ii. 3. 1289, 1302, 1304, 1314,
14
CIA iii. 111.
is
1318, 1319. CIA iii 115
3 CIA ii. 3. 1320 16
;
iii. 116, 127. CIA iii. 128.
4
CIA ii. 3. 1311. IGA 37.
5
CIA ii. 3. 1313, 1316. 18
IGS i. 2533, Add. p. 749.
6
CIA ii. 3. 1312. i
IGS i. 47.
7
CIA ii. 3. 1314. IGS i. 48.
8
CIA ii. 3. 1302. 21
IGS j. 49. age of the Antonines.
9
CIA ii. 3. 1318. 22
CIG 1515
10
CIA ii. 3. 1319. & CIG 1715.
11
CIA ii. 3. 1323. 24
CIG 1397j 1418j 1430
Oropus his victory in casting the javelin on horseback 1

. A
victor of Elatea mentions eight victories, the Nemean amongst
them 2 Victors of Megara dedicate some building at home for
.
3
victories abroad So too with the island communities. Doro-
.
cleidas ofThera wins the boxing and pancratium, and dedicates

a thank-offering to Hermes and Heracles 4 A Rhodian wrestler .
commemorates his success at half-a-dozen places, including

Nemea and Delphi 5 others a victory with a chariot in Olympia 6
; ,
a pancratium 7 and so forth. In Asia Minor the same features

,
offer themselves 8 .
The
variety of local games will not fail to have struck
the reader in examining the inscriptions quoted above. And
along with the new Games new kinds of contests come into
notice. At Delos, for example, we find recorded the regu
9
lations for a yearly feast, probably that called the Coressia .
The youths are to be carefully trained, and fined for absence ;
in the final contest there are prizes for shooting with the bow,
(1) a bow and full quiver, (2) a bow ;

for casting the javelin,
(1) three javelins and a Trepucefyakala, (2) three javelins ;
the Kara7re\ra(j)eTr}^ receives (1) a TTpiKe<$>a\aia and KOVTOS,

(2) a KOVTOS the leader of a torch-race, a shield and boys,
; ;
a portion of meat. These contests of the youths on entering

manhood were customary also elsewhere. In Athens 10 the
ephebes appear to have been educated by the state for military
purposes. We have no record of their organisation, if there was
any, in the fifth century, and it is now generally believed to
belong to the fourth, from which. time the inscriptions go on for
some six hundred years. In the fourth and third centuries the
military spirit gives way before a growing interest in things
intellectual or artistic. In the fourth century they were under
1
IGS i. 444. pia 5 debs Sis AupoK\eidai> eldev ded\o-
2
IGS iii. 1. 138 (Roman age). (f>6pov.
8 IGS i. 47; cp. 48, 49.

5
IGI i. (Rhodes) 78.
4
IGI (Thera) 390, Anthol. Ap-
iii.
6
IGI i. (Rhodes) 76 ap/tari TrwXt/cwi.
pendix (Cougny) i. 168 Aw/>o/t\et5as :

7 IGI i. (Rhodes) 77.
Ep/iSi KO.L HpcucXel- a VIKO, 8 GIG 2723, etc.
i cu>aros- d\V In 8ep[j.6i>
9
CIG 2360.
<TK\r)pas
TTCUS a? Trvy/j.a-
10
See Art. Epheboi in Dar. and
ICTTCI irayKpariov /Baptiv es irbvov a Saglio.
the charge of Sophronistae 1 who at the end of this period were ,
themselves subordinate to a Cosmetes 2 During the same .
period two Paedotribae 3 who managed the gymnastic

we find
part of the youths training, assisted by other officials for the

4
bow, the javelin, the catapult, or other arms They cele .
brated feasts with appropriate competitions, including races and

regattas. Athenaeus tells us that the prize for the foot-race
was a Kv\i^. At the end of their time it was customary to
pass votes of thanks to the officials, whose statues or busts were
6
put up in the Gymnasium and reliefs have been found, which
;
appear to have been dedicated on such occasions, bearing

7
representations of the boat-races or athletic exercises Similar .
institutions are recorded for all parts of the Greek world :
Megara, Peloponnese, Boeotia, Euboea, Thessaly, Thrace and

Macedon, Chios, Cyprus, Corcyra, Cos, Delos, Icaria, Naxos, Paros,
Rhodes, Samos, Tenos, Thera, the chief cities of Sicily and
Asia Minor, Cyrene, and Massalia 8 Amongst the competitions .
of later days, which we may assume to have been practised by

this class, are reading, painting,
calligraphy, general progress,
and others which are hard to interpret, besides various kinds of
musical and dramatic competitions 9 . As regards the more
10
general competitions, an inscription of Aphrodisias mentions
the trumpeter, herald, encomiast, in addition to others more
familiar. Mention is made of the erecting of statues for the
victors". In the commemoration of these victories, the old
1
BCH xiii. 283 ; represented on a
9
viropoXTJs
relief, D. and S. fig. 2679; CIA iii. 7ro\u/ut0ia, uypa<pla, Ka\\iypa<pLa,
1152. \J/a\/u.6s, KL0a.pifffj.6s, Kidapydla, pvdfj.o-

AM IV. o2o.
ypa.(f>ia., /cw/xySta, Tpayipdia., fj.\oypa.<f>ia.i
3
Arist. Ath. Pol. 42. GIG 3088 (Teas). The avayvAarw was
4
CIA ii. 471 6ir\o/Mixos, d/covrKmjj, probably a priest who recited the for-
ro6r?7s, d0eV?7s; Arist. I.e. mula. See list of Spartan officials in
5 Athenaeus xi.495F tQ-tifiuv Sp6fj.os- Collitz iii. 4440.
10
6 viK-f)aa.s \afj.pdvei KvXiKa TTJV XeyofJ^vrjv aa.\TTLyKr^, Krjpv^, evKWfJiioypdQos,
irevTatr\ba.v Kai KW/idfei //.era xopov. TroiTjr^s , TraFs /a0a/Xtu5o s, Hvdios avX-rj-
6 A fine series in the Athenian Na- TT?S, KIJK\IO$ avXyrris, rpayuidos, KW/J.WI.-
tional Museum. Cp. CIA ii. 466, 480, 56s, 7/ja^/iarei/j, iravrjyvpidpx ns, \opav-
etc. X?7$, xo/3(m #a/DOS, TTI/P/H X?;*, ydrvpos, and
7
D. and S. figs. 2681, 2682. To athletics: GIG 2758.
Heracles (Rom. date), CIA iii. 119. n
Ephesus dvSpiavTas TO?S dyuviffTats
8
References in D. and S. p. 634. dvaaT^ffavrd: CIG 2954; cp. 2758 fin.
simplicity of dedication is quite gone. The statues become

practically honorific, and although
the old formula is used, they
are placed in the gymnasium or elsewhere ;
whilst the word has
so far lost its old meaning, that a sacred month may be said
1
avaKei&Oat, rf)t, Bewi So too the victors . no longer dedicate
their offering out of pure thankfulness of heart. The in
list of distinctions and their carven
scriptions, with their long
wreaths, become a means of advertisement or self-glorifi
cation. Finally, the offering becomes compulsory, and is
looked on by the temple officials as a source of revenue 2 .
In reviewing the dedications of this chapter the reader

will be struck with certain contrasts as against those of other
kinds. There is no dedicating of shrines, divine statues, or
Victories. The only thing of the kind I have met with is
a couple of model shrines of bronze, offered by Myron tyrant
of Sicyon for an Olympian victory in 648 3 Victory appears in .
groups, but not alone, unless it be implied in a late inscription of

Tegea which records victories in the games
4
A dedication .
which I am at a loss to explain is the prfka of latter-day

Athens 5 . Another freak is the slab with a shaggy head
in relief, dedicated with a set of verses to the Muses at
6
Thespiae . Stratonicus the musician plays with the dedicatory
idea when he sets up a trophy in the Asclepieum, after
vanquishing his rivals at Sicyon, and labels it "Stratonicus from

7
the bad harpists ."
In this chapter we see the old simplicity and devotion being
gradually overlaid with ostentation and show, until nothing

else remains. The beginnings perhaps are earlier here than
elsewhere ;
and the seed of degradation which lay in the
1
GIG 2954. 6
BCH xiv. 546, pi. ix., x.:... A/*0t-
2
Delphi: Collitz ii. 2501 ^ Xpi/onJ- Kpirov Mofoais ch
7 Ath. 351 E 5 tv
piov [sic] ofrts fJ. r) irap^xT t fKarbv viii. vuc/i<Tas
ffTaTijpas 6(pi\tTw (4th century). rote array tav (.eras a.v6t)Kev ei$ TO A<TK\y~
3
Paus. vi. 19. 2. Frazer in his note irielov rpoTraiov ewiypdâs Crp&TO-
shows that Pausanias was wrong in NIKOC ATTO TCON KAKOOC Ki0ApizoN-
including the Treasury itself. Ta)N> vLlf ^ ffT7Jffe Tp&irata is used
4
GIG 1519 AyafitiuHav viKas e/c xpv- metaphorically of Magnes, by Aristoph.
Knights 521.
<roO
<e?p.
6 CIA iii. 116.

dedication of athlete statues began to

sprout, it may be in the
sixth century; but the critical
point, or rather perhaps the
point where the new spirit stood revealed to itself, was in the
fourth. The lowest pitch of
degradation, and the highest point
of self-glorification,reached in that hideous monument of
is
Porphyrius, victor in the chariot-race at Constantinople. In

that monument piety there is none ;
but every feat of the victor
is in artistic bad as
represented style as its taste, and we
leave him with relief to enjoy the
applause of a shouting
1
populace .
1
AM v. 294 ff. pi. xvi.
V.
DISEASE AND CALAMITY.
X<\ipoic
AN& TT&IHON, 6c MeAeic TRIKKHC
KAI KtON rAY Ke T AN KHTTlA&ypON tpKHKAC.
HEROD AS iv. 1.
noAAoi ToyTtp AoycAMe isioi 64>9AAMoyc eKOM(c<MsiTO, noAAoi Ae

TTIONTeC CTCpNON i<\6HCAN KAI TO ANA[" Kd^ ON TTNGyMA ATTeA&BON, TCON
Ae noA&c elcbpGwce, TCON Ae TI, HAH Ae TIC TTICON el
<\AAo
4>CONHN AC})HKeN.
ARISTIDES, Els TO (frpeap TOV Ao-xX^Trtov, 445.
WE have seen reason to believe that the cult of heroic

spirits was widespread on Greek soil, and prevailed from the
earliest to the latest times. They were propitiated or worshipt
as beings of great and mysterious powers, and as such likely
to be useful both in their general influence on the daily life
and in occasional times of need. In their first aspect we find
recurrent feasts held in their honour, and memorial offerings
of these feasts dedicated, whilst tithes or firstfruits are some
times offered to them; nor have there been wanting some
indications that they were approached in time of need. All
inscriptions which mention the vow or prayer imply help given

in some such time
1
. We
have seen that the hero-shrines may be
supposed to have had much the same part in the national worship
as the scattered chapels of to-day; they would be the natural
places for use of the country folk who lived afar from large cities.
In the cities themselves ancient shrines of this sort would
remain by tradition when new manners had come in, just as
1
See ch. xn.
Holywell so long remained in London, or Barnwell still remains

1
in Cambridge as the well of divination remained and still
,
remains in Patrae 2 or like the shrines of Amynos and the Hero

,
Physician in ancient Athens But side by side with this

3
.
ancient popular worship grew up the cult of the

great gods;
and it usually happened that the gods were invoked for the
same purposes as the heroes were, and under similar titles.
Zeus is connected with the underworld as Catachthonios 4 and ,
5
he is also Meilichios and Soter 6 7
Apollo is Alexicacos and .
latros 8 Artemis is Demeter is Soteira 9 and so 10

;
Dionysus is , ;
11
also latros
Hygieia, ;
Athena
Health 12
The worshipper inis .
offering his prayer adds naturally such titles as these, to indicate

the manifestation of the divine power which he desires. Indeed,
he goes into detail so far, that when about to sacrifice he
may
invoke the hero as Flycatcher 13 or Zeus as Averter of Flies 14 , .
No does he address his prayer for protection to the

less naturally
patron deity of his city, who may be supposed to be most

powerful there and if at the same time he addresses the local
;
15
hero, that is but prudence .
I have known a
1
10
person send to Arist. Frogs 378; she is also Chtho-
Barnwell for water in case of sickness, nia: CIG 1198.
for superstitious reasons. 11
Kock, Com. Frag. iii. p. 423.
2
Paus. vii. 21. 12. There is a well 12
Ancient worship on the Acropolis.
there still held in repute, close by Farnell, i. 316. Cp. Aristides ii. 25
St Andrew
Church, which therefore
s ol KOL
TrpefffivTctTOt Yyidas
probably covers the site of Demeter s CU/UOP i8pv(ra.vTO.
temple. 13
Paus. ix. 26. 7 Aliphera.
3
Demosth. xix. 249, CIA ii 403. 14
Paus. v. 14. 1 Elis.
We see, in fact, Asclepius and Amynus v erv few O f the old Acropolis dedi
15
worshipt together in this shrine : cations can be referred to sickness.

AM xviii. 234. I have noted two ancient ones from the
4
//. ix. 457; Hesiod, Op. 465. Acropolis: CIA i. 362, iv. 1. p. 79
5
BCH vii. 407. l^vtppovios Kepa/uLevs iKetrLav Tyieiai. Kar.
6
Aesch. Suppl. 26. 96 A0t)vaioi rrji Adyvaiai TT)L Tyieiat.
7
Paus. i. 3. 4. Dedication to Zeus Several have forty (49, 189, 238,
246),
Eubuleus in Amorgos: AM i. 331. To but this formula may be used of an
Zeus Asclepius GIG 1198. ordinary tithe or firstfruit (238). We
8
Arist. Birds 584, cp. Kaibel
Ep. Gr. may infer that the people visited latros
798. 1 IrjTTJpi vocruv. or Amynus in that case. Perhaps
9
Anth. Pal. vi. 267. 1. Farnell Pericles own dedication was made
ii. 585. A dedication to her by this title on purpose to assist in transferring the
comes from Phocis: Collitz ii. 1528. popular allegiance.
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 189
It is chiefly sickness, danger, sudden calamity which or

and these are the special
directs the soul to the unseen powers ;
occasions when the ancient Greek paid his vows or exprest his
gratitude. One constant and pressing source of danger was

war, but the dedications connected with
war have been already
dealt with in this chapter
;
we shall take the rest, and chiefly
the vows and dedications made in time of sickness. This it so
in early times certain divinities

happens is the easier, because
had come to be regarded as the ills
specially powerful against
which the flesh is heir to. We have already seen that the
of the heroes was quite general but as the
protective power ;
of responsibility in their more public

them
great gods relieved
and striking aspects, the private function of alleviating the
their peculiar care, and in particular
pains of sickness became
devolved upon two or three personages who by accident or
otherwise achieved notable fame.
In accordance with the principle suggested in the last
for deliverance from plague and
paragraph, public offerings
pestilence are generally
dedicated to one of the great gods.
in time of pestilence, is said
Epimenides, summoned to Athens
1
to have cleansed the city, and built a shrine of the Eumenides .
Three temples are referred to afterclaps of the great plague

at Athens (430427). One is the romantic fane of Apollo
the Helper, erected among the mountains at Bassae by the
village of Phigalea,
and looking down over the Messenian plain
to far distant Ithome 2
Next comes the temple of Apollo
.
Healer at Elis 3
and last that of Pan Deliverer in Troezen,
;
who had revealed to the city magistrates in a dream how they
might heal the plague

4
public dedication of some
statue
. A
to Athena exists, but this is too trifling to refer
to the
Hygieia
great plague There 5
. seems to have been a temple and statue
of Heracles Averter of 111, dedicated in the deme Melite whilst
3 Paus. vi. 24. 6.

1
Eudocia, no. 349 : ruv o-e/mvwv Gewv
iepbv Kadairep h Kprir-r, Idpfoaro.

4 Paus. ii. 32. 6. We have no means
2 : Paus. viii. 41. 7. The of determining the date of the last
"&TTiKotpLos
architect was Ictinus, who built the two.

5
CIA Kar. 96
Parthenon, and the style favours a i. 335, (above,
date later than 431. P- 188).

the plague was raging 1 .

Early in the fifth century Hermes was
said to have averted a
plague at Tanagra by carrying a ram
about the walls and in gratitude the people caused Calamis to
;
make them a statue of In similar Hermes the Ram-bearer 2 .
danger the people of Cleone, in obedience to an oracle, sacrificed

a he-goat to the sun; and when the
plague was stayed, they
3
dedicated a bronze he-goat to Apollo at Statues of
Delphi .
4
Apollo Averter of Mischief, by Calamis and of Heracles under ,
5
the same title, by Ageladas which existed at Athens, may be ,
referred to a similar origin. Indications are not wanting that

the practice continued later one such is a
hymn composed and ;
sung to Asclepius on deliverance from a noisome pestilence 6 .
The same
practice holds for other dire visitations. Deliver
ance from a plague of locusts was a statue of
recognised by
Locust Apollo, attributed to Pheidias 7
Perhaps the cult of .
Mouse Apollo in the Troad was originally due to a

plague
of mice, although it
may be propitiatory or even totemistic 8 .
There was a statue of Earth

praying for rain on the Athenian
Acropolis, dedicated therefore probably to Athena, which com
memorated a drought 9 do not know the date of this, but
. We
Pausanias would have heard more about it if it had been near
his own day

and if not, the dedication may be illustrated by
;
an inscription on the rock, of the first or second

century after
Christ, which mentions Earth the Fruitful 10 We read of another .
1
Schol. Arist. Frogs 501 ^ 5 Wpwis 24. 6.
cytvero Kara TOV ^yav \oijuriv, odev /cat
5
Schol. Arist. Frogs 504.
tTTaiHraro 77 j/oVos. 6
CIA iii. 171.
2 7
K/no06/)os: Paus. ix. 22. 1. The HapvoTnos: Paus. i. 24. 8.
type will meet us again ; it occurs also 8
Zfuvdebs: Paus. x. 12. 5.
Votive
on Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner,
coins, bronze mice have been found in Pales-
Numlsmatic Commentary on Pausanias, tine : M. Thomas, Tivo Years in Palestine
116, pi. X. x. xii. The
story seems to (1899), 6. The reader will recall the
be an attempt to explain the
type, but cult of the Brazen Serpent, Numbers
is good evidence for all that. xxi. and the mice in the Ark,
9;
3
Paus. x. 11. 5; see Frazer s note 1 Samuel vi. 5.
for connexion of Apollo with the goat. 9
Paus. i. 24. 3.
4
Paus. 3. 4 A\eti K a.Kos, wrongly
y ^ Ka
i. 10
pTro<t>6pov
Kara âvTeiav CIA
assigned to the plague of 430-27. 166. The Delphic oracle
iii. orders
Calamis flourisht 500460. Apollo sacrifice to Ge Carpophoros and Posei-
was also Healer in Elis : Paus. vi. don Asphaleios, Collitz ii. 2970.
DISBASE AND CALAMITY. 191
great drought that fell over all Greece, so that envoys were sent
to Delphi to enquire what help there might be. They were
instructed to propitiate Zeus by means of Aeacus as inter
to Aeacus asking his aid.
mediary, and messengers were sent
and sacrifices to Zeus Panhellenian the drought was
By prayers
of their envoys in a
stayed and the Aeginetans set up images
;
precinct called the Aeaceum 1

.
Such were most naturally promised beforehand

offerings
and paid on deliverance, but they were occasionally made in
faith while the devastation went on. Thus during a flood of
the Eurotas, an oracle commanded the Spartans to build a
temple to Hera Protectress, which they

did 2 To avert from .
their vines the baleful influence of the constellation called the
Goat, the Phliasians dedicated a bronze goat in the market

place
3
To end a barrenness in the earth, the Epidaurians set
.
up statues of Damia and Auxesia, personifications of Subduing

and Increase 4 .
There are not wanting private dedications to the gods for

healing and deliverance. Alyattes the Lydian, early in the
sixth century, offered at Delphi for the cure of a disease a great
silver bowl, with a stand of welded iron, which struck the
imagination of Herodotus
5
. A relief dedicated to Athena seems
to acknowledge help of this sort , and perhaps another to Paean
6
7
Pericles we know dedicated a
Apollo is of the same class .
statue to Athena Hygieia, for saving the life of a workman

8
who fell from a scaffolding there . Demeter was a healer at
1
Paus. ii. 29. 7. Athenian people. See for Ath. Hyg.,
2
"fTrepxeipia-
- Paus. iii. 13. 8. Farnell, Cults i. 316. I suggest that
3
Paus. ii. 13. 6. Pericles made the dedication on pur-
4
Herod, v. 82. These occur on pose to support the worship of Athena,
inscrr.; as Collitz iii. 3337 (Epidaurus), then not fashionable with the con-
4496 (Sparta). servative nobles or with the country
5
Herod, i. 24. Alyattes died in folk. The question is too wide to be
560. The stand was there in the time discussed here ;but some suggestive
of Athenaeus 210 evidence is to be found in Aristophanes,
(v. B).
e
F_\V. 117. where the oath by Poseidon is the
7 F-W. 1849. favourite with these classes (see e.g.
8
Plut. Pericles 13. The statue CIA Knights 144, 551, 843, and Neil s
i. 335 cannot be this offering, for that notes).
of Pericles was not dedicated by the
Eleusis 1 and when Asclepius came to Athens he must needs

;
be initiated into the mysteries and so be affiliated to her 2 .
She appears to have had the same function elsewhere 3 .
Artemis Lye was invoked for sickness in Sicily 4 Artemis ;
Oulia and Apollo Oulios at Lindos in Rhodes 5 and at Miletus 6 , .
Appeals made to Lathrie 7 and to Cytherea 8

in sickness are .
Micythus of Rhegium, who in his son s sickness had spent

much on many physicians without avail, dedicated at Olympia
a number of statues and other offerings to all gods and "
god
desses 9 The Mothers in Sicily 10 Hecate Cybele 12 and Men 13
."
,
11
, ,
are appealed to in sickness, and a river is called Saviour 14 The .
oracle at Dodona, and doubtless not only that oracle, was con
sulted in the same case 15 Perhaps Good Luck and the Good .
Daemon may be added to the list.

But although the greater gods were a present help in time
of danger, if
they could be prevailed on to act, a being of humbler
origin won the highest fame in this sphere, and finally himself
attained to divine honours. This was Asclepius.
All indications point to Thessaly as the original home of
Asclepius
16
He was the founder and deified ancestor of the
.
Phlegyae and Minyae, the ruling class in Tricca and one

or two neighbouring towns. In Homer he is neither god nor
hero, and his two sons, Podaleirius and Machaon, are mentioned
1
AM xx. 361. She was recognised 6
Macrob. i. 17.
"
in the Asclepieum, an.d at Epidaurus ; Anth. Pal. vi. 300.

p. 3656. s
Anth PaL 190 , vi>
2
E0. A/>x. 1894, p. 171. Herodes,
9
Herod, vii. 170, Paus. v. 26, IGA
who brought Asclepius to Athens, 532. Cp. Newton, Branch, p. 751,
dedicated the god s statue on this oc- no. 32 :
x a Pra, ira<n
0eots, 6epairev-
casion as a mystic. dds.
3
See below for the marble breasts at 10
Diod. iv. 80.
Cnidus, p. 216. Artemidorus, Oneirocr. u IGI i. 958 A.-E.
iepa eurreipa,
ii. 39: ATj/iijrrj/) Kbpij Kail "la/cxos rous Mitth. xviii. 4, Roberts 242 a.
voffovvras avHTrdvi KO! <ruov<n. Relief 12
AM xxi. 292, CIA iii. 134.
from Philippopolis Overb. Kunstmyth. 13
BGH xx. 75, etc.
pi. 1 and 7 virtp rrjs opdtrews 0e
14
AT;- Herod, viii. 138.
15
fj.rjTpi dwpov, Anth. Pal. ix. 293. Collitz iii. 3407*.
4
Diomed. iii. p. 483, Probus on 16
The account of Asclepius is based
Virgil, Eel. p. 2. 28 (Keil); cp. Anth. on the articles in Pauly-Wissowa and
Pal. vi. 240, Theognis 484. Roscher. See also Preller, Gr. Myth.
5
IGI i 834 3 cp. CIG 2566. , 514 ff.
1
in the Catalogue of the Ships If there were legends connect
.
ing him with Messenia and Arcadia, these rest on later authority,
and were doubtless local attempts to claim him when he had
become famous. The Arcadian legend makes Apollo his father,
which alone is enough to condemn it 2 this is just one of those :
attempts which we not seldom find, to make the pantheon

symmetrical, by reconciling conflicting claims. Strabo follows
the general opinion of antiquity in calling the shrine of Tricca
"the oldest and most famous" of those which Asclepius had 8 .
Cheiron was his teacher, and Cheiron stands as the embodiment

of all natural lore, woodcraft, and herb simples 4 On the mount .
Pelion, where he gotmaster could teach him, Asclepius

all his
first associated himself (we are told) with the serpent, which
afterwards became his attendant and attribute. He is still

a man, if a mighty and wise man, and his death by the bolt
of Zeus is not consistent with any higher character. After
death he becomes a hero, famed for his healing powers, and
a chthonian oracle.
With the wanderings of his clan, in their career of migration
or conquest, Asclepius gradually moves southwards, and we find
him next in Boeotia and Phocis. Here he comes into conflict
with Apollo: the god proves victor, but their feud is reconciled
by the legend which makes Asclepius son of Apollo by Coronis,
who should be faithless to her husband. We next see traces of
Asclepius in the Peloponnese, in Titane and Arcadia. Messenia
claims him for her own, and warps the legend to suit her claim.
Finally he appears in several parts of Argolis, and particularly

in the great shrine which afterwards became most famous.
That the Epidaurian shrine is one of the latest is shown by
the fact that the legends have changed under the influence
of Delphi, and have forgotten their origin at Tricca 5 From .
Epidaurus, now become his headquarters, came a number of

6
offshoots . Chief of these were :
(1) Sicyon, at a date unknown ;
1
II. ii. 729 32 ; Machaon again II. 5
Maleatian Apollo was apparently
iv. 200, 219, etc. united with him here: Cavvadias,
2
Paus. ii. 26. 4. Fouilles d Epid. i. 75, no. 235.
3
Strabo p. 437. 6
Paus. ii. 26. 8, x. 10. 3, iii. 23. 6;
4
II. iv. 202, 219; Mannhardt, Wald Julian, Adv. Christ, p. 197.
und Feldkulte, 48.
B. 13
(2) Athens, founded in 420; (3) JBalagrae in the Cyrenaica;

(4) Epidaurus Limera; (5) Cos, though Herodas will have it
the cult came straight from Tricca 1 (6) Naupactus, about 300; ;
(7) Tarentum ; (8) perhaps Syracuse ; (9) Pergamus ; (10) Rome.

Besides these he found at Clazomenae, Delos 2 Teos, and
is ,
Phocaea, and cults connected with him at many other places.

By this time Asclepius has become a full-fledged god, and
his family has increased and multiplied. His sons Machaon
and Podaleirius belong, as we have seen, to the earliest period
of the legend; but he has now more, whose names indicate
3
personifications of his powers, laniscus and Alexenor ,
and
Euamerion also called Telesphorus or Acesis 4
. A blooming
bevy of daughters has also sprung up around him, laso, Aceso,
5
Aegle, and Panaceia together with the more general personi
,
ficationHygieia or Health. The last is assumed by some to be

not a daughter, but an independent personification, which was
naturally associated with him and then became younger to suit
6
her new character the cult of Athena Hygieia makes for
:
this view. His wife s name is

differently given as Xanthe,
7
Lampetie, Aglai e, Hipponoe or .
Amphiaraus some points resembles Asclepius. He ap

in
pears in legend as a doughty hero, who took part in adventures

such as the hunt of the Calydonian Boar 8 the voyage of the ,
9
Argo and through the covetousness of his wife Eriphyle, who
,
accepted the famous necklace as a bribe, in the war of the

Seven Against Thebes 10 Fleeing before his foes in his chariot,
.
drawn by the two renowned horses Thoas and Dido, he was about
to be overtaken, when Zeus cleft the earth with a thunderbolt
and he plunged in. Hence arose the great shrine of Amphiaraus
at Oropus near Thebes, the seat of an oracle and a health resort,
where the heroized seer gave responses and healed the sick 11 .
Herodas ii. 97. p. 28 (Teubn.).

ECU vi. 343 56 , xvi. pi. vi. 7
Roscher i. 621 c.
Schol. Arist. Pint. 701. 8

Apoll. i. 8. 2.
Paus. i. 11. 7. Apoll. i. 9. 16.
Schol. Arist. Pint. 701 Suid. 10

; s.v. Apoll. i. 9. 13, iii. 6. 2.
HTTIOJ T?. He received the gift of divination
6
Korte, AM xviii. 250. She is by sleeping one night in the
"
House of
called daughterof Asclepius byEudocia, Divination" at Phlius, Paus. ii. 13. 7.
1
Amphiaraus was not, like Asclepius, a colonising deity As .
communication became easier, patients made it a commoner

practice to visit shrines of repute, which thus became health-
resorts and places of pleasure not unlike the Baths or the Wells
of eighteenth-century England. Moreover, Amphiaraus had
not the advantage of belonging to a wandering clan and ;
when the time of his fame arrived, it was too late for colonising :
he had been outstript by his rival 2 Like Asclepius, Amphiaraus

.
in time becomes a god, first recognised by the Oropians but

afterwards by all the Greeks 3 .
It is with these two deities we shall have chiefly to do in

the following pages but it will be convenient to collect at the
;
same time such instances of thank-offerings to other gods as

come within the scope of this chapter. In the Roman age we
find a large number of new rivals for fame as healers and
deliverers, especially Men and Anaitis in Asia Minor, Sarapis in
Egypt and in Greece. But by this time the old ideas had lost
their significance,and such examples will only be adduced for
illustration.For the same purpose I shall refer to Cybele,
Hecate and others, whose functions were not restricted to
healing.
Hecate, indeed, with or without a consort, had sometimes
a special power in this department. throne cut out of the A
rock is dedicated to her in Rhodes as Saviour 4 and in the ,
island of Chalce a similar throne is ascribed to her 5 .
Three shrines are chiefly important for our survey those of :
Asclepius at Epidaurus and at Athens, and that of Amphiaraus

in Boeotia. Each of these fills
up a gap in the record, and
from the three we are able to piece together a fairly complete
account of the cult. We may assume that the practice at
Athens and Epidaurus did not materially differ; and the
at
points peculiar to the third will be noted in their place.

The story how the Asclepieum at Athens was founded is
1
He only colonised Byzantium but ; through Greek history,
he had another shrine at Ehamnus. 3
Paus. i. 34. 2.
2
The Theban oracle was very old, 4
IGI i. 914 iepa crwreâ eiWoCs
but the sanctuary of Oropus seems to <f>w<r<j>6po$
elvoSia..
date only from the fifth century.

5
IGI i. 958 Atos, EKCITTJS; A.-E.
(Frazer on Paus. ix. 8. 3.) For dream- Mitth. xviii. 4. For Cybele see CIA
oracles Amphiaraus was worshipt all iii. 134.
132
interesting and instructive in more ways than one, and fortu

nately we have a it In founding a new shrine full account of 1
.
the custom of the Epidaurian priests was to send out one of the
2
sacred snakes from their Pausanias describes how
sanctuary.
Asclepius came to Sicyon under the form of a snake, in
a car drawn by a pair of mules 3 The same thing is told .
of the founding of Epidaurus Limera 4 and of the ,

temple
on the Tiber Island So when Telemachus of at Rome 5
.
Acharnae proposed to found the Athenian shrine, in the

year
420, the same procession of snake and car may be assumed 6 .
Asclepius then, or the priest perhaps or even the serpent, in

place of him, was actually initiated into the Mysteries at
Eleusis, and a statue was set up on that occasion 7 The priest .
hood of the Goddesses appears to have welcomed him at first,

itmay be in the hope of retaining him in their shrine ;
but
when it appeared that Telemachus was
building a new for
shrine at Athens, they turned round and
fought him tooth and
nail. Part of the precinct would lie in the
Pelasgicum, which
as we know was better empty 8 ;
and whether or not for this
reason, the college of State Heralds were egged on to claim the
land. In time however the go$ prevailed, and after a few
years
he had settled down comfortably at Athens.
The shrine of Asclepius at Athens 9 thus erected at the close ,
of the fifth century, stood in a

grove of trees like the ordinary
10
hero-shrines There were porticoes or covered buildings for the
.
patients to sleep in when they consulted the god 11

. In the
1
Paul Girard, L Asclepieion d A- 7
E0. A/>x- 1894, p. 171: nvaryv
thenes (Paris, Ernest Thorn, 1881); H/x^s A<TK\ijiri6v eiVaro ATJO? vovvov
Korte, AM xviii. 249. dXe^craj/r avTixa-pi-ttnevos. See also
2
These were of a special breed kept Paus. ii. 26. 8; Philostr. Apollon. iv.
in the precinct: Paus. ii. 11. 8; Arist. 18.
Pint. 733; Herodas iv. 90. 8
Thuc. ii. 17. 1 TO UeXaffyiKov dpybv
3
Paus. ii. 10. 3. ajmetvov.
4
Paus. iii. 23. 7. a
There was another in Peiraeus:
5
Livy, Epitome xi. ;
Ov. Met. xv. Schol. Arist. Pint. 621, etc. Beliefs
626744; Plut. Quaest. Rom. 94. have been found there.
6 If we accept Korte s clever restora- 10
e<j>vrev<re
occurs in CIA ii 1649. A
tion, AM xviii. 249. In CIA ii. 1649. tree appears on many of the reliefs.
7 the letters ...yev devpe suggest
n Girard for see
<?0
... 19; regulations
ijyayev devpe <?</> ap/xaros. See also E</>. Apx- 1885, p. 96.
1650.
precinct was a spring, and perhaps a basin of water for

ceremonial use 1 . In the same precinct were afterwards erected
a number of altars Demeter
and statues of various divinities,
and the
Maid, Athena, Aphrodite, Hermes, Pan and the
2
Nymphs, the hero Heracles, and later Isis and Sarapis Many .
of the votive offerings stood here, but the more precious were
kept within the temple, stored away, placed on shelves, or on

8
the walls and ceiling Withinside was a statue of Asclepius
.
himself, a sacred couch and table, tripods, altars, and tables of

offerings. The effect of the scene is well described in Herodas,
who represents two women in the temple of Cos, in a passage
which is worth reproducing 4 .
Phile. Hail, healer Lord, who rulest Tricca and hast made thy
abode in lovely Cos and Epidaurus and withal Coronis thy mother and
;
Apollo hail, and Health, whom thy right hand touches, and those of whom
are these honoured altars, Panace and Epio and leso, hail and ye who ;
sackt the city of Laomedon with its fortress walls, healers of fierce disease,
Podaleirius and Machaon, hail, and all gods and goddesses who are housed
by thy hearth, father Paean .... Put the tablet on the right hand of
5
Health, Coccale. Ha, my dear Cynno, what fine statues why, what artist !
wrought this stone, and who offered it ?

Cynno. The sons of Praxiteles don t you see the writing upon the
:
base there ? And Euthies son of Prexon is the dedicator. Paeon bless
them and Euthies for the fine things. See yon girl, Phile, looking at tL*
apple ? Wouldst not say she will die outright if she do not get it 1
Phile. And the old man there, Cynno. By the fates, how the boy
throttles the fox-goose. If twere not for the stone beside you, you would
say the thing will speak. Ha, the time will come when mortals will make
the very stones live. Dost see how that statue of Batale 6 stands, Cynno?
If one has never seen Batale, look at this portrait and never miss the
other.... And if I scratch this naked boy, won t there be a wound !
There s the flesh throbbing warm

were, all warm on the tablet. And
as it
the silver tongs why, if Myellus or Pataeciscus see it, won t their eyes
!
really made of silver ? And the ox,

7
fall out of their heads thinking it is
1
Girard 19; Arist. Plut. 656: 0d- 1482.
XaTTct does not necessarily mean sea- 5
A paean was sung when sickness
water, Aesch. Again. 932. was cured, according to Schol. Arist.
2
Girard 19. Plut. 636.
3 Girard 16; CIA ii. 766, 835. BardXi;; rrjs fiArrtu. Is this a
4 Herodas iv. It is curious that a proper name? or is it Batale the blind
woman named Phile dedicates her girl?
breasts to Asclepius in Athens, CIA ii. 7
This points to painting or silver-
and the man leading him, and the woman who follows, and this old hook
nose, to the very life I don t want to do what ill becomes a
!
woman, or
I would have shrieked for fear the ox should hurt
me, with that wicked
squint in his eye.
The Epidaurian shrine was laid out on a still more mag

nificent scale, with every convenience for and visitors.
patients
The temple 1
contained a gold-ivory statue of the god seated,
which is copied in many of the votive statuettes or reliefs there
found 2 Besides the ordinary dormitories and
porticoes, there
.
was the curious Rotunda, perhaps a pump-room, with a

grove,
a stadium, and a theatre which was the 3
pride .of the place .
Its fame lasted undiminished to Roman

times, and under the
empire Antoninus (probably Pius) built a place outside the
precinct for women lying-in and for the dying
4
.
Our information as to the priesthood of the Athenian shrine

5
is
fairly full Chief of all is the priest, elected
yearly until the
.
Roman period, when the Zacoros grows into greater importance.

A board of officials presides over the sacrifices. Of temple
servants we read of the sacristan and fire-bearer, and two
women, the basket-bearer and the Arrephoros. Some persons

went by the title of physician, and both the and the
priest
Zacoros at least occasionally held this office 6 . A board was
ifominated yearly by the people to
inspect and catalogue the
ex-voto. In Epidaurus there were priest,
pyrophoros, dadouchos,
and zacoros a hierophant is also mentioned 7
; In Cos we find .
a Neocoros presiding at the occasional sacrifice of the

devout,
killing the victim, and offering prayer 8 There were two great
.
feasts in Athens,
Epidauria and Asclepiea, and apparently also
a more modest feast, the Heroa. The Epidauria celebrated the
leafing of the reliefs, unless a picture 5

Girard 22 34 lepevs, fcfcopos; iepo-
be meant. The Athenian reliefs show iroiol; KXeidovxos, irvpcpbpos, /caj>??06/>os,
traces of colour. The names are doubt-

dppTj<p6po$.
less meant for well-known silversmiths. Onetor the priest and physician:
1
See Frazer s Pausanias, iii. p. 237 CIA ii. 835 74
Zacoros: CIA iii. 1.
1;{ -
.
for a map and account of the 780.

place.
2
Cavvadias, Fouilles d Epidaure, i.
7
Cavvadias, p. 114. A society of
pi. ix. 21 24; Paus. ii. 27. 2. was found there later:
Asclepiasts
a
Paus. ii. 27. 3ff. p. 115.
4
Paus. ii. 27. 6. s
Herodas iv. 79.
initiation of the god at Eleusis; and a relief offered perhaps

on this occasion has been found, where Asclepius, leaning upon
a staff, stands in the presence of Demeter and the Maid, and
1
a troop of six worshippers approaches them This is con .
jectured to be a formal public offering on behalf of five magis

trates or others who represent the city, having received a vote
2
of thanks and a crown each for their services . The Asclepiea
seerns to have been important, as no inscriptions have been
less
found which relate to it. The Heroa was doubtless held to

keep up and we may suppose that this is the occasion
tradition,
when the Death -feast reliefs were dedicated. At the public
feasts an ox or a bull was sacrificed there was a lectisternium ;
and a watch-night with illuminations, as in the worship of

other gods 3 It is to be noted that the sacrifice had to be
.
consumed within the precinct at Epidaurus and Titane 4 at ,
5
Athens and at the oracle of Amphiaraus 6 which was the
, ,
custom with heroes in some cases at least 7 .
The private worshipper, who wisht

to offer his prayer or
find a cure for his complaint, probably had to prepare himself
by a ceremonial purification. know that death or birth We

was supposed to pollute a Greek shrine 8 and in particular ,
neither should take place in the shrine of Epidaurus. So

there are indications that the worshipper was expected not
to come in contact with such things, and must keep conti
9
nence for a certain time before he approached the god But .
let that pass : and now suppose the worshipper duly prepared.
1
AM ii. pi. 18, Girard pi. ii. 835 6, e.g. 836 82.87.sw
CIA ii. 1449. Names are
engraved
3
Ovvia, o-rpwo-is TTJS K\IVT)$, ^60-^770-15
above the figures, and below are five T^S TpctTr^fr/s, irawvxis Girard 39.
names within garlands. Only three Compare CIA ii. 1. Add 435 b, 453 c,
have the hand uplifted; the rest may Add. Nova 3736. For the table in other
be friends, three of each set being the cults see CIA i. 4; Herod, i. 1813.
same. A dedication to Demeter and 4 Paus. i. 27. 1.
5
Asclepius was found in the precinct, Arist. Pint. 1138.
AM ii. 243; and the two are again 6

IGS i. 235 31
.
associated on a relief, BCH i. 163,

7
Paus. x. 4. 10.
8
no. 33. E0. Apx- 1894, p. 167 f.
(inscr.) ;
2
Five human names are enclosed Thuc. iii. 104.
9
in wreaths: Girard I.e. Dedications Rev. Arch, xxxix. 182.
of "the
people" to Asclepius in CIA ii.
I
He must 1
probably first pay an entrance fee of a few obols and ,
2
then perform the preliminary sacrifice At Epidaurus, when .
the worshipper desired to be cured of a disease, it appears that

the asked for a solemn engagement that he would
7rvp<f)6po<;
make the customary sacrifice and offering if a cure was effected,

which was undertaken by the patient or by some one else for
him 3 The patient then underwent a ceremonial cleansing
.
with water 4 after which prayers were offered at the altar, and
;
cakes were offered upon it, sometimes perhaps being burnt 5 .
This done, he waited for the night.

The central ceremony of the whole was that of sleeping
6
in the precinct, technically called incubation . That this took
place originally in the temple there can be no doubt, and at

Tithorea such continued to be the custom But at the larger 7
.
health resorts, halls or colonnades were provided for the pur
pose. There were two at Oropus, and probably at Epidaurus 8 ;
but the description of Aristophanes implies that men and

women occupied the same hall at Athens, doubtless each sex
to a side 9 Even their friends could accompany them, if the
.
1
This is not certain for the shrines TTOV (j>\oyl.
of Asclepius, but was the practice 6

at tyKol/jiri<ris, eyKadeudew, the dormi-
Oropus: IGS i. 235 eirapxri 9 obols. tory was eyKoi^rpiov or afiaTov. See
It was placed in the Treasury (drj- besides the authorities to be cited,
There was a d-rja-avpbs at the
<ravpos).
Aristides i.
p. 446; Marcus Aurelius
shrine of Asclepius in Lebena (Crete). v. 8; Philostr. Apoll. i. 9, Vlt. Soph.
2
fl<riTT]Tr}piov ; Trpo9u<r6ai
Cure inscr. ii. 25. Incubation is known also at
42
3339 ; 7rpo8vfj.aTa Arist. Plut. 660. Sicyon (Paus. ii. 10), Troezen (Cavva-
3 The formula is given in Cures 3339. dias, no. 2), Rome (Plant. Cure. 245).
434 6 TTCUS 6 T$ 6e$ irvpQop&v ... See Pauly 1690. See also L. Duebner,
virodtKf<rai rov tviavrov Tvxbvra ^< a De Incubatione (Teubner, 1900). A
irdpeffTt dirodvaeiv ra Harpa;...vwo^Ko- vivid account of the visions of a
fj.at. diroTTîreiv tarpa. 3340 35 ,
dwodi.- neurotic subject is given in Aristides
S6vai 3339 58 d-n-dyav 3340 8
,
. xlviii. (Keil), iepuv \6ywv ii.
4 Arist. Plut. 656 irpurov ^v avrbv The reader will remember how
7
tirl ed\arrav yyopfv, ^Tretr AoOyue". young Samuel slept in the Tabernacle
This was not the sea, for the scene and had a dream 1 Samuel in. :
was in Athens not at the Peiraeus: For a description of the remains

8
Schol. v. 621 and Frazer on Paus. ii. see Frazer on Paus. ii. 27. 2. It was
27.2. At Epidaurus there was a well. certainly enclosed with walls: see
5
Arist. Plut. 655 with Schol., 661: Cures in Baunack i. p. 118.
9 Arist. Plut. 688.
ir6Tra.va. na.1 Trpo66/j.a.Ta., TrtXavos H0cu-
poet has kept to fact, which there is no reason to doubt

1
.
During the night, the god was expected to appear in a vision,

and either to treat the patients or to tell them what to do.
Hear Aristophanes describe the scene :
"All
says Carion in the comedy, "were people sick of all
round,"
manner In comes the verger 2 puts out the lights, and bids us
of diseases. ,
sleep and, quotha,

;
if you hear a noise, keep a quiet tongue. So we all
composed ourselves decently for sleep. But sleep I could not, for my eye
caught a pot of pease which stood just behind the old gammer s head, and
I had a monstrous craving to crawl after it. Then I looked up, and what
should I see but the priest grabbing the cakes and figs from the sacred
table. Then he made the round of all the altars, to see if there was a
biscuit or two left, and these he consecrated into a bag he had with him.
I looked on the performance with much awe, and up I got to fetch the
pease."
You bold bad man," says the other, weren t you afraid of the
"
"
god?"
"Afraid yes, afraid that he might get there first with his garlands
!
;
the priest showed me the way, you see. Well, when gammer heard the
noise I made, she got hold and tried to pull it away but I gave a hiss and ;
bit her, as though I had been one of those hooded snakes."
Cario then tells how the priest, with laso and Panacea, went
round inspecting all the diseases and although the story
;
now becomes pure farce, it is clear that he diagnosed them

after a fashion, examining the wounds, and treating them with
his drugs. When he came to Plutus, after treating his blind
eyes, he whistled, and a couple of great snakes came out which

3
proceeded to lick them and the blind was made whole ;
.
This picture is certainly true to life, for it can be paralleled

in almost every particular from the votive reliefs and from the
Cures of Epidaurus. These remarkable inscriptions, which

Pausanias saw in the dorter 4 contain a long list of miraculous ,
cures,which remind one of nothing so much as a modern patent

medicine. There were similar tablets at Cos and Tricca 5 which ,
have not yet been found, and fragments of others have been
1
Arist. Pint. 658. The inscrr. date from the 4th cent.,
2
TrpoTroXoj, Plat. 670 ff . but they contain older cures (Aelian,
3
Arist. Pint. 732. Nat. An. ix. 33, mentions the woman
4
Paus. ii. 27. 3; Cavvadias, i.23ff.; of Troezen with a worm inside her).
Baunack, Studien, i. 120 ff. ; IPI i. Another Epidaurian miracle in Didot,

9512; Collitz, Gi: Dialekt-Inschr. Frag. Hist. Gr. ii. 158.
5
iii. 33393341. I quote from Collitz. Strabo, viii. p. 374.
unearthed at Lebena in Crete 1

. In the Epidaurian Cures we
see that the patient lay to
sleep just as the poet describes.
Faith he must have had, or he would never have
got so far;
and in his exalted state he was prepared to believe that the
figureswhich appeared before him were really divine. We can
hardly doubt that the priest and his attendants were
got up to
represent the god and his sons and daughters, which would help
the illusion. So in the votive tablets, which we examine shall
by and by, the divine personages feel the diseased part, and
apply remedies to it. In the Cures the god, or a "hand
some man," as he is
realistically described sometimes
2
pours ,
medicine into diseased eyes, and anoints them with ointment 3 .
Or he uses massage, chafing the stomach 4 or the head 5 and ,
giving medicine and instructions how to use it 6 He even .
attempts surgery, extracting a lance-head 7 or cutting an ulcer 8 .
Now and then he enquires the symptoms 9 he even condescends ;
to ask what the

patient will give if he be cured, and can enjoy
a humorous answer 10
Nothing is too humble for him he will .
:
even compound me a hair-restorer for one whose bald head has

been the mock of his friends
11
The tame snakes 12 and dogs 13 are
.
frequently mentioned ; they come out and lick the sores or the
eyes of the sufferers. Dogs appear also at the Asclepiari shrine
in Peiraeus 14 .
Some of the cures are

clearly made up, or doctored for
effect. Sheer impossible miracles are to be found them, among
such as the mending of a broken earthenware 15
The sceptic
pot .
who will not believe is trotted out and convinced 16 and solemn ,
1
I saw them there in August, 1900. 9
Cures 3340 30 .
No doubt other such were found else- 10

Cures 3339 69 .
where. n Cures 3339 l24
.
2
Cures 3339 117 So/ceo/ vtwicKov ev- Cures 3339 3
d^p ddKrvXov iddr,
n-pe-n-TJ rap fj.op<}>dj>
eVt rkv 5a.KTV\oi> virb 6<pios...vTrvov 8 VLV Xa/3>ros ev
30
tiriirriv <t>apâKov ,
3340 . TOVTWI dpaKwv K rov dfidrov ee\0wj>
3
Cures 3339 39 - 77 -
3340 121
Idaaro rat
t .
7 \<Wai.
4
Cures 3340 125 .
w Cures 3339 127 0ap/*a/c&H...forap ivo
5
Cures 3340 53 . KVV fo 0epairv6f*evos, 3340 & rat
6
7\cWcu
Cures 3340 125 : he gives a 0tci\a, tBepdirevtre.
with directions. 14
^ CIA
>
E( A/3%j 1885? 88 .
ii< 1651>
7
Cures 3339 96 , 3340<*. 15
Cures 3339
8
Cures 3340 61 . w Cures 3339 23 .
was a naughty
warnings are addrest to the scornful. Aeschines
lad, who climbed up in a tree and peept into the place
where the suppliants were sleeping. He immediately fell down,
and his eyes were put out by the fall. Now he was compelled
to eat humble pie, and to become a suppliant himself, when the
1
god magnanimously cured him . Terrible also is the fate of

those who forget to pay their dues after they have been cured.
A blind man who received sight and then declined to pay, became
2
blind again until he had done so Another man, who had been .
cured of disfiguring marks on the face, sent his fee by a friend s

hand, but the friend disowned the payment. It so happened that
the friend came to be cured of a similar affliction and as he lay ;
in the holy place, the god took down from the wall the other
man s bandage (which had been left in grateful remembrance
of the cure) and laid
it upon the deceiver s face who departed ;
thence punisht like Gehazi, with the original scars besides

his own 3 In view of such things as these, it may be objected
.
that there is not a tittle of evidence for the truth of one of

them. To this I reply, that there is no reason why some of
them should not be true. In cases of nervous disease, such as
paralysis
4
the high-strung imagination may have worked a
,
cure, as it does to* this day at Tenos or Lourdes. Nor is there

any reason why the priests or doctors, call them what you will,
should not have had some rough and ready knowledge of drugs
and surgery, like the bone-setters or herbalists of rustic England,
which they found it convenient to use with a certain amount of
mummery. In fact they took up the same position with regard
to the unlearned, as in our own day priestly advocates of the
up towards the laity. One
esoteric interpretation of ritual take
of the Epidaurian cures, that of aRoman, M. Julius Apellas,
describes minutely both the symptoms of the disease and the
treatment, which was chiefly dietary
5
and a fragment of a ;
similar document was found at Lebena

6
Hippocrates himself, ;
if we are to believe tradition, learnt the elements of his craft

from the Cures of Cos. But whatever be the fact about the
5
1
Cures 3339 90 . Cures No. Ix.
2
Cures 3340 7 .
6
Seen by the writer, 1900. Other
3 Cures 3339 50 . records from this place in AM xxi.
4 Cures Nos. xiv. 67 ff.
xiii.,
cures, yet the setting of them must have been true. If there
were no incubation, no vision of a god or a handsome man, no
dogs and snakes, the testimonials would have simply excited
the laughter of those who came to seek health from the god.
Incubation was also practised at the oracle of Amphiaraus,
but the ceremony which preceded it differed from that we have
described above. Those who would consult the oracle first
purified themselves, then sacrificed a ram, and slept on his skin
1
.
And now, in spite of all reasons to the contrary, the patient

is cured he is to pay the thank-offering due.
:
private A
person, unless he be rich, can hardly be expected to offer a bull,
or even a pig
2
his tribute was commonly a cock.
;
return to We
3
Herodas, who describes this part of the proceedings .
Hither invoking the gods named, and be kind to

" "
come," cries Phile,

us for this cock which I sacrifice to thee, the herald of the house, and
accept the cakes and fruit
4
. We have not much substance nor to spare,
else would I bring thee an ox, or a sow in pig 5 fat enough, and no cock, to
6
pay for the healing of the diseases which thou hast wiped away, with thy
gentle hands touching them. Put the tablet on Health s right hand,
Coccale."
The victim to the attendant 7 who goes out and

is handed ,
kills it. When

the worshippers have gazed their fill at the
8
sights, they recall him, and he enters through a door with the ,
words 9 ,
Good is your sacrifice, women, and promises well for you no one ever ;
had greater favour of Paeon than you have. Ie ie Paie on, be gracious to
these women for this sacrifice, and to their lovers if they have any,
and their offspring to come. Ie ie Paie on, so be it, amen !
1
Paus. i. 34. 5; cp. Lucian, De models have been found at several
Dea Syria, 55 ; Strabo, vi. p. 284, places (see chapter vm.) ; but I do not
describes a similar rite in the shrine venture to assert that these are for
of Calchas at Drium so at healing. They may be models of a
(Apulia);
Athens, Hesych. and Suid. s.v. Aios quite common sacrifice.
KtbSiov. rdirLdopTra.
2 BCH 70; Herodas, iv. 15.
ii. vevr) fj.fr r\v -xoipov.
3 Herodas iv. 12 ff. Lucian, Bis ; fyrpa; cp. tarpa Cures passim.
Ace. 5; Artem. Oneir. v. 9; Plut. vewKbpos.
Pyrrhus iii. 8; GIG 5890. 66. Socra- i) 6vpr) yap JIKTCU /caWt0 6 Tracrros,
tes last words, then (Phaedo 118 A), 55.

8 Herodas
would appear to be ironical. It iv. 79 ff.
should be mentioned that cock-

Amen, so be it, O mighty! and in all health may we come

Phile.
again with husbands and children bringing greater victims. Coccale,

don t to cut the
forget of the fowl for the attendant, and pop the cake
leg
into the serpent s hole in dead silence, and moisten the barley-meal.
We ll eat the rest at home. And don t forget to give some for Health.
Thus the thank-offering is made, the prayer is said; the

the rest of the victim makes all
temple receives its dues, and
had
merry at home. At Epidaurus and at Oropus the whole
1
to be eaten in the precinct, and none might be taken away ;
we
do riot know what was the rule at Athens.
We read of a be remembered, in the
physician, it will
Athenian inscriptions, and it is worth while enquiring what

the relation was of the Asclepian shrines to scientific medicine
2
or surgery Scientific doctors there were in ancient Greece, as
.
we know, the most notable being the medical school of Cos

3
where also at a later date
with its great leader Hippocrates ;
the professional physician is known 4 In the works which have

.
come down to us under this name are included a large number

of independent treatises by different persons some of which ;
are of real value, and show that the ancient schools used
research and experiment, and had more than empirical know
ledge of their art. There are also collections of cases among

them, which describe symptoms, treatment, and result. How
their calling may be seen from
seriously the physicians took
the remarkable oath which all had to take before admission to
5
the guild . That there were professional physicians practising
at Athens inthe sixth century is proved by the tablet of
Aeneus already described 6 In the fifth century we find private
.
the state
practitioners and also public physicians appointed by
7
,
1
Paus.ii. 27. 1; IGS L 235. Did Thucydides draw on professional
2
La Medecine publique dans Vanti- knowledge in describing the plague?
4 3618 rwv r&v
grecque, Rev. Arch, xxxix. 99, Collitz iii. iarpuit
quite
etc.
231, 309, 348. 8a[iocmu6vTu;j ,
3 See the chapter in Gompertz, 5

Littre, (Euvres d Hippocrate, iv.
Greek Thinkers, i. 275 ff. An interest- 628 ff.
6
ing inscription of Cyprus records the Above, p. 79.
hire of a doctor by the king of Idalion MStwrei/oz/res, Plat. Polit. 259 A;
to treat his wounded soldiers, Collitz Gorgias 514 E; Aristoph.-Ecctes. 365 6.
i. 60. So in Carpathos, IGI i. 1032.

Herodotus 2 speaks of one Demo-

1
to a dispensary or hospital .
cedes, of Crotori, most famous physician of his day; and at

an early date we find Menocritus of Samos practising in
3
Carpathos These physicians were distinct from the staff of
.
the Asclepieum, but there does not seem to have been any
antagonism between them. In the third century it was an
ancient custom for the public physicians to sacrifice twice a
year to Asclepius and Hygieia, and to make an offering on

their own behalf and their patients 4 Such may have been the .
origin of the relief already described, where six worshippers

approach Asclepius, Demeter, and the Maid 6 of the three :
names inscribed above the tablet, two are known to have been
6
physicians, Epeuches and Mnesitheus Perhaps the people on .
this occasion voted for the cup mentioned in the Ascle-

money
pian lists, as they did for the ephebes at Eleusis
7
The fact is, .
the physicians and the temple appealed to different classes of

persons. The fullest information available as to the ancient
dedicators comes from the Inventories of the Athenian shrine 8 .
There the women are slightly in excess of the men 9 A number .
of priests are among them, but their dedications do not

concern us here 10 . Nicomachus is called physician as well
11
as priest , and so is Onetor 12 . Half-a-dozen more priests
wv, elected by x- CIA ii. 835 6.
porovla: Schol. Ar. Ach. 1030. Plato,

8
CIA ii. 766 (B.C. 341/40), 835, 836
Gorg. 455 B. For the larpeiov see Rev. (B.C.32017), 839.
Arch, xxxix. I.e. 9 I make
the proportion 291 233, :
2
Herod, iii. 125, 131 2. but the same name often recurs, so
3
Eev. Arch. viii. 469 (Girard). See that the number of dedications is
P- 205 3 .
considerably greater. One person dedi-
4
CIA ii. 352 b (Add.- Nova) ^TraS^ cates no less than fifteen times.
10
TrarpLov fariv rots ten-pots 6 croi S-rjuoo-ieu- They were official, not thank-offer-
ovffiv 8i>u>Tui
AaK\riTriui Kai TTJi Yyielcu ings; thus Nicomachus dedicates a
5iy TOV eviavrov virtp re O.VT&V /cat rCov censer made out of old offerings melted
<TW[j.a.Twv uv ZKCUTTOI la.ffa.vTo: early 3rd down CIA ii. 836 ^j Lysanias spends
century. the price of a sacrificial ram on an
5
AM ii. 243, pi. xviii. ;
Girard 43, offering 836
:f:{
.
pi. ii; BCH ii. 88. n CIA ii. 836 17 -

w t
Ovij/> arp6s.
6
AMix. 80; above, p. 199 1 .
12
CIA ii. 835 13 -
84
tepeus
7
CIA ii. 471. 34. There are several
dedications of the people in the lists
are named : Archicles, Antocles, Ctesonicles, Philocrates, Theo-

1
dorus, Xenocritus. One dedicator is termed dpîdewpo^ .
Beyond these there nothing to tell is who the dedicators were,

or what was their calling in life*. The names are as other Greek
names, but those of women are often diminutives. It must be
borne in mind that these lists do not include all the offerings
in the temple, nor perhaps the chief of them. There are no
inventories amongst the Epidaurian inscriptions, but in the
Cures there is evidence that it was usual to dedicate a
3
memorial after cure Childish anecdotes like the Epidaurian
.
Cures would have been rejected by Plato or Sophocles as readily

as by any educated man of to-day such as these, and doubtless ;
the richer citizens, with a few exceptions like Theopompus 4 ,
went to the physicians. But the ordinary Greek was simple,

and tried the faith cure, which was at once cheaper and more
in accord with ancient tradition. If we set aside the temple
officials, who
naturally would support the establishment, most
of the dedicators names in the lists lack the demotic adjective;
which may imply that they were foreigners, or humble trades
men, not citizens of Athens. Or the temple might be the last
resort of those who could get no relief from the physicians, as
Micythus of Rhegium and the

5 6
,
sufferer in the Anthology :
a small indication, but way as our theory. it points the same

In this respect modern analogies are instructive. To pass by
the peasants of Europe, who still consult their wise women and
seventh sons of a seventh son, the sanctuaries of the Levant
show much the same thing as we are assuming for the ancient.
There are properly trained doctors in every part of the Greek
world ; yet the people still
throng to the feast of the Virgin at
39 7 60 89
1
CIA ii. 835 30 . d?0e/ta 3339 59 Cp. 3339 .
>
-
.
2
From Phocis we have a stone- 4
See below, p. 217 l .
5
mason s dedication: tf>L\wv \idovpybs Herod, vii. 170; above, p. 192.
Acr/cXctTriwt, Collitz ii. 1541. On the 6 Anth. Pal. vi.330 Qv-rjrSiv T^P ,uj>
Acropolis, before the Persian invasion, dvoprf/MPOf, es 5 rb Belov \irida

a fuller makes a dedication to Health, ^x wJ/ 7rpoXt7ru>j>
etfTrouSaj A6rji>as,
above p. 188 15 191 8 ,

.
t\e<i>v, Acr/cX^7rie, irpbs rb abv fiXcros,
3
54
Cures 3339 ,
et ^x ot X/377/aara tiri.0riv fj.rj<rit>.
Tenos or Ayassos, and to many another shrine the monasteries ;
generally contain one or more families

who come in hope of
1
healing and deliverance .
We mayclassify as follow the offerings which commemorate

a deliverance from sickness.
1. The Image of the Deliverer.

2. The Image of the Person Delivered.
3. Representation of the act or process.
4. Miscellaneous.
(1) Image of the Deliverer. A number of bases, or frag

ments of bases, found at Athens, seem to have borne statues
of Asclepius. Asclepius was probably dedicated by Cichesippus
2 8
in the fourth century and Hygieia with him in another case , ;
4
she also stands alone Herodes dedicates to Demeter a statue
.
of the god as initiate 5 It is possible, of course, that some of .
these bases bore statues of the persons delivered. At Epidaurus

were found many statuettes of the god, some inscribed, but
none of early date 6 One bears the legend, Ctesias to the
.
"
"
7
Saviour another has a verse inscription of Plutarchus, high-
;
priest of Bromius in Athens in the fourth century after Christ 8 .
Statuettes of Hygieia are also preserved 9 one dedicated to her ,
as Saviour and Telesphoros 10 one as medical ,

fee 11 . A statuette
of Athena, of Roman date, is inscribed to Athena Hygieia by
a priest of Asclepius 14 It would seem, then, that the image .
of the god was not dedicated by private persons in early times

for the healing of disease. Perhaps the seated image of Hecate
from Attica belongs to this place ;
but who knows 13 ?
1
See below, p. 236. Lebena in Crete.
2
CIA ii. 1455 AvKXymui Ktx^tTr- 7
Cat. Ath. Sc. 270.
TTOS Atoyvo-Cov Aâ/catei)? 8 Cat. Ath. Sc. 264.
dv<$r\Kt, "Lrpa-
There has been a 9 Cat. Ath. Sc. 271

TwvLdr)? Tr6fj<rt. ff.
verse inscription below, of which the 10

Cat. Ath. Sc. 272 ffwreipij KO.I Te-
words 8upoi>
6fui eli/cu appear. Xe<r06/3w.
a
CIA ii. 1551. Cat. Ath. Sc. 271 tarpa.; cp. Epid.
4
CIA ii. 1446, if the inscr. is com- Cures.
12
plete (?). Cat. Ath. Sc. 274 Afloat Tyieta.
5 7
E0. Apx- 1894, 171; see p. 196 . 6 iepebs rov ffcjrijpos AffK\t)iriou.
e
Cat. Ath. Sc. 263 ff. Others at 13
CIA iv. 2. 422 3 AXyw
The same but distorted, suggested the dedication of

idea,
the physician. In the latter part of the fourth century a sick
girl seems
to have vowed this offering in case of cure, and her
father paid it
1
This is practically a honorific statue, and it
.
falls after the great dividing line. The statue of Polycritus,

which was represented with a libation vessel in its hand, if he
were the famous physician of Mende, was probably honorific;

2
but it may belong to the next class .
Several of the offerings are snakes. Four little snakes are

a woman of Megalopolis gives a silver snake,
3
offered together ;
weighing nearly 25 drachmae 4 another is given by Philista 5 ;

.
It is conceivable that these had some reference to the temple
snakes, which as we have seen used sometimes to lick the

patients ;
and the snake is found carved alone on reliefs of late
6
date . The snakes would by a convention represent
in that case
the instrument by which the god acts. But there is no evidence
whatever for this, and I do not believe it. They may be all
ornaments, bracelets or what not but it is only fair to mention ;
them end of the fourth century many

here, because at the
things are possible which would have been impossible in the

fifth. It should also be added that terra-cotta serpents were
7
found in the shrine of the Mistress at Lycosura .
(2) The Image of the Person Delivered. There are no

examples of this class before late in the fourth century,
when
8
honorific statues were common Herodas speaks of a portrait .
statue of a worshipper at Cos but we do not know the date

9
,
of Herodas. At Epidaurus, Clearista dedicated a statue of her

Berl. Mus. Three figured
-
pos TOV avdpiavros TOV
hecataea are more probably the me-
3
CIA ii. 836. 14 Spa/coWia r^rrapa.
morials of some feast: xxv. 173 AM 4
CIA ii. 836. 66 opa.Kuv apyvpovs.
5
(Samos). CIA ii. 835. 7 dpyvpovv.
6<f>i5ioi>
6
l
CIAH.14c6l$av6<TTpaTo<s. Ar]\o<f>dv^ Page 222.
7 should
e lKova
cW077/ce XoXap-yeiis r^vSe rrjs av- Frazer, Pausanias iv. 370. I
TOV QvyaTpbs AcopCSos ev|ajiVTis- Av<n- like to see those serpents. Ancient
/J-AXV V-P MTpi e os ircuwviov \0civ

bronze serpents were found on the
%e?pa /uLtyas As to the

<rwTr)p...opeycv. Acropolis of Athens, all which may
part of the restoration which I am re- have been parts of larger objects and
sponsible for, see Suidass.v. 6e67ro/>(.7ros, probably were so.
below, p. 217
1
.
8 For IGA 549 see ch. vm.
9 Herodas
2
CIA ii. 766. 28 olvoxoij IK r^ %et- iv. 36, 37.
R. 14
son to Asclepius 1 and the date of this is taken to be about 300.

,
A father similarly dedicates his son in the Athenian shrine to

Asclepius and Hygieia No doubt other bases, inscribed on 2
.
a son or a daughter s behalf, bore portrait statues. The only

parallel I have noticed in the lists is the child of Philostratus ,
3
a gold or silver statuette of eight drachmaeweight. number A

of statuettes of children, found in the Athenian precinct, were
4
doubtless votive One patient in the Epidaurian Cures promises
.
5
to set up a portrait ;
and a man and wife dedicate their two
sons in fulfilment of such a vow 6 . We must not forget, how
ever, that these images or
the descriptions show, are reliefs, as
commonly in the attitude of prayer, and thus fall into line with
the earlier representations of the act or process which the god
has blest (section 3 below). It is only late we could expect
to find a realistic figure of a patient in the last stage of
consumption, like that from Soissons

7
.
During the same period another custom grew up, that of

dedicating models of the diseased part
8
This custom shows .
1
Cavvadias, no. 23. of his beloved lady: Chaereas and
2
CIA ii. 1500. Callirrhoe, iii. 6 : eT5e irapa TT/V Oeov
3 CIA ii. 836 23
Tratdiov 3>i\o<TTpdTov
: eiKova Ka\\tpporis %puo-^^, dvd6r)fj.a
end of 4th cent. Aiovvaiov. was recognised by herIt
4
AM ii. 197, note 2. husband. The same feeling in modern
5
avdrjaelv ol eixova. ypai/sd/uLevos Greece is echoed by the poet Solomos,
60
marble was painted, so it
3339 ; is who, speaking of a shepherd girl who
not possible to say which is meant. has lost a lamb, makes her say: c5
6
Collitz iii. 3301 ZrpaTwv Qewvis Travayid /uov, icd/me TO 6avfj,a, /ecu va ere
A/ryetot TOI)S woi)s A7r6XXwi t Acr/cActrrtcDi KctyUW eva dpvi. 6\ d<T7]/j,fri.o

va TO Kpf/mdcroj
ei/xdv- Later, and in modern times, els Trjv eiKova <rov

TTJ creTTTrj (Works,
the idea has seemed natural. Compare p. 285).
the passage from Aristides xlviii. quoted
7
Rev. Arch. i. 458, pi. B ; CIG
below, p. 211
x
and see De Brasses
; 6855 b ; Michaelis, Richmond 29 : sick
Letters, tr. Lord Ronald Gower, p. 283 man in chair, bronze with silver eyes,
(Casa Santa at Loreto) :
"Opposite,
an angel in 8
silver presents to the C. F. Pezold, De membris hurnanis
Madonna a little Louis XIV in gold, diisgentium dedicatis J. J. Frey, De ;
of the same weight as the prince more diis simulacra membrorum con-
weighed when he first appeared in secrandi ;
these books I have not been
this world it was a vow of Anne of
: able to get. The bronze or marble
Austria." With the same idea, the hands, with all kinds of symbolic
lover in a late Greek romance dedi things upon them, have nothing to
cates to Aphrodite a golden image do with us here (see El worthy, Horns
how low the artistic taste of the Greeks had already fallen,
but it is not without its moral interest. We
are not to suppose
1
any idea of mystical substitution ;
as before, it is the simple
wish to perpetuate the memory of the divine help, but the fact
that the old idea takes a new shape proves that it is alive.
Whilst in other directions piety had generally become an empty
form, here it lived still, and it has continued living from that
time to this.
These objects made of gold or silver are extremely common

in the lists. In modern times they are made of the thinnest
2
possible silver foil, very rarely of gold or gilded but as one ;
or two in the lists are said to be hollow 3 the implication is that ,
they were then usually solid. It must be remembered that the

patients practically paid their doctors bills in this way and ;
of Honour]. Some of the Italian offer Shrine of Hero latros CIA ii. 403:
ings of this class have been described Mpoi, Golden models
6(f>6a\fji.ol, xelp.
by L. Stieda, R.M. xiv. 230 ff. Aristides of parts of the body in India North :
vi. 69 dXXa Kal /j.e\r/ rov crw/aaros alrovv- Ind. Notes and Queries, 1893, ii. 6;
rai rives, /cat
dvdpes \eyco Kal yvvawes, silver eyes offered in smallpox, iv. 42.
irpovoia rov deov yevevdat. <r0toi,

r&v 1
Nor the sacrifice of a part for the
irapa rijs (pvaeus viafidapevrwv. Kal whole, another idea which is found
Kara\eyov<nv aXXos aXXo n, ol /JLCV dirk late. Aristides xlviii. 27. 472 describ
<rr6fj.aros ovrwal <f)pdovres, ol 5 ev rots ing what the god told him to do, says :
e^r/yov/Aevoi. r//uuv roivvv 5eiv 5e Kal rov crw/Aaros avrov -rraparefj-vetv
fj.epos rov (TufJ,aros dXX tiirav rb virep ffdjr-rjpias rov -rravrbs dXXd yap
crvvdeis re Kal (rv/mirriâs avrbs elvai rovro e py&des rovro fj.ev yap ST)
oupedv. Clem. Alex. Stromata TrapievaL /xot, dvri 8e rovrov rov daKrvXiov
v. 566 D rd re Kal rovs 6(pda\/j.ovs 8v avadelvai
<Sra
ecpbpovv irepie\bfj,evov r$
ol e v\ris KaOie- TO yap avrb iroielv
8rifj.iovpyovi>res rifj.ias TeXecr06pjJ. ucnrep
povffi. rols Qeols dvanOevres ets rovs veds. av el rov 8aKrv\ov avrbv irpoeifj-riv. At
Parts of the body named in CIA ii. Gurgaon, in India, there was a man so
835 and 836. Doubtful names and fond of a shrine, that he happening to
words are not counted the numbers : die there his body could not be re
must be taken as approximate only. moved until one of his fingers was cut
aidoLov 11, yovv 1, Sd/cruXos, 5d/cruXot 3, offand buried in the shrine: North
77/377 yvvaLKbs 2 (once 77/377
of a man), Indian Notes and Queries, v. 544. The
iVxta 2, Kapdia 4, KecpaXri 1, 6d6vres sacrifice of a finger is sometimes a
1, ous, (Lra, wrapia 20, d0âX/x6s, substitute for human sacrifice; see
6(f>da\fj.oL 121, ?r65es 1, Trp6<Tuirov (or Frazer, Pausanias, iv. 355.
2
part) 10, pis 1, criayuv 2, cr/cAos, 0-^X77 I have seen gold or gilt specimens
36, ffrijdos 2, ffr6/j,a 7, (rcDyua, ffw/u-driov in Patmos, Tenos, and Calymnos, but
58, nrOos, rLrQr), nrGiov (sing, or pi.) 12, I remember no others.
3
rpdx-r)\os 1, x ei P> X"/
3 ")
xeipidiov 18. CIA ii. 835.
142
a fashionable physician would make a very respectable

s fee
silver leg. The favourite disease inAthens during the fourth
century seems to have been bad eyes votive eyes, in ones and :
twos, make up two-fifths of the whole number. Next to the
eye comes the trunk : this may betoken internal pains, or it
may include various segments of the body which would tell

different tales if we could see them. Two patients out of every
fifteen suffered from bad legs, and one out of fifteen from ear
ache or diseases of the hand. Breast, face, mouth, and penis
are each several times represented and now and then half ;
a face or the lower part is specified. Head, feet, fingers, knee

and jawbone also appear; one man had toothache, while one
man and one woman gave their hearts to Asclepius in fact
the woman actually offered two.
If Asclepius was successful as an oculist,
Amphiaraus seems
to have been a specialist in lung complaints. At least his list
contains dozens and dozens of breasts, all presented by men ;
one man them to the shrine. There

gives sixty or seventy of
are also the face, the hand, the nipple, and the pudenda but ;
the number of such things is small The worshippers evidently 1

.
consulted the oracle about other things than bodily health, so

that we cannot assume that the votive bowls and baskets,
2
scrapers, lamps, and masks, or the figures of Victory had ,
necessarily to do with sickness or health. How far these things

were common elsewhere we do not know but there is apparently ;
3
a golden model of the pudenda muliebria in Delos where also ,
4
were a bronze leg and ear (perhaps fragments of vessels), and
a number of golden or silvern breasts 5 (possibly a kind of vase).
Parts of the body were also made in relief or repousse work.
7 8 9
Amongst these we have the trunk the eye the ear the leg
6
, , , ,
1
The parts of the body mentioned
5
BCH vi. 33, lines 44/93, xiii. 412.
are :
aldoiov, /iaoro?, irpbawirov (irpoaw- See Athenaeus 487 B.
6 2o
TTIOV), Tir#6s, x f tp- for /m<rr6s
see note 5
. CIA ii. 835 TVTTOS irpbs irivaidui,
2
Yet there were Victories dedicated Zvi auâ avdpbs.
in the Asclepieum : CIA ii. 766 15
. No 7
CIA ii. 835 14
crw/ia tv TVTTWI K at
doubt ornaments. 6<j>da\fj.6s.
3
BCHvi. 50, line 202: x/w<roCj TJ^TTOS
8 CIA ii. 835 17
TIITTOI,
/j,-r)TpiK6s.
rb eiffTrpa. x.QtV
4
BCH vi. 47, line 167.
9
CIA ii. 835 28 49-
<
and doubtless a fine variety of other members and sections of

them. But while the round form is best suited to metal work,
the relief is and the parts of the human
suited best for stone ;
body represented in are very numerous. These hardly

this way
appear in the fourth century, but in the third they spring
suddenly into favour and never lose it again. The reason may
well be, as Bruckner has plausibly suggested 1 the law which ,
Demetrius of Phalerum made during his rule over Athens

(317 307), forbidding the custom of erecting sepulchral reliefs.
This killed the whole industry, and in a generation there were
few workmen skilful enough to do more than rudely to carve
a limb. There appear to be only three which can be assigned
to the fourth century. One is a woman s breasts, dedicated by
2
Phile to Asclepius another is also a breast, found in the
;
3
neighbouring shrine of the hero Amynus the third is a fore ;
head and a pair of eyes dedicated by Praxias 4 Amongst others .
5 6
are Menestratus a foot and leg part of the trunk 7 the
leg , , ,
8 9 10
upper part of a couple of thighs breast penis finger
11
Most , , ,
.
of those just mentioned are quite late. A new type which comes
into favour in the Roman
age, is represented by a pair of large
feet in the round, placedupon a small base
12
In Roman times .
this practice must have been very common, and feet in clay
of all sizes may be seen in nearly every museum. Of those
which may be assigned to Greek cities I would name one
which came from Athens 13 and two colossal feet with sandals,
;
finisht off at the top and not fragments, coquettishly poised
1
AA 1892. 23; cp. AM xviii. 245. and Hygieia. Compare 3709, 4764;
So in one generation the art of wood CIA iii. 132 h.
7
engraving has been killed by the de- Sybel 2982 4 ( AavcX. e^"), 4689.
testable process.
8
CIA iii. 132 g: inscr. to Ascl. and
2
CIA ii. 1482 $1X77 Acr/cX^cut. Hyg. etyfiv.
Other breasts :
Sybel 941, 1133, 1154. CIA iii. 132 k : Ascl. e^"- Sybel
3
CIA ii. 1511 c; AM
xviii. 241 2995, 3015 dvdeâ E/cdXijs.
10
(woodcut). Sybel 4058.
4 CIA n
ii. 1453 virtp rrjs yvvcuKos Sybel 4385. Nose Sybel 1126, ear
Hpa%ias Aff/cX^TrtcGt. 1151.
5
CIA ii. 1503 Mevforparos et>xw
12
CIA iii. 132 i *X. :
ETTI/CTTJTOS to
:
Sybel 7213. Ascl. and Hyg. eirxAv.
6 13
Sybel 2980 : inscr. to Asclepius Cat. Berl. Mus. 661.
on a base, which were found in South Russia 1 these are of :
stone. Melition of Thera, who seems to have suffered from

elephantiasis, hit on a quaint way of indicating her gratitude
to thegod around the word which described her disease she
;
had drawn a line representing the gigantic size of her foot

before the divine power came upon it 2 ghastly pair of ears, . A
done in relief and painted, from Epidaurus, belongs to the
Roman age 3 From Melos comes half a left leg 4
. .
There were even models of and disease, like the golden boils
blains in the ark of Jehovah. Thus Timothea dedicates an
ulcer 5 and possibly the Epidaurian patient who was cured
;
of the same thing may have commemorated it in the same

6
way Perhaps the inner part of another s ear was realistically
.
7
portrayed in diseased form .
A large number of these articles come from the shrines of

other healing deities. There was in Athens, near the Areo
pagus, a shrine and a cult of a hero Arnynus, the Helper,
excavated a few years since 8 It was ancient, as is proved
by .
archaic terra-cottas which were found in the

precinct; as old
as the sixth century, and
probably older. At the of coming
Asclepius there was a danger of the old hero losing the popular
9
favour but perhaps through the influence of the
;
poet Sophocles
he continued to be worshipt, and a society of
Orgeones kept
his name alive. Here was found one of the oldest limb-reliefs,
belonging to the fourth century: it shows the lower part of
1
In the Hermitage : no. 110 ; cp. have been a priest TOV which
"AXwi/os,
117, 123. Meineke emended to "AX/cwi>os. Korte

2
IGA i\i. 388 xnvfaovs MeXirtoi/.... ingeniously suggests that the reading
3
E0. Apx. 1885, p. 199. should be Anvvov, and uses this to
4
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 809 A<TK\T)in$ explain the heroizing of Sophocles
Kol Tyiely. evxapta-Trjpiov. under the name of Dexion, "because
5
CIA ii. 836 51
Kapdvos. he welcomed (Etym. Mag.
Asclepius"
6
Cu r 3340 s*.
Sophocles may have been
Aeu>>).
7
fijicwv, CIA ii. 836 48 . the priest of the old deity, and have
8
By Dorpfeld. See A. Korte, AM welcomed Ascl. into the shrine, as was
xviii. 231 ff., xxi. 303 ff. As usual, done at Eleusis, so that the shrine
it had a spring of water. The altar became sacred to both jointly. There
has a snake carved upon it. are dedications to both personages
9
In the Life Sophocles is said to together, AM xxi. 294, 296.
a female body, from the ribs down There were found also
1
.
2
a female breast, of the third century several fingers, a pair ,
of ears, and a penis, with ground painted red, and a hole in

the tablet for hanging. Another series of these objects, found
in a cave, on the terrace called the Pnyx, are dedicated to
3
Zeus the Amongst these are several breasts, the
Highest .
pudenda muliebria, a female body from the waist downwards,

a pair of arms, part of a thigh, the eyes, and the forepart of
the right foot. From Golgos in Cyprus
4
come a face, ears,
eyes, thumb, breasts (perhaps with disease markt),

a penis, and
an inscribed slab with two painted eyes in relief Other .
fragments had nothing visible upon them, and were doubtless

painted. From Cyprus also comes an ear with the disease
6
inscribed in words There is a model of pudenda muliebria .
in Samos 7 ;
a relief of the hands and part of the arms is in
Sparta
8
,
with a small stone foot
9
foot dedicated to Zeus . A
comes from Asia eye
10
. An is dedicated to Athena in Lesbos 11 ;
a foot in Samos to Hera 12 tiny leg from the Idaean cave . A

in Crete 13 is perhaps an ornament, as nothing else of the kind
was found there. series of double breasts in marble were A
1
df0T]K Ap.wuk.
...wi>l<;
9
Not inscribed. Other limbs in
2 Mavromati (Ithome),
CIAii. 1511 ft; AMxviii. 241 H5e?a the School at
Aa-AcX^TTtcDi. M. Carapanos private museum at
3
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sculpt. 799808; Athens (from Dodona), Odessa (from
CIA in. 150156; Cat. Berl. Sc. 718 Olbia).
721. They are mostly inscribed Au 10
GIG Add. iv. 6832 A/xyueicwos Atei
vif/icTy evxty or without Ad. The title evxfy-

is known in Thebes, Corinth, and n IGIii. 121. I have a clay eye and
Olympia Paus. : ix. 8. 3, cp. Find. Nem. foot from Eome. We may suppose that
i. 60. the very poor offered these models in
4
Cesnola p. 158, BCH xix. 362. clay. Numbers have been found in
5
0ey i/i/ tVry eua,uevT]. The same Eome and Veii. An altar, with two
deity was worshipt in Olbia (Odessa ears in relief, inscribed to the Bona
Museum, no. 130, inscr.). Another Dea, is in the museum at Aries. Others
penis from Rhodes, Cat Berl. Sc. 728. . in Orvieto.
e
Collitz, i. 103 cbr uTodawv. An 12
AM xxv. no. 55 in Samos Cata-
ear from Cyrene not inscribed, Cat. logue. One, inscribed of Lucilia Pom-
Br. Mus. Sc. 810. pilia, was found in the Pool of Bethesda:
7 AM xxv. 174 ZftapdyStv :
cp. CIA M. Thomas, Two Years in Palestine,
ii. 1569, iv. 2. 1558 (Aphrodite, Daphni) ,
132.
13
Cat. Berl. Mus. Sc. 721. Annual Brit. Sch. Ath. vi. 112.
8
Aa/idrptos ETriy&eta Addvare
found at Cnidus; but as each specimen has a handle, and as

they bear some proportion in weight to each other, it is very
1
unlikely that they had to do with disease .
Another shrine which had similar reliefs was one sacred to

Artemis Anai tis and Men Tiamou in Asia Minor 2 The objects .
are of late date, and inscribed in horrible Greek. One re

presents the arm from the elbow another has a whole batch ;
together, two female breasts, a right leg percht on a cushion,

and two eyes, dedicated by a whole family in common 3 .
(3) Representation of the act or process blest by the god.

The which are among the most interesting
relief carvings
remains connected with the worship of Asclepius, fall into four
classes, according as they depict the Visitation of the Sick, the
4
Prayer or Adoration, the Sacrifice, or the Banquet .
(i) Visitation of the Sick. This type is voucht for in the

early days of the Athenian shrine. Suidas tells us that Theo-
pompus, the comic poet, who flourisht about 400, fell very ill,
but being cured by Asclepius, he was able to go on
composing
comedies. On his recovery, he caused a memorial to be carved
of Parian marble, inscribed with his name and
patronymic.
Theopompus was represented lying upon a couch, and beside
him the god stood stretching out his healing hand." Another
"
figure was a young lad with a smiling countenance, whom
1
Newton thinks they are standard aa.fj.evv fj-^repav Avaetriv v-rrep
weights :
Branchidae, Halicarnassus, /cat
6pefj.fjLa.Twv, e vypafai Za-T-qvav trout
and Cnidus, ii. 386, 805. We have H
seen Demeter as a healing
T K A M fa?Sou. Leemans reads
already
dXdffa.fj.ei u/j.-rjr^pav, which is nonsense.
deity.
2
See Verhandl. der kon. Akad. der
l take Xa <^
e to be f r ftacrd/ôi,
Wetenshappen, Leemans,
xvii. 1 ff.;
and ^
T ^ av an earlv form of the ace.
Griekshe Opshriften uit Klein- Azte. which afterwards became regular, as

Jt now is c P ied from the stoii e.)
Perhaps the shrine was in Coloe, where 4
(
The ^ have been coll ected and

a similar relief was found: iv. ECU
The Mother examin ed by P. Girard, Ex-Voto a
128. Gods was
of the
also addrest as a healer: CIA iii
E ûlape, BCH ii. 68 ff. ; UAscUpieion
134 29 ff.
;
F. von Duhn, AZ 1877, 139 ff. ;
L Ziehen 8tudien zu den As ^P^s-

Tta/tou T^ relief AM Xvii 229 ^ Com P are also
^, AM 2U &
ol AMtfow, al *CM Kal Sarta ai iL P1 BCH
v.-xvii., i.
156 ff
,
ei\a-
If any
"
Suidas takes to be a personification of the comic poet.

he, let him keep his opinion but "
one thinks otherwise," quoth ;
in his
he must not worry me." I would fain not disturb Suidas
but the is more likely to be one of the Asclepiad
grave, figure 1
the attendant who carries the medicine-case .
family, or perhaps
The existing remains well illustrate this description. They
in the dortor, where the god s representative
represent scenes
attends to the needs of his patients. The following may be
near the
taken as types, (a) Now Asclepius sits by the bed ;
FIG. 30. Asclepius by the sick-bed.

Sybel 7161.
head of the sufferer is one of the god s sons, holding over

him
an object which cannot be made out, perhaps a tool.
surgical
as
Behind the god s throne are two worshippers, distinguisht
1 on vvros avrbv rov

Suidas s.v. Qebiro/j.Tros Acr/cXrj-
voO yap vt6s,) et
SwXov Ilapias
TTIOS /cat rwv Iv iracdeia r\v Trpojioj^s. r/v
re /cat \idov. /cat evri rb iVSaXâ rov irddovs

<bQb~() yovv QeoirofJ-irov p(.vd)fJievbv
aS^ts /cat avrri \L6ov. eir
idffaro, /cat /cco/u,y5tai /jid\a evapyes, K\lvri
\eifibfj.evov
a&v /cetrat vovovv rb CKelvov (foafffj.a
6t5dcr/ceti eirr]ptv, b\6K\f]pbv re /cat aurTjs
d b
/cat /cat oe iKvvrai Xeipovpyia 0tXoT<?X"V vap^ffrriKe
dprefj.rj epya<rd/J.evos.
6ebs /cat ot rT]v Trattivtov xelpa,

Kal vvv VTTO Xt^y 0eo7r6/i7Toi , Trarpbdev bpeyei
usual in such cases

by their smaller size
1
,
(b) Or Asclepius
stands, leaning upon his staff, about which a snake is entwined
2
.
Over the sick man leans a bearded who holds the man s
figure,
head in both hands 3 . Or
(c)
again, a female figure, Health, or
one of the four
daughters. Those
who attend to the sick man are,
in this case, from their size, clearly
meant for human beings. By
the bedside is another figure,
apparently female, but also not
divine 4 Behind Asclepius, who
.
gazes upon the bed, are four wor

shippers, men and women, and
an attendant leads
up a pig for
sacrifice. At the side of the bed
a large basin rests
upon the floor 5 .
(d) Another relief shows not only

FIG. 31. Tending the sick in the
Asclepius seated, with a snake sanctuary of Asclepius.
under his chair, but
Epione seated, Sybel 3010.
and Aceso, laso, and Panaceia
standing. There are traces of a group of worshippers 6 ( e ) The .
two sons of Asclepius, Podaleirius and

Machaon, are seen with
Kal TTCUS veapbs /cat 1

viroiJi.ei.5i.uv OVTOS.
Sybel 7161; von Duhn 115. Frag
ri 5f dpa voel 6 rrats; eyu ffvvirjfii TOU ments of similar reliefs are figured in
(J>i\OTraicrTr)v TTOLTJTTJV virodyXovv ye\$ AM xvii. 231.; See fig. 30.
yap Kal TTJSKw/jLydias TO LOLOV dia vvfj.- 2
Sybel 3010; Ziehen, fig. 3. In
(36\wv aivirrerai. d
5e a\\os voel scribed In Ziehen,
:
&vedr)Ke A<rK\r)Tri(p.
Kparetru rrjs eavrov the doctor
fig. 4, also touches the
ot fj.r} ev oxXaVu. The account is quoted head. See fig. 31.
from Aelian, as may be seen under 3
Cp. Arist. Pint. 728 ; Epid. Cures
Ilapms \l0ov and 00677. I cannot 117
3339 .
follow Ziehen in 4
regarding this as Another attendant? or a friend?
meant for the
Death-Feast the god s :
See Arist. Pint. 653.
healing hand seems conclusive. It is 5
From now in private
Peiraeus;
to be
noted, however, that in one hands; Ziehen, fig. 5. Drawn from
relief, while Asclepius sits, Hygieia a photograph of the
English Photo
standing holds forth a hand as it were graphic Company.
blessing a suppliant who is seen beside 6 AM
xvii. 243 : inscr.
Hiriovtj,
the altar (AM ii. pi.
xvii). , HavaKeca.
him in a fifth tablet, which comes from Epidaurus One 1

.
of them offers Asclepius something which may be a surgical

tool. Two
worshippers are present
with uplifted hands, and
there a dog
is
2
On another tablet a woman receives something
.
in a bowl, perhaps a medicine

3
The gestures and implements .
differ with each case, and suggest that these tablets

were
made to suit the dedicator and at his order. It is
usually
to be noted that two distinct scenes are represented, both
the cure and the service of thanksgiving. The divine persons
take no notice of the worshippers, who are of course only present
by a convention: the interest centres upon the sick-bed. A
relief of this type may be that in which Athena hands some
a man seated in a chair 4
indistinguishable object to
.
laid usually in a
(ii) Prayer or Adoration. The scene is
a of pilasters supporting
an archi
shrine, symbolised by couple
trave and gable end. On one side sits Asclepius, with or
without the deities associated with him; on the other the
hand. There is nothing
suppliants approach, upraising the right
characteristic in the attitude or the dress of the suppliants. In
one fragment, the oldest perhaps of all which have survived,
followed by
Asclepius stands, while a horseman approaches him,
his horse 5 stands behind the god, holding a jug. One
Hygieia .
of this type was found in the shrine of Amynus

6
A remark .
able tablet from Cythnus shows Asclepius and his four sons,
with a worshipper; and the god holds out his right hand to
another heroic It is suggested that Asclepius here
figure.
recognises the power of a local

brother in the craft, as we have
7
seen him in partnership with Amynus .
There are a few reliefs from the sanctuary of Anaitis, which

1
AM xvii. 244, fig. 8. Machaon There is no altar god and worshippers
;
named also in Sybel 4047,= von Duhn touch ;

and the face looks like a por-
25. trait.
2
s ee p 202 13 .
6 AM xxi. 290, male and female
3
BCH i. 168, no. 79. So Cures worshippers.
3339 124
6 0eos x/Hcras,
117
lirvirrp 0dp/*a-
7 AM xvii. 246, pi. xi. ;
there were
3340 126
ol d6fj.ev,
63 hot springs in Cythnus. Asclepius
KOV, QiaXav fyaffOai.
4
Scheme The
86. figure is small, and whole family appear only on
his
and clearly human. one relief from Argos Annali xlv. 114, :
s
AN SOI is in the pre- pi. MN.
Eucl. alphabet: AM ii. 214, pi. xiv.
I may just mention for their intrinsic

interest, although they
hardly belong to Greek religion. One represents a god with
radiated head, and Artemis-Anaitis in the mural
crown, with
veil, fillet, and crescent; the
inscription mentions that the
dedicator was healed by an incantation chanted the 1
by priestess .
The standing goddess appears on but the formulae

others,
2
greatly differ .
(ni) The Sacrifice. Where the scene

intended to repre is
sent a sacrifice the altar
present, sometimes with fire burning
is
upon it 3 . The only animals found on the Athenian reliefs are

ram or sow 4 the cock is not found at
;
all; it is the poor man s
FIG. 32. Sacrifice to Asclepius.

BCH ii., pi. vii.
gift, and probably those who dedicated it would be not

usually
able to afford much more.
In Cos, however, we have seen the
two combined 5 . The worshippers approach with the same
1
No. 1 :
ApTeftidi Avadn xdpiri de^dêvos rrjv
AiroXXwvtov, TrepiTTTUjLia /ecu
<r%oOcra
(date). The others
^ct<70et(ra VTTO TTJS iepelas, euî/. call for no remark.
2
No. 2 :
(names, etc.) virep
3
Nat. Mus. Ath. 1333.
vyieias
TWV 6<j>6a\[j.uv ei>xr]v, avtaT-rjaev. No. 3 :
4
Ram and pig together, Nat. Mus.
(names) airtfiuKav TO tepo7r6?7/xa eu%a- Ath. 1395.
(date). No. 5: (name) dva- 5
Herodas, quoted on p. 204.
gestures as before, and

the animal is held by a small figure,
which often has likewise a knife or a bowl
1
Behind follows .
a figure with a box or basket upon the head,

large cylindrical
half covered with a cloth this ; may have contained cakes or
2
fruit . Sometimes a perhaps
little casket is carried, containing
a more precious offering. Fruit often appears, grapes or pome
3
The
granates and the poppy; snake and
tree also appear .
of the scene may be completed from a Boeotian vase,

picture
in one of which
which shows a girl bringing in a tray of cakes,
FIG. 33. Offering in a healing shrine : a girl bearing a tray of cakes with
lighted taper, and a jug. Votive limbs on the wall.

E<.
Apx- 1890, pi. 7.
is a lighted taper. The remains of a sacrificial relief, with the

"
leg of an ox and the word hero upon it, were found in the "
4
Amphiaraum at Oropus . Others were in the shrine of
5
Arnynus .
The Banquet. Beside a table sits or reclines a male

(iv)
figure, naked to the waist. On a table are cakes of various

sorts, always some of a pyramidal or conical shape. The
worshippers face the deities, and a horse s head appears in the
corner. Near the table is a crater, from which an attendant
1
BCHii. pi. vii. In Nat. Mus. Ath. 3 AM ii. 220, pi. xvi.; CIA ii. 1477;
1408 an adorer kneels, receiving a bowl BCH ii. 73, pi. viii. ;
Cat. Nat. Mus.
from Asclepius. 1330, 1333.
2 Arist. Thesm. 284 u
Qparra, rr)i>
4
IGS i. 440.
KLffTTjv KadeXe, KQT eXe TO Troiravov,

5
AM xviii. 238 (woodcut), 241.
OTTWS Aa/3oOcrct 6u<ru roiv Qeouv.
takes wine and offers it to the 1

The scheme
banqueters .
resembles that of the Death-Feast, which was doubtless the

original type of it. Fragments of this scheme, showing
amongst
other things the horse s head in a frame, come from the
shrine
2
of Amynus .
We
have seen above that there are combinations of the
types of healing and of worship. There is also one relief, found
in Delos, of careless
workmanship, which
combines the types of Banquet and Sacri
fice. The god, holding a patera, reclines
by a table heapt up with fruit; one
worshipper stands in the corner, and an
attendant leads up a ram for 3
offering .
Ruder reliefs, all of late date, some

times show the serpent alone. There are
several serpent slabs now in the Museum
at Sparta others were found in Athens,
;
with the serpent only 4 or entwined about ,
a tree 5 . A serpent-relief was found in

the Athenian of the hero
sanctuary
6
Amynus .
In the same shrine,

amongst frag
ments of the familiar types of Reliefs FIG. 34. Man with votive
sacrificial, with libation or with victim, leg : votive feet visible,
and the Death-Feast, came to light a
affixt to the wall.
reliefwhich is unique.
AM xviii., pi. xi.
It represents
a bearded man, who holds in both hands a
colossal leg,
nearly
as big as himself, with a thick varicose
vein, which may be
anatomically correct, but does not look it. He is evidently
offering this in the shrine, for a pair of votive feet can be seen
inside a recess of the wall 7 .
1
Girard BCH ii. 68 ff. mentions See Cat. Nat. Mus. 1462.
three only of this type. See also E0. 5
CIA 1509 perhaps a fragment
ii. :
A/>x. 1885, p. 9, pi. 2. of a larger scene. See Cat. Nat. Mus.

2
AM xxi. 290, xviii. 241. 1335.
3
BCH xvi. pi. vi. :
Ep/io/cpdr^s dv4-
6
A M xviii. 242.
6t]KV
4
A<rK\T]TriW.
7
AM xviii. 235, pi. xi.: ....& rev-
CIA ii. 1445 IIv86dupos Al8a\l8r,s
From the Inventories it is clear that similar reliefs or
of gold or silver, were equally common.

made This
repousses,
kind of course were sure to go into the melting-pot when hard
times came, or to be carried off by a Sulla or a Brennus indeed, ;
each year to make room for others so

they were melted down
:
that we need feel no surprise that none have survived the

changes and the chances of
two thousand years. Those we read
of bore the same character as those I have described.
general
There were usually figures of one or more worshippers some 1
;
2
times the god stands with them but no further description of ,
One or two are said to be in a little cell or

the scene is given.
3 names of the
inscribed with the
shrine .
They were generally
offerers the figure on the;
relief is same sex as the
always of the
dedicator, except where it is given on another s behalf
and in ;
one case at least the worshipping figures are expressly identified

with the dedicators
4
The figures were intended then to repre
.
sent or recall the dedicators. They were therefore made to order,

as votive paintings of the same sort are made in Italy to-day.
are mentioned
Considerably over a hundred reliefs or chasings
in the lists and they are not only offered singly, but sometimes
;
one person gives two, four, six, or as many as fifteen 5 . The

did not consecrate all her fifteen at one
pious Sibylla probably
time, but we may take her to be a chronic sufferer,
whose faith
rose triumphant after every relapse. The same practice held at
other shrines whose lists have been spared by time as that of ;
the Hero Physician, where a number of reliefs are mentioned 6 .
(4-) Miscellaneous.
being healed of a wound in the hollow

we of
Heracles, learn,
7
his hand, built a temple to Asclepius Cotylean Unfortunately .
Axapvevs. Early 4th 3 CIA ii. 766 4 , cp. 75 :
century. No such indication of the /juKpbv ev KaXiddi.

interior of a shrine is known on the 4
CIA ii. 835 M TVTTOS v-eyas Kara-
other reliefs, but one is seen on a vase, /aa/cros, tveuri irpotrevxbv-evoi Ka\\iffTu,
E0. Apx- 1890, pi. 7 : see fig. 33. A^/fyros. So in 766, the formula is :
33
1
CIA ii. 835 njiros fy/ia/cros, irpbff- 6 Selva iv 7ru/a/dy.
54
UTTOV ywaiKOS Trpo(revxo[J.t> r)s.
5
CIA ii. 835 .
2
CIA ii. 835 31 T^TTOS /cardâ/cros,
6 CIA ii. 403.
7 Pans. iii. 19. 7.
iv <3i ZVL debs /cat TrocreuxoMôs.
for our faith, in the days of Heracles Asclepius was not

yet
born. But two patients showed their gratitude
in historical times
by building each a new temple for Asclepius, whom they thus

introduced into their own places. One was Archias, who built
a temple at Pergamus, when a strained limb had been healed 1
;
the other, Phalysius of Naupactus, who received his

sight in a
miraculous manner, which those who wish may see set forth
by
2
Pausanias in the paragraph of his wonderful book
last . Altars
are dedicated to this god as to others, but late 3 .
Asclepius, like other gods, received a vast number of odd

ments which impossible fully to classify.
it is Some of them,
with the temple just named, are given for their own value
;
others for their ideal; others again partake of both kinds.
Amongst these now and then we meet with surgical instruments

4
which if the surgeon dedicated, they belong to another class, but

possible that the patient may have done so, on the same
it is
principle as he might dedicate his doctor s portrait or the

image of the saviour god. The is crude, no doubt,
conception
but that not enough to exclude it. More natural is the
is
feeling which suggests a dedication of something which the

5
patient has used or worn Pandarus, whose sores were cured at .
Epidaurus, who bandage behind him hanging upon the

left his
wall 6and the lame woman who left her crutch by a

,
healing
7
spring act on the same principle as the soldiers who dedicate
,
a worn-out helmet. The offering of a trinket or garment is

different, and less obvious; but it is difficult to see what other
reason there could be for keeping three pairs of women s
slippers in the shrine of Asclepius 8 ,
or a cloke 9 ,
a leather
1
Paus. ii. 26. 8. of magic.
2
Paus. x. 38. 13 ;
the remains de- 6
Cures 3339 53 .
scribed in AM iv. 22 ff. ^ Anth. Pal

203. St Giovanni
vi.
3 BCHxui. 304 (Asia Minor). e Paolo at Venice and St Nicolo at
4
fj.r)\ai probes, CIA ii. 836 64
; per- Verona are half full of crutches,
haps Ka.dTT]p vaXivos or 5tci\i0os, which 8
CIA ii. 766 30
v-n-odrifiAruv yvvai-
often occurs, is the instrument for K elwv These are not stated
III.
êvy-r)
emptying the bladder, though it may to be votive, nor the next; but of
be a necklace (Pollux v. 98). course they would have no inscription
5
This is not the same thing as the on them,
dedication of garments or rags by way
9
CIA ii. 766 18
.
bottell 1 a soft pillow 2 When Myrrhine dedicates together

,
.
a female trunk and a bangle, on behalf of herself and her boy,"

"
it is difficult not to see a relation between the bangle and the

3
boy ;
and none so simple as that he should have worn it .
Whether any such thought were in the worshipper s mind

or whether the pious otfer them simply as the most precious
things they had, we find a great quantity of jewellery and

ornaments, of gold and of silver, of brass and even of iron.
The ornamental head-dress of wire 4 bracelets and armlets, ,
serpent-bangles, earrings, mirror, fan, unguent-box finger- ;
rings of all sorts, and engraved gems or cylinders; sard and

5
all these appear, some
jasper, stones like the sea
"
crystals ,"
of them again and again. The pushing snob in Theophrastus

dedicates a brass finger-ring to Asclepius, and wears it down
"
by his eternal oilings and burnishings

6
to a wire but many ";
poor folks otfer their brass or iron trifle with a full heart, and
surely with acceptance. No such personal reference can fairly

be assumed for the numerous oil-flasks and horns, cups and
bowls of all sorts, which occur in the lists
7
Some indeed, as .
the Thericlea, are of special make, or perhaps bought out of the

income of a dead man s bequest, as has been suggested but ;
most will have been given for their value. The same may be
true of a wooden seat, if this be votive 8 . So with the rarer
9
things : such as a scraper ,
or a small tripod with chain and
1
CIA ii. 766 33 \r]Kvdos <TK I
TCvrj. scription such as Kpovov TTCU, a simple
2
CIA ii. 766 35
7rpo<7/ce0dXatoj/ epeovv. vocative.)
4
3
CIA ii. 835. 47 acD/xa yvvaiKos /cat /ce/cpu0aXos.
5
itepi(TKe\idioi>
d aved^Ktv Mvppivr} virep CIA ii. 835 \i0os da\aacroei8-fjs ;
67
avrrjs /cat TOV Traidiov. Compare Aris- Xiddpiov arpoyyuXov diaXevKov.
6
tides xlviii. 27. 472 : in the vision, Theophrast. Mt/c/)o0t\ort Lttas /cat y
1
after certain directions for sacrifice, avaOeh 8a.Krv\iov xaX/coOi ev T Acr/cX??-

5e?j> 5e /cat TOV (rw/mros avTov irapa- irieitf TOVTOV eKTpifieiv GTiKirv&v /cat aXet-
rt/j-veiv virep awT-rjplas TOV -rravros aXXa 0eii/ ooêpat.

yap elvai TOVTO tpyudef rovro fj.ev yap 7 One who gave a bowl at Oropus
drf irapievai fioi, avrl 5e TOVTOV rbv 5a/c- was Ptolemy Philopator, IGS i. 303 59 .
rv\Lov 6v e<t>bpovv TrepLeXbêvov avaOetvai

8
dpovos ty\ivos CIA ii. 766.
r 9
TeXeo-06py. TO yap avrb iroieiv uairep arXeyyis (perhaps head-dress): there
av el rbv da.KTv\ov avrbv Trpod/j-yjv e-m- isanother in Oropus, also a colander,
ypd\pat de els rrjv <r<pev56vr)v
TOV SaKTv- a basket of metal, and a lamp with
Xtou, Kpovou Tra?. raura TTOI.OVVTI. crw- three wicks.
rrjpLav elvai. (I have met with no in-
R. 15
2
cauldron 1 complete ;
or small shields ,
or little statues of Victory
or of Aphrodite 3 . Almost anything would do for an offering,
here as elsewhere. The number of coins is very great, and
they comprise triobol, drachma, tetradrachm, and all sorts of
intermediate sums up to 153 drachms and 125 tetrachms offered
each sum by one person. The commonest coin is the tetrachm,
a four-drachma piece 4 What strikes one as odd is, that these .
coins were kept carefully apart like the other offerings doubt ;
lessthey were used eventually, but for a time at least there

they remained in little heaps. So I have seen in a Greek
church coins affixt to the face of an image with wax 5 .
Quite unique is the humour of one case, where the god of

Epidaurus bids an unbeliever to dedicate a silver sow in memory
of herfolly The worshipper s thoughts are generally very far
6
.
from subtile and none of them would have understood the

;
humble devotee, who in a chapel above the Pool of Bethesda

dedicates his heart to the Virgin "in
gratitude for his conversion
from Protestantism 7 ."
As regards deliverance from peril of other kinds, there are

a good many instances recorded. Alcathous, when he slew the
lion of Cithaeron, built a temple to Apollo and Artemis in
Megara
8
. On hearing of the death of Polycrates, Maeandrius
his successor erected an altar to Zeus of Freedom 9 . The
famous chest of Cypselus was dedicated to Zeus at Olympia by
his family, as the means of a notable deliverance, he having
been hidden in a chest to the saving of his life 10 Themistocles .
built a shrine to Dindyinene, who in a dream had warned
5
Sanctuary of St Michael in Manda-
2
CIA ii. 835 68 da-rides rpels, with madhos, Lesbos. The figure is a black
representations of a horseman, a hop- image, not a picture,
lite, and Theseus facing the Minotaur Cures 59 a9 vv dpyvptov virb^va.^
6
;
affTridiov in the shrine of Hero latros, TTJS dfj.adias.
no. 403. There was a Sarmatian 7

M. Thomas, Two Years in Pates-
corselet in the Asclepieurn : Paus. i. tine, 133.
21. 5. 8 p aus> j, 4i. 3.
8
TO. j>iKi8ia CIA ii. 766 15
, A0/>o-
9
Aeu0fptos : Herod, iii. 142.
14 10
dlffta Illl 836 . There are vLK-rjrrjpia Paus. v. 17. 3. Perhaps the
in Oropus, IGS i.
Treasury at Delphi had the same
cause.
him of a plot to murder him 1

. His sons also, after their return
from placed a memorial picture containing his portrait in
exile,
2
the Parthenon Pericles dedicated to Athena Health a statue
.
in memory of aworkman who had fallen from a scaffolding, but

was saved 3 . Athena too was the goddess whose help Lycurgus
acknowledged for the sight of his eye, and built her a temple
under the title Optilitis or Ophthalmitis 4 So no doubt in .
other less common we know, could

deliverances. Parmeniscus,
not laugh until he saw the wooden image of Leto at Delos ;
and it is odd that one Parmeniscus in the fifth century
dedicates at Delos a magnificent crater of silver Battus 5
.
consulted the Delphic oracle about his 6

stuttpg tongue and ,
it would be if he were not to

strange prepared acknowledge
help in that matter or if the ugly babe, whom Helen s
;
spirit
made beautiful, and who after became Ariston s wife, had
no thank-offering to make 7 Gratitude for any favour was cause .
sufficient for Amphictyon

;
erected an altar to Dionysus
Orthus, because he had taught him so simple a feat as to
mix wine with water 8 What a difference between this simple, .
if childish thought, and the base flattery which deified the

mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and built a temple to
Aphrodite Lamia
9
.
1
Plut. Them. 30. Xopos d fy-qaw A / tt0i/m;oj>a rbv A.0f]vaiwv
2
Paus. i. 1. 2 : doubtless not his /SaertXâ, fj.ad6vra trapa Aiovfoov TT)V rov
portrait alone. otvov Kpaffiv, Trpurov /cepcurcu. 81.0 Kal
3
Plut. Per. 13. Pliny, NH xxii. 44 opffovs yevtffOat rovs avdpdoirovs otfrw
appears to confuse this statue with irlvovTas irpbrepov v-rrb rov aKpdrov Ka.fj.Tr-
the famous splanchnoptes, a slave TO^VOVS- Kal 5ta TOVTO idpv<ra<rdai /3w-
represented in the act of inspecting fj.bi> 0p6ov Aiovtvov ev T$ TU>V
upwv iep&-
the entrails of a victim. avrai yap Kal rbv rrjs dfj.TT^\ov Kap-rrov
4
Plut. Lycurgus 11 ; Paus. iii. Krpt(pov(ri. ir\ri<Tiov 5 avrov Kal TCUS
18. 2. ^Sei/zci/, TO?S
vi!>fj.<f)ais jSwyu.oi VTr6fj.vr]fj.a
5
BCH xv. 127; cp. Ath. 614 A xpw/xeôts rrjs Kpdffcus Troiov/j.evos
f
Kal
(quoted by Homolle). The motive is yap Aiovvcrov Tpo<pol
ai vvâi Xtyovrai.
familiar in folk-tales; see Grimm, no. The epithet Opdos shows how such an
4, 121 Zeitschr. des Ver. f. Volksk.
;
offering was regarded as a memorial of
iii. 456; Alcover, Aplich de Rondayes the whole process.
Mallorquines, ii. 193
Rand, Legends ;
9
Polemon ap. Ath. vii. 292 A e?7/3cuot
of the Micmacs, 34. KoXaKetiovres rbv î^rpiov i5pti(ravTo
6
Herod, iv. 155. va.bv A^poStrTjs Aaptas- ^pw^v-rj 5^ fy
7 Herod, vi. 61. a &rri rov A7]fj.7)Tpiov.
8
Philochorus ap. Ath. ii. 38 c 4>tX6-
152
Most of the records of this class refer to peril by sea, and

Britomartis fishing with
they begin with legendary times.
nets fell into them, and being saved by Artemis, built a temple
of Artemis Dictymna in Crete
1
Daedalus delivered from .
the sea erected a statue to Heracles at Thebes

2
The Argonauts, .
after their perilous voyage, built a temple to Athena 3 and ,
4
dedicated the Argo herself to Poseidon at the Isthmus Arion .
on his miraculous escape placed at Taenarum a group repre

senting himself upon the dolphin
5
Diomede, who escaped .
after the sack of Troy, built a shrine to Apollo

shipwreck
Epibaterios in Troezen
6
; Agamemnon dedicated his rudder to
Hera in Samos, as the means of his deliverance 7 . In the
the Sun if he return
Odyssey Eurylochus vows a temple to
safe 8 Herostratus voyaging from Cyprus, and having in his
.
possession a small figure of Aphrodite, off Naucratis a storm

arose he prayed to his divinity, and the sea fell calm, and when
;
he came safe ashore he dedicated the figure in Aphrodite s temple

9
in that place .
The idea of Divine protection at sea is thus regarded as

natural, but the deity is not always the same. It might be
a
"
who the and steered it

saving fortune alighted upon
"
ship,
12 13
might be Poseidon or the Cabiri or the Dioscuri
11
safe 10 ;
it , ,
14
who came to be confused with them a local protector, Apollo ; ,
16 17
Athena 15 or Aphrodite of the Fair Voyage or the Delian Brizo , ,
1
Schol. Arist. Frogs 1356.
10
2
Paus. ix. 11. 4. Aesch. Ag. 644
3
Paus. iii. 24. 7. 0Aou<r efafcro cbs ^r ev
4
Apollod. i. 9. 27. fcXrjv fair pitf eo/ce!Xat 717)65 Kparal-
5
Paus. iii. 25; Herod, i. 24; an Xew? %001/a.
for this is in Aelian
n Apollod. 9. 27.
epigram written i.
12
Hist. An. xii. 45, Cougny, Appendix Anth. Pal. vi. 245.
13
to Anthology i. 3. Eoscher, i. 1171.
Paus. ii. 32. 2.
14 Paus. ii. 32. 2 CIA ;
iii. 236.
15
7 Callim. Hymn to Art. 228 and Od. ii. 267, etc.
i6
gchol. 8ieph&m,Cornpt.Rendus 1881. 134.
17 viii. 335 B raiirri ovv [rfj Bptfot]
8
Od. xii. 346 irLova. v-rjbv reuoêv, i Ath.
5e KC Qdptv dydX/J-ara TroXXa /cat e<r0\d. OTO.V dvwvw at A7?Xtd5es TpOff+4powru>
B Trdvruv dyaduv,
Polycharmus ap. Ath. xv. 676
9 avrri TrXripecs
A, (r/cciâs
dya\fJ.dTiov A0po5trr?s ffTTiOa/Judiov dp- -rrXrjv fyBvuv, 8ia TO evêffOai ravrrj irepl
re TTOLVTUV /cat vwep TTJS TUV ir\oiuv

Xdlov rrj Tex^H uvrjedfJievos rjei (frtpwv
els ri]v N av K par iv ...a.v adds rrj A^podirrj

Hera Hermes 2 the Theban Heracles 3 But in any case, the

1
, ,
.
4
rescued mariner must needs make his acknowledgment In .
2
scriptions belong to the same class
which record a safe return .
Asclepius himself was worshipt as a protector from peril in

5
general and here I see not an extension of the older idea,
;
but a survival of the general protective powers of the Hero as

Saviour. In Syros offerings are made to him for protection
from shipwreck 6 and even in Epidaurus he is acknowledged as ,
a god with more powers than medicinal 7 Among the Athenian .
reliefs is one in which a man, together with his family, renders
thanks to Asclepius and Hygieia for being ransomed out of the

hands of the enemy 8 and the fragment of another, which shows ;
only the remains of two horses heads, may be part of a scene

which depicted the devotee in danger of being dasht over the
rocks in a runaway carriage 9 From the fourth century we .
have a dedication of a portrait to Pallas for deliverance from "
great dangers
10
From Camirus comes another, offered to ."
1
Callim. Art. 223 and Schol. ToLvVV TLV&V TJKOVffO. \ey6vTdOV d)S O.VTo iS
2
CIA iv. 1. 373 208 , p. 204: IlMw Tr\eovffL K.a.1
dopvfiovjj.&ois (paveis 6 debs
"Epfj.7)i ayaX/ma Ep/j-oarpdrov A/Bd-rjpiTris X e ?P a w/>eei , ?repot Se (pr)ffov<ni>

ws Trpdy-
Zffrriffe/j. TroXXas Q-qaapevos Tr6\Tjas. 5th /mara &TTO, Karupdiixrav virodrjKais cbco-
cent. Collitz, iii. 3776 voarov \ovdr/crctJ>Tes rov êo0...dXXa /cat ao<pi<r-
fj.ara TTVKTIKCL TrvKT-y rivl T&V ttpi

3
Pans. ix. 11. 4.
4
Biphilos ap. Ath. vii. 292 A 8 TJ/JUV /cat /xA?? /cat \6ywv VTTO-
vavK\-r)pos dirodvei. TLS evx^f, a.iro$a\uv KOI Trpbs TOVTOLS euvori/J.a.Ta. avra
TQV terror r? TnjSdXta ffwrptyas I
ews, /cat rrjv Xe^tt .
6
TJ e^tppL^ v-rrtpavrXos yei>6fj.evos.
<poprC A.0fycuov iv. 20, no. 33 f.
There is a story of drunken youths 7

Cavvadias, Fouilles, no. 2. 20, 7.
in Acragas, who thought they were 57; Collitz, iii. 3340
20
.
at sea, and cast all the furniture 8

BCH
i. 157. 4; AZ xxxv. 152. 32 ;
out of the windows. The town guard CIA ii. 1474 <rw#eis ^/c T&/J. iroX^wv /cat
came up and they cried di>

Xt/ôs
Ti5xco uej / ci7raXXa/y6 Tes TOCTOIJTOV K\ti- 9
CIA ii. 1441 rwyu, TrerpQv T)ye[J.ovos
dwvos, (Twr^pas V/J.OLS juerd rCjv 0aXa<T<7twj>
A<r/cX?77rt^,
TOVTO dv-
da.Lfj.6vwv ev ry Trarpidi. Idpvao/JLeda ws 0T)Ka ...... v e$ rtfjievos rcDt dldov evrv\ia.v.
aiVt ws i)[uv eiri<f>avti>Tas

: Tiraaeus ap. The last word I have restored. Similar
Ath. ii. 37 E. An early inscr. of scenes of runaway horses are common
Cephallenia appears to record a de among the votive pictures of St Nicolo,
liverance Collitz, ii. 660
: Verona.
KXed/uos ffduarpeL (?
= o-wr^/)t); C P- 10
CIA ii. 1427 <rw#ets e/c
Ath. Sc. 276.

5
Aristides xlii.
(Keil) p. 337 HaXXdSt rpiToyevei.
Hecate and Sarapis on a similar occasion 1 A wayfarer in .
Phrygia, who escaped drowning at a perilous ford in a river, set

up a memorial to Zeus, Poseidon, Athena, and all the gods*.
Three persons with Roman names give thanks in Lesbos to
God on High for deliverance after a tempest 3 Eutychus, who .
may have been a skipper, returns thanks at Delos to Fair-

weather Zeus and the Egyptian deities, on behalf of himself
and his son and all on board 4 In Delos also, and to Anubis, .
Demetrius of Sidon dedicates a part of the ship s deck, which

we may suppose to have saved his life when the ship went to
5
pieces There is a relief with a boat upon it, dedicated to the
.
Dioscuri, which possibly is a seaman s thank-offering

6
In the .
second century after Christ, Artemidorus and his family

dedicate a relief, representing a sacrificial scene, for deliverance
at sea 7 .
Perhaps a silver trireme in the Delian shrine may be a

sailor s thank-offering silver
8
. In the same treasury were
anchors 9 and a ship s beak 10 and a beak there was also in the ,
shrine of Hero latrus at Athens 11 No doubt the images of .
Calm and of the Sea, which were dedicated to Poseidon at the

Isthmus, had reference to perils upon the deep 12 A dedication .
by an admiral Pantaleon to Poseidon saviour of ships and to

"
13
Aphrodite mistress of ships"
was found at Kertch Some of .
the paintings in the temple of Phocaea may have been thank-

offerings of seafarers, which depicted perils on the deep 14 .
1
IGI i.
(Rhodes) 7-42.
t
Tîfj^duv...oOveKdol ewtvevvas iMv a\bs

2
BCH iii. 479 Mrjvis Aciou Aa /ecu t<Todi
yalav. The tree still appears in
Yloaetduvi Kal Ad-rjva /ecu iracnv deois this relief : and burning altar. CIA
evxa-piffrr/pLoi , KaiTroTa/j,uEvp(t} KLvdvvfu- iii. 170.
<ras Kal diavwdeis iv rude TO) r6?rw. 8
ECU vi. 32, line 31 : Homolle takes
3
IGI ii.
(Lesbos) 119 (names) %et- : this for an ornamental vase.
fj.a<rdti>Tes iv ireXdyei Beu tylffru x/?- 9
BCH vi. 47, line 168.
ffT-ripiov (sic).
10
BCH vi. 130.
4
BCH vi. 328 Zei>s
Ovptos, Sarapis,
n CIA ii. 403 72
.
12
Isis, Anubis, Harpocrates, virep iavrov Paus. ii. 1. 9.
Kal TOV ls
viov Ei)/36Xou Kal virep TUV Stephani, Comptes Rendus 1881.
TrXoifrpevw TTO.VTWV. 134 : Iloffeidwi ffuaivey, AtppodiTy vav-
5 BCH vi. 340 47 .
apxidi.
6 14
Figured in Roscher, i. 1171: A/o- Herod, i. 164; cp. Anth. Pal. vi.
yevidas Apiffroyevida Atocr/c6/)ots f.\j\o.v. 221.

7
Sybel 362 : verses addrest to
A dedicated to Poseidon is probably due to a

sacrificial relief
like cause 1 Another from Halicarnassus, now published for

.
the first time, represents three scenes carved on a marble drum :
(1) two seamen in a boat under full sail; (2)

Poseidon on a
galley, resting on
an oar, and holding a dolphin, and a
worshipper kneeling before him (3) Asclepius, Hygieia, and ;
2
the serpent, with a worshipper between .
Of other occasions I may mention a few examples. The

famous work of Lysippus, Alexander s Hunting in Delphi, was
dedicated by Craterus who had saved the king s life from a
lion
3
Deliverance from earthquake is also recorded 4 and
. ,
deliverance in general terms

5
Aegae build a . The people of
temple to Apollo Chresterius, for having been saved by the "
consul Publius Servilius 6 Prayer and thanksgiving are ."
7 8
offered for deliverance from poverty or for general goodwill .
One
allegorical dedication may be added. After the ex
pulsion of the Peisistratids (510), the people set up a bronze

lioness on the Acropolis, in memory of Leaena Aristogeiton s
mistress, who had been tortured and found faithful unto

death 9 The lion we have already seen allegorically used of
.
the courage of brave men 10 and it never was more appropriate. ;
Whilst athletic victories gave rise to the glorious odes of
1
AM xvi. 140 IIoTcidSin evxfy- ae/JLvriv ;
IGSI 1030. 6 e/c
In possession of Mr W. R. Paton,
2 KivSfowv TroXXd/cis, 997 e vdaruv, 2564
to whose kindness I owe the photo- e/c TroX^ttou, all late.
graphs. E$TT\oid <TOI

evrvxn (
= evTiJx) 6
Bahn-Schuchhardt, Alt. vonAigai,
Qe6dov\e irepl (?) idiov ^vxapiov TW 47: 6 da/j.os ATroXXow XpijcrrT/piwi x a P L ~
(TToXw avtOTjKa. ffTypiov ffudels VTTO IIoTrXtaj 2e/30inXiw

3
Plat. Alex. 40; Pliny, NH xxxiv. IloirXtco vlu rw totiw&Tu.
19. 64 ; BCH xxi. 598, where the inscr. t Anth. Pal. vi. 190, 231, 245.
8
recently recovered is given ;
xxii. 566. Anth. Pal. vi. 143.
9
The motive has more of pride than of Paus. i. 23. 2 ;
Plut. de Garrul. 8.
gratitude. When the Aetolian confederacy in

4
IGI i. 23 fj-erd ffeLff^bv. rbi> later days an image of
dedicated
CIA iii. 134 (Mother of the Gods) Cylon, who freed the Eleans from the
5
;
BCH xx. 107 Phrygia Trepl awTrjpias tyrant Aristotimus (Paus. vi. 14. 11) or ;
Aii ppovruvTi evxnv ;

IGS i.
3416, iii. 1. the Achaeans did the like for Philo-
134; IGIi. 914, etc. ; Anth. Pal. vi. 109 poemen, after he slew the tyrant;
(nymphs). GIG 6810 (Germany) au- we have little more than honorific
0eis K fJ.eydXwi /cai d/j-erpriTuv /idXa statues.
10
euctyuej/os dviQ-qKa Teviou eiKova. Above, p. 144.
Pindar, gratitude for deliverance has left little mark in litera

ture. The earlier dedications are as simple as they could
possibly be, and the vast majority of the objects described in
this chapter were ticketed merely with the names of the
giver
and the god, or the giver alone. Verse dedications, so common
and I know of none which are
in other cases, are rare in this,
very early. have met with We

a few upon the offerings in
Athens 1 and one is quoted in the Epidaurian Cures 2
, In the .
sixth book of the Anthology there are only two dedications to
Asclepius and some half dozen references to disease

3
,
4
On the .
other hand, the records of other perils are many.

Dionysius
alone was saved from shipwreck out of forty persons,
by virtue
of a charm which he tied on his thigh ;
he now dedicates an
5
image of the saving
"
tumour Diogenes perhaps cannot

."
afford to buy an offering, but dedicates his cloke to Cabirus,

who being invoked in a storm saved him from the perils of the
great deep
6
The hair might also be offered on such occasions
.
7
.
Shepherds delivered from a ravening lion dedicate to Pan, and

hang upon an oak tree, a representation of the adventure 8 .
A variation on this theme gives, several epigrams, which

describe how an emasculate votary of Cybele is saved from a
lion,and dedicates to the goddess his trappings with locks of
his hair
9
A father who had shot a snake which was coiling
.
about his son s neck, hangs up his quiver on an oak to Alcon 10 .
A mother thanks Aphrodite Urania for taking care of her

children 11 . A by the croak of a frog to a
thirsty traveller led
place of water, dedicates the frog s image in bronze at this
12
spring . Self-conscious literary art plays with this idea, but
*
Above, p. 209 e.g. 6
PaL
1
Antht vi 2 45.
2
Cures 3339 7 ov ^yedos TrtW/cos dav- 7
ruv
Lucian, trepl eiri madtp avvbv-
fj.a<TTeov, d\\d TO dclov, irtvd try ws ruv. init.
Mr)<re ey Kavrpl KXecb /3dpos, <rre
<?y-
8
Anth. PaL vi. 221.
9
KareKoifj.d0Tj, KO.L /uui> tO^Ke vytrj. Anth. Pal. vi. 217220, 237.
3
Anth. Pal. vi. 147, 330. Anth. Pal. vi. 331.
4
Exclusive of childbirth, for which Anth. Pal. vi. 340.
see below, chapter vi. See Anth. PaL 12
Anth.PaL vi. 43. There is actually
vi. 191, 300. a votive frog known and
(Dar. Sagl.
5
Anth. PaL vi. 166 dictoa rfjs /CT^S. fig. 2538, s.v.
Donarium), inscribed
Sacrifices of animals for protection "AJJ.UV ^wvbov Rod<rovi or Bod<row, in
upon the deep, 231, 245. retrograde writing, Collitz, iii. 3159,
Thus Callimachus makes his Eu-

hardly improves upon it.
demus offer a salt-cellar to the Samothracian gods, in token of
1
deliverance from "storms of debt ."
There remains yet one class of dedications to be mentioned,

those connected with trials by law, vengeance, imprisonment,
slavery and the like.

When Heracles punisht
he built a temple to Athena
Hippocoon,
2
Orestes, acquitted before the
Axiopoinos .
dedicated
Areopagus of the guilt of murder,
an altar on the spot
3
learn that those . We
who were acquitted in that court
used to
sacrifice to the Eumenides and the occasion ;
would be a fitting one for a votive offer

ing
4
Hypermestra,
.
who had disregarded
her father s command to kill Lynceus her FlG 35 . . Votivefrog.
husband and was brought to trial for the Daremberg and
Saglio, s.v. Dona-
same, on being acquitted set up a statue of
rium, p. 375, fig.
Victorious Aphrodite, and built a shrine of 2538.
5
Artemis surnamed Persuasion In the temple .
of Athena Alea at Tegea were fetters hung, which the Spartans

had once brought for the enslavement of the Tegeans but ;
being defeated, they had themselves to wear them, and they

6
were afterwards preserved in memory of the great deliverance .
7
There was a similar memorial on the Acropolis of Athens and ;
in Phlius prisoners set free used to hang up their fetters in a

sacred grove 8 The idea of memorial is clear, but with other as
.
sociations, in a story told of Croesus. When Cyrus proffered him

a boon, he requested that his chains might be sent to Apollo
IPI i. 357 (from the Peloponnese). The 1
Antli. Pal. vi. 301 xei/j.wves davtwv.
2
was probably a local hero, addrest Paus. iii. 15. 6.
deity
3 Paus. 28. 5.
by an epithet appropriate to the occa i.
4
sion, or the personification of some Paus. i. 28. 6. Compare Aristoph.
by-dwelling spirit assumed. Frankel, Plutus 1180.
without authority, identifies him with 5 Paus. ii. 19. 6, 21. 1.
6 Paus.
Apollo. Those who wish may believe Herod, i. 66 ;
viii. 47. 2.
with Frankel that the frog was likely to 7

Herod, v. 77 : of ransomed Boeo
please Apollo, because the creature is tian and Chalcidian prisoners, about
endowed with "
seherische Kraft "
B.C. 507.
s Paus. 13. 4.
(Jahrb. i. 48 foil.) 8e ii.
:
e/j. fj.rj tvoxkovv-
TWV. See fig. 35.
at Delphi, and that the

god might be asked why he had so
deceived him 1 .
Two
dedications to Nemesis show the
goddess trampling
upon a prostrate man, and beside her a serpent and a griffin ;
in one of them she is

winged, and holds a wheel. They come
from Gortyn and Peiraeus. The
inscription which is found on
the latter does not imply
any special occasion
2
late relief . A
is dedicated to Nemesis 3 as a for
thank-offering freedom.
A curious group of inscriptions, dating from the end of the
fourth century or thereabouts, refer to the dedication of a thank-
by freedmen
offering When a slave had acquired his freedom, 4
.
whether by purchasing himself or

by his master s grace, he was
expected to perform certain duties to his old master, chief of
which was to choose him for patron The enfranchised now 5
.
took the position of a perot/cos, and could

engage in business.
If he failed to perform his bounden duty, an action at law
would lie
If the former master him 6
against prosecuted him
.
under this law, his case, the man was sold if he and won
lost, ;
the man was forever free of From our inscriptions

obligation.
it would
appear that the slave on winning his case presented a
silver bowl to Athena.
of the bowls kept Here we have lists
in the which
treasury, been inscribed with all
appear to have
the necessary particulars;
they would serve as an official
register of the fact. They were periodically melted down
into silver hydriae, and a record made of the names 7 The .
connexion of these lists with the 8^77 aTroaracrlov is shown

by the recurring word diro^v^v or d-TToûjovcra, and by one
8
allusion to the trial Men, women, boys, arid girls appear .
1
Nicolaus Damascenus (Tauchnitz), XcuVeom TUTTOIS. The voice of Artemi-
p. 11 :
alTovna.1 <re dovval /J.OL ireâi. dorus will be heard again.
Uvdwde ras Tntfas rdade, /ecu rbv 6ebv 3
GIG Add. vi. 6834 Aei;06/>t as xa/n<7-
epevdai ri -rraduv eîrdra fj.e rrjs XPW- rripia TTJL Ne/^tm â^vovvrbdev N<fcu/>a
pots Mpas <rrpaTeieiv eirl <re cos wepieao- A07?j/cu a xa/Hro/3X<â/)os av^Kev.
fievov. drov rdde d/cpo0iW TT^TTW. *
CIA 768775 not
<?
<LVT$ ii.
&\ev0epiic6s,
2
BCH xxii. 599 ff., pi. xv., xvi. :
a7reXeiJ0e/>os,
is the word used. See
dfj.1 i^v, us effopys, Nefyiteo-is pepb-jruv A M iii. 172, AJA iv. 154.
-/v
irbXov TTCOTCO/XCU 5 dvd Kbffp.ov del TTO\V-
6
-....,,,,
-yf)de C 6vfj.u>, depKOfjieva dvaruiv <pv\ov del 7
CIA ii. 720 A 1, 729 A 811.
yevew- d\\d jj.e ae^vbs dvr]p reâs 8
ciA ii. 776 diroffTa(rlov. The
<ro06j ApT(fj.L8upos ffrriffev eir evxuXdis formula is, e.g. Efrrvxls KaTrrjXis, dtro-
1
as parties; they follow all sorts of occupations shopman shop- ,
6
woman 2
,
farmer
3
,
hired man 4
,
vinedresser 5
, woolspinner ,
shoe
10 11 12
maker 7 merchant 8 baker 9 , , , fishmonger , secretary , harpist .
One of the inscriptions is a puzzle

13
. The formula here
differs 14 ,
the citizen s name being in the nominative and the
other s seems natural to assume
in the accusative case. It
that in these cases the citizen won his suit and for reasons, ;
religious or commemorated the fact in the same way.

legal,
An enfranchised slave thank-offering for freedom comes from
s
Thessaly
15
. Freed slaves at Epidaurus dedicated a seat in the
stadium 16 .
The practices of the modern Greeks

show in many respects
an instructive parallel to the ancient worship of the healing
of the
gods. Everyone has heard of the famous sanctuary
at Tenos, but this is a quite modern foundation, and
Virgin
there are many local shrines less known but no less effective to
their end. The most remarkable of all is perhaps the Church
of the Virgin at Ayassos in Lesbos. The panegyris falls at the
end of the Sarakoste fast, on August the fifteenth (old style),
and thousands of persons assemble from the villages of Lesbos
and from all Greek settlements within reach. The last night of
the fast kept as a vigil
17
there is a service in the church, and
is :
afterwards all the world dance and make merry, feasting their
eyes on the red joints of meat which to-morrow they hope

to
consume, which in the meanwhile hang tempting on their

hooks, covered with pieces of gold foil
18
and adorned with sprigs
9
<f>vyov<ra "LuarpaTOv, M^criorparoi ,
772
AXuire/070ei>, 0iaX?7, ffTaO^bv 768 16H ;
10
773
or n\ivva otVoOcra 768.
n 772 769 viroypafj.fj.a-
fa Iletpatci ypa/uLfj-areus,
Occasionally the prosecutor is a cor- revs.

12
porate body, 768. Cp. Arist. Pint, 1179 773 Ki0apwi8fa.
ll5
6 /J-ev civ i]K(i)v 2/j.TTOpos ZQwfv iepeibv TI 772 B.
14
(rw0ets, 6 oe ns av SiK-qv airo<j>vyd}v
.
Ho\vffrpdTOsIlo\vffTpdT(ov) ETTIKT;-
1
773 /caTTTjXoy. <f)l<rtos
Saxa ai/ yewpybv iv H<fxu<7Tia-
2
768 /ccnnjXts. (5uv) oiKOvvra, 0idXi; H.
3 18 368
768 yeupybs. Collitz i. "AnAowt
4
769 fj.i<rdwT6s. AiVxi Xts Zarupoi eXevdepia.
5
773 dM 7reXoup 7 6s. 16 IPI i. 12191245 (late).
6
772 raXaffiovpyos. 17
So Asclepius had his
7
772 (TKVTOTO/JLOS. 18
So the horns used to be gilded,
above, p. 13
:J
.
of leaves. Those who are ill and hope for cure take care to
spend the night in the holy precinct. The church stands in a
paved quadrangle, the sides being formed by buildings in two
stories arranged much like an
English College or Inn. The
upper floor opens upon a loggia, the lower directly upon the
court the buildings consist of a long series of small cells, with
;
living rooms for the priests, kitchens, stores, and other such
necessary apartments. During the panegyris all the cells are
rilled to
overflowing, the balconies and the court itself are
strewn with beds, each family with its bundle of stores of rugs,
food, and things needful.
all Not only that, but the church
itself is invaded the first comers have taken up their abode
:
here, with their blankets and pots, and line the side-aisles
cooking
and almost every square foot of the floor there in the church
:
they sleep and next morning, when the priests march round in
;
solemn procession, the sick ones throw their bodies across the
path that the priests may step over them. Every year mira
culous cures are said to be wrought here. So too at Tenos,
where those who can find room pass the
night in a little under
ground chapel which marks the site where the sacred picture
of the Virgin was found. Other shrines have a local
reputation,
such as the remarkable
sanctuary of St Michael of Manda-
madhos, also in Lesbos, which can boast of possessing the only
image used in the Greek Church, where images are unlawful.
Hideous is the archangel, and black as a boot he is said to be
1
made of plaster, and to be complete, though to outsiders

nothing is visible but the head. This curious exception to
a strict rule
suggests that St Michael has inherited the powers
and the form of an earlier But sickness is not confined to
deity.
the month of August and those who are
; so unlucky as to be
sick when there is no
panegyris to hand, are accustomed to
take up their abode in one of these
holy quadrangles, or in the
nearest monastery, there to remain until
they are killed or cured.
The priests pray over them regularly, and
although no charge
is made, the sufferers if cured
naturally make what acknow
ledgment they can : some an offering of value, or even a lock of
1
I have described him, with a photograph, in the Annual
of the British School
at Athens, vol. i.
hair. So it is that all the holy places mentioned, and almost
other church in the Levant

1
has its store of votive
every ,
offerings in silver. These are dedicated not only for the

cure of disease, but escape from peril of every kind,
for
especially at sea. In Tenos are a host of silver boats, smacks,

in the round, and hang
barques, brigs, and steamers, modelled
ing by strings from the lamps; or made of flat foil, and arranged
are also human figures of all
2
along the walls in rows There .
ages and ranks: soldiers and sailors,

men or women in European
dress and others with the Albanian petticoat and leggings, boys
and girls, and babies in their cradles or in swaddling clothes,
and cradles empty. Here is to be found every conceivable part
of the body hand, ear, leg, heart, breast, whole body or half
body naked animals horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, turkeys, fowls,
:
and fish: coach and four, carriage and pair, horse and cart: trees,
barrels, ears of corn :
swords, scissors, fiddles, even keys :
huts,
houses, manufactories with smoking chimneys

3
. Sometimes an
attempt to represent a scene in one piece, a patient
is made :
is represented lying in bed, with the family standing round;
in another, a row of men stands, each holding his hat in his left
hand and placing his right hand to his breast, a crude method
of expressing adoration 4
From time to time accumulations of .
Especially the churches in sea-

1
Eppovr^Xet, 1884, p. 7).
ports or fishing villages, often sacred
3
In a collection of these which I
to St Nicholas, the patron of sailors, bought from the monastery of St
whose icon hangs in every ship. The Michael Panormites at Syme, occur
old cathedral at Athens, sacred to St the following babies in swaddling
:
Eleutherios (
= Eiieithyia?), is a fa- clothes; women, girls, or boys, the
vourite for women in labour. Kings, hands folded across the breast others ;
earrings, parts of the body, children, holding up the right hand, the left
and ships are found here. laid upon the heart figures with ;
2
A paddle-steamer is inscribed: 6 the left hand or both hands uplifted,
TrXotapx 05 KC " T TrXTjpw/Aa dr/xoTrXoioi; or both held by the sides (many of

6 Ae/ce/xjSpiov 1892. these very grotesque); others holding
Iltrpov <t>ocr/c6Xou
So in Psara, as the historian tells us a cross or a palm-branch ; head and

of the treasure of St Nicholas church bust; eye or eyes, ear, teeth, arm,
before the Turks destroyed it :
rfffav finger, leg, ribs, and nondescript. One
6 Xwv * 7rXoia...7rcbra and
figure is a girl with a swollen face,
TWJ>
TrXoidpxw T<
d/371 pa...eZxoj
5e Kai ave/ji.6fj.v\ov, Si> an expression of pain, holding one
a(j>itpu<re ri>0X6s
TLS ("Kfj.epoij<na Su/i- hand to her cheek.
4
3dvTa rris dXuxrewj TUI>
Vappuv: ev Compare the reliefs, p. 219.
these things are melted down, and a

large censer or lamp made
out of them, or the proceeds used for the
purposes of the
1
church .
So far as I have seen, paintings of this class are never used

for dedication in Greek lands, but they are very common in
Italy;
and for the sake of the ideas implied in them, it be worth may
while to examine one collection 2 This is preserved in the .
entrance corridor of S. Nicolo in Verona, anJ consists of about

one hundred pictures. All the pictures are much of a size
they ;
are oil of ten to twelve inches

paintings square, and coarsely
painted. Most of them belong to the eighteenth
century, but
one bears date as late as 1892.
They have on them usually an
inscription, the giver s name, the circumstances of his deliver
ance, and the letters, P. G. R, pro gratia or recepta, per grazia
ricevuta, with ex voto They depict all sorts of danger
appended.
and catastrophe. The commonest type is the patient in sick
bed, with or without the friends praying at the bedside. In
the air usually hovers the patron saint, or the
Virgin some ;
times a group of heavenly

beings is seen in the clouds, and
below others in the pangs of
purgatory. We see a tum boy
bling from a ladder; a child falling down stairs; a man run
over by a cart, or a cart
falling over a precipice a building ;
falls, carrying some workmen with it and so forth. Here are ;
shipwrecked mariners on a raft, while a boat rows up to rescue

them. There
an attempted murder outside the
is
amphitheatre
at Verona, which is
unmistakably portrayed in the back
3
ground Two women and a man are welcomed by nuns at a
.
convent door, and the legend informs us that

they were led by
God s hand 4
invisible One picture, curiously realistic, repre
.
sents two scenes, which are

placed together without division.
In the first, a man drest in tail coat and tall hat sits in a
dog
cart drawn by a
runaway horse. He looks horribly frightened,
throws up his hands in
despair, and his tall hat has been
1
The former is done I know at "
Italian Votive Offerings."

Tenos and Ayassos, and probably 3
Inscribed : P. G. R. 1847 M. P.
elsewhere. The latter is done at 4
Tre Germani traviati
gran Gae- il
i-
tano conduce a Dio con invisibil mano.
See my paper in Folk-Lore, v. 11 ff . :
knockt to the back of his head. Back to back with this we

see thesame dog-cart quietly stopt at a door, the man looking
happy, and his hat straight again Votive limbs and other 1
.
offerings like those of ancient common not only intimes are

Italy but in other parts of the Continent in France, Austria, :
Switzerland 2 The church of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, in

.
Venice, has a shrine of S. Vincenzo, who is credited with the
power of healing cripples by miracle : near it hang a number

of modelled limbs, together with the crutches of grateful
patients who no longer had need of them.
1
Others of great interest, which I from South America: "
Upon several
have not seen, are in Locarno and of the altars, pieces of solid gold and
Oropa (three hours from Turin by rail). silver lay in security... while
lamps of
They are mentioned by S. Butler, Alps pure silver hung in profusion on every
and Sanctuaries, 220, 350, who gives a side, surrounded by votive offerings of
sketch of one (p. 160). Mr Butler in the same metal such as shovels, bar-
forms me that the oldest he has seen retas, picks and sieves.... Pictures,
is dated about 1480 in the Museum at representing terrible catastrophes, by
Varallo. Others in Sta Maria in ara falling masses of rock, irruptions of
Cieli and Pantheon (Borne), Naples, and down-pouring cataracts,
torrents,
etc. showed what fates were ever in store
2
Ships at Marseilles; eyes at St for those who forgot the Church.
Ottilien near Freiburg i. B. etc.
;
At And as if to heighten the effect, wher
Marseilles are votive pictures: sick ever a or a jaguar was sloping
cayman
beds, burning houses, runaway horses, off with a miner in his mouth, a
lightning, railway train passing over a respectable saint was sure to be de
hridge, ships in rough weather. Even tected in the offing wiping his eyes
pictures of limbs in Sta Maria in ara in compassion, but not stirring a finger
Cieli. Lever describes similar scenes to his assistance."
VI.
DOMESTIC LIFE.
eyV enl AhAoy eB&iNe MOPOCTOKOC

AH TOTG THN TOKOC eTAe, MetsioiNHceN Ae T6Kec9<M.
Ae
&M({>1
B&Ae TTH\ee, rY NA ^ epeice
(|>O(NIKI
AeiMtoNi MAAAKoS MeiAnce Ae r^ YTteuepQeM.
HOMER, Hymn to Apollo Delian, 117.
SACRIFICE and offering was customary at each of the two

great moments of human life at marriage and childbirth. We :
may fairly take it that in prehistoric Greece, as elsewhere,

puberty and marriage came close together and that the offer ;
ings originally commemorated puberty, which is a natural

change, and not marriage, which is an artificial institution.
But in civilised countries the second it is which attracts chief
attention, and it is not possible wholly to explain how the
Greeks regarded the two as connected.
The most peculiar practice connected with puberty is the
dedication of the hair, a very ancient survival which held its
own long after the Greeks had outgrown any real faith in their
theology. It will be well to collect here the various instances
of the practice, although some of them will be obviously due to
other occasions than puberty 1 .
The earliest form of the custom would appear to be the vow

2
or dedication of hair to a river to be cut either at puberty or
,
some other crisis, or after escaping some threatening peril.
1
See on this subject Inscriptions ship, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Lit. 1878, 173 ff.
du temple de Zeus Panamaros, BCH For parallels to the hair offering,

xii. 479 ff.; Dar. and Sagl. s.v. Coma. Frazer on Paus. viii. 34. 3, 41. 3.
2
See P. Gardner, Greek River-Wor-
DOMESTIC LIFE. 241
The river-worship here, as we have seen it in

conjunction with
Pan and the nymphs, is a mark of Achilles at he
1
antiquity .
funeral of Patroclus shore the locks "
long kept for Spercheutf,

if he should return safe 2 ."
Ajax made a similar vow to the

3
Ilissus . Orestes laid on his father
s tomb the hair he had
vowed Inachus 4 perhaps one lock of hair left to
to
grow long,,
as the Brahmins use in India. Similar vows are recorded for

the Cephisus 5 and the Neda at 6
and the same is
Phigalea ,
implied by the story of the mythical Leucippus, who was

7
keeping his hair long for the Alpheus When the great gods .
come in fashion, they attract this

offering like the rest. Thus
Agamemnon in
perplexity tore out handfuls of hair as an
offering to Zeus 8 hair was also dedicated to Phoebus 9 Zeus and
;
,
Artemis 10 , the Heroes 11 and Health 12 It was an old .
"
,
custom, says
Plutarch, for lads to offer firstfruits of their hair" at Delphi, and
he describes how Theseus went thither for that 13
purpose the ;
custom is also recorded in history 14 The hair

offering is known at .
Athens 13 Argos 16 Delphi 17 Delos 18 19 20

,
Megara Troezen Titane",
, , , , ,
1
Like the worship of Poseidon and 9
Anth. Pal. vi. 278.
the Cretan old men of the sea. Cp.
10
Anth. Pal. vi. 242 Plut. Thes. 5.
;
the dedication from Asia

Minor, AM 11
Paus. i. 43. 4, ii. 32. 1.
xix. 313 pe T^vao-pa \ali>eoj>
<rop$s
12
GIG 2391.
13
is Plut. Thes. 5
di>d8rj-
dTrdpXfffQai ry 0ey
T7?S KOfjLTJS.
2
II xxiii. 141. 14
3
Theopompus ap. Ath. xiii. 605 A
Philostr. Her. xii. 2. et y
AeXôus Trapayevo^v^ r $ IIvQodwpov
4
Aesch. Choeph. 6 ir\oKafj.ov TOV S.LKvaviov vltf dwoKeipo^vy TT]V
5
Paus. i. 37. 3. Cp. Philostr. Imag. 15
Pollux, Onom. iii. 3 ; Hesych.
i. 7. 1 6 rwv fioarpv-xuv
(Memnon) &<rra-
tOi) Diphilus fragm. 66. 6
Xi>s
oOs oi/xcu NeiXif) 2rp<pe.
6
(Kock).
Pans. viii. 41. 3. Frazer in his 16
Stat. Theb. ii. 254 with Schol.
note gives parallels from India and 17
Plut. Thes. 5.
Australia. See also North Indian Notes 18
Paus. 43. 4 Callim.
and
i.
;
Hymn to
Queries, v. 544: children cut off Delos, 296.
their scalp-lock at a shrine. 19
Paus. i. 43. 4.
7
Paus. viii. 20. 3. 20
Ear. Hippol. 1421; Orest.113, 128;
8
II. x. 15 TroXXas K K60aA^j wpo- Lucian, De Dea Syria,
*
60.
X/cero 21
fttXtyaws xa^ras v\j/60 eovri Paus. ii. 11.
Ad.
R.
16
1 2 3 4 6
Paros ,
Thessalian Thebes , Phigalea Erythrae Hierapolis
, , ,
7
Aleyândria
6
,
and Prusa ;
whence it would appear to be a
custom among the Greeks.
g/eneral
A special lock seems to
8
have been kept for the sacred purpose and ,
it was so common
9
as to give rise to a proverb .
The later records attest the same custom. A child s first
hair was so dedicated, with a prayer that he might live to be

10
old, or that Acharnian ivy might afterwards grace
his head .
11
The first down on a man s chin was also thus dedicated . Girls
also cut and dedicated their hair before marriage (at puberty,
at
that is, according to the original conception), to Hippolytus
13 14
Troezen
12
to Iphinoe at Megara to Athena in Argos
,
and at , ,
Delos, where lads and lasses both shore it in honour of the

Hyperborean Maidens the lads winding their hair (or first ;
beard) in wisps of a certain grass, the lasses their hair about a

15
spindle, and laying it upon the maidens tomb
Several Delian .
16
inscriptions relate to this. According to Pollux the hair was
regularly dedicated before marriage to Hera, Artemis, and the
1
GIG 2391. ETra<t>p6diTO$...VTrp
TOV jraibiov . . .
TT\V
2
Inscribed tablet with hair carved 7rai5t/cV rpt%a Tyiela /cat Acr/cX^TrttD ;
on it, see below. 2392 TT\V irpwrbT^rov rpi%a TT\V e(f>ijf3i,-
3
Paus. viii. 23. 3, 41. 3. KT^V Ketpas so 2393 with variations.
;
Inferred by W. Robertson Smith

4 n Anth.Pal. vi.242 Lucian, De Dea ;
from the story of the rope of hair in Syria, 60 TUV yeveiwv

:
a.ird.pxovTo.1.
12 Eur.
Paus. vii. 5. 5 ;
see Frazer ad loc. Lucian I.e. Paus. ;
ii. 32. 1 ;
5
Lucian, I.e. Hippol. 1424.
6
Catullus, Coma Berenices ; Hygin.
13
Paus. i. 43. 4.
Poet. Astr. 11. 24. Stat. Theb. ii. 253 ff. hie more
7
Himerius, Or. xxiii. 7. Berenice parentum lasides, thalamis ubi casta
vowed if her husband returned from war adolesceret aetas, virgineas libare co-
unwounded to dedicate her hair in the mas,primosquesolebantexcusaretoros.
temple, and did so (p. 245). Herod, iv. 34; Paus. i. 43. 4; Cal-
8
Diphilus ap. Ath. vi. 225 B evravda lim. Hymn to Delos 296 ff .
16 Pollux 38 reXeios
yovv <TTiv TIS virepTjKovTLK.w s, i<6/j,7)v
iii. "Hpa r? <rvû-
TptQuv fj.ev iepav TOV 6eov, ws (pTjffiv yia, ravrrf yap rots TrporeXe/ois irpovrt-
ov 5ta TOVTO 7 d\X f<rTiy(j.ti>os, trpb TOV \ovv ras /f6pas, /cai Apr^/tiSi /cat Motpats,
fjifTtoirov TrapaTr^racTyU, O.VTTIV ^x.ei. Kal rrjs /c6^s 5e r6re aTnjpxofro rats
9 Frazer on Paus. ii.
Anth. Pal. vi. 310 iepbs 6 7rX6/cayLios, 0eats at /c6pat.
Tov(j.bi> 6veiap ^/iot. Eur. Bacch. 494 32. 1 quotes parallels from Fiji and
tepos 6 7rX6/ca/ios- ry 6e 5 avrbv rptyu. Cambodia, from Africa, and from
10
Anth. Pal. vi. 278, 279 ;
GIG 2391 America.
DOMESTIC LIFE. 243
Fates. In the Syrian

Hierapolis, Lucian tells us that the hair
when was preserved in sacred vases he himself in his
offered
;
youth had conformed to the custom A series of inscriptions, 1

.
found at Panamara in Oaria, throw some on the hair- light

2
offering .
They belong to Asia Minor to Roman times, and ;
but there nothing in them which may not be genuine Greek.

is
The devotees enclose their hair in a small stone coffer, made in

form of a stele, which is set up in the A slab covers
precinct.
the hole, and an inscription is
placed upon it. The poorer sort
are content to make a hole in the wall, or even
hang up their
hair with the name Even slaves are
only attacht. the among
dedicators. It is peculiar that no women names are found at s
all,though the inscriptions number more than a hundred and ;
that the deity honoured is Zeus, never Hera.

Possibly, as the
editors conjecture,women were not allowed within the precinct.
Pausanias saw the statue or relief of a
youth shearing his
hair in honour of the
Cephisus
3
A curious memorial of the .
custom is seen in a stone from

Thessaly, upon which are carven
two longplaits of hair dedicated to Poseidon 4 .
A
few further examples
may be added from the Anthology
to show the
variety of possible occasions for this rite. A woman
offers the hair to Cybele with a 5
prayer for a happy marriage ,
or in honour of Pallas on
attaining marriage with her lover,
1
De Dea Syria to. sometimes. Formulae are: 61 ^/tat
2
See Deschamps and Cousin, In- Aiowfflov efo-i/xws, 66 rt x r, &ya0y Ad
scriptions du temple de Zeus Panama-
ros, BCH xi. 390, xii.
Uava^p^ eW *>
/M with name 74
82, 249, 479, trip ettf indications of a recurring
,
xiv. 369 The dedications are in

ff.
rite no. 80 3h K 6fiai. An interesting
varying forms, and many are illiterate. name is given in 76,
E^mfrroi; ri/tai.
We find dedications of
many
persons In Egypt, parents used to pay the
together as xi. 39 eiri
ieptus Tt/S. *\a. weight of the children s hair in silver
Alvelov Ido-oi/os, ir6/*<u Xaipôvos Aya- for a vow see p. 244 9
; .
fc>oJ\ou
Iep OK \tovs Atovvaiov KpaxXei-
3
Paus _ j 37 3 The dedication to
Sov MavTrttov; BCH xi. 390: a house- Cephisus from Lilaea in Phocis may
hold, xii. 487 ff. no. 115 K&HCU. 0o/*t- be similar: IGS iii. 1. 232.
\tas Qfaxlov Affic\iprt&dov: of *
children, îXo^poros A00oV??Tos Aetvo/trfx
no. 103 ir6/u EtfTraSos /cat vtudttav av-
Hmretduvi. Figured in Dar. and Sagl.
TOO, 104 /cat vluv, 111 K al TKVUV; of s.v. Donarium, p. 376, fig. 2543. See
brothers, 110 d5eX0oO
<f6/u "E/>wros nal fig. 36 below.
and BCH xiv. 371, of slaves, 117 of- 5
Anth. Pal. vi. 281.
KCTUV. The singular KO^TJ is found
162
and after the birth of a male child desired

1
. A man offers his
white hair, having vowed it when dedicating the first locks of
FIG. 36. Votive hair, from Thessaly.

Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. Donarium, p. 376, fig. 2543.
his youth
2
A eunuch after his orgies dedicates his hair to
.
the Sangarian mother

3
A lock of hair is offered by an elderly
.
courtezan with other gifts to Cypris

4
So Marcellus on return .
from the east, dedicates the first shaving

ing to Italy victorious
of his beard The offering takes a sportive turn, when Lucil-
6
.
lius dedicates hair to all the sea deities named in a string,

6
because he has nothing else to give
The growing of sacred .
hair is also attested for Rome 7

and Herodotus mentions that
;
the of wore their hair long

8
and that vows were
priests Egypt ,
silver against the shorn hair

9
. He also tells us
paid by weighing
1
Anth. Pal vi. 59. 29 (see the article cited from BCH).
2
Anth. Pal. vi. 193.
8 Herod, ii.
36; Pint. Is. p. 352.
3
9 Herod, ii. 65 evxov-evoi T$ 8e$, rov
Anth. Pal. vi. 234, 173.
4 Anth. Pal. vi. 200. &v TO dyplov, ^vpovvres T&V TraidLwv 17
7?
5
Anth. Pal. vi. 161. Traaav KeQaXyv TJ rb rpirov /J.tpos TTJS
TT]i>
6 Anth. Pal. vi. 164. Ke0ctX??s, iffTciffi araQ^ Tr/aos apyvpiov

rds rpixas. rb 5 to e\Kvari, TOVTO
Suet. Nero 12; Xiphil. Nero 19;
7 rrj
Martial i. 32; Stat. Theb. 493; Petron. QypLwv difioi.

DOMESTIC LIFE. 245
1
that the Arabs used to shave their heads in honour of God .
The custom is still used, when Arabs offer the hair to God or
the heroised dead*, and women lay theirs on the tombs of tribal
3
benefactors .
When the Delians place locks of hair on a tomb, they

furnish a link with another common occasion of dedicating the
hair. Heracles built a tomb for Leucippus, and offered there
4
some of his hair . The Achaeans used to cut their hair in
5
mourning .
Achilles, as I have mentioned, shore his at the
6
funeral of Patroclus ;
arid the soldiers of Masistius, at their
leader death, dipt not their own hair only but the manes of
s
7
their horses and mules So did the soldiers of Pelopidas over
.
8
their leader s corpse At Hephaestion s death, Alexander the
.
Great had his animals clipt 9 It will be remembered that hair .
is
among the things offered to heroes. Oddly enough, we are
told that the Syracusans shore the captive horses after Nicias
was taken 10 . There are several allusions to the custom in the
dramatists and Sappho mentions it 12
11
,
.
Further, it was often vowed in time of peril and offered in

13
gratitude. Orestes shore his hair when he came to his senses .
Berenice vowed and paid her hair for Ptolemy s safety in war 14 .
The statue of Health at Titane was covered with locks of

women s hair
15
. A mariner offers his hair to the sea-gods
16
,
and
17
Lucian mentions a similar vow . St Paul, it will be remem
bered, shore his hair at Cenchreae in fulfilment of a vow 18 .
We may now
pass on to a general consideration of the
marriage offerings in Greece. It is unfortunate that here, as in
1 10
Herod, iii. 8 Kobertson Smith, ;
Plut. Nic. 27.
n
Kinship and Marriage in Ancient Ara- Aesch. Cho. 6 ;
Eur. El. 91 /c6/Lnjs
bia, p. 152. dTnjp^d/xTji/, Or. 96 K6[j.r)s dirapxfa,

2
Goldziher, Rev. de VHist. des Re- Phoen. 1525.
12
ligions, x. 351, xiv. 49. Sappho 119.
3 la
Goldziher, op. cit. xiv. 352. Paus. viii. 34. 3.
4
Paus. vii. 17. 8, where Frazer gives u Catull., Coma Berenices; Eudocia,
modern parallels. no. 218.
5 15
Eudocia, no. 518. Paus. ii. 11. 6.
8
II. xxiii. 141. is
Anthm PaL v j, 164.
7
8
Herod, ix. 24 ; Plat. Arist. 14. 17
Lucian, irepi T&V M fucrffy ovvbv-
Plut. Pel. 33. TWV, init.
9 18
Plut. Pel. 34, Alex. 72. Acts of the Apostles, xviii. 18.
other things of every day, our information is scanty but we ;
know that sacrifices were customary before marriage, and where

there is sacrifice there may always be votive offerings. In
some places initiation formed part of the wedding ceremony 1 ,
2
and the priestess of Demeter officiated at weddings The .
3
little girls of Athens used to take part in a mystery /
imitating bears in honour of Artemis Brauronia, whose shrine
stood on the Acropolis. The accounts of this rite are confusing,
but in one it is said to have been done by all the girls as a
4
preliminary to marriage and in any case it looks like an
;
5
ancient ceremony to mark the time of puberty If another .
6
writer be correct in confining the ceremony to a select few the ,
word Se/careveiv used as a synonym for ap/creveiv to designate
it,suggests that the maidens were a tithe of the women, like

the tithe of men described above
7
When marriage actually .
8
took place, a sacrifice was made to the gods of marriage who ,
9 10
are variously given as the Furies Zeus and Hera or Hera, , ,
11 12 13
Artemis, and the Fates or the Nymphs later to Aphrodite
, , .
At Sparta, mothers would sacrifice to Hera and Aphrodite

when their daughters married 14 We may assume that, as in .
other cases, each tribe would originally sacrifice to its own

1 8
Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 386: rat s de Tr/sorAeta yd/j-wv, Trpoyd/j.eia: deoi
/cat rats e Trivu/ut.Qevofj.evai.s 70/^17X101. See also A nth. Pal. vi. 55,
TOLL dr)\o/u.evai Ka.da.irep /cat irplv 318, arid for Sparta Paus. iii. 13. 9.
yeveffdai rdv lepw(rvvav <rvve-

9
Schol. Aesch. Eum. 834 ws irpoTe-
t], TrevTof36\os StSowrats a.iro\e\vada,L Xeta OvbvTwv Adrjvrjffi rcus Epivvai.

10
TUV a\\wv dva\ufj.dTuv iravruv Trapa- Diod. Sic. v. 73; Aesch. Eum. 214.
CKevdffai. 6e rats reXev/xâts rds iepijs Cp. Ath. xv. 694 D "Apre/uuv a yvvaiKwv
ra vofj.if6fj.eva. fJ.ey ^x ei Kpdros (Scolion).
2
Plut. Con/. Praec. ad init., quoted
n Pollux iii. 38 ;
Artemis in Boeotia
by Paton. and Locris, Plut. Aristid. 20. The
3
Tbfj.v(TTr)piovffvveTe\ovi>,
Schol. Arist. Furies in Aesch. Eum. 835; cp. p. 254
Lys. 645. below.
4 12
irpb ydfj.ov, a second schol. ad loc. Plut. Ainat. Narr. 1, p. 944.
13
5
The agegiven as five to ten
is Paus. iii. 13. 9 Hera-Aphrodite,
years, but Mommsen gives reason for It will be remembered that Aphrodite
believing this to be a mistake (Heart. was not a Greek goddess. She was,
406 note). He suggests 10 to 15. however, worshipt on the Athenian
6
TrL\y6fj.evai Trapdevoi, Schol. Arist. Acropolis in the sixth century, as iii-
Lys. 645. scribed potsherds prove: A A viii. 147.
7 It is usually referred to the chil-
u Paus. iii. 13. 8.
dren s age as being about ten years.

DOMESTIC LIFE. 247
gods ;
and that the country folk, perhaps following the oldest
custom, would sacrifice to the nymphs or heroes. But as
theology became systematic, Zeus and Hera as the divine
wedded pair seem to have gained the chief importance as
patrons of wedlock. Hera, indeed, as the Maid, the Wife, and
the Widow, represents the whole life of woman on earth 1 and ;
the Holy Marriage ceremonial is connected with her and Zeus at
FIG. 37. Zeus and Hera, from Samos.

Farnell, Cults, pi. v. 6.
Samos and elsewhere 2 . This ceremonial is

perhaps commemo
rated by a terra-cotta group from Samos, probably representing
Zeus and Hera as bridegroom and bride 3 which we may suppose ,
to have been dedicated at some human marriage. The principle
1
Trapdtvos, reXet a, x~QP a - see Farnell, Theocr. xv. 24).
Cults, i. 190 ff. But elaborate symbol 3
Farnell i. 208, 238, plate v. &,
ism is foreign to early Greek religion. see fig. 37, in text. A scheme with
2
Farnell i. 192, 200, 208, 244. It the same attitude as the metope of
appears to have been a very early part Selinus appears in the fragmentary
of the cult. Athens (Photius s.v.), relief, from Athens (?), Cat. Brit. Mus.
Plataea (Paus. ix. 3. 1, 16. 57), Sc. The relief may, however,
770.
Argos (Paus. ii. 17. 3), Euboea (Schol. commemorate the ceremony see chap. ;
Arist. Pax 1126), Hermione (Schol.

would be that of mythological precedent and that it was ;
natural here is seen not only from a

comparison of parallels,
but by the fact that Sappho in an epithalamium of a sings
1
mythological wedding Perhaps this is the origin of an Athe

.
nian painted tablet, which bears the 2

apotheosis of Heracles .
The sacrifice of a pig before marriage is attested

by Yarro for
the Greeks of Italy 3 and an inscription to be
;
quoted below
may refer to this. the dedication of a
Perhaps garland to Hera,
which Alcman speaks of, may refer to the marriage feast 4 .
Some legendary
dedications are connected with
marriage,
and are of interest as showing how natural the
practice was
felt to be. when he prayed for success in his suit for
Pelops,
Hippodamia, dedicated in Temnus an image of Aphrodite made
of a growing myrtle tree 5 Theseus, when he took Helen to
.
6
wife, built a
temple of Bridal Aphrodite He also dedicated in .
Delphi a statuette of Aphrodite which he got from Ariadne 7 ,
and set up portraits of Ariadne in Cyprus 8 Menelaus, after .
sacking Troy and recovering Helen, set up statues of Thetis

and Praxidica ( exacter of punishment ) hard by the
temple of
9
Aphrodite Migoriitis in Gythium This temple was reputed as .
the foundation of Paris himself for the 10

rape of Helen : let those
believe it who will, and those who will not,
may choose. Icarius
commemorated the wooing of Odysseus by an image of
Modesty
11
.
Odysseus himself founded two temples after vanquishing the

competitors for Penelope s hand, but the motive must remain
12
doubtful Equally legendary, no doubt, was the
.
to
temple
Aphrodite Callipygos built by the two maidens who were so
1 s
Sappho 51. Paus- v 13 7
2
Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vasenb. Paus. ii. 32. 7 Nivx0m.
7
Pi- "I-
Plut. Thes. 21.
3
Varro R. E. ii. 4. 9 nuptiarum
8
Plut. Thes. 20.
initio antiqui reges ac sublimes viri in 9 Paus. iii. 22. 2. Kuhnert conjec-
Etruria in coniunctione nuptiali nova tures Themis for Thetis, Jahrb. f. Cl.
nuptaet novusmaritusprimumporcum Phil. 1884, p. 252 n. 3 (Frazer). Praxi-
immolant. Prisci quoque Latini etiam dica is invoked in curses; see CIA
Graeci in Italia idem factitasse viden- Defix. Tab. 109. 2. 6.
tur. 10
p aus> ijj. 22. 1.
4
Alcman 18 KO.L rlv n Paus. iii. 20. 10: see the story
e0xA" fapoicra
rbvtf f\txpvcru) rvX*MM KrjparCj Kviraipw. there.
Athen. xv. 618 A, 678 A. 12
p aug> iii. 12. 4.
DOMESTIC LIFE. 249
proud of their figures, when they obtained rich husbands .
Charmus, a lover of Hippias, is said to have built an altar to

2
Love in the Academe .
Maidens before marriage, originally perhaps at puberty,

were accustomed to dedicate along with their hair the dolls
and other toys of their past childhood, on the same principle
as the warrior dedicates his worn-out arms, or the workman
3
his tools. They also offered their veils ,
or with obvious svm-
4
bolism their girdles Thus the Troezenian girls offered their
.
5
girdles to Apaturian Athena Timareta, in an epigram which .
appears to have been copied from the stone 6 mentions drest ,
7
dolls, ball, tambourine, and her own headdress Similar dedi .
8 9 w
cations occur of garlands, girdle ,
mirror ,
and fj,irpai . Alcibie
(perhaps the well-known courtezan) dedicates her hair-net to

Hera on obtaining a lawful marriage 11 So Calliteles, on coming .
of age, consecrates to Hermes his hat, buckle, cloke, ball,

scraper, bow and arrows 12 ;
Philocles to the same god ball, rattle,
13
knuckle-bones, and bull-roarer .
Such things as
these, being perishable and not precious,
could not have survived in any numbers. Yet jointed dolls
14 15
were found at Delos in the shrine of the hero Amynus and , ,
554 10
1
Ath. xii. TJI> KoXXiTrtiyuv feu- Anth. Pal. vi. 276.
avrai n 18 Bergk:
70? fv 2i;/>a/coi5<rcus. o8i>,
^TriXa- Archilochus, AAfa/3/7?
p6/uLvai,ovffias XaîTrpas, IftpiHravTo A0po- TT\OKdfj.wj> lepriv avtdyKe KdKvTrrp-rjv "Hpiy,
SITTJJ iepov, /caX^ffacrcu ~K.a\\lirvyov rty Kovpi.5l<i)i>

eur eKvpycre ydûv. Anth.
6fbi>,
us laropei K al Apxe Aaos ev rots Pal. vi. 133. Cp. 206, 270. Compare
idnpois. The story is of significance Her<>d. ii. 182, The courtezans appear
as throwing light on the distinctive to have had their guilds and their own
epithets of the gods. KaXXiirvyos is goddess, unless the curious inscr. of
not meant to describe Aphrodite, but Paros stood alone (AMxviii. 17). There
to recall the occasion. they worshipt OiVrpw.
12
2
Cleidemus ap. Ath. xiii. 609 D. Anth. Pal vi. 282.
3
Pollux iii. 38. 13
Anth. Pal. vi. 309 ralyvta. Com-
4
at yap irapBtvoi. /j.t\\ov<rai irpbs /j-fl^tv pare Collitz iii. 3339 70 Ev<j>dj>r)S
~Etri-
^p%ecrâi, dverideffav ras irapQevLKa.^ av- davpios ircus... 8o!;e 5 aurwt 6 6ebs
rCiv fuwas rrj Apre/at St, Apostolius x. 96 ^Trurras elirelv, ri /u.oi Sciaeis aif TV KO. vyirj
in Corp. Paroem. Gr. ii. 513. TTOIÔ-W; ai)ros 5 (fid/Aev, 5^/c dffrpa-
5 6
rbv 8e debv yeXdaavra (pdêy VLV
Paus. ii. 33. 1. &Sr)\ov. ydXovs.
7 In Thebes, dcrrpaydXws TTT-
KeKpu(f)a\os : Anth. Pal. vi. 280 Travaelv.
(Limnatis). rapas IGS i. 2420- 2 .
s Anth. Pal. vi. 59, 210 (Aphrodite). 14

BCH xi. 423.
9
Anth. Pal. vi. 210. 15
AM xviii. 243.
on the Acropolis at Athens dolls, masks, and 1
grotesque heads ;
in the Cabirium 2 at 3 4 5
Tegea at Calaurea at Lysi in Arcadia
, , , ,
in the temple trench at Cnidus 6 7

and
grotesques at Naucratis ,
;
many of the innumerable clay animals found upon sacred sites

may have been children s toys. In the Pelopium at Olympia
were found a number of miniature bronze kettles,
cymbals,
small axes, and the like, some of which 8
may have been toys ,
and a miniature bucket of silver in the

sanctuary of Athena
Cranaia 9 ;
but all these may be better explained on the
principle to be set forth later 10 . The inventories include such
things, but there is
nothing to show why they were offered;
we may however claim as toys the Delian rattles 11 the
tops of ,
12
Oropus , perhaps also four little snakes and Timothea s crab 13 .
It
probable that three dedications to Limnatis belong to
is
this place several small cymbals have been found in Laconia,

;
which were probably children fourth, the much s toys

14
. A
discussed offering of Camo, is dedicated to the same
probably
15
deity for the same cause All the dedicators are women. .
1
In the Museum. 13
dpaKovTia, KapKivos Ti/xoâs, line 51
2
AM xiii. 426, xv. 358 :
tops and I.e. A number of supposed playthings
other toys of terra-cotta and bronze, of lead were found in the temple pre
knuckle-bones, small vases, Sileni, cinct of Jupiter at Tarracina chairs, :
children in goat-waggon, caricatures tables, and other furniture,

cooking
of are
lyre-players, masks, among utensils,candelabrum, boy with tray,
them, not to mention animals. plates with viands upon them, etc.
3
AM iv. 170. Archaic woman on AJA o.s. x. 256.
camel, man clinging under a ram.
14
See AM xxi. 442 ff. IGA 50
4
AM-zui. 3223. s, 61 Oirwpls dvtdrjKe Aifj.va.Ti, 73
5
Jahreshefte iv. 43, 48: satyr, cocks, a.vQr)Ke rat At/î/dn :
figures
horses, little axes marked as dice, given. Above, p. 249
7
.
swordlets, comic some 5th

figures :
15
Ka/xw $v rat /c6p/cu, Cat. Ath.
2dv<re
century. Many miniature vases. But Sc. no. 7959, IGA 324. This seems to
see chap. xiv. record the marriage sacrifice of a pig.
6
Newton, Branch. 397. For another interpretation see AM xxi.
7
Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. v. 72. 240 ff . ;
it does not touch the present
8
Olympia :
Ergebnisse, Textb. iv. 3. point. Collitz i. 373 takes = fjv 2dv<Te
But see chap. xiv. below. dvrrjs, which would make it a ritual
9
BCH xii. 47. offering. The aorist could not be
10
Chapter xiv. used to denote an official. It should
u BCHiL^l K pbTa\ov. 7rcu5t/cd be mentioned that the inscr. has also
Cp.
\idiva e, 325. been read Kdôw^KdyuoH a man s
,
12
IGS i. 2420 25 o-r/)6/3iXo5. name (AZ xxxiv. 28).
DOMESTIC LIFE. 251
There a pair of cymbals, dedicated by a man to the same

is
deity, and one by a

man to Asclepius On this principle I 1
.
would explain the woman s dedication in Plataea of what she

"
2
had her trinkets probably to judge from the context
on,"
.
I do not know what to make of the bridal baskets

3
,
the
3
bridal cauldron and the bridegroom s footstool mentioned in
4
,
the Athenian Inventories. There is no proof that these were

votive offerings, but they may be such.
At marriage, prayers and vows were offered for fruitfulness
and prosperity 6 likely that a relief from Sicily of . It seems
the second century, dedicated by a man and woman to Artemis,
7
was offered on the occasion of marriage Artemis Eupraxia .
is clad in a chiton which leaves bare the right breast in her ;
before her
right hand she holds a torch, in her left a basket ;
stands an altar. We may suggest the same explanation of

Polystrata s offering, an Argive relief of the fifth century,
showing Artemis alone clad in Doric chiton, with bow, quiver,

and torch 8 and of others which show the goddess with her
;
9
usual attributes, and a female worshipper or with male and ,
10
female .
At childbirth, prayer and vow were made to various deities,

no doubt to any patron deity of a tribe or a family. Hera and
n
Artemis are the favourites. A late inscription from Paros names
a whole group of divinities Hera, Demeter, Thesmophoros, the :
Maid, Zeus Eubuleus and Babo. Asclepius was also invoked by
1
Fai/aiXas K, i.e. /copai : AA xii. 73. Aristid. 20.
IPI i. 1202. 8 Cat. Berl. Sc. 682 UoXwrpdra dv-
2
AJA vii. 406 74 Hi^xa TCI. av- 0??/ce :
rough bottom to fix in ground or
TTJS. base. F&rnell, Cults, ii. 539, pi. xxxiv.a.
3
KOivS. vvfji(f}LKa CIA ii. 678 B; KO.VOVV A similar one from Asopus, in private
ya.fj.iK6v ii. 850. collection : Collitz iii. 4559 IlettTrts di^-
4
X^/STJS i>v/j.<t>iKos
CIA ii. 721. tfrj/ce A/wd/u; AZ xl. 145, pi. vi.
5
vw6j3aepa w^ma Uo CIA ii. 671;
9
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 779 : huntress
dppevos uTTo/Sdriyj 678 55 . Artemis, hound, altar, stag.
10
6
Compare Aesch. Eum. 834 iro\\ijs Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 778.
8 ZT aKpo0Lvia, Qvt] irpb TTCU-
n Athenodor. v. 15
xupas TTJffS RpaffL-n-mf) Ilpd-
5ui> /ecu ya.fj. rjXiov r^Xovs. crwi os "Hpy Avj/x^rpt 6e<r/x,o06py
/cat Kbpy
7 GIG 5613 b Hp&Tos /cat HeviTnr-q /cat Ad Ei)/3ofXet /cat Ba/3ot. Farnell, ii.
Apre/j.idi ~Eiinrpaîai. Farnell, Cults, ii. 194, takes it, no doubt rightly, as a
531, 575 ; cp. Anth. Pal. vi. 276; Plut. thank-offering after childbirth.
the would-be mother 1

. On such occasions a title appro
priate would be added, as Courotrophos Athena 2 and to
Demeter 3 Epilysamene , Demeter 4
to ,
Eileithyia to Hera and
5
6
toArtemis Locheia to , Artemis and ;
it
appears that Eileithyia
and Lecho are titles of the .divine powers, personified as
the protectors of childbirth 7 . The
spirits who preside over
childbirth were also called Genetyllides
8
The scanty evidence .
goes to show that the prayer for a safe delivery was often
accompanied by the dedication of a veil or hair-net or some
such trifle 9 Articles of dress were also offered after the birth
. :
sandals might be, or a part of the robe, a girdle, a breast-

it
band 10 Later we find these offerings made to Aphrodite;

.
the girl in Theocritus intended her breast-band for this

11
purpose . The clothes of women who died in childbirth were
the grave of Iphigenia in Halae 12
left at Herodotus says that .
women made a special practice of dedicating their pins in

13
Argos and Aegina Perhaps some of the dresses dedicated .
to Artemis Brauronia or to an unknown deity at Thebes were

14
due to childbirth or the like ;
and the beautiful pins, earrings,
and diadems of Lysi in Arcadia, offered to Artemis 15
fibulae .
There seems to have been a kind of churching for women,

16
sitting publicly in the shrine of Eileithyia .
Womens dedications to Eileithyia, in Laconian Eleuthia,

1 8
Cures o/Epid., 3339 7 . Paus. i. 1. 5, Aristoph. Clouds, 52.
2
The d/ji<pi8p6îa were held in 9
Anth. Pal. vi. 270274, 276.
honour of Athena Kovporp6<pos : Eu- 10
Anth. Pal. vi. 200 Eileithyia, 201,
-
docia, no. 54. 271, 272 Artemis.
3 CIA iii. 172, etc.
n Theocr. xxvii. 54 0eO KO.L rav
<pev,
4
Hesych. s.v. îriKvaa.iJ.tv q. /j-Lrpav a7r6r%icras es ri 5 ^Xvaas; TO.
5
Argos, Hesych. s.v. "Hpa
v "Apyei ; Ha<pia Trpdriffrov yw r68e dupov oTrdfw.
Athens, inscr. in Roscher, col. 2091 In Herodotus ii. 181 Ladice vows a
(Farnell). Dedications to Hera, Anth. statue to Aphrodite TJV oi L/TT eKdvrjv
Pal. vi. 243. TTJV VVKTO. fuxdfi 6"Ayuacn$.
6 2 *-
Farnell, ii. 615 gives refif. Attica, ,
:
Eurip. I. T. 1464.
13
Sparta, Boeotia, Crete. Compare Anth. Herod, v. 88.
Pal. vi. 201, 271, and see IGS i. 3214, CIA ii. 751 ff. ; IGS i. 2421.
33856, 341012, AirAXXovos Aa</>j>a-
15
Jahreshefte iv. 51 ff., diff. dates.
(popiu Aprd,Mi5oj SowSWs 3407.
16 Isaeus v. 39 rrjv 5e /j-^r^pa rty
7 So also Faruell, ii. p. 608. Com- avrou Kadt]^v^v fv r$ rrjs El\rj6vias
pare Anth. Pal. vi. 200. In Sparta we tepw Trd^res ewpwr, Kal TOI/T^
find an old dedication to Lecho: Aexot a eyu ala-^vv 0^0.1 \fy(i.v, oCros 8t
IGA 52. OVK
DOMESTIC LIFE. 253
Eleusia, Lecho, are not uncommon

or but what was the ,
thing dedicated does not appear. A woman offers a bowl to

2
Eileithyia in Delos and an amphora in Peiraeus to the ,
3
Nursing Mother The Acropolis vases dedicated .
to Aphrodite
4
have been already mentioned .
Existing remains are few.

We may perhaps regard as a
wife s offering the silver pin dedicated to Hera which was
5 6
found in Argolis and a gilded bronze pin from Cyprus ,
.
Innumerable brooches, pins, armlets, and suchlike ornaments

7
have been found in the Argive Heraeum and one of the ,
mirrors is inscribed with a woman s dedication

8
. A number
of women s ornaments are mentioned in the inventories, but it
is impossible to decide upon what occasion offered. In Delos

9 10
we find Melitta crystal
s or glass unguent box a bronze mirror , ,
golden pins
11
and buttons, earrings, necklets or armlets, head
,
12
bands, Hy-nappers, and rouge-pots In a shrine on the .
Acropolis slope, probably the Asclepieum, we find mention of

it was on such an occasion that Roxana
13
earrings Perhaps .
14
sent a goldvase and necklet to Athens The shrine ,of Athena .
15
Cranaia has yielded up a gold bangle with buckles, hair-pins, ,
18
spirals, and fibulae of bronze At Dodona was found a mirror .
dedicated by a glass ring and toilet-casket,

in woman 17
. A
18
scribed to Habrothaus, have been found in Cyprus .
1
Collitz iii. 4584 (Hippola), 4462 9
BCH ii. 430 6 ed\iirTpoi>
vd\ii>ov
Ae%ot (Sparta), 4466 A^poStrcu (ibid.), MeXiTTTjs.
E0. Apx- 1900, 59 Aphr. (Thessaly),

10 BCH ii. 430 10
KO.TPOTTTOV [sic]
all by women : 4431 Moxo^Sos avMiiKC xttA/cow.

Tat EXeuo-tcu (Sparta).
n BCH vi. 38 s5 xpvrf-
irbpir-rj
2
BCH
vi. 34, line 50.
12
BCH vi. 125 do-TnSiV/o?, ev&iriov,
3 94 NiKocrrpdrTj
E0. Apx- 1885, ivuiTiSiov, edXet7rrpa, //.uo<r6/3at, irepi-
cr/ceXt s, irep6i> r), irbptrvi, arXeyyis, <TT\ey-

Koupo77)6<J>a>i.
13
4
AA viii. 147 ; above, p. 246 .
yidiov, (fivKia %pucra, \f/\iov.
5
ras "Hpas (archaic) : AA xii. 196 :
13
BCH iii. 125.
14
in British Museum. CIA ii. 737.
6
JHS ix. 223, pi. xi.: A.<t>po8iTi>
15
B CH xii. 46.
IIa</Ha Evpov\a evx^v T/ yvvrj ?? Apdrou
16
BCH. xii. 54.
17
TOV ffvyyevovs K ai Taêra. Collitz ii. 1369; Carapanos, Do-
7
Inventory 1105 ff. rings
Bronzes : done, xxv. 1 noXuêâ ray^v
: avariOtiTt.
of various sizes, 1571 ff. mirrors, 1614 TO? At /cat xpw ara -
ff. small discs perforated, 1695 ff. the 18

Collitz i. 129130 Aat5i?s
same larger. 0dut.
8
Bronzes, 1581.
As regards the other offerings made on this

occasion, we
read of one or two temples which were due to it.
Helen, after
bringing forth a daughter, is said to have founded a of temple
1
Eileithyia in Argos Again, the women of Elis, long barren, .
when at length they found themselves with child, built one to

Athena the Mother 2 The image of the protecting
deity here
.
as elsewhere a natural is
Phaedra is said to have
offering.
dedicated two ancient statues of 3
statue of A
Eileithyia .
Artemis offered at childbirth is attested

by an inscription 4 .
There exists also a late statuette of

Eileithyia dedicated by a
woman 5 and a pillar inscribed with the name of
;
Asclepius pro
bably supported a statue of him dedicated on the like occasion 6 .
Perchance the archaic statue of Artemis, dedicated at Delos

by
a woman, belongs to this class 7 Little altars are often dedi .
cated to Artemis the Nurse in Roman times 8 .
Three ancient
from Argos are dedicated to the reliefs
Eumenides by women, and the connexion of these
beings with
childbirth has been 9
The three goddesses
already indicated .
stand, holding each a snake in the right hand and a flower in

the left, with 10
A relief of two
worshippers in their presence .
female figures with torches refer to this occasion 11

may .
The most
characteristic records of this occasion are those
which represent the act or
process blest by the god. This
class is represented
by groups of statuary or small figures,
and by archaic marble statue from
reliefs. An
Sparta repre
sents a female
figure kneeling, with a small male figure on her
right holding one hand to his lips, while on the other a second
male figure presses his hand over the woman s womb.
It
should be remembered that women in ancient Greece
knelt to
r)Ki)l36\wi loxeaip-rji 9o6prj Aeivoddicrjo TOU

2
Paus.
Paus.
v. 3. 2.
i. 18. 5.
Na # ou Q OXOS ^^ 5
Aeu>o/kow
a\o X 6s
dt
Kcuriyvjrii, 3>pdov p..
4
GIG 24 "Aretu, aol r65
uoipTJv Aff<j>a\lu np rpxy x*purT-ipiov
9
or .
*<?/><rts"Epw 8vydT7)P (Peloponnesus). Aesch. Eum. 835. Pregnant sheep

5
Sybel 3153 BaXfta bwtp sacrificed to them at
A\e&i>8pov
Sicyon, Paus. ii.
eavrijs EiXeidvi-r) (jwôiiat] euxfy. 11. 4. See p. 246.
6
Sybel 7215: the inscr., much 10
AM iv. pi. i x ., x. ; Collitz iii.
damaged, contains the words Atr/cXîe?, 3279 f.
(name) E5/iei/W
dÔrjKe ywr[, v&v tppvov. u BCH iii. 195.
7
BCH ii. 4
DOMESTIC LIFE. 255
1
bring forth a child These two guardian daemons are doubtless

.
assisting at the birth, one as a midwife does, the other signing

for silence from inauspicious words A statue in a similar 2
.
pose comes from Myconos

3
and a relief from Cyprus 4 Nude , .
female figures, apparently lying down, with one hand held to

the breast, have been found at Naucratis and these were ;
perhaps thank-offerings for childbirth An ivory casket from 5

.
Athens unmistakably portrays a birth. The newly-delivered

mother kneels on the ground, and by her side stands a female
figure, much damaged, which supports her with one hand. As
this figure holds a larice or staff she is interpreted to be Athena.
The midwife is bathing the babe. On the left another female
figure is standing, half-draped,
with a long staff in the left
hand, and in her right she holds a jug. I suggest that this
casket may have been dedicated as a mother s
thank-offering,
6
although there is
nothing to prove it .
Perhaps I might venture
to suggest further, that the female figure of gold sent by
Croesus to Delphi, and called locally his baker- woman, was
really a woman (his queen perhaps) in the attitude of child
birth, which might easily be mistaken for one kneading dough,
or even so miscalled in jest. It should be noted that his
queen s
girdles and trinkets are mentioned along with it
7
.
1
Homer, Apoll. Del. 116 ff., and the original it is impossible to judge
other citations in an article on this how far the reproduction is accurate ;
group by Marx, AM x. 177 f. It was but I see no trace of an aegis, and if

the position of the image of Eileithyia the lance were not so clear this
in Tegea (Paus. viii. 48. 5), which no figurewould be better taken as a mid-
male eye might see (ii. 35. 11). wife or an attendant. The figure on
2
AM x. pi. vi. the right may then be Hecate or
3
Mon. delV Inst. i. 44 ;
AM x. 187. Eileithyia with a torch.
4 7
Herod, i. 51 yvvaiK&s ei8w\ov XP&-
Cesnola, Collection of Cypr. Ant.,
i. pi. 66. ffeov rpitrrfxy^ r & AeX0ot TT}S aproKbirov
5
Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. v. 83, pi. xiv. rrjs Kpoicrov eiKova \tyov<ri
elvcu. irpbs
6
Schone 149, who refers it to the 5e Kai TTJS etavrov yvvaiKbs TCI, airb TTJS
child Dionysus. I differ entirely from detpr)* avtdrjKe 6 K/?o?cros Kal TCLS wva<s.
him the scene as sketcht has every

; Compare the dedication in Plataea,
appearance of a transcript from real Hi^xa TCL <$> O.VTTJS, AJA vii. 406 74 .
life.In the sketch, the kneeling figure add that Plutarch says this
It is fair to
appears to be naked from the waist baker had saved Croesus life, and the
down. She is pouring water from a figure was dedicated in gratitude,
jug into the basin. Without seeing Pyth. Or. 10.
Other reliefs show different moments. Some from

Cyprus
have the figure of a woman seated upon a chair, and
holding
a swathed infant. There is fruit in one hand, and beside her
1
a child stands, also holding a fruit In a relief from Sigeum, .
the enthroned figure seems to represent

Eileithyia or some
suitable divinity to her approach three women
:
bearing infants
upon their arms, and a fourth with a dish or casket 2 One .
harpist relief may belong to this place. Apollo, holding

lyre and bowl, stands beside Artemis (who pours a libation),
Leto and a female figure who is inscribed
Kovporpofos holding
a torch a male worshipper stands near, 3
;
holding up one hand .
An archaic Italian relief in terra-cotta, where Aphrodite holds

Eros on her arm, is too vague to interpret 4 .
An attempt has been made to show that the mysterious

relief of the
Acropolis, where Athena is seen leaning upon a
in an attitude of grief, and
spear contemplating a square pillar
with nothing upon it, is really a dedication to her as Nursing
Mother 5 . A vase is cited which shows a similar scheme, but
a child s
figure is upon the and the
pillar, pillar bears a dedi
6
catory inscription . The child s figure on the relief is assumed
to have been painted. If this be correct (and it is most
ingenious), the relief will be an

example of divine precedent ;
for Athena is supposed to be contemplating the infant Erich-

thonius. To the same occasion M. Lechat assigns a relief of
the fourth century, where a babe lies on the
ground between
7
Demeter and the Maid one which shows a man and a small ;
child before Athena 8 and one where are a man and wife, with
;
1
Cat. Cypr. Mus. (Idalion) 6311, birth, this is evidence that the harp
has no special meaning in these re-
2
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 789 : there liefs.
taken to be the base of a statue. 4

Farnell, Cults, ii. 697, pi. xlviii.
Similar Roman reliefs show the mother 5
H. Lechat, Mon. et Mem. iii. 21,
with a child in her arms, or the child pi. i.
being given to her, with other figures :

6
Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vasenb.
Arch.-Epigr. Mitth. xix. 1 ff. Pettau, xxxi. 1.
18 Ital y- 7
AZ xxv. 94* dvee-rjK-rjv (sic); cp.
3
AA ix. 26
5th cent., oldest of
:
Benndorf 57.
the Harpist class, and the only one 8
Schone 87.
with dedicator. If it really belongs to
DOMESTIC LIFE. 257
1
a child in a tub or basket on the ground These he interprets .
to represent the ceremony of the father s acknowledgment.

The act or process is also represented by small figures of
2
nursing mothers, which cannot be meant for the deity Many .
have been found in Sicily and Paestum, and although the place
of their finding is not conclusive, they were probably a votive
type One of them appears to represent a woman in child

3
.
bed 4
We
know that the Sicilians used to pray to the Mothers
.
and make them rich offerings 5 In Cyprus, a great many have .
been found within temple precincts. In one case the infant

6
holds up its hand in the familiar attitude of adoration . Some
7
times a female figure enthroned holds the infant The figure of a .
woman erect, holding a child on her arm, was found in an ancient

shrine of the healing hero Amynus at Athens large archaic
8
. A
9
group of a woman suckling a child comes from Sparta and ;
statuettes with the same subject have been found on the

Acropolis of Athens One mother, in Roman times, dedicates 10
.
an image of her breast to Aphrodite, a cruder hint of the idea 11 .
From the Argive Heraeum comes the unmistakable figure of a

12
pregnant woman ,
but I know no parallel.
The modern Greek
regularly dedicates her silver babe, in its
swaddlings, or even the cradles they lie in, made of the same
13
metal and it seems to us natural that the ancients should
;
1
Schone 66. 7 a c. Cp. Usener, Gotternamen,
2
We
have one piece of direct evi- 124 ff.; AJA 1895, 209 ff.
6
dence in the late romance of Chaereas Cat. Cypr. Mus. : Idalion 109, nos.
and Callirrhoe. A mother places her 30959 Chytri 149, nos.
; 521747 ;
babe in the arms of Aphrodite s statue, Citium 153, no. 5520.

and the writer says: Kal uffrO-r) Qtapa KOL\- 7
Cat. Cypr. Mus. 5217 ff.
\i7Tov, olov otfre fyypa<f>os gypa\l/fj>

otfre
8
AM xviii. 243.
Tr\d<7T-r)s ?Tr\a<rev otfre TTOITJTT/S IffTopTjffe
9
AM 297.ii. No. 1 in Dressel-
^XP L v $v ovdeis yap avrSiv eTroiTjcrev Milchhofer s Catalogue.

"
10
ApTe/j,Lv 77 A.Q-r)vd.v /Spetyos ev ayKa\cus In the Museum.
Ko/j-iôvaav (iii. 8).
n Sybel 4542 Ac^poStr?; dv r6/cots.
3 12
Kekule, Terracotten von Sic., 8, 19, Excavations of the Am. Sch.: the
23; Gerhard, Ant. Denkm., 96. 8. Heraion, i., pi. viii. 19.
4 13
Kekule, Terracotten, fig. 38. So in India : North Ind. Notes and
5
Diod. iv. 79 run/ [tartpuv ... dvaOr)- Quertes, 1893, 198 Saharanpur: "Close
fj.a<ri TroXXois KOfffjiovvres TO iepbv avrwv. to the temple of the Deib, under a tree,
Cp. GIG 5570 b, 5748 /; IGS 2407. on a raised platform, I found the broken
R. 17
have done the same granted like Samuel in answer

for the child
to prayer Yet
1
. no evidence for this, even at the
I can find
time when models of limbs were so common. The marble

figures of little children
found beside the Ilissus, hard by a
dedication to Eileithyia, are not infants; and their interpretation
of young
remains doubtful 2 .
Equally doubtful are the figures
3
children found in the Cabirium, which are most likely toys .
head of an image of Debi surrounded touched by the hand of the children."
l
Anth. Pal. vi. 357 e TOKUV.
by wooden statuettes representing chil- ei>x^
dren. Women who pray for birth or

2
AM 197.
ii.
longevity of children visit this place,

3 AM xv. 363.
and offer these wooden statuettes
VII.
MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE.
H Ae Ao2eieN AN eTN&i 6pe5ic

MiKpO(J>iAoTiM(<!>v
TIMHC ANAey6epoc.
THEOPHRASTUS.
oyY AN eptb Zep(4>ioc CON epeNOMHN eNAoSoc, eyre cy AGHN&foc.

THEMISTOCLES.
IT does riot appear that in early times an official dedicated a

thank-offering for his office as a matter of course. Only a few in
stances are found, and we should regard these as due to the same
feeling of gratitude which prompts freewill offerings in other
cases. In the sixth century we find two altars which may be
referred to such an occasion. At Athens the Peisistratids, we
are told, kept up the old forms of government, but took care
that one of themselves should be archon; and Peisistratus, son of
Hippias, who held this office under his father, set up an altar in
the market-place to the Twelve Gods, and one to Apollo in the
1 2
Pythium the inscription of which still remains
,
Another altar .
from Amorgos bears an inscription of the same date, recording that

it was the offering of two archons
3
An archon of Ceos makes a .
4
thank-offering to Aphrodite In the year 408/7 the Athenian .
prytanes of the Erechtheid tribe made a joint dedication to the
2
1
Thuc. vi. 54. 6 IleurtVrparos 6 CIA iv. Suppl. I. 373 e, p. 41 :
ITTTTIOU TOV Tvpa.vvevffa.VTOS i*t6s...5s T&V fj.vij/j,a r65 apxys HeifficrTpaT

r/s
5w5e/ca t)ewj>
/Swyudc TOV ev rrj ayopq. vibs GrJKev Air6\\uvos Ilvdiov iv Te
apxuv dvtdr]Ke /ecu TOV TOV A7r6XXa>Pos ev 3
I3CH vi. 189 apxofTes.
HvOLov. 4
IGA 397 apfrs.
17-2
1
goddess . It is stated that the Athenian college of archons used

to dedicate an inscribed herm in the Street of Herms if they
2
had reason to be proud of themselves and when the Long ;
Walls were begun, they did erect a statue of Hermes

3
A .
4
state herald dedicates a statue of Hermes for a memorial .
There is a pillar dedicated on the Acropolis before 480 by an

overseer of moneys 5 Herodotus saw a tripod at Thebes, .
reputed to have been dedicated by Laodamas to Apollo during

6
his rule Pausanias also dedicated at Byzantium a bronze
.
7
bowl as a memorial of his rule There is even apparently one .
of that class of offerings which indicates the human activity or
process blest by the god the figure of a man seated, and appa :
rently writing upon tablets, which may be that of a recorder or

8
temple steward, found upon the Athenian citadel Probably .
we should also add the ancient statue of Chares, potentate of

9
Teichiusa, which he set up at Branchidae to the glory of Apollo ;
whether be regarded as another instance of the plastic
this
representation of human activity, or (in view of the eastern

character) as mere self-glorification.
Later, the number of these dedications increases so enor
mously, that it appears to become the regular thing that an
10
should make an offering on taking or leaving office
official It .
is in the fourth century that this change begins, and it coin

cides with other changes in the old simple ways, which rob the
1
Kar. 99 ;
CIA 338. WT)^ dperas dvtd-r)K, Hoaeiddwvi
2
Harpocr. s.r. E/j/mi; cp. Dem.Lept. dpxw EXXctSos evp
Hav<ra.i>ias,
491. Tr6t>TOv eTT Ei)eiVou, Aa/ceScu^to

3
Wachsmuth, Die Stadt Athen, i. vibs K.\evfj.^p6rov, dpx&i-o-s H/xz/cXeos
208. yeveds.
4
CIA iv. 1. 482, (j.vr)/j.o<rtii -r)S &>e/cct.
8
AM v. 174, pi. vi. (so Furtwangler).
For Hermes as the herald s patron see Perhaps the recorder of the old Acro-
Aesch. Suppl. 895. polls inscriptions is a case in point :
5
CIA iv. 1. 373 2:} 7, p. 199: dv^/cej/ above, note 5.
ABrjvaia Xaipluv ra/xietvwv. So ii. 1209 9

IGA 488 Xdpijs elpl 6 KXetato?
ra/utas. Tet%iou<T7;s dpx&s dya\fj.a TOV A7r6XXw-
6
Anth. Pal. vi. 8. Herod, v. 61 vos.
avrbv Airb\- 30 This appears from the aorist tense

Aao5d/u,as rptTroS ^vaKbirLj)
XoH/t fjiowapxtuv oW0?7/ce rdv treptKa\\s generally used. The present implies
aya\fj.a. that the dedication is made during
7
Herod, iv. 81 ;
inscribed accord- office, and its cause can only be in-
ing to Nymphis (Athen. xii. 536 &) ferred.

MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 261
votive offering of its grace and moral worth, and turn it into a
formality. There are indications that these offerings, with

those for victory in the games, were even made compulsory by
law. A
decree of an Attic deme exists which is not likely to
be unique in Attica. It appears that the deme, whether by
battle, earthquake, or other cause, had fallen on evil days, so
that money was
scarce for religious purposes and it was con ;
sequently decided that every person elected to an office should
pay a contribution. The decree proposes a vote of thanks to a

man who had undertaken to help in rebuilding the shrines and
in placing offerings in them 1
. A similar record comes from
2
Caria Here the dedication has become a duty, like the litur
.
gies and
;
that it was also regarded as a personal honour is clear
from inscriptions which expressly give leave to dedicate 3 Thus .
the freewill gratitude of earlier days has given place to a feeling

which is partly public spirit and partly pride. We are not
surprised, therefore, to find dedications made not only to the
gods, but to the people.

At Athens, the Senate appears to have made a yearly dedi
cation to Athena at Athens 4 and perhaps to the goddesses at ,
5
Eleusis One altar exists dedicated by them to Aphrodite
.
Guide of the People and to the Graces 6 We now find these .
dedications made by the Archon 7 the Basileus 8 the Polemarch 9 , , ,
1
CIA ii. 588 (late 4th cent.): icou avrcDi xp^ VWL Trorijpia rpla -fj 0tAas (sic)
dva.driiJ.aT a. avadrifftiv ev TOLS iepots Trpoff- Tpels.

3
ava\iffKwv TOLS dy/j-brais Trap eauroD CTTI IGI iii. 170 (Astypalaea) : to an
TT)I iirapxî- ^v eTrdpxovrai. ol STJMOTCU ayopavoôs :
e^crrw 5e avrui /cat dvddr)fj.a
diro TTJS apxys &CCWTOS r?s av Xax^t, $ dvadêv OTTCU /ce XP 1?^7 1 r* J dyopas. ?
v T&V icp&v Ko.1 TUV dvadrj- Not in a temple now, observe.

vyieias aurwv Kai TTJS TOV
4
CIA ii. 652 4ti ûaxaipa .TCUJTIJV TJ . .
Compare 741 e dedi- /3ouX7j avtQ-qKev r\

irl... ; or crowns (list
cations Kara rbv VO/JLOV. in 698, restored from others). 741 e

2
AM xv. 261 OTTWS fj.7]6v r&v av/m,- adds Kara rbv v6nov.
(pepbvTwv Trapa\dTrr)Tai, dt5ox&ai o<roi av 5
CIA iv. 2. 767 b 48
(pidXr).
TUV (pvXer&v ri/Ji-rjOwffiv virb rys <f>v\TJs
6
CIA iv. 1161 b i^yeôvei TOV 5r)fj,ov.
...dvart-Otvai etcaffrov rwi Au TWI Tap-

7
CIA ii. 1325, 1348, iii. 88, 97 ;
Peffvruv iroT7)pioi> dpyvpovv rj <f>id\T}v

dirb apparently golden crowns in ii. 698
Spaxv.ui A\e$av5peiwi> eKarov, inscribed (371 B.C.). So down to Augustus iii.
with the occasion, and weight, within 1. 88.
six months ;
lav 5t a cr^pas 0uX^s
8
CIA iii. 95 (Trajan).
IS Tifj.rjOiji dvaTiBtrw v TUI 9 CIA iii. 91 (Trajan).
2 3 4
the strategus 1 the archon of a clan , , by thesmothets curators , ,
6
secretaries inspectors of markets
6
, ;
demarch 7 gymnasiarch 8 , ,
10 11
of a pilgrim
lampadarch so the priest or sacrificer the leader
9
,
;
12 13
or religious procession the Trvpocfropos Superintendent
age , ,
by a board chosen to
14 15
of the Mysteries or of any public place ,
,
17
16
make a statue of Aphrodite or Dionysus Demetrius of Pha- .
lerum, on chosen Epistates, makes

being his offering with the
rest
18
.
at the Dionysia appears once at least
The gymnasiarch
19
to have dedicated tripods Officials of a guild dedicate a great .
silver goblet
20
,
with many fine offerings The ephebes by custom 21
.
22
offered a silver bowl at the Eleusinian Mysteries to the Mother ,
24 23
of the gods Dionysus as it would appear in short at all
,
to ,
the great public feasts they were concerned in the cosmete ;
25 26
would join in the offering and the gymnasiarch dedicate arms ,
.
The ephebes make a dedication to Hermes when their training
is over 27 .
In other parts of the Greek world we find the same practice

observed within the same limits of time for earlier days there ;
is no evidence. The earliest official dedication of a prytany

outside Attica comes from Corcyra in the fourth or third century
1206 b ;
ii. 1195, about 200 ; 1206-7,
15
CIA iii. 89.
in the year 97/6, to Aphrodite Euploia.

16
CIA ii. 1208, dedicated to Aphro-
2
CIA ii. 1359. dite.
3
CIA ii. 1187.
17
CIA iv. 2. 1211 b.
4
CIA ii. 1209 ^TTtêATjTai /cat ra/dai.
18
CIA ii. 584, if correctly restored.
5
CIA iii. 87.
19
CIA iv. 2. 373 g.
6
CIA iii. 98 dyopai>6/j.os.
20 CIA iv. 2. 615 b TroT-qpi.ov.
7 CIA ii. 1211.

21
CIA iv. 2. 673 d.
8
CIA ii. 1227 ;
of a tribe at the
-"-
CIA ii. 467 ^taXi?? Aiîjrpi /cat
Panathenaea 1181 ;
iv. 2. 1233 b Kopqt xapio-T^toj/.
Rhamnus.
2:1
CIA ii. 467, 468 etc.
24
CIA ii. 1228 to the Muses. CIA ii. 470.
10 CIA ii. 1205. CIA ii. 471 79 .
11
CIA ii. 1329 iepoiroiriffavTes, iii. 94 M CIA ii. 594 dv^xev 8e /cat 6VXa
&KT& (shields).
iepaTei><ra<ra.
27 CIA ii. 1225 1225

12 CIA ii. 1325 TroAtTroo-ToXTjcras; base, ff. f
iv. 2. 6, d.
Sybel 4999 (2nd cent.).

In the archonship of Heracleides there
13
To Artemis Collitz : iii. 33334. was only a solitary one 1226 c. :
14
CIA ii. 1148 e Tri/xeXTjrrjs TWV
and is inscribed to Artemis 1 ;

others more detailed contain
the The Damiorgi of Megara 3 and all the public
official title
2
.
,
officials of Acrae and Himera in Sicily, make joint offerings to

4 5
Aphrodite. In Delos the archon was supposed to make a yearly

gift to the temple treasury
6
Dedications are made by the archon .
in Olbia 7 ,
in Thessaly 8 by the cosmetes in
by the poliarchs ,
10
Crete by 9
the strategus
,
in Olbia and Rhodes 11 by the hiero- ,
mnamons in Epidaurus and the mnamons in Acrae 13 by the

12
,
14 15 17
agoranomus in Opus Amorgos Olbia, Sicinos and many , , ,
places
18
by gymnasiarchs in Delos
,
19
Lesbos 20
Melos 21 Tegea 22 , , , ,
23 24 25
lulls , by the agonothet in Branchidae and other parts of Asia ,
26 27 28 29
Boeotia Opus Selymbria by the recorder at Cnidus by
, , , ,
30 31
the harbour-master at Thespiae by a senator in Sparta ,
.
The largest number of such dedications are connected with

the priesthood or temple service. Oldest I should also have
said, were it certain that priests dedicated their own statues,
or that the state did this for them ;
but although statues of
these officials existed, there is no information as to who
dedicated them, and on what occasion. Most of this class are
1
IGS iii. 1. 706 *iXde;/os AtVxpiWos 20
IGI ii. 134.
Kal ffvvdpxoi AprafUTi. CIG 2430
21
vTroyvfj,i>a<Tiapxr)<Tas,
2
IGS iii. 1. 706 10 -rrpvTave^xras. Hermes and Heracles.
3
Collitz iii. 3030. 22
CIG 1517.
4
Collitz iii. 3240 ff. ;
IGSI 209 ff. CIG 2367 c, d Ep/^t.
<"
24
5
IGSI 313. The five agonothets offer each a
6 BCH vi. unpublisht (kindly communi-
<j>ia\r)
:
I CIG 2076, Achilles Pontarches. cated by M. Haussoullier).

8 Collitz i. 1330 A0dva UoXtadi ol
w xix. 37 Magnesia AM ; Newton,
TToXidpxot. Halic. 802 103 Bargylia.
9
BCH xiii. 69 Ep/*oi Apo/*/wi. 26 IGS i.
3091, 1830 rbv fyura Kal TO,
10
CIG 2067 ff., Apollo Prostates. ev TWL irpovaiwi Qvp&nara e/c TWV ISluv
II
IGI iii. 1077. eireffKevaffev.
12
Collitz iii. 3328. IPI i. 978 ff.
27 IGS iii. 1. 282.
13
IGSI 204 &yvaTs Beats nvapovefoais. 28
Collitz iii. 3071.
14 IGS iii. 1. 282. 29
Collitz iii. 3511 ypafifULTefav pov\ai
15 AM xxi. 199. AOavai Nt/f?;0dpa>t
/cat Eoriai BouXafai
16
CIG 2078 /. (3rd cent.).
!7 CIG 2447 d Bp/t^.
30 IGS i. 1826 \tf*evapx/i<ras
Sis Atocr-
18
Hirschfeld, Zeitschr. f. ost. Gymn. /cotfpots /cat TTJI TroXet.
1882, p. 502 3, quotes fourteen ex- 31

Collitz iii. 4465 yepovreûv, rwt
amples.
19 BCH xv. 251, Apollo and Hermes.
honorificand of late date 1 This is however the proper place .
to mention that the statues of the priestesses of Hera at
Argos, but of what period is not plain, were seen before her
2
temple The same is related of the temple of Demeter at
.
Hermion 3 and the shrine of the Eumenides at Cerynea in

,
Achaia 4 There is some evidence for priestly statues at Athens

.
5
(and the figure of Lysimache has been claimed for one ), but
not enough to show custom. The Butadae, a very ancient
Athenian clan descended from the early kings, furnisht the
priestesses of Athena Polias and the priests of Erechtheus, who
were both worshipt in the Erechtheum. Paintings of the
Butadae were on the walls of that temple 6 and wooden statues ,
of the orator Lycurgus and his sons (who belonged to the

7
family) were also there Habron dedicated their pedigree on
.
his election to the priesthood, and no doubt all the statues had
reference to this right. A priest s statue stood in the temple
of Artemis at Cnidus 8 . If this really was an early custom, the
statues were doubtless properly characterised, and will have
represented the priest s function in plastic form. Mere portraits

they could not have been.
In later times priestly dedications are very common.
Hierarchs 9 priests 10 overseers of sacrifice 11 and their staff 12
, , ,
occur amongst these, but the usual designation is vague 13 The .
1
Thus a priestess characterised, for life. Epidaurus : IPI i. 995 ff.
holding a patera, is dedicated by her u IGS i. 788, 5a/j.iovpyn-

apxiepoduras
son in Ehamnus : CIA iv. 1380 b. <ras
704, 705, tepapxâs Thebes IGS
2
Paus. ii. 17. 3. The canephorus i. 2480, eiriffTdrai Delos BCH ix. 155.
13
cited here by Frazer was a tithe; see iepoiroioi IGS i. 705 Lindos, IGS
above, p. 79. i. 653 Ithaca (archaic), CIA ii. 1333
Attica, Delos (yearly) HCH ix. 155.
3
Paus. ii. 35. 8.
4 )3
Paus. vii. 25. 7. icpaTcfoaffa Athens CIA iii. 94,
5
Frazer on Paus. ii. 346, quoting Halicarnassus CIG 2661 6, iepyreixras
CIA ii. 13778, 1386,
13926, all late Boeotia IGS i. 3097, cp. 3215, 3219,
and of no account for our argument. Delos BCH xii. 250, Corcyra IGS iii. 1.
Paus. i. 26. 5. 712, Rhodes IGI i. 31, 62, 825, 832, etc.
7
Plut. X. Orat. 39. 833
(regular), eiriXax^ iepevs ; lapa-
8
Collitz iii. 3502. reiWa Boeotia IGS i. 3216 ; tepoflur/?-
9
BCH xix. 375. o-as Rhodes IGI i. H36 ta/ureiW Gyrene ;
10
Cyprus: Collitz i. 1. Lindos: IGI Collitz iii. 4841 ff.; iapireiWi/re 4649
i.788. Rhamnus: Sybel6221. Athens: (Messenia); two women 0eu/co\ifa-aerai
CIA iv. 2. 1205 b, on becoming priestess Aetolia IGS iii. 1. 421.
l
inferior temple officials, such as dfcopos ,
7rvp(f)6po^, a-reâvr]-
3 5
<t>6pos , v8po(f)6pos*, 7rpocf)^r^ are not wanting, nor the band ,
master himself 6 and the sacred crier 7 whole group often act . A
together; as in the dedication to Zeus Soter and Aphrodite,
8
apparently made after some games or in the sacrificial body ,
mentioned above 9 or these and the mystae in Samothrace 10 , .
The priest of Apollo at Thebes often, if not regularly, used

to dedicate a tripod 11 The sacrificial staff at Cos appears to .
have made periodic dedications 12 woman who carried the jar . A

of water in the rites at Branchidae, dedicated a vessel of some
sort in memory of the occasion 13 .
The occasion of these offerings cannot be

distinctly made
out: it cannot be stated, that how
is, far they were thank-
offerings for election to the office, and how far due to special
occasions. The formula now and then seems to indicate that
the election itself is the reason 14 and a similar idea perhaps
;
15
suggested Peisistratus altar . But such phrases as
thank-
offering us nothing 16 tell ,
while those which were made in
obedience to a dream 17 do not
belong to this place at all. It is
fair to assume that where the
participle used, the aorist is
18
offering has a direct reference to the office the present parti ;
ciple implies only that the dedicator was in office at the time.
It is possible that where the
present participle is used, all, as
certainly some, were paid for out of the temple funds and that
1
CIA iii. 102 ; Asclep. and Hyg.
-
uTro/xvTjfut dv0T]K.
Argolis: GIG 1178 iepevs irvp(p6po<s.
14
lepebs yev6fjt.ei>os Sybel 6221 ; frt/co/>os
IPI i. 1050 n So IGI iii. 117 (Lesbos)

-yej^/ôj 6222.
.
a
CIG 2713 ffTe<pavr)(t>opw.
kparevaas ^-P^^piov BCH xviii. 290 ;
4
CIG 2886
5
v8po<t>opov<Ta.
(Rhodes) eTrtorareiWs x^^piov ,
to
Abodes: IGIi. 833. Hermes Propylaeus; IGI ii. 112 KCUT-
ti
no\vapxjffas, Amorgos, BCH xv. ratfeisi/Vo ras /3o\Xas

etxapurrjpuw ;
117 leparfvaais xapio-rripiov (Lesbos) ;

7
itpoKTJpvt, Amorgos, BCH xiv. 596. BCH xviii. 290 ihrtoraTetferas
Epirus : CIG 1798 H&VTU, a^rcis, r -f)piov (Rhodes).
9
Note w p 264. .
is
ie
^^ ^
IGI L
dpx
3L
abov6) p m
10
CIG 2157 iepoTToiol Kal nvarai etfcre- 1?
CIG 1176 6 KO.T
^^ ^ ovap.
iepo<t>di>Tr)s
is; cp. 2160. is

But one hag &p inscr>
p
Paus. ix. 10. 4.
evyarpos, and e6dpcvos (Cyprus): BCH
12
Collitz iii. 37089. xix. 340.
13
CIG 2855 cb-yeioj 6
1
the dedicator was acting the hierarchy These officially for .
refer perhaps to buildings or repairs, consecrated thus by the

officials*.
A key to the occasion is found in a large class of decrees

which record a vote of thanks past to an official after his
3
term, which was usually accompanied by a crown either of ,
leaves or of gold, according to the importance of the person.

The recipient seems to have made a sacrifice of thanksgiving 4 ,
and he naturally wisht to commemorate the occasion in some

way. Megacles of Rhamnus dedicates a statue to Themis on
5
receipt of this honour from his demesmen the usual thing ;
was to dedicate the crown at least. The fact is frankly

recognised in an inscription which records the gift of a crown
to Spartocus and Pairisades, of Bosporus, in 346, who as
foreigners might have neglected the wholesome use they are :
6
directed to dedicate their crowns on the Acropolis forthwith .
This custom explains the immense number of crowns recorded

in the Inventories. One of the Athenian lists, from the latter
part fourth century, consists wholly of such crowns
of the
dedicated by the recipients 7 three of the persons mentioned, ;
Nausicles, Neoptolemus, and Charidemus, are stated by Demo

8
sthenes to have received honorific crowns .
Dedications, cer
tainly or probably including the crowns, are made by bodies of
1
Collitz iii. 4844 e/c rets rtZv TU> dvari-devai TOUS arefpdvovs eTriypd\l/avTas
AT^XXuu OS iepûv e7rt56<rtos ; ibid. 4845 STrdpro/cos Kai Haiptcrddr)? AevKuvos TTCU-
e/c rav rdo ATrdXXuvos Trpoadduv, both of 5es avtBeaav TTJL Adrjvaiai crTefpavudfrres
Roman date. VTTO rov 8rj/j.ov rov Adyvaiuv.
a
Collitz iii. 4842 iepeirevwv rav 7 CIA ii. 741, p. 511 (338 B.C.).
8
Kpdvav eTreaKeijacrf. Dem. On the Crown 114, p. 264 ;
3
For a discussion of the inscrip- cp. Aesch. iii. 46. A Rhodian inscr.
tions which are accompanied by a tells of several honorific crowns and
crown carved in relief, see AJA vi. dedicated by the recipient to
fillets,
69 ff. several gods: IGI i. 155 115 cwfê
4
Collitz iii. 3106 rov re avopiavra. Aiovvcrui Ba/cxetwt /cat TUN. /coti/aJt (the
dvaardffas 6vae TraVt roij deois /cat guild), also the odd phrase 155 50 dvtdrjKe
ediTTVifff TOVS TroXet ras Trdvras. rats rpieTriplcn /cat ran K0iv&i. The man
5
CIA iv. 2. 1233 e. So in Lesbos : was periodically to receive a crown
IGI 96 dydX/Mira, e^dpai j.
ii. bought by a poll-tax, and after his death
6
CIA iv. 2. 109 b 33 tireiSTj de rot s the money was to be used to buy a
<rT<t>dvovs
dvariOtaffi. TTJI Atf^j/at TTJL crown, which was then to be sold,
IloXidSi, TOI>S ddXo&tras ets rbv yew the sum being entered in the books,
1
men in common: by "archons and parasiti"
at Pallene ; by the
2
senate of Athens in recompense for its services by a board of ;
3
arbitrators which has given satisfaction by the prytanes of ;
the tribe which has best approved itself in the tribal competi
tion
4
by bodies of thiasotes or orgeons
;
5
A decree of Minoa .
ordains that each year the officials who did sacrifice in the most
6
magnificent way should be crowned Here is a man thus .
honoured by a public vote of the senate, the soldiers, and the

deme 7 there is a general so honoured 8 or the trainer of a band
; ,
9 10
of youths ,
or a guild official Bare justice and upright dealing .
11 12
is cause sufficient or even public spirit
,
Several crowns .
conferred by the Athenians upon distinguish! men are found
amongst those dedicated on the Acropolis amongst others, one ;
of Alexander the Great, and one of the Paeonian Tisamenes 13 .
Lysander after the defeat of the Athenians received crowns

14
from many cities and crowns are known to have been dedi ;
15
cated by him both at Delos , and, by a refinement of insult, at
16
Athens also Conon after his victory over the Lacedaemonians,
.
and Chabrias after the sea-fight off Naxos, dedicated crowns on
evepytra ffTf(pai w6ti>Tos

8 CIA ii. 1194 ffTparrjybs CTTI TT]V
ffre<pdv<j}i
es rbv del x/o<W>, irapdKiav.
ffre(pdvov rov irpa.6vTO$ 155 65
.
9 CIA iv. 2. 1571 b.
10
1
Ath. vi. 234 p ev 5e ITaXX^tSi rots CIA ii. 987, etc. One of these
dvad-rj/j-affiv etrcy^ypaTTTai rd8e dpxovrfs dedicates a firstfruit : CIA ii. 9 dwap-
KO.I TrapdffiTOi dv^Qevav oi tiri Hv6o5upov XT}V ffT<f>av(ji}dfh
VTTO TWV (rracriajrwi .
ecpavuOtvTfi XP vff V
11
BCH xviii. 505 Imbros :
iepetay.
2
Probably: CIA ii. 1157 (a statue),
12
IGS i. 1863 Thespiae :
dpiara iro\i-
cp. 1174.
3
CIA ii. 942, 943 (B.C. 325/4), 1182. 13 CIA ii. 741 / 4 ffTefdvw 5vow, ols
Arbitrators themselves offer a silver 6 5?7/u.os (TT(pdvi>}ffe AXtâvdpov, etc.

bowl 14
: ii. 733 with 735. Xen. Hell. ii. 3 are(f)a.vovs oOs Trapd
4
For the competition, see CIA i.
338 (408/7) BCH xiii. 346 (360/50),

;
15
BCH vi. 153, xiv. 407:
v. 362 (340); for the crowns CIA ii. A
Hvppivr]s x/)i>(roOs, Avcrdvdpov
864 viKr)(rai>Tes, doâv run 5?7/uwt, with vlov dvddrj/uia, 6\K7)v dpa-x/Jial F 1
P hhh
the following inscrr. ffvv TUH p65oH. He also offers a crown
5
CIA ii. 988, 990 (statue to Ascle- of vine and a third of laurel, 410.
pius).
16
CIA ii. 660 15 ffrtyaros xpwrous 8v
6 Rev. Arch. xxix. 79. A.vffdvdpos AaKedai/JLovtov dv^0r}Kev, crTa.6-
7
CIA ii. 1191. PPI-r-r-.
the Acropolis, which may be assigned to a similar occasion 1

.
Amongst the donors in the Delian treasure lists is Pharax,

doubtless the Spartan admiral who aided Dercyllidas in the
invasion of Caria (397): he offers a gold crown to Apollo
2
Pythian Another crown is set down to Ameinondas, perhaps
.
a mistake for Epameinondas, who occurs in a different list, if

we may suppose the inscription to have been damaged 3 Other .
dedications at Delos are Callicrates, King Demetrius, Antipater,

Philocles King of Sidon, and Polycleitus admiral of Ptolemy 4 .
A golden circlet, offered by Datis at Delos, may be mentioned

here although whether Datis were the Persian leader, or what
;
the occasion of the offering, does not appear 5 Flamiuinus, .
after his victories in Greece, sent a gold crown to Delphi 6 and ;
7
L. Cornelius Scipio one to Delos Four crowns were dedicated .
8
by Nero in Olympia, but these were probably his prizes .
Golden crowns were commonly presented to the Athenian

people by states which had cause to be grateful to them, and
these also were dedicated on the Acropolis. What pride the
Athenians took in these memorials is told us by Demosthenes 9 .
"I think all of you,"

he says, "have seen the red letters inscribed
under these crowns, setting forth how The Allies crowned the
Athenian people for its courage and uprightness, or The
Euboeans saved and crowned the people." In the
set free
fourth century we crowns of honour presented to the
find these
people by Andros, Arethusa, Carthage, Elaeus, Erythrae,

1
Demosth. Timocr. 756 eireyt-ypaTTTb 6
Pint. Flam. 12.
TTOV Trd\iv "Kbvwv dwb TTJS vavfj,axias TTJS 7
BCH vi. 39 90 ffrpaTrjybs PufAaitav.
8
irpbs AaKe5ai(j.oviovs, Xa/3/)i as a-rrb rrjs ev Paus. v. 12. 8.
9
Nd(f> vavfj-axio-s- So again in Androt. Demosth. Timocr. 756 oi//.cu yap
616. vfj.as airavTas bpav virb ruv are^dviav
2
BCH xiv. 409. TOIS x oivlK - (ri xdrudev yeypa/m^va oi
3
BCH xv. 134. The crown was ffvfj.fj.axoL rbv drjuov rbv Adrjvai^v avdpa-
older than 364; the entry alluded to ya6ias &>e/c
e<rre0d;
axraj> KOU SiKa.ioo-tii Tjs
belongs to 279. $, oi cru/u/iaxot apurrelov rrj AQrjvqL av-

4 BCH xiv. 407, 409. devav 77
Kara 7r6XeiS, oi Selves rbv drjfj.ov
5
BCH vi. 152, xiv. 410 ffrpeirrbv effre<p6.vwffa.v, ffu$4vrtt virb rov dy/mov,
Xpv<rovv
AdnSos A similar
<ii>d.6r)/u,a.
ofoi
1
Eiy/Soets ffwdevres Kai eXevBepwdevTes

circlet was the customary offering of effTe(pa.vu<ra.v
rbv drj/j-ov. He calls them
the generals at Olbia
five for the /caXa Kai ^Xwra Cp. the
"
eTrtypdfj.fj.aTa.
prosperity of the city, and for their Androt ion, 616.

own safety and courage," GIG 2067 ff.
1
Mytilene, Samos, perhaps Thasos and Naxos by Boeotia
2
, ,
Alopeconnese, Chersonese, and Samothrace, and by the soldiers

in Sciathus. Methymna sends a flute-case 3 Paros sends a ,
crown to the Boule 4 Others come from Myrrhina, Tenedos, .
Pontus 5 Similarly, a golden crown given by Athens to the

.
6
sanctuary at Oropus was dedicated there .
It is but a short
step from these to the honorific statues,
which in the later ages and
especially under the Roman rule
meet us in swarms
7
The dedication of these is a departure
.
from the simple thanksgiving of the older

worshippers, which
recognised only the divine help, to a feeling which soon
degenerates into flattery or self-glorification. It was in fact an
honour pure and simple, so that decrees are
past giving the right
to dedicate
8
We see the beginning of the practice in the
.
dedication of the statues of victorious athletes, and in those of
groups containing victorious generals and deliverers; and by

their side we may place a few others which are not undeserved.
The difference is, that they commemorate rather a
general
respect and feeling that honour is due, than a special de
liverance where the man may be looked on as the instrument
of God. This seems to be the
origin of the statues of Epami-
nondas, several of which are mentioned. One the Thebans
dedicated in Thebes, with an
inscription which sums his up
achievements 9 there was another in the
sanctuary at Epi-
;
daurus 10 and a third in Messene 11

, Several statues or reliefs .
were erected to Polybius, for his services done to Greece

2
after the conquest; at Mantinea 1 13
Acacesium 14
,
Megalopolis , ,
1
CIA ii. 699 701 called a-rtcpavoi TroXews other
;
TTJ^ rj/j.ui TOTTW. Many
^retoi in 701 18 .
examples.
2
CIA ii. 736. 9
Paus> ix 12 15
6) 6>
3
CIA ii. 660 ffvpfyi,.
10
Paus iv> 31> 10
4 CIA "
700. 11
Paus . iv . 32. i.
6
CIA 1 - 733 - 12
Paus. viii. 9. 2 TOVTO Avripra wacdi
I
avri
7
Details are given in many The
inscrr., fy 7W i/ iffaT o
UovXvpltf. stele, with
e.g. one from Bithynia, where a man and part of the
portrait relief, inscr.,
is rewarded drivi ypairrr, e^TrAy Ka l has been found : BOH xx. 145. Inschr.
dXXfl dKbvi K al dydâri. fj.apfj.apLv V and
, V on OL 449
{vravOa dvrjp tTrdpyaffrat.
a marble statue for his mother: BCH ffT ^r,
IloX^cos 6 Avripra. See also
Polyb. x. 46, xl. 8. 11.
8 GIG 2152 i 13 (?eu/cu 5e at/rocs dva- 13
p a us. viii. 30. 8.
Beivai /ecu
dv8pidi>Tas ev rw ^TricrTy/iOTdrw 14
p a us. viii. 37. 2.
3 1 4 2
Pallantium Olympia and Cleitor and certain exiles,
,
Tegea , ,
:
who had been befriended by Aratus, did the same for him 5 .
6
Statues of Isocrates were dedicated at Eleusis by a friend and ,
7
at Athens by his adopted son Pupils dedicated the statues .
of their masters. Thus in Peiraeus, sacred to the Muses,

8
were statues of Artemon, Dionysius, Philetairus in Athens, ;
Attains II and Ariarathes V set up a statue of Carneades,

who taught them philosophy 9 A well-known story tells how .
10
Pyrrhias went so far as to sacrifice an ox to his benefactor .
11
To enumerate the world
of honorific statues or pictures
which are attested by inscriptions would serve no useful pur
pose but it may be worth while to give a few examples of
;
their kinds. The ground of the dedication is either some

specific act of generosity or service, or even the vaguest good
12
life or good citizenship
13
. The people, or the senate and the
people, dedicate statues of officials who have done their duty ;
14
thus Salamis does honour to her general Athens to her ,
15 16 17
taxiarch ,
trierarch ,
or admiral . The members of a derne erect
18
the statue of a gymnasiarch The troops on service at Phyle .
and Eleusis dedicate a statue of their captain to Demeter at

19
Eleusis mentioning on the same slab his victories in the
,
games, as one might now add a man s titles or degrees. The

ephebes honour their trainer, and the senate both trainer and
1 10
Paus. viii. 44. 5. Plut. Quaest. Gr. 34.
2
Paus. viii. 48. 8. u CIA ii. 621 dvadelvcu 5e avrov
E.g.
3
Inschr. von Olympia 449. et /c6va e/u. irlvaKi ev TOJI va&i. So eiK&v
4 AM vi. 154 ff. with AZ xxxix. ypairrT] frequently. We also find silver
153 ff. masks mentioned (irpoffuira}. The
5
Plut. Aratus 14: BCH xiii. 193 word dya\/j.a is used of a honorific
(Troezen) "Aparov KXeivla ZiKvuviov 6 statue in Messenia (3rd century or so),
Sa/xos dvtdrjKe. Collitz iii. 4651 2, 4660.

6 12
Plut. Vit. X. Or. 27 di<uv
xaXiri;... Collitz iii. 3435,3439 (Anaphe) plov
Kal eiriytypaTTTai Ti/u.66eos <pi\ias
re dpicrra [3iucrai>Ta.
l3 4658
Xdptv, vveffiv re TrpoTifMwv IffOKpdrovs Collitz iii. aptcrra iro\iTev<rd-
et /ab T7j5 dvte-rjKe Beats. ptvov. See also p. 267 r2 .
7 l4 CIA 1161.
Plut. Vit. X. Or. 41 7rp6s T$ 0\vfi- iv. Suppl. 2.
7nV, w
CT! Kiovos Kal e^ypa^-
15
CIA ii. 1340 (B.C. 346/5).
IcroKparovs A<papfbs Trarpbs eli<6va

rr)v5
l6
CIA ii. 1354.
dvte-rjKe Z-rjvL, Beovs re atfiuv Kal yovtwv

17 CIA ii. 1359.
18
dperfy.
CIA ii. 1340.
s
BCH vii. 767. 19
CIA ii. 1217.
9 AM v. 2846.
ephebes
1
;
merchants the captain, who has probably helped to
2 3
preserve them and their trade ;
a school of art their poet ;
4 5
similar honour is paid to the gymnasiarch or agonothet to ,
6 7
the public physician ,
the hierophant the manager of the ,
8 9
Mysteries priest or priestess leader of a pilgrimage or pro
, ,
10 13
cession the canephori 11 or arrhephori 12 the priestess of a guild
, ,
.
15
Even the upright judge 14 and the ambassador are not for
16
gotten; an official is dedicated by his colleagues There .
seems to be absolutely no kind of service which might not be

recognised in this way. It becomes indeed so commonplace
17
a compliment, that parents dedicate the statues of children ,
18 19 20
children of parents and mothers grandfathers sisters 21
, , , ,
brothers 2 2 uncles 23 husbands 24 wives 25 even nurses 26 are found

, , , , ,
among the dedicators or dedicated. Commonly these statues

were erected precincts in sacred
sacred ;
but when the
character of the dedication was obscured, they came to be
set up in the gymnasium or the market square or in any place
which might be convenient. These statues are seen all over
the Greek world and in particular, the Roman emperors were
;
put up everywhere with a rivalry of adulation, being coupled

27
with gods, called Hero and Founder, or even themselves divine .
It may be worth while to mention one peculiar case, that of

Artemidorus of Perga in Pamphylia, who was a prominent
1
CIA ii. 1350. 17
CIA ii. 1402 ;
a daughter 1383.
2
CIA ii. 1329, cp. 1206. CIA ii. 1397.
3 CIA ii. 1351. Even the senate 19
CIA ii. 1376 ;
IGS in. 1. 287.
does this: IGI iii. 519. 20
CIA ii. 1391 ;
IGS i. 3423.
4
CIA ii. 1340. 21
CIA ii. 1392.
22
5
CIA iv. Suppl. 2. 14026. CIA ii. 1398.
6
IGI i. 1032. 23
CIA ii. 1403.
24
7
CIA ii. 1345. CIA ii. 1413.
8 CIA ii.
1346, 1358.
25
CIA ii. 1413.
9 CIA ii.
1598.
26
BCH xix. 113 ff. Eleusis :
i>
10 CIA
ii. 1358. eavTTjs TTjOyv, lepbâvri-v vewrepas: E0.
11
CIA ii. 1345, 1387, 1388. ApX- iQ 00 31 fyiav * ZirbvS-r) TT?I/ eaimjs
12
CIA ii. 1383, 1385. dpeirTyv /WTJJUTJS xa.pi.v (relief of woman)
13
CIA ii. 619 dvadelvaL 5e O.VTTJS eiKova shows the type used for sepulchral
ev TUH ra<3t, etc. tablet.
14 27 As
CIA ii. 1358 dcKaar^v diKaioffforjs in Sparta, Zavl E\ev0e/3t ot Kv-
tveKtv. See also p. 267 u . ruvLvot SWT%H, Collitz iii. 4492 ;
Lesbos
15
CIA ii. 1359. IGI iii. 140201.
1S
IGI i. 43.
citizen of Thera under Ptolemy Euergetes. He seems to have

had a mania for building altars. Having served in an expedition
against the Troglodytes, he built an altar to Pan of the Safe
Journey, which was found in Nubia. In Thera he built altars to
Hecate, Priapus, and the Dioscuri and cut a number of others ;
out of the native rock, inscribed to O/jiovoia, the Samothracian

gods, and others, in verses which he doubtless thought elegant,
in which the name of Artemidorus is prominent. The
all
consequence was that the Therans crowned him, and set up a

memorial of himself which was to last long as the stars "as
1
shine in the sky, or the solid earth remains ."
As regards the objects dedicated, there is little to say. I

have already mentioned statues, crowns, and altars 2 Once or .
twice we find an inspector of markets most appropriately dedi

cating his measures and weights, the measures being cut into a
3
stone table and it is clear that the object of the dedication
;
was not thanksgiving or prayer, but simply a record of fair

dealing. Priests and temple officials, so far as we can learn,
seem to have chosen such things as would be useful in the
temple ;
such as a number of stone tables for playing at
4 5
draughts which have been found at Epidaurus.
,
or stone lavers ,
The same idea may have suggested an omphalos dedicated to

Apollo in Rhodes
6
Now and then the inscription names the
.
gift, as one from Crete names a human statue and a gold

crown 7 .
1
F. Hiller von Gaertringen, Apre- appear to have been kept in temples,
/uSwpos, in the local paper ZavTopivr), but not inscribed as sacred. Thus on
Aug. 2, 1899. i*.vt)y.b<s\)vov Qr/pq. /ecu e ws the Acropolis of Athens we find one
TroXoK aa-r/o ^TrirAXet, 777$ 5a</>6s
re jj.tvei, with a dolphin upon it, with the words
6vofj. ov \lirev Apre/ziSuipoi;. Again: TîucrTaTTjpoj/, 5r)/j.6<riov Adr)vaiwi ,
also
QrjpaioL ecrTefidvuffav ev ...aivioiaiv e Xcu as a SeKacrrctr^poj (both early). Lolling,

Zpveaiv ApT/j.l5d)pov, 6s cte>a<w /cricre KaraXoyos i. 122, 123 (= museum
/Sw/ious. numbers 6994, 11457).
2
Above, pp. 270, 266, 259.
4 AM xxiii. 1 ff. with figures. These
CIA iii. 98 vybv /ecu rd /^rpa
3
;
bear merely names, no titles.
Eph. Nov. 416 Gythium Ze/facrToFs Kal
5
AM xxiii. 21 iepo/Avanovf, p. 22
rrj 7r6Xet Kapiros dyopavo/j.ui> avtdriKf TO. lapevrtuv.
fjL^rpa, with stone table as described. 6
IGI i. 733.
A leaden weight found in Euboea, 7
Mus. Ital. iii. 588 Itanos : A7r6X-
near a shrine of Artemis, is inscribed Xuju HUTIWI iaparevaas . . .TOV
A/rr^/xiSos, E0. Apx- 1900, 21. It Kal rbv -^pvaeov

should be noted that standard weights
In later times a large number record

buildings put up or
repaired or something done for the beautifying of the temple
It would appear to be one of the
property. prerogatives of
office to pay for any
necessary repairs, which were regarded as
1
dedicated by the official Thus we find seats 2 or an exedra .
3
erected a fountain with images beside it 4 shrines 5 6
,
porticoes , , ,
7
even a proscenium and pillars 8
A gyrnnasiarch of Cythera .
commemorates his tenure of office by dedicating a vapour-

bath and an arena to Hermes 9 Dedications are found of .
10
pillars, pediment, and screen of a stage in the theatre of ,
11
Dionysus ,,
windows or doors 12
colonnades a fountain and ,
13
,
14
conduit a wine-fat 15 a round-house 16 guest-rooms 17 a treasure-
, , , ,
18
chest ,
and chambers or shrines 19 Even two tiles are .
large
dedicated by two persons, whose 20
and a
calling is uncertain ,
clock in Cos was dedicated to Good Luck, the Good and

Spirit,
21
the people . On the same principle, the
ephebes were in later
days expected to make certain contributions to the public
good; amongst them, the gift of a hundred volumes to the
Ptolemaeum. These they are said to dedicate, but in
22
doing so they obeyed a law .
1
See e.g. CIA ii. 489 b, where an 9
Collitz iii. 4553 yvfj.va.(napxri<Tas TO
official is thanked for this kind of vpiaTrjpioit /cat TO /aWaâ Ep/j.ai.
dedication (dvtdrjKev) and iv. 2. 169 b,
10
CIA iii. 162.
623 d ; Khodes, IGI i. 832 ; Aetolia,
11
CIA iii. 239 ; cp. Collitz iii. 3738
Collitz i. 311; Aspendos 1260. Cp.
CIA iii. 385 ff. 12
IGS i.
1830, 2873, 2876, 2235 ;
2 CIA ii. 1570. BCH iii. 324 (Chios).
s
GIG 2430; IGS iii. 1. 96. 13
IGS i. 2235, 2874.
4
IGS i.
3099, iii. 1. 282. 14
IGS iii. 1. 47, 282, 390 ;
IGI iii.
5
ytvei Zepaa-Tuv /cat rrj 7r6Aet rbv 129.
vaov Aprtfudi, etc. IGS i. 2234. 15
IGS iii. 1. 282.
6
yv/j.i>affiapxri<ra.s
e/c TUV idiuv dW- 16
BCH xix. 46 (Magnesia).
6-rjKev TT]v aroav /cat TT]V efoodov /cat ras 17
Collitz iii. 3634 (Cos).
18
dvpas Ep/xfl, Hpa/cAe?, /cat TTJ TroXet IGI iii.443 e-qvavplw, 3rd cent.
IGS i. 2235 ; TT\V TraaraSa /cat TO irpo- 19
BCH xviii. 26 xx. 468 ; IGS
;
AM
trvKov Collitz ii. 1519. 2873
i. f., 2233, etc.
7
IGS i. 423. 3409. 20
CIA iii. 206 iepbv Qt&v Ato-
IttrjTpi
8
GIG 27134 Mylasa: (rreQarn- vvcrios /cat A/j./uwi tos.
(f)opCJv...Kiova. avv cnreipr) /cat /ce0a\i7;

21
Collitz iii. 3650.
AM xv. 260 tepe^s Atoj 00-070;
22
CIA ii. 468, 482 ; cp. 466, 478.
R. 18
VIII.
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEEEMONIALS

TOGETHER WITH HUMAN AND DIVINE FIGURES, MODELS OF ANIMALS,
AND INDETERMINATE RELIEFS.
Epex6eiA<MCiN, ocoi TT&NAIONOC

KdJ n<vrpioici
NOMOIC ieyNe
MGMNHC6AI BAKXOIO, KAieYPYXOpoyc KAT
ICTANAI tbpAICON BpOMIOOl X<*P
N AMMI|-<* TTA N TAC,
KAl KNICAN BCOMOTCI, KApH CT6(J)ANOIC HYKACANTAC.

Oracle of Dodona.
VERY many of the recorded dedications cannot be assigned

to any of the above classes, and it will be convenient to group
the more important of them together now as memorials of re
current festivals. Since an offering might commemorate any
rite which a worshipper took part in, so at certain customary
was the custom to make a dedication, public or private,
feasts it
in a general spirit of thanksgiving and prayer. It is possible
that manyof the dedications we are now to speak of were
given on some occasion of private importance,

but there is
nothing to show it, and hence provisionally they are placed

here. That votive offerings were to be expected at festival
times is clear from the Andanian inscription 1
,
not to mention
other indications.
The ancient Greeksanctuaries had naturally their special
celebrations yearly on fixt days, as a modern church observes
the holy day of the saint. It seems to have been a common
thing, that the most ancient
and revered idol of a city, itself
1
Collitz iii. 4689 91 &v TI avAdcâ. \iiro TUV 0v<ria6i>Tuv d
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 275
often hideous or without form, was deckt out on solemn

occasions with magnificent robes of state. Such robes would
be an appropriate offering, whether in time of special need, or
at intervals when the old robes were worn out. For worn out
they were, inasmuch as they would be worn from time to time,
and washed, and perhaps regularly discarded, as is still done
in India. The earliest mention of such customs is found in
the Iliad, where Hecuba propitiates Athena by the gift of the
finest robe in her stores which by the priestess is laid on the
;
goddess s knees . The statues of Eileithyia in Attica were
draped *.
Amongst the catalogues of temple treasures are lists
of sacred robes belonging to different sanctuaries. There is

one list of the divine robes from Samos, tunics, girdles, veils,
clokes, and so forth 3 there are others of those belonging to
;
Artemis Brauronia at Athens, for whose wardrobe the English

4
language is insufficient dress of Athena at Lindos 5 is also
;
mentioned, and of Dione at Dodona to whom the Athenians

6
,
sent a whole outfit Asclepius at Titane was clad in a woollen

;
shirt arid a mantle 7 and there is no reason to suppose that

;
these were exceptional, especially in view of the practice of

8
other nations Garments were offered to the Cabiri in Boeotia 9
.
;
Laodice sent from Cyprus a robe to Athena at Tegea, in

10
memory of her ancestral connexion with Arcady King Amasis ;
11
sent an embroidered linen tunic to Athena of Lindos ,
and
another to Samian Hera 12 . A statue said to have been once
worshipt as Poseidon, seen by Pausanias in the city of Olympia,

wore clothes of linen and wool 13 Alcman s Partheneion seems .
to commemorate the dedication of a robe to Artemis Orthia
1 7
II. v. 87, vi. 301. Paus. ii. 11. 6.
2
Paus. i. 18. 5. He
does not imply 8
See Frazer s Pausanias ii. p. 575,
that others were not draped, only not and note on v. 16. 2.
so fully. 9
IGS i. 2421, 3rd cent.
3
Curtius, Samos, pp. 10, 17; BCH 10
Paus. viii. 5. 3.
ix. 90. n Herod, ii. 182 8n TO Ipov TO ev

4
CIA ii. 751 8 (some inscribed) ; MvSig TO Trjs A.0-r)vair)s X^yercu TO.S TOV
see Indices. Cp. Paus. i. 23. 7. Aavaov dvyaT^pas idpvcrOat..
5
IGI i. 764 contributions es TO.V
12
Herod, ii. 182 Kara, êiviijv Trjv euv-
diroKaTd(TTa<nv TOV K.6a[ji.ov TO.I AOavai. TOV xal Ho\vKpa.Tôvs.
6 13
Below, p. 278. Hyperides iii. col. Paus. vi. 25. 5 <r0TjTa tpeav KO.I dtrb
35 37 (Blass), quoted by Frazer. \tvov re Kalfitvaov.
182
by women In the great pomps described by Athenaeus, the

1
.
2
divine and heroic figures are quite naturally drest .
We see then in the famous peplos at Athens no isolated

offering,but a kind which was probably more general than we
now know. was presented at the Panathenaea, which in
It
Health
cluded a harvest thanksgiving, sacrifices to Athena
and Athena a watchnight and dances; which feast
Victory,
celebrated in autumn appears to be an old agricultural
being
feast with such additions as city life would suggest.
The
which was drawn in procession with the peplos
great ship,
a looks towards the power of
outstrecht as sail, imperial
Athens won at sea
3
But although there are thus late .
elements in the feast, its origin was older than the Athenian
than the city of Athens itself. Although
empire, older perhaps
Peisistratus was the first to make the dedication of the peplos
from the other evidence that he did
customary, we may infer
not invent the practice
4
At this feast, chosen maidens of .
Athens, the Ergastinae, under the priestess and two Arrhe-

5
the robe with the exploits of Athena and
phori, embroidered
;
baskets
in the procession were other maidens bearing upon
Besides the peplos itself, other
their heads
(canephoroi).
offerings were
sometimes given by the maidens thus honoured,
but the examples do not come from early times.
An inscription
dedicated
of the Ergastinae records that the people
giving a list
of their Often the maidens
a bowl in memory public spirit .
who took a prominent part in the ceremony had their

statues
times at least and a number of the bases

dedicated, in later ;
have been found which once bore arrhephoroi

1
. A girl who bore
i 23 better in 5
See Harpocration and Et. Mag.
Alcman, (Bergk);
s.v. ipyaffrlvat
Smyth Greek Melic Poets, p. 6: rai s.v. dppôpe* Hesych. ;
;
XA5 yap far 0/<M* 0fipos 0eâ AM viii. 57 ff. ; Mommsen, Feste, 107.
.
AM/3/Hxrte,
are ôv arrpov They might be as young as seven,
and Schol. Doubtless,
Arist. Lys. 641
cu ^xovra, was sup-
as M. suggests, their touch
Ath. v. 198 A, 200 c, etc.
3 It is not known when this practice posed to be lucky.

Mommsen, Feste, 115 1.
6
AM
viii. 57 fl. ;
CIA ii. 477, which
began :
CIA
doubtless refers to the P7 a<m,ar,
Mommsen, Feste, 113. With P. e>
4
iv. 2. 477 d. 15.
it was offered every four years; later
Died. J. 46 (late 4th cent.,; CIA ii. 1378-85, 1390-1, 1393;
linear.
Arist. Knights 566.
Hi. 887, 916-18 Symmachus, if. i.
;
BehoL
water in the sacred feast of Branchidae offers a

piece of tapestry
1
to Artemis and small figures of water-bearers are known in
;
Tegea*. A priest at Magnesia on the Maeander dedicates a

3
hydria .
Two
other dedications of the same kind as the
peplos are
recorded. Sixteen Elean women
every four years made a
similar robe and dedicated it to Hera at 4
and at Olympia ;
Amyclae, women made a tunic

6
for Apollo .
Priests and priestesses seem

occasionally to have dedicated
their own robes or ornaments, used on solemn occasions. Such
occasions were no doubt commemorated by the toilet reliefs of
late date, found near Amyclae
on which are carven mirror, ;
torch, spindle, phial, a nest of boxes, pestle and mortar,

knife,
strigil, bottle, two bodkins, a pair of shoes, a and other cap,
6
like objects . The dedications of robes to Brauronian Artemis
7
may be and the marble footstool dedicated
similar
by a
,
priestess to at Cnidus 8 We shall see that the mystae

Demeter .
dedicated their garments at Eleusis 9 It seems likely that .
the stlengides of the

Sybarites were dedicated at Delphi as
10
part of the ceremonial costume and possibly a series of bronze ;
fillets found in Laconia were dedicated to

Apollo Hyperteleatas
by the priests whose names they bear, although it is true the
formula of dedication is
wanting A stlengis found at Dodona, 11
.
with a nonsensical
inscription, which seems to refer to ritual,
12
is a real
scraper When the ô-au/oo? or was .
offertory-box
33. There is no evidence earlier than Ayâ Avrurdrpov Upeta ; F-W. 1851
these inscrr. The statuette of a so- 2 ; Newton, Essays, 193.
called canephorus found at Paestum 7
CIA ii. 751 ff. ; above, p. 275.
has been otherwise explained p. 79. 8
:
Newton, Halie. 392.
1
v5po<J>opov<ra
TO irapav^rafffjia, GIG 9
Below, p. 282.
2886 - 10
*
Below, p. 281.
2
See below, p. 288. n E
0. Ap X -
1884, p. 79 ff.
Names,
AM xix. 42 KX&upo? KXeatVou
dp- Ancient dedica-
tepefy, Trvpocpopos, etc.
XiepTjTeuw T7]v vSpiav. tions to the same god found with them,
4
Paus. v. 16. 2, vi. 24. 10. The 198 ff.
Sixteen appear to represent the chief 12
Carapanos 107, pi. xxvi. 3: Z^
cities of Elis, v. 16. 5.
i/cer?} /ScurtXeZ xPôt...Atos Nctov ical
Paus. iii. 16. 2. Auoj/as XPW"* /cat epyao-las aTrcur... auras
6
Cat. Brit. Mas. Sc. 811 Ave ij<nj ^wiffra^
ou vTroffrdrpia; 812 KXauSfa,
opened at Eleusis, part of the money found there was used in

1
buying an offering .
It is natural to suppose that a sacred embassy, which un
doubtedly performed sacrifice, brought also some offerings for

dedication ;
and there is not a evidence which points that
little
way. It is recorded that an Athenian who conducted an

2
embassy to Delphi took a tripod with him Hyperides gives .
3
details of one of these sacred missions From Demosthenes .
we learn that the Athenians were on one occasion commanded
by an oracle of Dodona to deck out the statue of Dione, and

to send certain victims, a bronze table, and the gift which the
Athenian people had offered
4
A phiale or bowl appears from .
our records to have been the usual gift of a theoria. Cyzicus

sends a bowl to Branchidae, yearly if we may argue from the
5
scanty evidence and occasional dedications are recorded of
;
6
the theori from Ephesus of those from king Ptolemy and the ,
7 8 9
people of Alexandria of kings Prusias Seleucus, Antiochus , , ,
and Queen Camasarya 10 . A tribal offering is also mentioned 11 .
In one year were dedicated at Branchidae silver bowls from

Alinda, Carthage, Chalcis, Chios, Clazomenae, Cos, Cyzicus,
1
E0. Apx- 1883, p. 125 3 . /cat dtupiav KOI dvviav iro\\G)v
2
BCH xviii. 92. In the previous aTrooTetXai Tes aireKOff^ffaTe rb 25os rrjs
inscr. (p. 87), it is true, he brought it Atwi^s dtws v^&v avrCjv

/cat /cat rrjs 6cov
back again (d7re/c6/(rej/), so perhaps ...tav ^tv roLvvv rd -rrepl ryv <pi.a\-r)v yeyo-
the object of the mission was to get v6ra tv dSt/cârt i/^taô-tfe elvat, etc.
it blest. Or did he fetch the sacred 4

Dem. Meid. 531 <r/c
Aw5o>i/??s pav-
as the Lemnians did each year re?ai. r STÔJ r$ Kdyvaluv 6 TOV Aids
fire,
So did the 6 rt ras
(Philostr. Her. xix. 14)? aâivec upas irap-rjv^Kare rijs
allies : CIA i. 37. 0v<rias /cat rrjs dewplas, atperoi>s TT^TTCLV

3
Hyperides, Euxenippus xxviii. : /ceXeiêt deupous etW/ca 5ta Td%ew^, ry Ait
delegates were sent to sleep in the r$ NaiV rpets /Sous /cat irpbs e/cdo-ry /3ot
shrine and report their vision 6 STÔS : Svo ol?, TT? Atc6i/7? povv /cat &pva tepeid,
x a^ K V T avdd-r]fj,a 5
êj/tTTTrwt rptrwt O.VTUI ey- /cat 1
rpdireâv *(*>*
eis rb tep6 ,
oSros 5e /COI^T?- av^Kev 6 5ôs 6 M-qvaLwv.
Bets evvirvibv (prjaiv ideiv 6 rwt 5^/xwt
5
GIG 2855, 2858.
6 GIG 2860.
a7ra77erXat. Then xxxv. :
i)fuv yap 6
4v 7 GIG 2860
Zei>s 6 AwSajj/atos TrpoatTa&v riji (thrice repeated).
/xaj Tetai rb &ya\fj.a rijs AIWJ/TJS e?rt-

8
GIG 2855.
9 GIG 2852.
KOfffJ.riaa.(. /cai vfj.e1s Trpbffiairbv re wait]-
crdfiefot ws ol6v re KaXXicrrov Kal rfiXXa

10
GIG 2855.
irdvra rd dK6\ov6a, /cat ic6<r}j.oi>
iroXvv n GIG 2855 KOLVOVV TTJS <pv\ijs TTJS
Kal Tro\VT\Tj TTjt de&i TTapaGKevdtravTes Acrwr^Sos (?).

Erythrae, lasus, Megalopolis, Mylasa, Myrrhina, Khodes and

1
Smyrna At the public feasts of Delos too, foreign cities and
.
2
potentates regularly sent their offerings Thus the islands of .
Cos, Calymnos, and Rhodes sent a bowl thither year by year in

3
the hands of their theori So too the kings of Egypt and .
Macedon, less regularly of Syria

4
We have mention of Ptolemy, .
and Berenice, Demetrius, Stratonice, Philocles of Sidon, and

others.
The temple officials dedicated bowls yearly at the feasts of
5
Eutychea and Philadelphea and from the names of other ;
vessels it would appear that private persons may have left a

sum of money for such a yearly gift, as the mediaeval Christians
founded their chantries 6 Delian women, the dancers at the
.
7
feast,appear again and again offering a crown and the Thyes- ;
8
tidae and Ocyniadae, two Delian trittyes, offer a bowl each year .
It will be convenient here to gather together some vases

with dedications upon them again not to assume that they :
allcommemorate a ritual act, but that they may. Often, no

doubt, vases were dedicated for their own worth, and we have
seen that there were many occasions when such offerings were
made. Some of them were dedicated by priests, as in the
Boeotian Cabirium
9
A number of bronze vessels on the Acro
.
polis of Athens bear dedications 10 but many of these were ,
firstfruits. In the same place was found a vase of pottery,

with the formula of dedication painted upon it this contains ;
a picture of Artemis, and in the missing part there is room for

11
her name One Acropolis vase is inscribed Of the Good God 12
.
.
MS. catalogue from an inscr. dis-

1
itsmaker, and possibly these were the
covered by M. Haussoullier, who kindly same Athen. xi. 467 B. For endow-
:
sent me a copy. ments see IGS i. 43.

2
BCH vi. 144 ; Ziemann, p. 4.
7 BCH xiv. 407, xv. 120.
3
BCH vi. 29 ff., lines 31, 35, 37,
8 BCH xv. 139.
38, 39, 94, 95, 107, 109, 162; xiv. 408; 9 AM xv. 409 89 taperfs,
9
<f>tX6xo/>os
xv. 125. 88 .
iapi5s :
cp.
4
BCH vi. 157, 158 ;
xiv. 407 (gold 10
JHS xiii. 126 foil.
crowns, myrtle, ivy), 409. u AM v. 256, pi. x. : 6 Trots *aX6s.

5
BCH
vi. Ill they are called evrt-
: eo^/ice....
12
Xos and 0iXa5^X0eios. Rev. Arch, xxxii. 185 dyadov Qeov.
6
BCH vi. 110, 111 :
yopyieios named Another from Athens, Atos Swr%>os,
from Gorgias, /tt/ctfflaos from Micythus. ibid.
6-r}piK\eioi>
is a special kind named from
In Boeotia a few have lately been found, inscribed to Apollo

Coryceus or Pythian
1
at Dodona vases dedicated to Zeus ;
Naios 2 Vases inscribed to Athena were found in the temple

.
of Athena Cranaia at Elatea 3 A fragment dedicated to Ascle- .
pius was found in the shrine of the hero Amynus at Athens 4 .
Stone vessels, perhaps holy water, were dedicated in for
Athens 5 . A kind of stone laver was dedicated at Epidaurus,

meant no doubt, like the draught tables, for use in the precinct 6 .
At Naucratis, numbers of pottery fragments were found, with

dedications to Apollo and Aphrodite scratcht on them 7 others :
9
were dedicated to Hera and the Dioscuri 8 to Heracles and , ,
to the "gods
of Greece 10 ."
Among the dedicators is one
historical name, if the Phanes who presented a magnificent
12
bowl 11 be the same who deserted Amasis for Cambyses Perhaps .
13 14
the sculptor Rhoecus is another and the courtezan Archedice ,
.
The vessels are cups and bowls, plates, ewers and craters, in
great variety
15
A vase dedicated to Hermes comes from .
1
E0. Apx- 1900, 107 ff. :
Ar}/j.oOtpi)s
lapbv AT^XWPOS ~KapvKefio ; lapov TOV 787 rat A0po5rcu; 78793 are in
Hvdiov Ftafbdtfos dveOrjKe. Apollo Py Aeolic, and use KaddyKe they ;

are made
thian at Epidaurus IPI i. 1169. : of different ware, probably Lesbian.
2
Collitz iii. 1373 2u>rcupos dvedrjKe
8 No. 833 AtorfotpoLs; 845 "Hpî.
Ad Ncuwt. 1374 adds a e#aro. Cp. [Argive Heraeum rds "Upas ei/. IPI
1375. i. 507.]
3 BCH xii. 41 A6avas iep6s, and 9 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. v. 39.
-
fragments with a.vtdr)Ke. The editor lu Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. v. 55 73 7(i deois
suggests these may have been the

11
dffd/j.LvdoLin which the child-priestesses No. 218 4 di )
of Athena bathed: Paus. x. 34. 8. \bjvi TWI MiXryaiwt 6 r

4
AM xxi. 294. Epidaurus : IPI i.
12
Herod, iii. 4, quoted by the editor.
1203. 13
Naucratis, i. (Inscription*).
5
CIA i. 343. 14
Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. v. 56 108 ; Herod.
6 135.
E0. Apx- 1898, 17 Evapxidas Apiv- ii.
15
Todd/mas. These inscrr. are often scratcht
i
Naucratis, i. 12, 47, 54, ii. 61 ff., anyhow over the design, and the editor
pi. v. viii. No. 1 IloXîiapxfc pe explains them as discarded fragments
dvc0T]K Tu>7r6XXa?j/i KCU T-TJV Trp6xovv thus markt to keep from profane use
KO.I TO U7TOKpT]TT]plOZ> ;
1 a A7r6XXa>J/6s after theywere cast into the temple
dfju ;
1 b AiroXXw <r6s
etfju ; 3, 4 A?r6XXw limbo. It is unsafe, however, to argue
ffov d/JLi ; 109 ff. A?r6XXw vbv efyu, from the carelessness of the inscrip
<rbv
eifj.1. No. 752 rrjs A<po- tions, for in votive inscriptions all
EpfjLoy^vrjs ; 753 Ei)/cX^s variety of carelessness is found. More
ieprjv Tr)(ppo8iTr)t. ; 776 7 Xdp- over, the variety and beauty of the
Clazomenae 1
;
vases probably dedicated to Zeus have been found
3
at Megara and Epidaurus Limora 4 to
2
,
to Apollo at Cynuria , ,
5
the Paphian in Cyprus Besides these, there are innumerable .
fragments of pottery uninscribed, from Argos, Athens, Eleusis,

Naucratis, Olympia, and all the chief temple-sites.
At Delphi we find mention of four golden stlengides, which
have obvious reference to a sacred pomp, dedicated by the
Sybarites a silver goblet by the Phocians a gold crown of ivy-
; ;
leaves by the Peparethians, others of laurel by Ephesus and
Lampsacus, which may have had some connexion with the same
7
occasion" ;
we
mention of many others at Olympia also find .
In the temple of Apollo Ptoan (Boeotia), there are several

8
dedications from delegates of the Boeotian confederacy and ,
several from separate cities, such as Thespiae and Acraephiae.

A bronze vase found at Olympia was dedicated by the people
9 10
of two cities of Elis arid one by the Spartiates So too ,
.
11
the initiated mystae made dedications in Samothrace and
elsewhere. Such an offering is attested by inscriptions found
in Thessaly
12
and at Magnesia on the Maeander 13 We learn .
fragments indicate that they were duo, airoQvffTa.vi.ov dpyvpovv, <pid\ai rpets
offered by votaries, not used and then e-rrixpvcroi.. vabs Rvfavriwy, tv $ TpLrwv
discarded. Nor are there such inscrip- Kvirapiacrivos, ^x uv xpardviov dpyvpovv,
tions on the rude cups characteristic Zeip^v dpyvpd, K-apxijcria Svo dpyvpd,
of Hera (ii. 61), nor is the supposed KV\I dpyvpa, olvoxor] XP vcr ^> K^para Svo.
custom found elsewhere. Ej> 5e ry va<
TTJS "Hpas r<$ TraXaiy
1
AM xxvii. 63 AOyvaybp-r) Ep/iT/i. 0taXat dpyvpai rpidKovra, Kpardvia dp-
2
IGS i. 3493 Eu/cXet5as /cat MetXo... yvpd 5vo, XUT/JOS dpyvpovs, d-rroOvffTdvLov
civeOev; 3494 Ail Aêtruoi carelessly %P v<Tovv i
KpaTTjp %pu<rous, Kvpyvaiuv dvd-
scratcht. 6r]fjia, paridKiov dpyvpovv.
3
Collitz iii. 4535 Mei/ofr-tos dve6r)Ke
8
BCH xiv. 200; four in 4th cent.,
rwt UvOaLel; IGA 59. six in 3rd cent.
4
Collitz iii. 4539, 4541, 4540 rut 9 IGA 120 AXatn^s /cat AKpApeioL
ATr^Xwvi dvtOrjKe Eucivu/ios. avtOyKav.
5
Collitz i. 62, 77, 96, 102.
10
IGA 63.
6
Theopompus ap. Ath. xiii. 605 B, c
1]
GIG 2157.
Lvfia.pi.Tuv dvaOri/j-ara, ffr\eyyidia xp^ffd

12 A
slab shaped like a shrine, once
rtffffapa, Kapxycnov dpyvpovv <l>w/ca^coj

painted Ad/âr/at /cat K6pa MeXtcrcra
:
/cat <TTt<pavov xpv&ovv KLTTOV lleirap-qdiuv, reXeLov/ma, AM viii. 110.
artyavov dd<pvr)s, "ftcpealuv dvadrjâ, etc.

13 AM xvi. 249 Qe& kiovvvu A.iro\\&-
7
Polemon ap. Athenaeum xi. 480 A vios Mo/c6XX7/$ dpxatos /XWTTTJS
vabs MeraTTOJ rtJ wv, iv y 0taXat dpyvpai xpW^v eirl crr^XTyj dvaypd\J/as avv
Karbv TpiaKovra dvo, otVo%6ai dpyvpai /Sw/
from Eudocia s notes that mystae used to dedicate their dress at

1
Eleusis At Megara was a yearly sacrifice to Apollo Protector,
.
and the magistrates on this occasion used to make a dedication

of some sort 2 .
Even a joyous celebration of any kind might suggest an

offering. The state gave the men of Phyle a thousand drachmas
for a sacrifice and votive offerings 3 When Demetrius Polior- .
cetes came to Athens, he was received in

triumphal pro
cession, and a decree was past to give a prize in money to him
who made the most sumptuous show, which money he was to
4
expend on a votive offering .
Again colonists sent offerings to the great feasts of the

:
mother city. We know that the Athenian colonies sent an ox

each to the Panathenaea 5 and two dedications of colonies ;
made in Athens are extant 6 In Sparta was a statue of Athena .
dedicated by the Tarentine colonists 7 .
Private persons of course also made dedications on con
sulting an oracle. There is a fine relief from the Pythium at

Athens, representing the god seated upon the tripod, and two
other figures, female, of divine size, one with her hand upon
the god shoulder 8
This may be a thank-offering for some
s .
oracular response. In later times the offering seems commonly

to have taken the form of a small altar. One such comes from
Troezen, and is inscribed with the question put to the oracle
and the answer 9 This was the custom at the oracle of Libyan
.
Ammon, and Pausanias saw there altars with the questions of

Eleans and the answers given them 10 The first celebration of .
the taurobolium at Athens was commemorated by an altar, and
1
Eudocia (Teubner) 656 irepl TUV 6
CIA i. 339, 340, 5th cent. :
Eretria,
ev EXevfflvi fj.vcrT7)pitt)v :
irdrpLbv ecrn Potidaea.
7
rats 6eais dviepovv /cat rds <rro\as robs Paus. iii. 12. 5.
8
yui/crraj ev ah rijxotev /jLvrjdtvTes, quoting Cat. Ath. Sc. 1389: ...Ba/rôu dvt-
Melanthius. drjKe.
2
IGS i. 39 ;
Collitz iii. 3027 f. For 9 BCH xvii. 85 EMvfddas di^/ce,
the god see Paus. i. 44. 2. a K a iroiwv Trot rbv 6ebv iotrjt \ov(rd/jt.ei>os
3
Aesch. Ctes. 187. Saât xpyfav- 96<ra/j.ev RpaK\ei ..Jus
4
Plut. Demetr. 12. /5<Wa eirl Xata olwi>6i>. 4th cent. IPI
5
Schol. Arist. Clouds 385 ; cp. CIA i. 760.
9 (of Erythrae), 31 (Brea). 10
i. Paus. v. 15. 11.
the same offering was repeated at a later date

1
A series of .
2
altars, all late, were found in the port of Delos which may be ,
assigned to pilgrims they record the dedication of other things, ;
such as a shrine
3
,
a circuit- wall
4
,
statues of Athena 5 Heracles 6 , ,
7
Maia and other gods. Memorials of a periodical sacrifice to
,
some deity unknown are cut in the rock at Lindos, with the
names of those who performed it 8 In Egypt records have been .
found of the pilgrimage of devotees to the shrine of Isis, all of

9
late date The answer of a god might be dedicated alone 10
. .
A large number of dedications have reference to the sacri

fice itself. We may classify them thus :
(1) Figures or groups which represent the devotee pre

pared for sacrifice, or engaged in some ritual act.
(2) Models of the thing sacrificed.

(3) The articles used in the ritual.
(4) The deity to whom sacrifice is made.
(1) Figures or groups which represent the devotee.
The figures found in the temple precincts are difficult of
interpretation. The question is, whom do they represent the ;
deity, the priestly person, the devotee, or (it is even asked) the
devotee in the garb and aspect of the deity ? The last sugges
tion may be dismist. Whatever be the origin of sacrifice, what
ever the practices of savages, I know of no evidence to show
that the Greek devotee in sacrificing regarded himself as one
with the god. Indeed, Pausanias speaks of a figure of Alexander
in the garb of Zeus, with a tone which suggests that it was an
11
impious thing one priest on a great day wears the mask of
. If
Demeter 12 if a priestess of Artemis rides in a car drawn by
,
1
CIA iii. 172, 173 ; Sybel 581 ; to Aai?r6Xtos ipybvuv Trpo<rx<ipcuos
6v<rla.
Attis and Bhea. The name of the ceremony was Eov-

BCH xxiii. 60 ff. K oiria.
No. 6 ot avrol Kal TOVS 6eotis ot KCU 9
GIG 4846 TO Trpo<TKvvTHJ.a
ATreXXas
vabvav^Kav. This has a relief also. Aoyyou; 4897 ff., 4981 ff., 4917 TJKW
No. 9 ot /cot TQV treplfio\ov, /tat irpoffKCKVvriffa. T^V Kvpiav Îcrtv Kal
No. 8 ot Kal TT)V A.dr)vav. TreTrotTj/ca rb irpoffKVvqâ. TWV <f>L\ovvTUv
No. 7 ot /ecu TV HpaxXV (sic). /*e. See also JHS

1899, p. 13.
10
No. 5 ol rr)v Malay ot avrol /cat rbv IPI i. 492 Mycenae (6th century).
So in Epidaurus : IPI i. 873. n Paus. v. 25. 1.
8 IGI i. 791 ff. :
e.g. rw GdXXtos /cat
12
Paus. viii. 15. 1.
these need prove no more than that a mystery- play was

1
deer ,
being acted and even so, they are exceptions. This mystical
;
notion was, if I read aright, foreign to the sanity of the Greek

intellect, and their idea of the sacrifice was much more simple.
As regards the other interpretations, some figures are quite
clearly meant for the deity, others, as male figures offered to
2
a female deity quite clearly are not; very many are doubtful.
,
Again: of those which are not divine, some may be priestly

persons, some cannot. The last class cannot be all ornaments,
because many of them are not ornamental even supposing ;
toys to have been used and dedicated at an early date, they

cannot all be toys, because some have direct reference to cult
(as the ring-dancers), some have the attitude of worship, some
represent the phases of human life at which votive offerings
were customary. We have already seen how war and athletic
3
4 5 6
prowess the earning of daily bread and the birth of children
, ,
are indicated in this way. It follows, then, that the devotee

was sometimes represented by votive figures. But, as I have
before pointed out, it is the devotee doing something or other.
Portraits are out of the question, so is all idea of substitution
by similitude. The figures represent the act or process, the

human activity which has been blest by the god, or which the
man desires to keep in remembrance. The sacrificial group
of Oenoe the most complete example of the attempt to
is
7
perpetuate the memory of a sacrifice .
Here we have specially to consider those human figures

which suggest the rites of sacrifice and I shall first name the ;
most significant examples, passing on to interpret others in the

light of these.
First, the archaic statue of Rhombus or Combus found on
the Acropolis of Athens, bearing a calf on his shoulders He is 8
.
clad in a shepherd s cloke of thick frieze or hide, which hangs
1 4
Paus. vii. 18. 12. Page 163.
2 5
Examples will be given p. 289 to ; Page 80.
6
which add a find of male and female Page 254.
statuettes together at Corinth: AJA 7
Page 130.
xi. 371 ff., JHS xvi. 340.
8 CIA iv. 1. 3T3 2* 5
, p. 198: Pdvftos
3
Above, p. 129. avtdyKev 6 IldXou.
down before and behind him. I am aware that this is the

attitude of Hermes Criophorus
1
,
but here we are in Athena s
shrine moreover, the attitude is exactly that of the modern

;
Greek peasant, who may be seen any Good Friday in the streets
of Athens, thus bearing the lamb which he is to slay for his
Easter Feast. I take Rhombus, then, to have set up this
memorial of the sacrifice which he did, perhaps for some un
exampled prosperity or the present help
of the goddess. A
2
bronze statuette from Crete like Rhombus bearing an animal, ,
3
clad in the ancient loincloth of the and standing Mycenaeans ,
upon a base, was no doubt dedicated for the like reason. A

4
ram-bearer of the same type comes from the Theban Cabirium ,
5
and one was found at Gela Pausanias saw in the temple of .
statue of a man Bitou with a bull

Apollo Lycaeus at Argos the
on his shoulders a story was told to explain it, of course but
: ;
6
we may
place him by the side of Rhombus In the Cabirium .
too were several figures holding a lamb under the arm, which
4
we may now interpret in the same way. Others carry a cock or

4
some other bird In the temple of Apollo at Naucratis there
.
are two figures of a man leading a bull

7
. A bronze ox being led
8
to sacrifice stood in the Eleusinium at Athens Very ancient .
figures, from Praesus in Crete, hold some offering in the hand .
Finally, some figures of Artemis found in Corcyra show a human

10
or clasping her knees
figure dancing before her,
.
1
On this divine type see A. Veyries,
4 AM xv. 359 :
why should they be
Les fig. criophores dans Vart grec, called Hermes ?
5
Thorin, Paris, 1884 ;
K. Friederichs, Kekule, Terrac. v. Sic., pi. iii. 3.
6
Lamm, Winckel- Paus. ii. 19. 5.
Apollan mil dem
mannsfest, 1861. Hermes Criophorus 7
Naucratis, i. 13. It may be worth
at Corinth, Paus. ii. 3. 4; in Messenia, while to mention that figures of a man
iv. 33. 4 at Olympia, v. 27. 8. Com-
;
riding upon a ram (AZ xl. 320), and
of a man clinging beneath a ram,
pare Stephani, Compte Eendu, 1869,
96 ff. perhaps Odysseus (AM iv. 170 foil.), are
2
Annali Iii. 213, pi. S.
also known ;
the first from Tarentum,
3 The loin-cloth also on archaic the second from Tegea both are
:
statuettes from Olympia (Bronzen, pi. probably toys.

8 Paus. i. 14.
xvi.), statuettes and the great Naxian 4.
Apollo of Delos (AZ xl. 329), perhaps

9 AJA N.S. v. 381.
Delphi (BCH xxi. pi. x.), statuettes 10

BCH xv. 1 ff., pi. i. viii. See
in the Dictaean cave (Ann, Br. Sch. fig. 38.
Ath. vi. 107).

We
have now a criterion to determine the interpretation of
the numerous figures which bear a calf, pig, cock, dove, or other
bird, fruit or flowers, and other things
which could actually be offered. Other
figures, again, have reference to the
ritual. Unmistakable are the ring-
dances of women, a whole series of
1
which were found at Olympia and in
Cyprus; and by their help we shall
explain figures which play upon the
pipes or the harp, or which carry a
musical instrument, a bowl and jug or
a lustral spray, or a jar of water upon
the head, which clap the hands, or
imitate any act of the possible ceremony.
Further: figures are found which hold
up the hand in the attitude of worship,
as at Cyprus and Tegea. It will now
be useful to consider the centres one
by one, in order to give some idea of
the variety to be found in each.
Beginning with the Mycenaean age,
a few figures are known which play
2
upon the harp or the pipes . In the
Argive Heraeum, probably the most
ancient shrine in Greece, we find both
male and female figures, but few human
which have reference to ritual. EG.38. Artemis with
figures
fawn and dancing votary
There are however a few women who
(Corcyra).
appear to be carrying something; and BCH xv. pi. vii.
male figures are found, which cannot
represent the goddess. At Olympia
the ring-dancers, and a number of figures
of both sexes,
one a female holding a dove 3 but nothing else characteristic
,
4
of cult At Dodoria we have bronze ritual figures which
.
1
Bronzen von 3
01. 263, pi. xvi. See Bronzen von 01. 56, pi. ix. : called
fig. 39, p. 287. Aphrodite by the discoverers.
2
Perrot and Chipiez, Hist, de VArt, 4
Bronzen von 01. 263, 38, 44.
vi. 751.
may be meant the priest, holding in his hand objects

for
used in the cult; the priestess, holding a dove, vase and
saucer, or some similar object; and a sacrificer, with a knife
1
;
FIG. 39. Ring-dancers, from Olympia.

Bronzen xvi. 263.
2
also a flute-girl with double flute, of the sixth century . At
Amyclae was found a bronze male figure in ceremonial head
dress, which once held something in the hand 3 On the Acro .
4 5
polis of Athens are a male and a female figure of bronze which
appear to be dancing and a naked man holding up a wreath
;
6
as if offering Large numbers of clay figures here found are
it .
unarmed, and hold a bird, an apple or a pomegranate 7 Stone .
8
figures of boys holding a dove or some such object and of a girl ,
with a holy-water basin, are also known at Athens 9 From .
Eleusis comes the figure of a boy carrying a bundle of sticks,

which are familiar in the cult 10 The Cabirium yielded some .
hundreds of male figures, both clothed and naked, carrying

a lamb, or holding a cock to the bosom, and in the other
hand a jug or bowl, or holding hare and bowl, lyre and
1 5
Carapanos, pi. xiii. 3, xxi. 4 ;
Cat. Acr. Br. 787.
BCH xiv. 159, pi. iv., v. A dove held 6
Cat. Acr. Br. 731.
in the hand Carapanos xxi. 4
: bis. 7 AM xix. 492.
2
Carapanos 31, pi. x. 1. 8
Sybel 43015.
3 9
E0. Ap X 1892, pi. 2.
.
Sybel 4308.
4
Cat. Acr. Br. 757. 10
AM xx. 357; AA 1892, p. 106.
1
bowl, or a bird, or with jug and bowl together At Tegea .
were some hundreds of girls bearing water-pitchers, female

figures standing with a pig or a wreath in the
2
hand, and a few dancers Figures of girls .
carrying pigs Paestum 3 and

were found at
several places in Sicily, Acragas, Camarina, and
4 5
Gela ; girls with pig and torch at Camarina ,
girls with dove or wreath at Megara

6
A shrine .
near Catania contained many archaic figures of

girls holding a pig
7
a flower or fruit 8 basket , ,
9 10
of eatables ,
torch or sceptre ;
but some are
probably divine. Naucratis gives us stone figures
of the sixth century holding the libation bowl,
and females in terra-cotta playing upon the
11
pipes or the lyre ;
from the temple of Aphrodite
came male figures draped and nude 12 ,
flotist and
harpist The female figures holding bird, goat,
13
.
or flower to the breast, are perhaps the god

14
dess . The girl flotists in the hero-shrine at
Therapne have been mentioned already

15
There .
were silver and gold statuettes in Delos, and FIG. 40.

Mon. Ant. vii.
one held two Attic drachmae in the hand : a
237, fig. 29.
16
new motive . The scheme of the Hero Feast
is represented in ninety-nine per cent, of terra-cotta examples
from Tarentum 17 . In the Dictaean cave of Crete were figures
1
AM xv. 359. 9
Hon. Ant. vii. fig. 38.
2
AM iv. 170 ff. ;
Gaz. Arch. iv. 42 ff.;
10
Mon. Ant. vii. figs. 3941.
Nuove Mcmorie deW lust, di Corr. Arch. 11
Naucratis, i. 13, 14.
Gaz. des beaux Arts, 12
72 6, pi. vi.; Naucratis, ii. 56.
xxi. Gerhard, Bilderkreis von
108. 13
Naucratis, pi. xvii. 4, xiv. 14.
14
Eleusis, Arch. Aufs. ii. 561, 563, quotes Naucratis, ii. 56 ; Ann. Brit. Sch.
parallels from Megara, Thebes, Sicily, Ath. v. 72 ff., 83.
15
Thespiae, Cnidus. Rev. Arch. xxx. 13.
3
Ann. deW Inst. 1835, p. 50. 16
BCH x. 464 re, 95
AvSpiavTiffKOS
.
4
Kekule, Terracotten, 19, 25, 23. avdpiavriaKos xpvtrovs on silver base ;
5
Kekule, Terracotten, pi. v. 18; avSp. dpyvpovs -rrpbs ^x wv
rrji êtpi
Mon. Ant. ix. 231, figs. 236. dpax/J-as O.TTIKO.S II, coins affixt to the
6
Kekule", Terracotten, 9, 10. hand.
7
Mon. Ant. vii. 235, figs. 25, 29, 30,
J7
AZ xl. 286 ff.; Gaz. Arch. vii.
pi. vii. See fig. 40. 155 ff.
8
Mon. Ant. vii. pi. iv.
both male and female, the hand

being frequently raised to the
head as in adoration 1
Similar is a statuette from Athens, of a
.
female deity holding a torch or staff, whose hand rests on the

head of a small figure of a man by her side 2 Abundant evidence .
for this practice comes from

Cyprus. At Voni, in the sanctuary
of Apollo, were found a host of and all male
draped,
figures,
except two, ranging from the archaic to late periods. Some
are playing on the double flute 3 some hold a dove and 4
pyxis ,
,
or a pyxis and a branch 5 others have no attributes at all 6 , .
They are bearded 7 or beardless 8 and some of later date

,
appear
9
to be meant for portraits one is inscribed 10 There is
; .
great
variety of type. The two female figures 11 are explained
by the
compilers of the catalogue as
"
inappropriate offerings brought

from a
somewhat lame explanation. At Chytri, a
home,"
sanctuary of the Paphian goddess, there are crouching boys,"

"
holding a bird or a patera, perhapsthe attendants 12

temple ;
female devotees, erect, with hands raised to the

head, or by
the sides, or touching the breasts 13 a 14
drum or
holding pyxis , ,
15 16
tambourine or a flower playing on the flute or 17
18
,
dancing in a
,
ring At Soli both male and female

.
are found 19 with a figures ,
number of ring-dances . At Citium, in the

sanctuary probably
of Artemis, most of the
figures are female, but male are found.
Commonest is the votary, male or female,
playing upon the
tambourine 21 two or three play upon the 2
Others bring a
;
harp .
flower or wreath 23 dish of cakes 24 or bowl of wine 25 bird 26 or calf 27

,
, , ;
1
Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 107, pi. x. u
Catalogue, 5284.
2
Annali xxxvi. pi. G. Jahreshefte
Catalogue, 5296 ff.
iv. 37, 38, fig. 30. ie
Catalogue, 5289.
3
Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, v 53023.
Catalogue,
18
4
Catalogue, 531534, 529095.
Catalogue, 5019-31. 19
Catalogue, 5484 ff.
5
Catalogue, 503247. 20
Catalogue, 5401 ff.
6
Catalogue, 5501 ff.
7
Catalogue, 5012 ff. 22
Catalogue, 5516.
8
Catalogue, 55334, 5538.
9
Catalogue, p. 141. 24
Catalogue, 55224.
10
Catalogue, 5009 TiXXi/cas Kar^racre Catalogue, 55257.
o (Cypriote script). Catalogue,552931 swan or dove,
*>
2racriKpaT</os
;
11
Catalogue, p. 141. 5535_7.
12
Catalogue, 5528, 5532.
13
Catalogue, 5253 ff.
R -
19
a few, all lamp on their heads

female, have a These objects are 1
.
of importance, because some of them have the hands in a posture

2
of supplication, and are therefore unmistakable as devotees .
In the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Idalium, all the statuettes

are female. Many have no attributes, but there are others bear
5 6
clapping the hands
4
3
cakes or birds playing
ing flowers
,
, ,
,
9
7
or tambourine
8
or with arms raised or extended .
upon lyre ,
A series of large terra-cotta figures come from Salamis, which

from their look and costume seem certainly meant for human
votaries
10
. The female type holding fruit, flowers, or animals 11 ,
represented, and male figures

12
tambourine or bowl also is
,
hold flowers 13 or kids

14
From Tamassos come a number of .
15
statuettes, all male, apparently of the votary
sometimes ,
fruit 16 or holding a bird, pyxis, or lustral

offering a plate of ,
At sanctuary in Asia Minor, probably that of

17
spray . a
Artemis Anaitis, were found a number of objects which show
an economical way of representing this idea they consist :
of the hand as far as the elbow, holding fruit, birds, or some
other offering
18
In view of this evidence,
.
we must conclude
that the statuettes were not all meant for the deity; that
some at least were meant for human beings; and that prob
as well as priests among them.
ably there were worshippers
But once more, these are not portraits they represent an :
act.
be convenient here to enumerate such votive reliefs
It will
as we have not been able to find a place for. We have seen
19
that these reliefs (with one possible exception) never represent
a myth or legend as such, but are divisible into those which
exhibit (1) the power of the deity, (2) the act or process which
1
u JHS xii. 140.
Catalogue, 5540.
2
JHS xii. 158.
Catalogue, 5604, 5641, 5650, etc.

13 JHS xii. 147.
Catalogue, 56601. 14 JHS xii. 155.

15
Catalogue, 5717. Catalogue, 6014 ff., 6156 ff.
16
Catalogue, 5705. Catalogue, 6025.
17
Catalogue, 5674, 571015. Catalogue, 6092 ff.
57079. 18 In Leyden Museum.

Catalogue, 5601,
19
Catalogue, 56865704. Page 87".
10
Catalogue, p. 161 ;
JHS xii. 163.
he has made to prosper, or (3) the ritual. It is likely that

most votive commemorated not an ordinary but an
reliefs
extraordinary moment, some signal favour of the god for which

his worshipper has done sacrifice; but
generally we cannot
divine the occasion. The indeterminate
pieces cannot, however,
fairly be left unnoticed and provisionally they may be
;
placed
here. I shall include
any which do not violate the principles
shown in the others;
feeling quite certain that the presence
of worshippers or a sacrificial scene is conclusive for their in
terpretation as votive.
An unmistakable votive tablet, found lately in Euboea,
shows Artemis, Apollo, and Leto in the
presence of a wor
shipper Apollo is playing upon the harp, Leto apparently holds
:
a sceptre (painted), and Artemis holds torches Sacrifices to

1
.
the three deities together were made at 2

One with a
Delphi .
similar scheme, on which however Artemis takes an arrow

from a quiver, and a gazelle stands
by her side, and which lacks
the worshipper, is in the Athenian Museum 3 and a third is
;
inscribed with a dedication 4 These are strong evidence that .
the series of Harpist reliefs is votive but prove nothing for ;
the occasion, which may be other than a musical A victory.

fragment, inscribed as a dedication of two men, from the late
century, shows Apollo seated upon a rock
fifth 5
The society .
of Pythaists,
singly or in groups, made similar dedications to
Apollo. The god sits on the omphalos, a bowl in his right hand,
a lustral spray in his left beside him
Artemis, with quiver a ;
;
worshipper uplifting his hand completes the scene 6 Another .
shows Apollo playing upon the

lyre, Artemis, and Leto, with a
male worshipper 7 Other thiasi or similar societies thus com .
memorated their festival times. Thus Xenodotus dedicates a
1
E0. A PX .
1900, 4 ff., pi. 2. 1. Ath.
2
Collitz " 264255 - 6
AJA v. 471, pi. xi. Icaria, 4th :
3
Cat. Nat. Mm. Sc. 1400. cent. HvOa^r^ Tle^pdr-r,, A.porifMov
:
4 Cat. Nat. Mm. Sc. 1380 Topywv... avtO-rjKev.

<W<Ve
AM
(Thessaly). 7
AJA z.c. Buck> Paperg Q/ fhe A ^
5
vii. 320 ...paries /ecu A W o..., School, v. 119, pi. vii. 3; CIA iv. 2.
...Lfj.v\ov vid ch>e0e Central Mus. 1190
TT]v, 6, c.
192
feast-relief to
Apollo and Golgos yields a relief of Apollo 1
;
enthroned, with a procession of worshippers the lower

division ;
2
of the slab shows a feast and a ritual dance Apollo is also .
associated with Athena

3
and in a piece from Cyzicus, with ,
Dionysus and Zeus The beautiful terra-cotta relief of 4

.
the
Aphrodite from South Italy
is
probably meant to suggest
goddess s divine power. She stands before Hermes, holding
out to him in one hand a pomegranate, in the other a winged
Another, of the type called Aphrodite and Ares,
5
love .
shows a goddess pouring a libation into a bowl held by

an armed warrior over an altar a worshipper in the corner ;
6
Arctinus and Menecratia dedicate
proves the votive character
.
7
a relief to her as Leader of the People Athena also appears .
on reliefs which tell no plain tale, other than by their altar or

8
sacrificial scene they are votive
or The
inscription that .
a hand to a seated man

Acropolis relief of Athena offering
9
has been spoken of already Again, an archaic female .
figure offers
a cake or garland with one hand, and holds some
vessel in the other
10
A man and a small boy appear as wor
.
case, but all that remains of the goddess

is
shippers in another
11
her hand with an owl on it The goddess sometimes
percht .
brandishes her spear sometimes sits with her helmet upon her
12
,
15
13
or by her side
14
or stands in a quiet attitude Once she .
lap , ,
Maiden statues of the

appears robed like the archaic Acropolis,
but with a helmet, in with two other female figures of company
divine size before a group of three worshippers who are leading
a sow
16
There is also the much discussed relief-niche in which
.
1
Rev. Arch. xxv. 159 Se>65oTos
9
Above, p. 219. No. 577 in the
A^XXwfi. Acropolis Museum: Schone 83; cp.

2 77.
Pev. Arch, xxv. 159.
10 No. 593.
^
Sybel 4319.
n Schone 87: the man s face looks
4 Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 817 Ail tyiffry
dirtfwKa. like a portrait.
K ai T$ xPV r *>v
T\a/j.ui>a.
12
5 ii. 697, pi. 48.
Schone 84, 95.
Farnell, Cults,
13
e
Farnell, Cults, ii. 702, pi. 506. Schoue 91.
14 Schone 92.
r
Farnell, Cults, ii. 662 (3rd cent.)
15
Schone 61, 94.
tiycuitrni rov dôv.
8
CIA iv. 1. 418 i ... AVotei M- 16
E0. Apx- 1886, 179, pi- 9. So
flKtv. Acrop. Mus. no. 581.

are two armed Athenas side by side She is joined also with 1
.
Cybele and a bearded male figure in a mantle who holds a club,

2
probably from Asia Minor .
Characteristic offerings to Cybele were the votive niches or

small shrines, none of them
early,
in which she is seated upon a
throne with various accessories.
She sits in the shrine alone,
3
holding a bowl and tympanum ;
or she has attendants, a youthful

male with sacrificial vessels, and
a bearded deity, perhaps Hermes
and Priapus 4 On the pilasters
.
of the shrine are often

engraved
the figures of worshippers 5 who ,
6
also appear within even Pan ;
appears on the pillar

7
A lion .
at her feet 8 9 FlG 4L Belief dedicated to Cybele.

is ,
or two lions ,
or
. . Cat. Berl. Sci. 691.
she is even seated upon a lion.
An altar sometimes appears, or a scene of sacrifice 10 These .
little shrines come from Peiraeus 11 2

Minutoli 13 1
Ephesus , , ,
14
Sardis Perinthus 15 and Samos 16 and go back to the fourth
, , ,
century. One fine specimen of terra-cotta was found in a

tomb 17 They are sometimes inscribed 18 A double Cybele
.
.
1
E0. Apx- 1890, 1, pi. 1 explained ;
7 AM xxi. 280.
by Mylonas as Athena in two aspects, 8
Cat. Berl. Sc. 697, 703, etc.
those of peace and war, or Polias 9
Cat. Berl. Sc. 732.
and Parthenos. But Athena is also 10
Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 782.
Ergane, Hygieia, and so forth; and 11
Cat. Berl. Sc. 692, 694, etc. ; prob
there is no difference between the
ably Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 782, etc.
two figures. Mylonas compares several 12
Cat. Berl. Sc. 699, 704.
other double Athenas, and also double 13
Cat. Berl. Sc. 701.
Cybele, Zeus, Hermes. This was 14
Cat. Berl. Sc. 702.
found on a tomb, but the type is 15
Cat. Berl. Sc. 703.
votive. 16 Samos Museum 51 ;
AM xxv. 174.
2
F-W. 1845. Unexplained. 17 AM ii. 48, pi. iii.
3
Cat. Berl. Sc. 692, 694, etc. 18
GIG 6837 0ew
MijTpZ Ayylffrei
4
Cat. Berl. Sc. 697 F-W. ; 1846 A/u.e pi/j.vos oiKov6/j.os TTJS 7r6Xews evx^v.
(Petersburg). AZ xxxviii. p. 1 ff. Mai^s Mrjrpl KO.\
5
Cat. Berl. Sc. 692. Mka Mijrpl etwv, Sybel 3099 (4th
6
cent.).
1
has also been found in several examples like the double ,
There a relief of the

images of Athena and Pan. also
is fine
early fourth century,

where Cybele sits sideways, holding bowl
and tympanum, a lion at her foot, and facing her is a female
2
Here also Hermes appears Another
figure bearing a torch.
.
relief is in Venice, and shows Cybele with attributes, Attis,

a woman worshipper and a female attendant
3
A relief bust .
from Mysia is inscribed 4 .
Dedications to Demeter and the Maid, which represent

scenes from the Mysteries, belong to this place. One such
from Eleusis, representing the
appears to be the famous relief
5
between Another
goddesses with Triptolemus standing
.
6
on a throne before the goddesses or on
represents Triptolemus ,
7
a waggon with snakes attendant Demeter sits on a throne, .
holding sceptre and ears of corn, while the Maid with her
torches draws nigh; or the Maid stands behind Triptolemus,
who sits on a winged throne, whilst a train of worshippers
9
approaches
8
Others similar exist, one inscribed
.
On a slab .
in the Eleusis Museum

the Maid holding torches approaches
Demeter enthroned and others show Triptolemus seated in a
;
throne with snake and wing, the Maid holding torches on his
left, and Demeter on the right,
with four worshippers. Other
reliefs, which show two female divinities, one with a torch, the
other resembling the typical Demeter, are assigned to this
will attest the votive
pair; the presence of worshippers
character
10
. A
from Sparta represents standing in
late relief
the centre Demeter and the Maid, holding torches; one is
a man
seated, and Cerberus beneath the throne to their right, ;
with a long staff, and to their left a girl holding a bundle and
some fruit over the ;
s head is a winged figure with wreath.
girl
1
F-W. 1133; Sybel 386 (Eleusis),
6
AA xi. 100; AM x. pi. vi.
3049, 4381, 6139; AM xxi. 280. Ex- 7 F-W. 1132.
plained as Cybele and Aphrodite by

8 AM xx. 245 ff., pi. v. (early 5th
Foucart, Ass. Eel. 100. See AZ xxxviii. century), vi. (4th century).
pi. 2. 1, xxxix. p. 1.
9 AM
xx. 258 IlXarois Aiovvviov
2
Cat. Berl. Sc. 691. See fig. 41. Ku8a0tivaits dv0iiK. Another in AM
3 xxvi. 49.
Monuments Grecs, p. 11, pi. 2.
4
GIG Add. iv. 6836 Avdip-nvn T\v- 10
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 793; Sybel 323,
C P- 361 1488 Miinch. 198
-rjvoQuvTos 0ewt ayvrji eux 1 ?"- >
5 Glypt. ;
5
F-W. 1182. AA 1855, 57.
It is inscribed as a the meaning is not clear,

thank-offering ;
but a ritual act most likely 1 It may be worth while to .
mention a beautiful vase found in Eleusis, depicting the

Rape of Persephone, and with a dedicatory
inscription scratcht
2
upon it .
Dionysus also appears in groups which do not suggest a

musical or dramatic victory. Thus in a Theban relief he sits
on a rock, thyrsus in hand, and before him stands a female
3
deity He appears on his throne, a snake beside him or as
.
4
;
5
Sabazios he is seated in a biga, having snake and or
eagle ;
he is in company with a goddess clad in the fawnskin 6 .
The usual scenes and sacrifice occur 7 of adoration .
Many offerings are made to Hecate and the variety of her ;
functions, as a chthonian deity and therefore connected with

the worship of the dead, as well as
likely to be appealed to for
help, or as connected with marriage and birth, or in other
capacities, makes
impossible to guess at the occasion. Noneit
of the reliefs are archaic.

She appears triform in a votive niche,
holding torches and the vessel of libation
8
or in the hideous ;
oriental shape 9 Hestia is also thus commemorated on a

.
Thessalian stone 10 There are one or two dedications to Zeus

.
Philios, whose occasion can only be guessed"; and another relief

to Zeus, with worshipper, is a thank-offering 12
.
The crudest example of this idea in art is the relief of

two hands alone 13 .
(2) Model of the thing sacrificed.

We have already seen animal models
forming part of a
1
AZ xii. 223, pi. 13. 1 :
Twut/>dTt|s F-W. p. 165 ; Baumeister 632.
A.ya0oK\eiaj> rav Idiav Bvyarepa Ad/iarpt 9
Cat. BerL Sc. 683 from Magnesia,
:
/ecu Kopai x*pi-<rTr)pioi>;

= AMu. 378 19:i . Also Stephani, Compte Rendu 1870,
-
AM xxi. pi. xii. AvOLirir^ dj/^/ce. 191 hecateum BcifliAXos Afy/aos
:
3
E/cdrrj
Sybel 352 ; Schone 110. ZTT^S ^Seo^.
4
Conze, Inschr. d. thrak.
Meer, pi. BCH xii. 184.
17 - 7 - n Farnell, Cults, i.
p. 118.
5
Roscher i. 1111. 12
CIG Add iv> 6831 Aa e^YopMmi.
6
Sybel 585. ploj/ .
7
Sybel 373 :
man, woman, and "
CIG Add. iv. 6845 b Aoviu&pa 6<r/w
child. Dionysiac precinct, Athens. Ka l 5iKalw (Trieste).

8
Farnell, Cults, ii. 552, pi. 39 c ;
sacrificial group, and we are prepared to find them dedicated

alone. This is in fact the simplest permanent memorial of a
sacrifice, if the offerer wishes to commemorate it at all. It is
well known that the Greeks often dedicated cakes in the form
of animals : at the Diasia, for instance, an ancient agricultural
feast, held in honour of Zeus Meilichios, cakes were offered in
thisshape by tradition
1
The lexicographers mention a cake .
2
in ox-shape which was offered no doubt by the poor; and
,
a peasant in the Anthology offers cakes in the shape of oxen

4
to Deo 3 . was even modelled in marble and
The cake itself ,
the clay model of a tray of edibles was found in the Argive

Heraeum 5 The relief of Philombrotus s hair is another example
.
of the same principle 6 .
But we are not left to inference from analogy in the inter

pretation of animal models. By a great stroke of luck, the
Acropolis of Athens has furnisht a beautiful sheep, bearing the
7
legend in very ancient letters, "The

supplication of.Peisis ."
The proverbial Mandrobulus, too, having found a treasure in

Samos, offered to Hera a golden sheep the first year, one of
8
silver the second, and one of bronze the third This may be .
the true explanation of the bronze oxen sent to Olympia by the

9
Corcyraeans and the Eretrians the bronze oxen at Delphi ,
1
Thuc. i. 126, or gloss: 66ovffi turn to the traditional offering by
TroXXot ovx lepeia, d\\a 66/j.a.Ta tiri- praying that Deo will bless his real
%c6pta ; schol. cited by Poppo TLVO. oxen.
4
Tr^/u/txara ets i"ywf /j.op<pas rervTru/mfra ; Sybel 4014.
Plato Laws 782 c irtXavoi. /ecu /xAiTi Dr Waldstein. In
5 the Castle at
Kapirol dedcvfdvoi KO.I roiavra a\\a ayva Mytilene are a number of such trays
6i>fj.ara.
Mommsen thinks the first- of food in relief, all of late date.
6
fruit corn at Eleusis was workt up Pages 243, 244.
into such cakes. 7
CIA iv. 1. 373 a, p. 41 ;
Bidder 529
2 IleiViSos kecria.
Hesych.s.17. 2/3o/xos /Sous elSos TT/J.-
8 Paroem. Zenobius
/icu-os ntpara x"
ro *- ô^ ôira.v^v Corp. Or. iii.
TI. rut* Ovo^vwv OUTWS ei> Tcus (rytu>Ta-

82 ; Greg. Cypr. iii. 50; Aelian, Hist.
TCUS Ad7]vr)(ri dva Lais yv 8 j3ot irapa-
An. xii. 40.
Tr\r}<nov.
Suidas s.v. ft. tftS. adds that 9 IGA 373 &i\rj(nos eYoicf Eperpt^s
it was made like the crescent moon ;
rut Ai (early 5th cent.) ;
Paus. v. 27. 9.
if this refers not to shape but to in- Bronze oxen seem to have stood on a
terpretation, it is naught. CIA ii. base dedicated to Zeus Atabyrius in
1666 altar 9viv rpets ej956ôus fiovs. Rhodes IGI i. 31 TOVS /SoOs x a P
:
l-
l<rT1
3
Anth. Pal. vi. 40 : he gives a new piov.
given by the Plataeans and the Carystians the bronze bull

1
,
2
dedicated by the Areopagus and a bronze ox by the courtezan,
Cottina in Sparta 3 Another explanation has been suggested

.
of the bulls and rams which have been found but it is clearly :
possible they may be sacrifices like that of Peisis. It will be

well,then, briefly to enumerate here as well those animals
which are inscribed as those which are not.
But first we must form some idea, what animals could be
sacrificed. It is true, certain deities preferred certain animals,
as Demeter and Persephone the swine, or refused them alto
gether, as this creature was refused by Aphrodite. Local and
special rules, again, prescribed certain victims, for certain places
and times. But sheep and oxen were always welcome, and wild
animals were never part of the ordinary sacrifice 4 It is .
<pro-
bable, however, that there was more licence than we now
imagine. Thus there was no necessity in most cases for the

sex of the victim to be that of the deity. And further, the poor
could probably sacrifice much as they would. The cock must
have been a common offering, to judge from the way Aristotle
speaks of it, and we are given to understand that they were not
5
necessarily slain but simply presented . I take this to have been
6
the poor man
offering to other gods than Asclepius
s I shall .
venture, then, to cite the models of cocks in this section, not
forgetting that they may sometimes be fighting cocks offered

7
for other reasons So also, the doves and other birds held in
.
the hands of votive figures are fairly to be taken as meant

for offerings given or accepted and if so, models of these ;
creatures may be same way. The dove is

interpreted in the
certainly not a necessary attribute of Aphrodite, as we have
1
Paus. x. 16. 6. 6
Herodas iv. 15. The last words
2
Paus. i. 24. 2. of Socrates have probably caused a
3
Polemon ap. Ath. xiii. 574 D dvd- mistaken idea of some close connexion
drjfjia 5 CLVTTJS ecrrt ôWtov TL X^KOVV. between the cock and Asclepius.
4
For the rare exceptions see Stengel, 7
Suid. s.v. dXeKrpvova d8\r)Tr)v Ta-
Die Griech. Kultusalterthilmer (Miiller s va.ypa.lov $5oi/Tcu 5 evyeveis OVTOI.
Hclbch), 83 5. a.<plr)(TL
T<
Acr/cX^TTtoJ dvddrj/Jid re /cat
5
Arist. Hist. An. 614 a 8 iv ^v yap &6up/jia elvai, olovel Bepdirovra, icai OIK-
TO?S te/HHS, OTTOI; avev drjXeiuv dva.Keivra,i, rrjv irepiiroXovvTO. r<
ve, rbv 6pviv 6
TOV dvarid^/uLevov irdvres evXoyus oxevov- Affir^vdios oSros.

civ. So Ath. ix. 391 D.
seen 1 . To Artemis Laphria at Patrae were offered "
edible
kinds of birds and victims of every sort / and it would be rash 2
to assert that she was alone. To the Mistress in Lycosura,

every one sacrificed what he had
3
at Aulis all victims were ;
lawful 4 In Messene, says Pausanias, at a hall of the Curetes,

.
"
they sacrifice all victims alike they begin with oxen and goats,
;
6
and end with throwing them all into the flames
birds, ."
A sacrificial calendar from Marathon, which gives details

of many sacrifices, does
not observe any rule as to the
sex of being the same as that of the deity.
the victims
Ram, goat, sheep, kine, and pig are mentioned and the ;
sacrifice made to Athena is an ox, three sheep and a pig 6 .
In the shrine at Patrae wild boars, deer, and roe were offered,
even the cubs of wolves and bears, or the full-grown beasts. I
regard these as originally the firstlings of the hunter, and

have already cited other examples under the same head 7 ;
they will therefore not come in here. Nor will the models
of horses, which were only sacrificed on the rarest occasions 8 ,
and which are more naturally regarded as firstlings nor the ;
figures of dogs, although the sacrifice of these creatures is

9
not unknown The general principle seems to have been that
.
the victims should be edible food for men and Suidas mentions ;
10
as the regular ones sheep, kine, swine,
goats, fowls, and geese .
We
may now take a general review of the animal models :
not to imply that they must commemorate a sacrifice, but that

they may. The Argive Heraeum yielded hundreds of animals
in bronze and clay 11 :
bulls, cows, oxen and ox-heads, goats,
1
Page 289. Plutius 277, Plut. Quaest. Rom. 52 (who
2
Paus. vii. 18. 12. also mentions the custom for Argos) ;
3
Paus. viii. 37. 8. Hesyeh. s.v. TevervXXls- yvvaiKela 0eos
4 Paus. ix. 19. 7. ...eoixvla ry "EKarrj- dto /ecu ra^rrj KVVO.S
5
Paus. iv. 31. 9. Trpoerldeaav.
6
AJA x. 210. 10
Suidas, s.v. dvaov 8rt If 0vaiai
7
Page 50, above. t tyûxw edvovro, Trpopdrou vbs /3o6j
8
Paus. iii. 20. 9 Tyndareus sacri- 0/765 6/w0os x7 ?"^
5 tMero Ij35o/tos 6 #f
ficed a horse and swore the suitors of dXevpov. See /3oOs ZpSo/mos. Dogs were
Helen upon the pieces of it. eaten by the Thracians, "and this
9
Puppies to Enyalius by Spartans, may have been an old Greek custom";
black female puppies to Einodia at Sext. Empir. (Bekker), 174.
Colophon, Paus. iii. 14. 9 to Hecate
n Dr Waldstein. A
; sheep, no. 22 ;
in the Zerinthian cave, Schol. Arist. wild goat, 27 duck, 44 and others.
; ;
sheep, cocks, ducks and other birds, including perhaps a

swan. Olympia
1
yielded thousands of beasts cast in bronze
FIG. 42. From Olympia. FIG. 43. Cock, from Olympia.

Bronzen xi. 148. Bronzen xiii. 212.
or copper, a few of metal foil cut in profile, mostly cattle 2 they ;
belong to the earliest strata and become fewer as time goes on:
FIG. 44. Animal in thin foil, from FIG. 45. From Olympia.
Olympia. Bronzen xiii. 213.
Bronzen x. 99.
7
bull 3and ox 4 appear, ram 5 goat 6 and pig cocks 8 and other
, , ,
birds One of them is an oddity which I cannot name 10 if it

. ;
Bronzen von Ol. 28 ff. 196.

Bronzen von 01. x. 99 ;
see fig. 44. 8
Bronzen von 01. pi. xiii. 212 ;
see
Bronzen von 01. pi. xii. 187. fig. 43.

9
Bronzen von 01. pi. xi. 148, 224; Bronzen von 01. pi. xiii. 210, 211,
se fig. 42. etc.

10
Bronzen von OL pi. xii. 195. Bronzen von Ol. xiii. 213; see fig.
Bronzen von 01. pi. xiii. 225. 45. I do not know why a sechsbeinitjer
Bronzen von OL pi. x. 133, xii. Kdfer should be dedicated.

had fewer legs it might be a tortoise. At Dodona were fewer :
but the bull 1

,
ram 2 and dove 3 appear. In the Cabirium 4 is a
total of more than 500 animals in bronze and lead, the greatest
number being bulls or oxen more than twenty-five bulls are ;
5
inscribed They include a few goats and rams; and in clay
.
were hundreds of bulls or oxen, sheep, and All whose

pigs.
sex can be made out are male, but are indeterminate.
many
Numbers and horses were found in the sanctuary of
of bulls
Poseidon at Taenarum 6 Models of animals were found on the .
7
Acropolis of Athens besides the sheep of Peisis, and the stone
:
ram 8 there are the bull 9 and the ox 10 the sheep or ram 11 and
,
, ,
cocks 12 Other birds there were, which were probably parts of

.
vases or held in the hand of some 13

as indeed the cocks
figure ,
may have been 14

The bull and bullock were found at Eleusis in
.
bronze, with fragments of earthen rams and oxen 15 A bronze ram .
from Prasiae inscribed to Apollo Maleatas 16

is
Fragments of .
rams came to light at Amyclae 17 At Lusi animals were found,.
but mostly wild ones; there were doves, however,

among them
18
.
From Crete we have a bull and fragments of animals in the

Idaean cave 19 oxen, goats, rams, kine, of bronze and terra-cotta,
;
in the cave of Hermes 20 ; bulls, with rams and many other

animals, in the Dictaean cave 21 . In a shrine near the Boeotian
Orchomenus were found numbers of beasts, with an ox-head
1 10
Carapanos, pi. xx. 4. Bidder 513.
2
Carapanos, pi. xxi. 2.
"
Bidder 5258; JHS xiii. 242.
3 12
Carapanos, pi. xxi. 5. This must Bidder 535, 378 9.
not, be taken alone, and referred to 1:J
In particular, owls, for which see
the oracular doves, but explained along
chap. xiv. and a crow, Bidder 541.
;
with other doves. u g ee ciA ii. 742 16 .
4
AM xv. 355 ff . is
A M xx. 306 ff.
5
AM xv. 365,
388; IGS i. 2457, 16
IGA 89 more probably a
; breeder s
2459 three had AairwfSas avldciKe,
offering, see p. 75.
:
one adding run Kafieipui others iapbs "

;
E0. Apx- 1892, pi. 3.
Kapipu, TWI 7rat5t, 6 Mva Kaê/put, etc.
"
Jahreshefte iv. 39. The cocks,

One has found its way to the Athenian p. 49, were brooch-pins or something
Acropolis : Kar. i. 129 ETT^^S Kafil- of the sort.
pun : Bidder 515. w Mus. It. ii. 736.
6
Frazer, Pausanias, iii. 396. *>
Mus. It. ii. 914, pi. xiv.

7
AA ix. 140. 21
Mm . It if 90 6 } ^ îi. ; Ann. Br.
8
Above, pp. 296, 75. Sch. Ath. vi. 108.
9
Bidder 514, 51721.
and a rabbit In Therapne were found some of the bases

1
.
which support models of animals

2
A marble ram was dedicated .
at Cnidus to the Maid 3

Archaic Greek models of votive oxen
.
were found in Apulia 4 and in Tarentum (where was a shrine of

,
Persephone) a whole series of pigs

5
Some of the golden or .
silver may have been dedicated

animals mentioned in the lists
on the principle here discussed 6 There were fifty or sixty .
golden ox-heads, modelled with an axe between the horns, found

in one of the tombs at Mycenae perhaps representing sacrifice ;
to the dead. The same may be true of the magnificent ox-head

7
in gold and silver It is recorded that a priest spent the price
.
of a ram on a votive offering 8 .
(3) Articles used in the ritual.
From the long series of vases found in the tomb at Menidhi,

it would appear that the vessel used to hold the food or what
not which was brought to the sacred place was left with it and
formed part of the offering. This will explain the hosts of rude
vases, usually all of a shape, found at sacred places. Examples
are: the Argive Heraeum 9 ,
the Dictaean cave 10 Naucratis 11 at , ,
12
Olympia seemingly and at Eleusis, in which last place the
,
visitor may still grub up tiny pots from the loose earth. To
dedicate these was probably a common custom.
Lamps appear also to have been offered, and a number

13
were found in Athens Bathos 14 arid the Cretan cave 15 There, ,
.
are some indications, though I cannot call them conclusive, that

models of the wreaths which were worn, or some other objects,
were possible dedications. A few of these were found in the
1
AM xix. 171; above, p. 69. rt/^s rov Kpiov (Asclepius).
-
Rev. Arch. xxx. 17 ; found with 9
Dr Waldstein.
10
animals on them at Olympia. Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 101.
3
Collitz iii. 3518 Kov/37? HXadaivis, n Gardner, Naucratis, ii. 61 ; cp. i.
IIXaTWj/os yvvr). 12, etc.

4
CIA ix. 120. Oxen also at Este :
12
Bronzen von 01. 198 ; Frazer,
Not. degli Scavi, 1888, pi. vii. ff.
Pausanias, iii. 556.
5 JHS vii. 24. i3
Bidder, Cat. 425-7.
6
As the rpayiffKOi at Delos, BCH u JHS xiii. 227 ft.
15 At
xiv. 404. Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 105.
7
Schliemann, Mycenae, 218. Cnidus : Newton, Halic. 494.
8
CIA ii. 836 33 iepebs Av<ravias e/c TTJS
hero-shrine at and in Olympia, fragments of bronze

Amyclae
1
;
wreaths or sprays 2
It is not likely, but not impossible, that
.
models of wreaths might be dedicated, since the figure of a man

bearing a wreath has been found. The wreath would bear the
same relation to the figure as the separate animal to a figure
holding an animal. I can see no other reason for the dedication
of models of torches made of the precious metals, recorded in
Boeotia, than that they are memorials of some vigil or ceremony
where the dedicators had held them 3 .
(4) The deity.

We have seen that one of the most common offerings for
occasions of was the figure of the deity and we may
all sorts ;
assume therefore that a pilgrim would as naturally dedicate

one when he paid his devoirs at the shrine, as the pious Catholic
offers a figure of the
Virgin and Child. I propose here to
consider those large series of divine figures, which have come
to light in many parts of the Greek world, which were offered
on occasions unknown by generations of worshippers, and which
in default of direct evidence
may be supposed to have been
given at the recurrent feast or pilgrimage. And first, the facts.
The earliest figures of this class are rude female idols of
which examples have been found in Delphi 4
stone, quite naked, of
and on the Acropolis of Athens 5 The former, being made .
of Parian marble, should have been carried to Delphi by a

visitor, perhaps when Delphi was the oracle of her whom
6
Aeschylus calls Themis, or the Earth Others of this type .
have been found in the islands, placed in ancient tombs.

There are also figures of a female deity with wings, found
at Amyclae and Therapne, which may be referred t9 another
ancient goddess, she who is identified by the Greeks with
Artemis 7 . A series of goddess-figures with animal heads is said
1
Rev. Arch. xxx. 19 : but the object JJ-B a time. A JA vii. 406.
has a handle, and is really a hoop
4 AM xvi. 361, Perrot and Chipiez,
with jags attacht. vi. 738, fig. 325.
2
Bronzen von 01. 1171 ff.
5 AM xvi. 57.
6
3
Plataea : a catalogue. All the Aesch. Eum. init.
dedicators are women ;

33 6at5es ;
7 Eev. Arch. xxx. 10, 19.
offered singly, once three, once five
to have been discovered 1

. But these are isolated and the ;
types we have next to consider show a series long and unbroken,

reaching back to pre-historic times.
In the Argive Heraeum 2 thousands of terra-cotta figures are
found in pockets, probably round altars which go back beyond
the Mycenaean age. They range from the earliest primitive
idol, shapeless, without mark of sex, and naked, to the seated
aridstanding figures of the so-called Tirynthine type, to the
Mycenaean, these more nearly indicating the human
class called
head on a rude body, down by regular transition through the
Dipylon stage to archaic Greek and there they stop. A few
:
bronze figures are also found. The immense preponderance of

female figures suggests that the goddess is represented
by
most of them for men worshipt Hera, and men were not
;
forbidden her temple moreover, after reading the earlier

;
chap
ters of this book, the reader will I think not be inclined to
admit special deities for males and females in the ancient days 3 .
It will be noted that the goddess is not characterised

by cuckoo,
peacock, or other distinctive attributes.
The earthen fragments found on the Acropolis at Athens
number about five thousand. They include two shapeless idols
in a standing posture, and some three hundred seated idols of
the same which appear to belong to the Mycenaean age
class, ;
about a thousand standing and seated female figures of a more

advanced style, clothed, and not unlike the Maiden statues,
but for a headdress which they wear. The standing figures
are for the most part without attribute but some have the ;
shield and gorgon s mask 4 or a plume on the head, and hold a

,
fruit or bird to the breast with the

right hand others have the ;
right arm raised as if in battle, although no trace of a spear

was found. The seated figures sit on a throne wide or narrow 5 ,
wearing stephane or polos, a hand sometimes holding fruit. A

1
BCHxxiii. 635. The heads may tombs: Hist. vi. 759.
have been meant for human shape. 4
Acrop. Mus. no. 625; no. 593 holds
2
For this information I am indebted oil-flask to bosom.
to Dr Waldstein. See also the Pre- 5
This is evidence for a seated
liminary Report of Excavations. Athena in this place. But the seated
3
Perrot points out that the stone goddess has been found in the shrine
female idols are found in warriors of the hero Amynus, AM
xxi. 293.
number of pieces are the head only, in high relief and hollow,
or upon a flat slab, with holes for hang
ing. As these are all female, and not

distinctly marked as the devotee, they
should be meant for the goddess her
self In the same place statues of
1
.
Artemis were found, but less numerous.

She also appears both seated upon a
throne and standing erect. The seated
figures hold a fawn with one hand or
the other ;
those standing hold a fawn
in the right hand, a flower or leaf in
the left 2 At Eleusis is a whole series
.
of seated
goddesses of the familiar
type, not distinguishable from those
found elsewhere In a sacred precinct :!
.
at Tegea, much
the same features re
appear. There are figures both seated
and standing, fifteen hundred in number,
allfemale with perhaps one exception ;
which makes it likely that the figures

aremeant for the deity, were it Athena,
Demeter 4 ,
or who not. This must be
true of the most part, but some which
hold pigs in their arms, or carry jars
of water, or dance, may perhaps be
human beings who took part in the
sacrifice. The enthroned figures gene- FIG. 40. Artemis with
fawn (Corcyra).
rally hold a bird, or a flower, close to
the breast grapes lie sometimes upon;
pi. HCH xv. iii.
the lap 5 In a sanctuary of Artemis in

.
Corcyra were some thousands of draped female figures mostly

6
,
1
AA viii. 140 ff.; AM xix. 491. 3
In the Museum.
Castriotes explains them as devotees, 4
Paus. viii. 53. 7.
virgins who took part in the Pana-

5
AM iv. 170 ff. Offerings were laid
thenaic procession, made in Athena s on the knees of seated deities, II. vi. 273.
type. No proof is given.
6
In Carapanos Museum, Athens.
2
AA viii. 146. Artemis Brauronia See I3CH xv. Iff., pi. i. viii. See
was seated in historical times. fig. 46.
archaic, which hold a garland or flower, a bird, fruit, or some

such offering, or nothing at all. The interpretation of these is
as before doubtful but there are others which represent the
;
goddess herself, in her character of goddess of the wild woodland.

She holds a deer with one hand to her breast or animals ;
fawn upon which she

caresses, hare, deer, boar, panther, or
her,
lion ; again she holds her bow, and in the other hand a bird,
deer, or lion, dangling by one leg; sometimes she stands in
1
a chariot behind a pair of deer Most characteristic of this .
shrine are others which show a small human figure in front

of the goddess, apparently in the act either of dancing past or
2
of clasping her knees Thus the goddess is clearly intended .
by independent figures similarly attired. Figures of a similar

type, the goddess with her hand on the head of a lion or
stag, or with a dog or some animal fawning upon her, come
from a grotto near Syracuse 3 Characterised figures of Artemis .
come from Locri 4 Figures of the goddess have also been found
.
in the precinct of Athena Cranaea and amongst the hundreds ;
nondescript we may see the goddess herself without

"
"
labelled
5
attribute So in the shrine of Aphrodite at Naucratis, figures
.
were found which are believed to represent the goddess 6 ;

for
one female figure dedicated by a man Polyhermus, cannot be
meant for the dedicator 7 Figures of Apollo occur at his shrine .
in Voni (Cyprus), with eagle, fawn, or Victory as attributes,

and with the temple boy or votary 8
"
A rough female head, "
from Thessaly, is dedicated to the Earth by a man 9 .
In the western colonies similar series have been found.

Thus at a shrine near Catania, we see the matronly type and
the maiden type, both standing, the latter holding pig, fruit,
10
flower, or torch; and seated female figures of wooden modelling .
At Megara Hyblaea are the upright draped figure, xoanon type,

the seated Demeter type, having the calatkos headgear, and
1
Compare Paus. vii. 18. 12. /* aviQi\K TTJI
2 8
See above, p. 286, fig. 38. Cat. Cypr. Mus. 5048 ff.
3 9
Notizie degli Scavi, 1900, 353 ff. Rev. Arch, xxxiv. 329, pi. xii. (3rd
4
Jahreshefte iv. 48 ff. century) Ya llavrap^ra Kaivevs IIei0oi5-
5 BCH xi. 412 with pi. v. veios.
6
Naucratis, i. 58. i
Hon. Ant. vii. 217 ff., pi. iii. ff.
7
Naucratis, pi. xxi. 794 :
HoXuep/x.os
R. 20
the maiden standing with hand to breast, and holding a bird

or other object in it
1
Masks are also found in some places.
.
The female standing type called Maiden is also known in
two marble statues at Athens and at Delos, and

series of large
2
in scattered analogues elsewhere One holding a dove comes .
from Marseilles 3 one from Eleusis 4 two from the neighbour

; ,
hood of Apollo Ptoan 5 one from Samos is dedicated to Hera

;
and differs somewhat from the rest in appearance

6
A certain .
variety in the costume is to be seen at Athens, but, magnifi

cent as it is, the costume is human, no doubt the Athenian
7
lady s gala-dress century of As a rule they

the sixth .
nothing in the hand, but one holds a strigil and a

carry
flask
8
The human air of these figures is most markt, and has
.
suggested that they may be meant for priestesses or arrhephori.

I have already given strong reasons for thinking that some
9
must, and all may have been meant for the goddess and ;
pointed out, that as there is no evidence for the honorific

dedication of priestesses thus early, so the statue of an official,
if it was dedicated, must be more than a mere human figure,
and must in some way represent the function fulfilled. The

still when viewed in the light of
question becomes clearer
these large series of divine figures. It was clearly needless
to characterise a deity always in the same way whilst various ;
deities are drest alike, stand in the same pose, and are in
distinguishable from each other and from human beings

10
A .
seated statuette, which otherwise might be taken for Demeter,

is inscribed as Hecate
11
A statue from Samos, inscribed to
.
1
Mon. Ant. i. 913 ff. word Kbp-rj
has been taken to imply
2
Gaz. Arch. ii.!33pl. 31; Collignon, humanity, seeing that Demeter s
Hist. Sc. Gr. i. 120, 340. daughter goes by that name alone.
longer dub a
3 10 The reader will no
Gaz. Arch. ii. 133, pi. 31.
4
Collignon i. 122, fig. 60. goddess Aphrodite because she holds
5
Collignon i. 122, 123, figs. 61, 62 : a dove (as Lenormant does, Gaz. Arch.
perhaps Artemis. ii.133) or he must see Aphrodite in

;
6
Collignon i. 163. Athens, Tegea, and Corcyra.
7 i. 342. One is inscribed. n AZ xl. 267; CIA iv. 1. 422 3 Alyuv
Collignon
IGS i. 2729 ...puv dvMeiKe rut A7r6Aw>i cW0i?/ce e-fjKaT-rjL. These are very rarely
run nrwici- ...OTOJ eVoifeicre. inscribed; another from Aegina, per-
8
Collignon i. 353, fig. 178.
haps Athena therefore, has ... ^V I A
9
Page 90. It is strange that the
Hera, much resembles the archaic Delian series 1 When the .
conception of a deity becomes clearer, the attributes

emerge;
and Athena protectress assumes now
helmet, now shield, now
spear, or all together. This brings us to the definite
type of
armed Athena, in act to strike with the
spear, which is repre
sented by a number
of bronzes found on the 2
Acropolis .
The question of the male figures, found in the shrines of

male deities, similar, but it is complicated by the fact that
is
such figures may be meant for athletes. There is

a series of
archaic stone figures from the
sanctuary of Apollo Ptoan, quite
naked and without attributes of
kind, some inscribed 3 any .
One found in Samos 4 and an archaic bronze

figure of a similar
,
type, probably from Thebes, are both inscribed like these to

5
Apollo .
Single examples of a similar type are known from Orcho-

menus 6 Thera 7 and Sparta 8 in the same attitude but of
,
,
style
more advanced from Tenea 9 and Naxos 10 from
Melos, Paros, ,
Phigalea, Actium and many other places 11 It will be noticed .
that all those inscribed are dedicated to

Apollo. Now an athlete
statue must be either honorific, or
by the principles we have
everywhere seen, it must represent somehow the act recorded.
But honorific statues were known before the fourth in century
no divine precinct
except at Olympia, and perhaps the other
AZ xxv. 123, pi. 228. 3. rpdrov, in sixth century alphabet,

may
A goddess enthroned, doubtless Hera, perhaps belong to one such,
comes from Samos : AZ xxii. 140, pi.
4
Aeiktos dved-rjKev TUI A-n-oXXwi :
Gymnasium Museum, Vathy, no. 25.

1
BCH iv. 483 ff.
Xi]pa/jivr)s /j, dvt- The name Lycius occurs in Bran-
6i\Ktv rijpirji dya\fj.a. chidae. Apollo in Samos, Paus. ii.
2
Bidder, Cat. 31. 9.
3
BCH x. 66, 98, 190, 269,
pi. iv.
5
AJA N.S. ii. 250 Maim/cXos /* dW-
ix.; xi. 275, 354, pi. ix. x.; x. 196; 0ire fe*ra|86\wt apyvporoûi ras 5e/caras
IGS i. 2732 K/Sos dvedeiKe ru>
Uruieu ;
"^ ^ *o?,i3e 5/5ot x aP>-^TTav d/j-oifdv.
6
BCHx.78...oi>dv^dTf)KTi3i ATr6\\uvLTu>i Collignon i. 114.
?
(boustrophedon) ; IG7 Ei) eirlas
n>we?
. Gardner, Gr. Sc. 123.
8
TwErwieios; 270 (corrects xi.
di>tdr)K- Collignon i. 132.
9
287) riy^ aj cI)K-pat0ieus /ca Alaxpiw Collignon i. 202.
dj/gê rav with a 10
fragm. of dpyvporo^c ; Collignon i. 253.
IGS 2729, 2730. Collignon 196 ff.
i.
i.
"
Gardner, Hist, Gr.

of Sculpt.,
An inscription found in the same Index, s.v. Apollo.
precinct, "iTTTrapxos d^^xcv 6 Ilcurur-
202
centres of the
great games therefore they can hardly be
;
seriously considered for the Ptoan precinct. As the statues

are naked, most of the contests are excluded also. runner A
ran naked, and so far the statue might be an athlete but as ;
we saw in the hoplite-runner of Tubingen, he could assume a

characteristic attitude. If therefore these were athletes, duly
dedicated to Apollo, they should show it in their attitude.
It must be admitted, however, that the statues might possibly
1
be meant to represent the yv/jLVL/cb^ ay&v so that this ;
itself is not conclusive. Further: athletic dedi

argument by
cations always record the occasion; these use mostly a bare
the occasion
formula, but the only one which says anything of
calls the statue a tithe. It follows that one of the Ptoan statues
was not an athlete, that none of them need have been an
athlete, and that such evidence as is to be
had goes to show
that they were not. We may therefore assume that they were
meant for Apollo; and his naked stands in the same

figure
relation to that armed with the bow, as the Athenian Maiden
to the Promachos. How far the same explanation is true of
the so-called Apollos depends on the place they stood in and ;
I leave them alone. But the

as this generally unknown,
is
2
Samian and Theban figures go with the Ptoan Figures of .
4
have been found
3
at Delphi and Amyclae and we are
Apollo ;
told that an Apollo was the oldest of all the dedications at the
5
Delphic shrine .
The question of Zeus is easier. Most of his figures (there

are not many) found at Olympia and Dodona are characterised
6
have held Two have
by holding the thunderbolt, or seem
to it .
the bolt and what is called an eagle

7
So also at Dodona 8 .
.
But the bearded male figure in a mantle, which once held
1
This was suggested by Prof. E. A. girdle.
Gardner.
3
BCH xxi. pi. xi.
4
2 The male figures on the Acropolis E0. Apx- 1892, pi. 2.
5
of Athens (Cat. 734, 736, 737, 740) all Paus. x. 16. 8.
in the 6
Bronzen von 01. vii. 43, 46.
appear to have held something
hand. These were certainly not 7 Bronzen von Ol. vii. 45, viii. 44 ;
Apollos; but no doubt athletes. A see fig. 47.
figure called Apollo at Delphi,

BCH 8
Carapanos xii. 4 (2nd cent, archa-
xxi. x., xi., is naked but for a

metal istic).
pi.
something (now gone) in his left hand 1

, may be Zeus as truly
as the Maiden type may represent Athena. I do not know
FIG. 47. Zeus with thunderbolt, from

FIG. 48. Figure from
Olympia.
Olympia (Zeus?).
Bronzen viii. 44.
Bronzen vii. 40.
how to interpret the seated male

figure with long braided
hair and conical hat, also found at
Dodona 2 .
Bronzen von 01. vii. 40; see

fig. 48. 2
Carapanos x. 2.
IX.
PROPITIATION.
oi A&KeA&iMONioi eKeAeyoN royc

TO Afoc eA<vfNeiN THC 0eoy.
THUC. i. 126.
ALTHOUGH the greatest part of recorded offerings were
promised or given, from thankfulness for favours bestowed or

intelligently anticipated, there were others due
to fear. It is
possible, as Ihave already suggested, that fear may have entered

into the offering of firstfruits but the feeling is clearer where ;
a votary has to propitiate some offended deity. The feeling is

illustrated by the words of Telernachus to Odysseus, whom he
takes for a strange god of unknown tastes Be gracious, that :
"
we may give thee sacrifices to please thee, aye and gifts of

Sin-offering and thank-offering are mentioned
1
wrought gold ."
2
as natural complements in a story of Orestes Such offerings, .
it is true, lack the freewill which is the essence of the rest, but
it would be amiss to pass them by without notice.
The most of this class were dedicated to atone for a definite

breach of rule or of duty. So, in Homeric days, Artemis must
be appeased by the sacrifice of Iphigenia, and sacrifice has to
be rendered for the violation of the priest 3 Aegisthus ;
4
propitiates heaven with gifts of garments and gold and ;
1 3
Od. xvi. 184 dAX i\-r)8 Iva roi Kcâ- Cp. Iliad, i. 22, 428, 441.
4
piff^va. duofj.fi> ipa 7)5 -^pvaea ScDpa Od. iii. 274 TroXXd 5 d/ydXywar avrj-
TTvyfj.tva. êj>, i^dcryuard re -j^pvabv re.

2
Paus. viii. 34. 3.
PROPITIATION. 311
it is was often done on similar occasions.

likely that sacrifice
The crew of Odysseus, about to steal the oxen of the sun, vow
to build a temple to the sun, and fill it with fine 1
So offerings .
Croesus, who had offended the oracles of Greece by

doubting
their power, which he put to the test by asking them a
ridiculous riddle, tried to appease 2 the two which were found
true, by offering magnificent gifts. At Delphi, after first sacri
ficing, he presented the shrine with a large number of
golden
ingots of two standard sizes, which were piled in a heap to be
the base of a great golden lion a gold and a silver crater, four ;
pitchers of silver, a gold and a silver holy-water basin, and other

3
objects To Amphiaraus he sent a gold shield and a
.
4
golden
spear Xerxes too, after flogging the Hellespont,
.
propitiated
the powers of the sea by sacrifices done on the
bridge, and
by casting into the waters the golden bowl which he had used
in libation, with a 5
When
golden crater, and a Persian sword .
the Lacedaemonians had so

treacherously murdered the Plataean
prisoners, and razed their city to the ground, they built a new
temple for Hera and used the bronze and iron they found within
the place to make fittings for it
6
.
At Olympia, he who broke the rules of the games had to pay

a fine, which was used to purchase a bronze statue of Zeus these ;
1
Od. xii. 343 dXX &yer\ HeXtoio Kal ws
/u.vp<rivr}<Ti <rropvvvres ryv bdov.
POUV eXdvavres dpiffras popfv dOavd- 6" ewavere\Xe 6 rlXios, <nrev5wv K XP-
rotcri, rol ovpavbv evpuv ^xowiv. ei de"
es
<re-qs (f)idXr)s êp^-rjs r-qv GdXaffcrav,
Keveis IddKyv rbv
d<piKoifj.eda Trarpidayalav, ei/xero wpbs 7]Xiov...evd/j.evos 5e
atyd Kev HeXiy T-n-fpiovi -jriova v-rjbv evtpaXe ryv îdXrjv es rbv EXXricnrovTov,
retZofj.fv, ev 6Y A.e
8eifj.evdydXfj.ara TroXXa Kal xpv<reov Kpyrrjpa Kal
IlepffiKbv /0os
Kal eadXd. el de xo^W(rd,/xej/os, etc. rbv dxivaKyv KaXtovffi. ravra owe ^x w
2
So Iinterpret K ero cp. iXar- drpe^w diaKplvai, ovre dva-
iXd<r
; el ry ijXltf
fiol for bloodguilt, Plut. Solon 12. ridels rb veXayos, which ej
KarrJKe is
3
Herod, i. 50, 51. These were not far from likely, cure et fj.erefj.^Xt]ae ol
dedicated same time; see
all at the
rbv"E\\^<nrovrov (jLavriywavn, Kal dvrl
above, p. 255. It should be mentioned rovreuv ryv edXaaaav edwpeero. Offer-
that he also burnt a number of articles,
ings of gold, silver, and fine raiment
furniture and fabrics included, ATT- were thrown into a river at Aphaca in
wi> rbv Qebv paXXov ri rotiroun dvaKrr)- 58.
Syria: Zosimus, i.
crecr ^ at - 6
Thuc. iii. 68 *ai rots aXXots (exp^-
xieroa. o2.
ffavro) a ^v
i. v r<
reixft, ^TrtTrXa, x a X/cos
5
Herod, vii. 54 at sunrise, dv^ârd
: Kal aldypos, KXivas Kara<TKevd<ravre<i we
re TroXXd ewl r&v yeipvpeuv
Karaylfavres, 8e<rav
rrj "Hpa.
Zanes, as they were called, stood in a row near the Treasuries.

The first offence recorded is that of Eupolus of Thessaly 1
(98th Ol.) who bribed his competitors in the boxing. The whole
six of them were fined, and appropriate inscriptions were
placed upon the statues, as thus: "the victory is won by strength
and swiftness, not by money": the statue stands for honour to
"
God, for the piety of the Eleans, and for a terror to evildoers." In
2
Ol. 110 Callippus of Athens bribed his rivals in the pentathlon .
The Athenians took the matter up, and sent the orator
Hyperides to plead for him but he lost the case. Still, the
;
Athenians refused to pay, and consequently all of that city were

excluded from the games until by oracle from Delphi they
were persuaded to pay the fine. A curious case was that of the
Alexandrian boxer, Apollonius 3 He arrived late, and pleaded
.
baffling winds but the fact

;
was he had been prize-hunting all
over the Aegean, and this made him to be late. When the
judges refused to admit him to compete, and the victor had the
wreath awarded to him without a contest, in fury Apollonius
rusht at him and for this contempt of court he was fined. In
;
01. 192 even an Elean dared to cheat. The competitors,

Polyctor and Sosandrus, were on this occasion held guiltless,
or at least one of them 4 . The two fathers were punisht in the
usual way. In Ol. 201 Serapion of Alexandria, who had entered
for the pancratium, played the coward and departed before
the event, and for his cowardice was fined 5 Fines were .
6
customary at Olympia for other breaches of sacrificial rules .
When the Athenians fell into arrears with their sacred

mission to Dodona, they were enjoined to sacrifice, and to offer
7
a bronze table with some other object not specified .
There is an indication that the practice was wider than we

know, in a late inscription from Coloe. a slab of marble, On
beneath a relief of a mounted hero or god holding a double
axe, is a legend which informs us that this was dedicated by
Antonia to Apollo, as atonement for having attended a cere-
1 5
Paus. v. 21. 2. Paus. v. 21. 18.
2 6
Paus. v. 21. 6. Collitz i. 1158.
3
Quoted by Dem. Meid.
7
Paus. v. 21. 12. 15, p.
4
Paus. v. 21. 16. 530.
PROPITIATION. 313
monial dance in a dirty dress 1 The base of a "thank-offering .
2
and atonement" was found at Cnidus The Epidaurian pig .
3
demanded as a punishment for scepticism, will be remembered .
Two entries in the catalogue of the Asclepieum suggest fines 4 .
In some where the worshipper s dress was

sanctuaries,
prescribed, jewels and

ornaments were not to be worn any so ;
brought in were forfeit, and consecrated in the shrine and to
the deity 5
This was the
. law in the temple of Despoina at
Lycosura, garments purple or black, or of any bright colour,
for
sandals, rings, and gold ornaments

6
A similar rule held in .
Andariia 7 lalysus
8
and perhaps elsewhere. We find false
, ,
"
apparently confiscated from Lacon, in the temple of

staters,"
9
Brauronian Artemis at Athens So also at Delos 10 Dionysius . .
of Syracuse made all the women dedicate their ornaments,

which he then seized if anyone thereafter wished to wear ;
gold, she had to dedicate a votive offering of some sort 11 .
For the crime of bloodguilt, expiation was sometimes made

in the same way, as Plutarch implies
12
The Metroum at .
Athens was founded to propitiate the soul of a murdered

13
man In .the story of Coroebus and his slaying of Poene,
the oracle of Apollo commanded him to expiate the guilt
by founding a temple
14
A statue of Cylon on the Acropolis 15 .
may perhaps have been dedicated because of the murder

of the conspirators in violation of the sanctuary of the
9
J
Cat. Perl. Sc. 680 Kvrwvia. Av- CIA ii. 652 B oraTTypes
0eu) Bo^l/w 5ta TO 4v Ki|3ci>T(a>i <r<rT]fjiao7t6
oi ot irapa
eirl TOV XP 01> *v puTrapw Aa/cwôs; CIA ii. 654 B
8e ^wfj.oXoyrja-dfji. rjv ^5f)\ov TO EXeuo i60ei .
nt dvedrfKa. ev\oyiav on eyevofj-^v 6X6-

10
BCH vi.
K \rjpos. n Arist. Oec. ii. 1349 a 24
2
Newton, Branchidae, i. 380. rrfv pov\ofj.vr)i> xP V(TO(f P t ^v fay/Ad
>0 n
3
Page 226, above. ava.TiOva.i cis rb iepov.
12
4 CIA ii. 835 18 aXfatov TO elvirpaxOtv, Plut. Solon 12 iXa<T/Aots
not Kai
64
TO v&nrpaxMr.
Kv/j.(3lov Kadap/nois /cat iopixrecn.
5 13
Cp. ffiyXoi Kai dffKol edyi<rroi, in a Suidas s.v. /JLyrpayvpTtis, fiapaQpov,
catalogue of Eleusis, CIA iv. 2. 767ft. Photius s.v. M.i)Tp$oi>;

Schol. Arist.
6
avaetTu w rb Icp6v, E0. A/x- 1898, Plut. 431 ; Frazer, Pausanias, ii. 67.
14
249. Paus. i. 43. 8.
7 Collitz iii. 4689 22 - 26 39 88 .
- 15
Paus. i. 28. 1.
8 IGI i. 677.
goddess
1
The same principle is seen in two statues of Pau-
.
sanias, dedicated in the Brazen House at Sparta, from which

he had been dragged forth and slain 2 Perhaps we may con .
3
jecture that one was intended to lay the ghost of Pausanias ,
and the other to lay the ghost of the hapless Cleonice, who was
killed by Pausanias in mistake. are told that Pausanias We
had tried in vain to set her spirit at rest, what with wizards
and what with sacrifices to Zeus, as god of Flight 4 These dedi .
cations were enjoined by the Delphic oracle. When a certain
Timagoras, a foreigner, was bidden by his Athenian lover to

cast himself down from the Acropolis, he did so whereupon ;
the lover did the same. For this the foreigners of Athens
dedicated an altar to Anteros, or as Suidas says, a statue of the
Athenian 5 A
temple of Artemis at Tegea was built to expiate
.
the slaying of the tyrant Aristomelidas by one Chroriius, who

6
did it in obedience to a vision of Artemis The Argives, after .
an internecine feud, expiated the bloodshed by setting up a

statue of Gracious Zeus 7 . We might be tempted to place here
the reliefs dedicated to Zeus under this title, but that he was
8
worshipt as Gracious by the farmers .
Propitiatory offerings
were certainly made to him under this title 9 .
Treaties and laws were sanctioned with fines for the break
ing of them 10
although these are assessed in money, the sums
:
were, sometimes at least, expended in a votive offering, so that
they cannot be excluded. Periander decreed that anyone who

11
helped his banished son should pay a fine to Apollo In the .
ancient Elean treaties, the violator was to pay a sum of money to

13
Zeus Olympius 12
Similar rules appear in Athenian documents
. ,
1
Herod, v. 71: Schafer, A. Z. xxiv. 6 The tyrant himself was blood-
183. It may have been dedicated by guilty. Paus. viii. 47. 6.
7
himself for his Olympic victory in 640. Paus. ii. 20. 2.
2 8
Paus. iii. 17. 7, 9 Thuc. i. 134. ; Above, p. 83.
3 9 Paus. ii. 20. 1.
Plut. de ser. num. vind. 17.
4 Paus. i. 28. 1.
10
So in Assyria: a common penalty
5
Paus. i. 30. 1, Suid. s.v. MA^ros. for breach of contract was to dedicate
Suidas says Meletus offered Timagoras a bow to Ninip. Kidgeway, Early Age
some cocks, and when they were scorned, of Greece, i. 616.
threw himself down. The statue, we u Herod, iii. 52.
are told, represented a youth holding 12

IGA 112, 115.
13
two cocks. CIA i. 41, ii. 11.
PROPITIATION. 315
and in the treaty between Orchomenus and the Achaean

League
1
. The Amphictyonic Council imposed fines, not only
on states Phocis") but on single persons for
(as in the case of
breach of oath 3 Other ordinances of Delphi, such as a vote of
.
privilege to a distinguisht man, were guarded by fines in case

4
of violation For any offence against a certain decree of Acrae-
.
5
phia, two thousand staters were to be paid as sacred to Apollo .
Emancipations were sometimes similarly guarded. At Messene,

he who infringed the liberty of an enfranchised slave paid ten
6 7
minae to Limnatis ;
at Delphi, a silver talent to Apollo at ;
Elatea, ten minae to Asclepius 8 So in Coronea 9 Daulis 10

.
, ,
Hyampolis
11
,
Stiris 12 .
At Athens, officials who broke their oath or neglected their
duty were compelled to make an expiatory offering. Under

the Solonian constitution the nine archons swore in such case to
dedicate a golden statue, which from the words used appears to
14
have been meant for a portrait 13 . Suidas appears to imply that
three were to be offered, in Delphi, Olympia, and Athens, one
15 16
each and Plato and Plutarch add, that it was to be of equal
;
weight with the offender. The archon who failed in his duty
to orphan heiresses, by not compelling the next of kin to wed
17
or to dower them, paid a thousand drachmae to Hera .
Archons who punish tradesmen for using false

failed to
measures, were fined a thousand drachmae sacred to Demeter

and the Maid 18 and those who violated a law concerned with
;
trierarchy paid a like sum to Athena 19 ,

as also did prytanes or
1
Collitz ii. 1634. n IGS iii. 1. 86.
2
IGS iii. 1. 110, 111.
12
IGS iii. 1. 34.
3
CIG 1688 19 ,
etc. 13
Arist. Const. Ath. 1 oi 5 bvta.
4
Vote of thanks to an architect: ApxavTes 6/îWes wpbs T$ XiOy /cctre-
Collitz ii. 2522. <f>aTtôv dvadrjcretv dvdpidvTa xpv&ovv edv

5
AM xvi. 349 8/ca /j.vas dpyvpiov TLVO. Trapafiuat. T&V vbfJLuv. Sdev TL Kal
iapds Tai At^z/ari. vvv OVTWS &pvvovffiv. So ch. 55. 5. See

6 Collitz
ii. 1532 &. next two notes.
7 Collitz 1548. 14
ii. Suid. s.v. xpurf C IKUV.
8 IGS i. 2872. 15
Plat. Phaedr. 235 D xp^W driva.
9
Collitz ii. 1523 15 ; IGS iii. 1. 66. Iffofj^rpijTov.
10
BCHxiv. 21, line 21: diroTeiffdru 6
16
Plut. Solon 25.
ddiK&v 8icrxi\iovs ffraTrjpas Kai 8 &v Kara- 17
Law ap. Dem. Macart. 1064.
/SXdi/ T/t, TO, 5 Ka.TadiKacrdî>Ta -%P niJ- a- ra
18
CIA ii. 476.
iepa tffru TOV ATroXXwi/os roO UTWIOV.
19
CIA ii. 809 b 5 (about 330).
presidents who failed in their duty

1
The magistrate who had .
not past his audit was forbidden to make any votive offering at
possibly to prevent a sham dedication after the principle
all";
of corban. If a member violated a rule of the phratry he

3
a
paid a hundred drachmae to Zeus Guardian of the Phratry ;
similar penalty fell on the offending priest of a body of thia-
sotes
4
A breach of law at Eleusis involved a fine to Dionysus 6
.
.
At Chalcedon, any proposal contravening a sacrificial law,

made
6
in the assemblies, was atoned for by a fine to Asclepius .
A similar provision was made at Lampsacus and a Carian

7
;
8
law was sanctioned under a thousand drachmae paid to Zeus .
A tomb in Asia Minor guarded against violation under fine

is
to Hephaestus
9
;
a very common thing in the later times. Even
in a decree for army transport during the Peloponnesian war,
the provision made that a neglect of contract should involve
is
10
a fine to Athena .
The tithe of certain fines was due to the gods. This was
done when a man was mulcted for damaging the sacred olives
at Athens
11
in Rhodes for violating a certain decree,
12
A portion .
After the of
goods was also consecrated.
of confiscated fall
Polycrates, his secretary dedicated in the

Heraeum the splendid
furniture and ornaments of his hall
13
. At Athens, it was
14
the tithe of the confiscations which the goddess claimed .
Anyone who spoke or acted against the constitution of Brea,

a colony founded about 444, must forfeit his goods, of which
15
one tenth went to Athena In the treaty between Athens .
1
Law ap. Demosth. Timocr. 707. 8
AM xv. 269.
2
Aesch. Ctes. 21, 373. The law rbv 9
GIG Add. 4325 i.
virevdvvov OVK eq. rrfv ovaiav Kadiepovv, 10
CIA iv. 1. 35 c.
ou5 ava6elva.i.
n Law ap. Dem. Macart. 1074.
avd6-rj/ji.a
3
CIA. 8416 90 (about 350) Mv
ii.
12
IGI i. 977 26 .
13 123 rbv Kbapov rbv

5 \f/Tj(piffa/j.^vuv ruv 0iaffWT&v elvat Herod, iii. K
aurots (frpartpa ol &\\OL (ppartpes aTro^T?- rov a.v8peG}vos...ibvra itO04lfT09 dv^0-rjK
<t>i<r<i)vra.L d<f)i\bvruv fKarbv dpaxv-as iepas

Travra es rb H/MU4)r.
T&I Ati rcDi Qparplui. So 841 & p. 535 14

Law ap. Andoc. Myst. 96; Xen.
and CIA iv. 1, p. 206. Hell. i. 7. 10 ra de xp^^ra avTov drj-
(396/5),
4
CIA ii. 614. fjLv0TJi>a.i
Kal TTJS 6eov rb
5
CIA iv. 2. 5746. elvcu; Plut. X. Or. 834.
e
Collitz iii. 3052.
16
CIA i. 31, cp. 32.
7 GIG Add. 36416 33.
PROPITIATION. 317
and Chalcis, all men of age had to swear good faith on pain
that his goods be confiscate, and a tithe of them given to Zeus
Olympius
1
. The same provision was made for a tithe to Athena
in the treaty made between Athens and a number of states in
378*.
The fines and votive offerings touch in the Zanes and they ;
touch also in the case of Themistocles, who, when overseer of

the water supply, used the fines of those who had diverted
the water to purchase and dedicate a bronze maiden, that is
on our supposition a statue of Athena, which the Persians
afterwards carried away amongst their booty to Sardis 3 .
1
CIA iv. Suppl. 1. 27 a (about 445).
2
CIA ii. 17 57 (378 B.C.) e-md^KaTOf, cp. ii. 65.
3 Plut. Themist. 31.
X.
RARITIES AND VALUABLES.
cy CON NyN MOI nei06/v\eNOC, TTOIHCON npoc TAG eyTyxf&c

5
TO AN eypHC EON TGI nAeiCToy &IION, K&} en c*5 cy

<t>pONTic&c
ATTOAOMGNtO M&AlCTA THN YYXHN AAfHCeiC, TOyTO ATTOB&Ae OyTCO,

OKCOC MHK6TI Hl6l GC <5kN0p60TTOyC.
AMASIS TO POLYCRATES: HEROD, iii. 40.
How
David poured out before the Lord the water which
his chiefs brought him from the well of Bethlehem, is a story
familiar to all. The same spirit which moved David is seen
the Greeks also it is in fact what prompted the
amongst :
dedication of the dicpoQiviov. Anything rare or strange would

of heroic
naturally be a offering for a god and the legends
fit ;
ages gradually became attached to these offerings. Thus the

the stone which
pious Greek could behold at Delphi very
Cronus swallowed in place of Zeus, still ceremonially anointed
with oil and held in honour At Chaeronea he could see that 1
.
sceptre, made for Zeus by Hephaestus, which

had past through
the hands of Hermes, Pelops, Atreus, Thyestes, and Agamemnon,
and was found buried on the confines of Phocis to which the ;
Phocians ever after paid supreme honour, doing sacrifice before
it, and setting out a sacred table laden

with all manner of
meats 2 At Olympia were the bones of Geryones, dedicated by

.
Heracles 3 The shrine of Asclepius in Megalopolis contained

.
enormous bones, greater than human, which had once been those
gold, and therefore may have been laid

1
Paus. x. 24. 6.
2
Paus. ix. 40. 11 6eui>
^dXicrra at- in some prehistoric tomb-chamber.
povffiv : it was kept by a priest elected See Iliad ii. 101 107.
3 Philostr. Her. 289 (672).
yearly in his own house. It was
said to have been found along with
KA1UTIES AND VALUABLES. 319
giants who helped Rhea in her revolt So in later days, the 1

.
fisherman dedicated to the sea-gods a

huge rib which his net
had caught 2 The flutes of Marsyas were preserved at Corinth,
.
in the shrine of Persuasion, where

they had been dedicated by
the shepherd who found them 3 . The Golden Fleece found a
4
last resting place in one
temple and in another were the wings ,
of Daedalus 5 Of the Calydonian boar, both skin and tusks were

.
preserved in the temple of Athena Alea at the tusks Tegea ;
were three feet round, and no doubt

belonged originally to some
mammoth 6 So mammoth ribs found in Warwickshire have been
.
popularly assigned to the terrible Dun Cow slain by Guy of

Warwick. Meleager was so considerate as to leave the
spear
he slew the boar with at Corinth, where it was dedicated rather
7
inappropriately in the shrine of Persuasion . Even the fatal
necklet of Eriphyle was dedicated at
Delphi by the sons of
8
Phegeus ;
and an imitation of it is mentioned in the temple
9
catalogues of Delos It consisted of "
.
light-coloured stones,"
amber perhaps, strung upon gold. In Gabala, Pausanias saw
the robe which was wrapt round the infant Alcmaeon, when
he was delivered to Eriphyle 10 The gold-hafted knife of .
Oenomaus was in the Treasury at Olympia 11 there also the ;
sword of Pelops, with a golden hilt, was and his

1
preserved ",
chariot stood on the roof of the Anactorium at Celeae 13 At .
Olympia, under a roof set up to protect it, stood a wooden

pillar which once supported the roof of Oenomaus thus house,
inscribed :
/cal
yap eyco K\euvwv GL/JL %eve Xetyavov OLKCOV, <a
crrOXo? ev Oivo/bidov irpLv TTOT eovcra

SO/AOIS
vvv Be Trapd Kpoi iSrjv /ceijACU rdS
eôvcra TCL
ov$ o\orj SaLcraro ytte 7riy)o?
14
</>A,d
1
Paus. viii. 32. 5. fered by Alcmaeon to cure madness
2
Anth. Pal vi. 222, 223. (vi. 232 E).
3
Paus. ii. 7. 9. ECU xiv. 406.
4
Schol. Ap. Ehod. iii. 584. w p aus . ii. i. g.
5
Justin, Paraenet. 34. "
Paus. vi. 19. 6.

fi
7
Paus. viii. 24. 10, 46. 1, 47. 2. 12
Paus> ^ u 4>
Paus. ii. 7. 9. is
Paus< v 19> &
8
Paus. ix. 41. 2 \l8oi x^poL 14
Paus. v. 20. 7.
Athenaeus says the necklace was of-
thus
These words suggest that the ancient column, saved
was consecrated as a thing
miraculously from the burning,
the god. From the
way under the protection of
holy and in a
Homeric age we have a stone on which Manto, daughter of
used to which was preserved at Thebes At 1
.
Teiresias, sit,
Nicomedeia was the knife of Memnon

2
. The spear of Achilles
of the dirk
found its way to Phaselis and an epigram speaks
3
,
The lance of Caeneus was also to be seen and

5
4
of Helicaon .
;
in Sicily were spears

in the temple of the Mothers at Engyion
and helmets, used Meriones and others, and then dedicated
by
6
Helen s golden stool was to have been given to
by Odysseus .
the wise men of

the wisest man in the world; but as all
Greece were too modest to take it, a final home for it was
7
of Ismenius at Thebes
found in Delphi or the temple
.
Apollo
was to be seen in the Heraeum at
Hippodameia s couch 9
was dedicated to Artemis in Capua
Olympia Nestor s cup
8 ,
to south
and the cup of Odysseus somehow found its way
a shrine
Italy
10
while the Argonauts left a number of cups
;
in
11
Still more notable, the very goblet
which
at Samothrace .
of
Zeus gave to Alcmene, when he assumed the shape
and doubtless this too was dedi
Amphitryon, was preserved,
cated in a temple
12
A folding chair .
made by Daedalus was
Cypselus, who
13
of Polias at Athens
preserved in the temple
.
sacrificed some magnificent oxen to Zeus at Olympia, seems to

14
have dedicated their horns .
dedicated his throne at

king of Etruria,
Arimnestus,
Olympia A huge ornamental crater of bronze, sent as a gift by
15
.
the Lacedaemonians to Croesus on their alliance,

came somehow
Paus. x. 10. 3. ypawariKbv avaKd^vov fv Kairvy rrjs
inscribed ws rb
Paus. iii. 3. 8. ~KaiJ.Tra.vias, N<?<rropos
Paus. iii. 2. 8. oV, cp. 489 B.

10
Strabo v. 232.
Anth. App. 213.
u Eiod. iv. 49.
Schol. Apoll. Rhod. i. 59.
12 Athen. xi. 475.
Marcellus 20.
Plut. Others at
Arrian V.H. i. 11.
13 Paus L 27 L
Troy,
ex-
7 Plut. Solon iv. Schol. Arist.
14
IGA 27 d /3ou>v Ki^Xov, as
Plutus 9. plained by Rohl.
15
Paus. v. 20. 1.
Paus v 12 5 - - -
9 Ath. xi. 466 E dbopev TTOTr)pioi>

RARITIES AND VALUABLES. 321
to Samos, where it was dedicated in the Heraeum

by the
Samians At Delphi was Pindar s seat 2
1
.
Phryne appears to .
have dedicated at Tbespiae the famous Love which

Praxiteles
made for her, on the same A curious piece of 3
principle .
quartz or some such stone, mounted upon a wooden base, was

dedicated at Athens to Athena 4 a
curiously shaped shell was ;
found at Delphi 5 Some lead ore was preserved at Delos 6 In.

.
the temple of Heracles at

Erythrae were to be seen the horns
of a certain Indian ant, which were there set
for a wonder up
to posterity 7 .
A few objects of this class have survived. In

Corcyra was
found an unhewn stone of conical
shape, a kind of baetylus
perhaps, bearing a very ancient inscription with the dedicator s
name 8 .
This, as Six suggests, may have been meant for Apollo
Agyieus, who is described as a conical 9
Two other
pillar .
conical stones in
Corcyra are inscribed with a river-name in
the nominative 10 similar stone found in Gaul was dedicated
. A
to Aphrodite 1J .
It is perhaps this
principle which suggests the preservation
of laws and official documents in
temples, where they were
12
always set up and it was also the custom to erect there the
;
tablets which bore official decrees and

lists, as well as votes of
honour and gifts of citizenship
13
.
Herod, i. 70. 9
Harpocrationa.v. A-yweife- Kluv efe
1
btrabo ix. 410, Anth. Pal. vi. 260,
W Xjyw,
32. 4.
Hesych. A7 ^ s, Pans. viii.
Athen. xiii. 591 B r, 8t

fro^ T to w IGA 325
347; see p>
"E/JWToc avtd-rjKfv, etc. n 7(^4 55^

4
CIA ii. 6769 xpw? \LOos twi 12
a law at Olympia
Eig> t &s IGA
rfom* gvX6w. 112. ypaâre^ Delos.
*
BCH - 604 - 13
Athens, CIA; Carpathos IGI i.
BCHvi. 47.
1033; Cos, Collitz iii. 3619; Rhodes
7
Pliny, NH xi. 31. IOI i. 761 5o. Qlympia, Collitz iii.
AM xix. 340, Indogerm. Forsch. ^
1173 ; Sparta, Collitz iii.
4516;
1893, 87: MCs ^ toa.ro.
Thessaly, Collitz i. 345 44 1332 32. ,
21
XL
FORMULAE.
AN
inscription was
no necessary part of a votive offering.
with intent to
The mere fact of its being laid in the shrine
dedicate, could suffice
1
and the
; large majority
of things which
such as statuettes, articles
have been found in sacred places,
and toilet utensils, are wholly without
of use, spoil of war, toys,
of the articles
inscription. So, too, were the greater part
But it was natural that the
named in the Inventories.
dedicator should wish the of his gift
memory to be kept, and
this we have been a prevailing motive in

shall see later to
the dedication so when letters began to be commonly used,

;
an inscription was naturally made. As it is the

mark of early
to be of words, and as the god to whom
inscriptions sparing
we may
the offering was made would be clear from the place, (1)
the earliest dedicators contented themselves with
expect that
But (2) a large number of ancient
recording their own
names.
objects bear
the god s name without a dedicator s.
Many
at but like
of these may have been not dedications all,
Ptolemocratia s "sacred pail of Venus," which sang its own

they may have been
2
letters whose it was
song, and told by
,
funds for every-day use. This, however,

bought out of temple
as the bulls of the
is not true of others, such for example
1
This fact has been taken to prove may be lepbs, without being an dvddrj-
his roof.
the votive character of the Olympian pa; for example, the tiles of
Plautus, Eudens 478. So iror^p^
2
athlete statues (above, p. 167). But
320 9
a thing may belong to the god, that is,
.
ypafj.fMari.K6v, p.
FORMULAE. 323
Cabiri, which were dedicated without doubt by pious wor

shippers hence we are justified in recording such in this
;
place. (3) A third class will show both devotee and deity,
(a) either the names only, or (b) along with a verb ;
and to
these will be added (4) others which offer a reason for the act,
or (5) a prayer, or (6) both together. The more ambitious
dedications are written in verse. Such is the main classification
of the formulae, which in later times appear in many and
striking variations.
The verb avaTiOr]^, in passive sense avaKelâu, and its
derivative dvaBypa, are universal for the votive offering. The
noun appears locally in the form dvddefjia 1 dvOeua* or a^rrj/jua 3 , ,
while eVazêro? 4 in Argos eVaiê/ita 5 in Athens eVereto? 6 is

, , ,
applied to the dedications of the current year. For human

the proper words are Bwpov and StSomt or e-TncHSo^cu 7
gifts, ;
but Swpov is found early in conjunction with votive formulae,

8
and late by itself . For tombs, the formula is ridrj^ or eVt-
9 10
Tt#?7yu,t ,
sometimes Later the votive avariOrj/ja
etyia-rrj/jLi .
loses its force, and is applied to games and months and the
like 11 ;
while by its side we meet with riQriî the simple
verb 12 which occurs once in an archaic dedication from Argos 13
, ,
and compounds 15 even evâpta-TO) 16 and ev^rjv , ,
1
IGS i. 303 40 (Oropus); IGSI 608 p. 44 8upov. Aegina IPI i. 12. Cp.
(Sardinia, late) ;
BCH vi. 30 (Delos), 8upov in Homer, Od. xvi. 185, and
Collitz iii. 4689 91 (Andania), etc. Hesiod in Plato Rep. iii. 390 B.
2
Collitz iii. 3339
59
(Epidaurus) IGI ;
9
IGA 495 : twl with name alone and
i- 783. no verb; IGA 131, etc.
3
Mon. Ant. iii. 402 (Crete). w xGA 265.
4
IGS i. 3498. n 1231, Schql. Find. Nem.
Collitz
i.
5
AJA ix. 357. IPI i. 526 6 . ii. o f games.
1, Aeschylus is said
6 CIA ii. 660 58 .
to have "dedicated his tragedies to
7
Collitz iii. 3164 EiraLver6s /* ^Sowe Time," Athenaeus viii. 39.
Xop6irwt; IGA 206 a, 219; 210ae7n?5w/ce. 12
Collitz i. 37.
In Athens eTn Socm is a contribution for 13
AJA ix. 351 Ttô/cX^s /* gG-rjKe.
public purposes. w Collitz i. 41, airtdwKa. BCH xvii.

8 As Supov dTrapx-nv: Kar. 261 = CIA 520, xx. 57, AM xx. 506 + eTrayyeiXas.
iv. 1. 373 c; cp. 5. Avidriia- late
422",
15
ffrfjffe early Kar. 131 = CIA iv. 1.
IGSI 982, 981 Ot\wv. Annali xxxiii. 373 216 ; ftrrô-e IG-SI 608 ; av- AM xxi.
pi. S dea ArmyTpi 8&poi>,
BCH xxiv. 112: Collitz i. 37 /carâracre.
161 (Thrace). Carapanos, Dodone, pi.
i6
IGSI 832, etc.
xxiii. 4 Ail 8&pov avtdrjKe ?r6Xts Aexwtwv ;
212
3
or avaridrj/jn
1
a-Tro&i&ovai*, eVreAeti; and
coupled with ridrnja
,
,
5
icaOiepovv sometimes found
Trote^ 4 Even is .
barbarously .
Another group of words, ISpva* and i&pvpa, are used of buildings

and statues 6
KarariOrj^ is used on the
and altars, trophies .
earliest Lesbian dedications known, which were found at

Trapa/carariOevfu and TrapaKara-
7 8
Naucratis ,
and in Cyprus .
0?7A:7?
are used of things deposited in temples for safe keeping .
No I have met with no votive offering

(1) deity is named.
10
which bears the offerer s name in the nominative case alone ;
but there are examples of it in the genitive. The statue made

11
by Tharrymachus, and inscribed Praxilas," "of is probably one .
of the
"
A vase found in the temple of the Cabiri is labelled
Thebans 12 there are similar inscriptions at Corinth

13
and
";
14
Athens .
Most of those which belong to this class have a verb of

dedication added. One of the oldest is the baetylus dedicated
the quaint form of a speech
by Mys at Corcyra, which takes
from the stone to the spectator
15
So also does the Corey ran .
16
bronze plate of Lophius .
Others have the commoner shape of the Olympian stone
1
IGSI 2524, 892 dva-, etc. Athens be a prize formula, as Bather
2
IGSI 2427, Collitz iii. 3072, AJA suggests: JHS xiii. 129 62 233
,
-rdv eiri
xi> 599. AafJLffldai aOXov ? 6 8eiva Kar^/cej/.

8 Collitz 1 etc.
3 IGSI 873. i.
4 IGSI 1025, 1124.

9 CIA ii. 660 f ira/>a(caTa0iJjci/ A07j-
5
Collitz iii. 3596 <rvyKa8t4puffe.
The valas.
simple verb is the regular general

10
Perhaps the vase inscribed UpiKuv
is one, IGA 126 a; cp. 130. The
word for consecration.
6
I take the following reff. from owners of vases are inscribed in the
Dar. and Sagl. Donarium. idptw: genitive; IGA 247 a TopyiSao fal, 521,
524.
temple or altar Herod, i. 69,
vi. 105;
n IGA 449 HpaffXa fat
trophy Eur. Heracl. 786; statue Arist. Qa.pp6v.axos
Pint. 1153, Peace 1091. idpvfj.a tern- : <?7roiei

(Thera).
pie Herod, viii. 144,

Aesch. Ag. 339 ;
12
IGS i. 3595
Q^tar.
altar Dion. Hal. i. 55; statue Aesch.
13
IGA 20 5 ...o;/ ef/u.
6 14 Kar. 97, 98.
Pers. 811. PUÔV ldptffa.ro, IPIi. 1009 .
7 nos. 78793 15 MO? ê laa.ro, above p. 321 8 . The

Gardner, Naucratis,
Kd00Tj<ce; perhaps 185... avrlas /car^/ce address common
is early inscrr., in
which he suggests may have e.g. on a tomb, IGA 256, 344.

rut...,
16
A60i6s ^ AV^KC (complete),
IGA
been a deposit. But the others must
be votive, even if the example in 341.
FORMULAE. 325
"Hiero was the dedicator 1
";
or the Samian stone which adds
2
the patronymic . Other such came from Melos 3 Argos 4 , ,
Sam os 6
.
The name may be added 6

father s .
(2) The deity s name without the dedicators.

Many very ancient dedications show this type. The name
appears very rarely in the nominative, as on a greave found
in the temple at
Olympia, which bears the legend Zeus
7
Olympian and perhaps on two conical stones from
;
Corcyra,
inscribed with the name of a river 8 . It is not uncommon in
the genitive case, as at 9 10
Olympia Thebes Athens 11 Sparta 12 , , , ,
Naucratis 13 or in the dative, as in 14

Once the word
;
Sparta .
"firstfruit" occurs in the nominative with the

deity in the
dative 15 Or again, the
offering utters a voice and addresses the
.
bystander. am the hero quoth an ancient vase of

"I
s,"
Mycenae". So say the vases of the Cabiri 17 and the dedica ,
tions to Paphia in 18
Some say more fully
Cyprus am .
"I
19
dedicated and the word "sacred" may be added 20 or even
";
,
21
In a series of
inscriptions from Naucratis, the
."
"offering
offering lifts
up its voice and addresses the deity, "Apollo, I
am thine 22 ." The word iepo? is used alone sometimes to
characterise offerings which are
certainly votive, such as the
bulls offered to the Cabiri in Boeotia 23 or a lance-head
sacred to ,
4
Apollo Ptoeus- . Others have the god s name added in the
I
Idpw toteê, IGA 82, cp. 120. "
IGA 52 (broken, however).

Ae X o?,
15
Ear. Ixxiv. dTrapxv rd^vafeu.
3
4
IGA
IGA
420.
45. 3313.
16
IGA 29 To0 $ puos Collitz ^ m>
5
IGA 386. 17
IGS L 3969>
6
Ear. 117 = CIA i. 358. is
Collitz i. 4.
7
IGA 559 Ze^s OXifcrios. "
Ear. 48 ch/cureâi.
8
IGA 347 Poos IIvlcuos; see above, 20
Collitz ii. 1601 iapbv AvMijiccv rat
P- 321 -
AprfaiBi.
9
IGA 123 Zrjvfc OXvfjLiriov, cp. 24;
2J
AM xv. 391 ILvOciM T&I iraidi rCj
(vase) 561 rot/ Ai6s; 565 (spear). Kaplpu.
10
IGSi. 3907 Kafiipu, etc.
22
Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. 16,
II
Kar. xcii. A0?7i>as, xciii. Aâias AiroXXu a6s dpi, 109 f. A7r6XXa> or
(helmet), and many other weapons: Ii7r6XXw at>v
elfu, 34 A7r6XXw <roO
abbreviated AO-qv. ciii. et>t.
12
IGA 89 MaXetira. ^ IGS im 2459 Iap6vm
13
24
Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. la. IGS L 2 735 rov ILrweios iapfo.
genitive, as others of the Boeotian bulls and vases 1 a vase of ,
Athena Cranaia and many more. 2

,
But vases which bear this
legend may have been articles of use although their number ;
makes it unlikely. They are found in Athens 3 Phocis 4 and , ,
elsewhere. The god s name

occurs in the dative amongst the
Theban offerings
5
,
and at Athens 6 Finally the offering speaks, .
as before, in Athens
7
and Olympia 8 .
Occasionally the dedi
name is added in a new sentence I am of the
"
cator s as ;
Anakes: Eudemus offered me," in Argos

9
,
as at Thebes 10 ,
12
Athens 11 Naucratis ,
.
(3) Both deity and devotee are named.

Some of these have nothing more than the two names. Ex
16 17
amples Athens 13 Boeotia 14 Elis 15 Italy Thessaly

are found in , , , ,
.
19
The patronymic may be added 18 and the fatherland and the , ,
20
words "daughter" or sometimes occur But most "wife" .
21
contain also the verb of dedication. These occur in Boeotia ,
26
Epirus
22
,
the Italian Locris 23 the Peloponnese
24
Phocis 25 Priene
, , , ,
27
Sicily . Official dedications are followed sometimes by lists
of names 28 and the dual ,

is very common 29 . The fatherland
KABI PO
"
IGA 151 K ^ TW Kal eei6 r5oros
1
IGS abbreviated HI
W
" <
i.
3588. lapbs KojWpw, lapto rS>

Kafilpu
Ai Kar. cxxix. Br*
3942 Ka/3i. (from Thebes); BCH xi. 416
2
BQH x ii. 41. OeSwpts Afloat (Elatea).
3
Kar. Ixxix. Aî/aias, Ixxxi.
15
IGA 373 -
iepa
Alipataf, etc.
I6
IGA 549
lepdr rijs
*
IGS iii. 1. 149 ff.
17 IGA 327
*
IGS i. 3953 TCOI Kap4wt iap6s.
18
Collitz m - 333 (Epidaurus).
Kar. Ixxx. A0r,vaia t
I9
IGA 339 *******() AaMO^Xou
iepbv TTJL .
7
Kar. Ixxxviii. Aeu/cd5tos Ai Natwt.
20 3514
8 Collitz i. 1148 rov At6s Cnidos: Collitz iii. 5.
lapbs
flfUm
21
IGS i. 2732.
9
IGA 43 a Collitz ii. 1372.
roZ(i ) pavd K oi(v) elfd-
iii. 3333 (Epi-
23
IGA 537 -
E^5a|ios &v8viKCi Collitz

24
IGA 564 59 61
daurus), 3262 (Argos).
-
>
25
10
IGS 3968 (Thebes), 2730.
i.
Collitz ii. 1516,
11
* IGA 385<
Kcrr. 143 IlaXXados elfj.1 6eas, dvt-
* IGA 51.
e-riKe 5t /* EuSkou ui6s=CI^ iv. 1.
M Athens: Kar. 99 (408/7).
373218
no. 752: IA i. 351, 358, 375, 396, iv. 1.
"
Gardner, âucroti., ii.
13
Kar. 96.
FORMULAE. 327
and patronymic also appear with other such details 2 the

1
,
;
word son 3 or wife 4 or daughter 5 is actually used. Demotic

adjectives are common with the older Athenian inscriptions,
rare in the offerings to
Asclepius, perhaps because of the
rank of the dedicators 6 Further a description of the dedicator .
sometimes appears ;
as the rhapsode of Dodona 7 ,
at Athens
the fuller 8 the harpist 9 the potter 10 the builder 11 and others
, , , ,
in combination with the word tithe or firstfruit. So we

at Epidaurus 12 perhaps "bankers" in Athens 13
"
find the cook

"
; .
Officials, however, as the priests or physicians of

Asclepius, do
add their titles 14 This is so common in later days as to need
.
no The word [epos may be added, as in the

illustration.
15
previous section It is unnecessary to name the
object, but
.
this is often done in the verse Thus we find

inscriptions.
aiya\pa or "ornament," specially used of a divine statue, but
not always so, in Samos 16 Paros 17 Melos 18 frequently at Athens 19
, , , .
The word is applied also to a stone vase 20 A human portrait is .
named in Olympia 21 Cyprus 2 and commonly in honorific in , *,
23
scriptions; a cauldron and a tripod in Athens 24 a goblet in ;
25
Cyprus an altar in Crissa 26 and elsewhere 27 a relief or
;
picture , ;
1
IGA 388 Etidv/j-os Aoxpbs awb Ze0u-
12
Collitz iii. 3224.
Kar. 67 (Athens) 13
piov dv{6r]Ke, ; Collitz CIA ii. 1507
iii. 3382 (Argolis). w CIA ii. 835 13 836 33 -
17 84
.
Kar.
, ;
2
IGA 402, 407 Ni/cdj/Sp?? /* dvte-rjKe 8.
15
imip6\wi loxealprji, potfpTj At>oc5kew rov Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. 753 Efl-
Noffou, tfrxos dXeaw, Acivonfrcos 5 K\TJS dix?8-rjKet> ie
KCHTLyvriTTi, $pdov 8 &\QXOS ^v Kar. :

16
IGA 384
46 Xai/x?5?7/xos Eâ77^\ou K KoiXrjs dv- T-fjprji dya\/j.a.
6t]Kv, 105 ITcuai ietfj. v XQ^ 4Qi ? 402.
3
Collitz iii. 3391 (Hermion), prob. 18
IGA 412.
Kar. 153, 220 (Athens). w Kar. 12, 102, 180, 207, 220.
4 Kar. 20
148. Kar 36
5
Kar. 119. 20, 24.
6
See CIA ii. 766, 835.
21
IGA 388 el K 6va.
7 IGA 502. 22
Collitz i. 76.
8 Kar. xxxvi. 23
Kar> 2 29 X^tp-a?
Kar. 215 = CIA
9
Kar. 53, from several fragments; a*
iv. 1. 373 79 rpnro-
106 = CIA i. 357. Sltricav.
10 25
Kar. 144; so in Italy Collitz ii. Collitz i. 102 Siwas.
1643. 26
Collitz ii. 1557.
11
Kar. 283 = CIA iv. 1. 373 262 .
27
IGSI 608, IGS L
2
in Rhodes a jug and a stand in Naucratis and war-spoils
1
,
,
4 5
often
3
;
a human statue or a pillar in Thera tables in Lesbos , ,
a slab or stone base in mules and men in

Asia Minor
6
;
Branchidae
7
. The word aya\â, at first an ornament, later
used specially of divine figures, needs no illustration. More
often, however, some periphrasis like
"from the enemy"
is
enough An epithet of the deity is often added, arid this may

8
.
a clue to the occasion of the offering. Thus Athena is

give 12
9 10 11
addressed as Poliouchos Hygieia Ergane Zeus as Oporeus , , ;
,
13 14 15
or Giver of Fruits or Protector of the City Saviour or ,
, ,
17
Dionysus as god of the Grape

16
Heracles,
god of Strangers ;
;
19
Averter of 111
18
; Artemis, Saviour and so forth. ,
The occasion of the dedication is more clearly indicated,

when the words tithe, firstfruit, or vow are added. The first
two are exceedingly common in the early inscriptions of Athens,
where the practice, known indeed elsewhere, seems to have

been regular as to its distribution and nature the reader may
;
20
refer to the fuller discussion above The word tithe, like .
other of the formulae, loses its in later times so that

meaning ;
21
a man can dedicate an honorific statue as a tithe . The word
22
firstfruit also loses its meaning The vow is also attested for
.
is only named in the periphrastic phrases

early Athens, but it
8
1
IGl 914 Kcrr. 63, etc.
i. rbfi irivaKa.
9
2
Gardner, Naucratis, i. no. 1 -r^v Kar. 34, 158.
L0
Kar. 96.
irpbxovv, rb viroKpyT-qpiov.
ll
3
See chapter in. above. (r/cDXct: Kar. 119.
IGA 548 oVXa in Delphi, etc.
a,
12
IGA 151.
4 IGI iii. 410 AyvrJL 6eui TOP K lova
13
AM vii. 135 Aa Kapiro^brr,.
14 in Collitz
419 rbv dvdpidvra &LOVV- HoXieus Ehodes, iii.
XapiffT-ripiov ;
riw*. 4614.
5 IGI ii. 535 *A0at<ms Qeodupeia
15 IGI i. 32.
SWTTJ/)
rais
TpaWfais Marpi.
16 IGSI 990.
E<Ws
yfoa
EflardêXos IGS i. 3098 Lebadea.
17
6 Mm. Sc. 817 (Cyzicus);
Cat. Dr.
Stephani, Compte Remlu, 18828,

18 IGS i. 3416 Boeotia.
nine names avto-TTjcrav rbv reXa/awva
l9
IGI i. 915.
Cp. the archaic Argive Chapter n.
>2f>
0ewt A7r6XXwvt.
inscr.: IPI i. 517, AJA xi. 48 a trrdXa
21
GIG 5133 Gyrene: name rbfi ira-
Ka
deKdrav avtdijKev. Also above, p. 79.
7
Haussoullier, MS. catalogue, No. 48:
**
Kai rovs tffrc&nfrov* CIA ii. 1329 dirapxV
frtyr, WIOVLKO. Trtrre
^TTI rrjs TOVTUV 6epa.Treias avSpas
FORMULAE. 329
2
r
1
,
and the like. So in Boeotia we
v-%Q3\r)v reXecra? ,
3
find ev^dv Here the vow is sometimes paid by
eVreXeovzz/Tt .
another than he who made it 4 But the later custom is to .
affix the word ev x/jv or

ev^coX^v to the simple formula and ;
this is found earliest in Naucratis 5 and in dedications of the ,
9
third century or later at Athens 6 Argos 7 Messenia 8 Sparta at , , , ,
10 11
Selinus and Apollonia at Cnidus and in other parts of Asia
12
,
14 16 18
Minor", and in Anaphe Cyprus
15
Delos Lesbos 17 Melos , , , , ,
19 20 21 22
Rhodes Thasos Thera Thrace
, further, in Boeotia
,
23
and , ; ,
in Greater Greece 24 Kar ev^rfv also occurs 25 Extraordinary to

. .
relate, the formula with ev^rjv is used for a late tomb in Asia
Minor 26 .
Another word âpicrr^piov becomes very common in later

times. It is foreshadowed, like ev^v, by a paraphrase in the
7
old Athenian inscriptions,
1 ydpiv avriStBovs* but like
aol /v /
,
ev^rjv is only common after the Alexandrine period, and chiefly

in the Roman age. We find it in Arcadia 28 Attica 29 Boeotia , ,
30
,
1 12
Kar. Iviii., Ixxvi., 56, 102, 180, etc. Collitz iii. 3519.
This remains the formula in Athens 13
:
Arch.-Ep. Mitth. xix. 51, 60, 61
CIA ii. 1458, 1481, etc. So in latest (late, with simple formula).
times: IGSI 922, 958, etc. Collitz ii. 14
IGI iii. 259.
1374 AwpoySios dv6 r)K a AiOTre^s ei aro 15
Collitz i. 27 ei^wAi?.
(Dodona), Late i/Woêro (Caria)
/ca0u>s
16
IGS i. 560, 2736, etc.
BCH ix. 78. 17
IGI ii. 114.
2
Kar. 182. 18 IGI iii. 1087.
3
IGA 284 ;
IGS i. 1794. 19
IGI i. 23 (?).
4
Kar. 243 TOU T^KVOV eva.fj.vov = 20
BCH xxiv. 271.
CIA i. 349 later such formulae as
:
21
IGI iii. 434.
virtp T&V TraiSwv ev>ifj.ei>os
CIA ii. 1481 22
BCH xxiv. 160.
become very common, especially in
23
Inventory : BCH vi. line 193.
cases of sickness. See 1440, 1453, 24
IGSI 860.
1485, 1494, 1497, 1501. Kar. 189 virip 25
IGI iii. 263 Anaphe ; IGS i. 252
favrov Kal T(3v ircuSwv? is a similar ex Megara.
ample from the early days. So 231, 238. 28
BCH xxii. 237, citing Gott. Gel.
5
Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. 776: Anz. 1897 p. 409: dyady ri^T
iepbs Kara eTTLTayrjv Ait Aty
So 777.
6
CIA ii. 1503. Cp. BCH vi. 33. 27
CIA ^ 397 .
CKreAe cras IGS
7
Collitz iii. 3280. iii. 1. 390.
8
Collitz i. 1223
9
CIA iit 1503
10
Collitz iii. 3049. so
IGS ^ 3100 .
11
Collitz iii. 3222.
and Phocis 1
,
in Asia Minor 2 ,
in the islands, such as Anaphe
3
,
4 5 8
Crete ,
Delos and Megiste 6 Nisyros 7 in Rhodes 6 Thera and
, , , , ,
in Italy 9 . Once it appears to be used for victory in a chariot-

10 11
race . The plural âpiar^pia occurs also .
Variants, all late,
are evâpio-rijpiov and xapio-reiov and once ^dpiv We also 12 13

,
14
.
15 16
find now and again such words as a-warpa eXevtiepia eicri- , ,
18
/jLarpa
17
\vrpov Gratitude is more freely expressed in some
,
.
inscriptions ;
like that of Hegilochus, who acknowledges a "
manner of goodness on the

"
great share of hospitality and all

19
part of his adopted city .
Another group of phrases glances at the injunction of a

dream or an oracle. Mav-relov occurs in an old Attic inscription,
20 21
which is unfortunately mutilated ,
and Oeov (frpa&als in another .
3 2
The commonest phrases are KCLT ovap ^.tcar oveipov* ovap l&cov *, ,
5 26
Ka6 opajjua? /car eVâi/taf once or twice o-fyiv IBovaa aperrjv
, ;
28
TT)? 0eov 27 fcaO VTTVOV once in a relief offered to Zeus Xenios
, ,
1
Collitz ii. 1536, IGS iii. 1. 89. 17 Collitz iii. 3517.
2
A.-E. Mitth. xv. 93. 18
BCH xx. 57.
19
3 IGI iii. 261. CIA i. 374 fj,yd\T)j>
8e <t>i\oevir)s
4 BCH xxiv. 245. apery? re Trdff-rjs jj.olpav \<uv Trjvde Trt>\LV
5
Inventory : BCH vi. line 148.
20
e IGI i. 21, 770, etc. Kar. 66.
7 IGI iii. 96, 103. 21
Kar. 2U = CIA iv. i. 422 1 .
8 IGI iii. 410. 22

IGSI 2256 Italy; IGI i. 979
9
IGSI 720. Rhodes; CIA iii. 128, 224; Mus. It.
10 IGI i. 1039. iii. 724 Crete IPI i. 1008 Epidaurus.
;
11
IGS i. 2469 a Boeotia; IGSI 988 23
IGS i. 1829 Boeotia; iii. 1. 134
Rome, etc. (pi.) CIA iii. 199.
24
12 IGS
i. 3417 Boeotia IGI iii. 1086 ;
Cl^t iii. 211.
25
Melos, 458 Thera, with avte-rjKe. IGI iii. 137.
!3 IGI iii. 416 26 Ath. xv. 672 A
Thera; Collitz iii. Roscher, ii. 524; cf.
3517 Cnidus 3528 (plural). Mus. It. ; deaffa/J.frrjt TTJV r?}s"Hpas eTri(f>di>eiat>.
iii. 588 Crete ; xpW"nP

-
<
ov i n Lesbos is 27 BCH xiii. 168 (Athens early 4th
a blunder IGIii. 119. evxav /ecu xa/H<r- cent.); CIA iv. 2. 14266. Compare a
TTJOV Crete, Mus. It. iii. 684. statue of Cybele inscribed P65a Apre-
14 BCH xxiv. 235 Crete, 4th cent.: /j.i8d)pov dperdv TTJS deov, BCH xxiv.
Tov8 dv0T|Ke vabv 4>ot/3wi x&P LV HptXa 239.
vibs Aa/J.o\dp7)s 6v<ra.s I KCITI /cai dvo 28

IGSI 990. A late inscr. with
The poetic style would suggest hideous hybrid relief has TOTOTJTI deo-
/3oDs.
that the metre chose the word. dai/jiovi ti-rrvui, followed by a Roman
is IGSI 967 Rome. name: BCH xxii. 350.
16 See General Index : Greek.
FORMULAE. 331
l 2 3
/car 7riray/jia ,
e eTTirdy/jiaros ,
perhaps rayev , 7rpoardavro<;
4 5
rov Oeov ,
Kara TT poo-ray pa or KCLT eTrirayrjv 6 once apparently ,
7
TToriray/na in apposition like ev^v, /car a /ce\eva~iv rov Oeov 8 ,
w /card n
eyKe\evo~ea)^, /card ^prja/ji6v /card
/
e
%pr) fj,ar LCT /Jiov , ,
1 13 1
fjLavreiav *, Kara crvvrayijv .
Again :
rv^wv vyieias *, vrrep
15 1* 17
a-wrrjpias or vyifia*; may be added, even vTrep et^?}? or
18
dTroSoo-ewxdpiv even vTrep evâpiaria^ and ei^^r}?
T?;? 6^^779 ,
21
%dpiv. VTrep is added also with the names of family or friends ,
whose welfare the dedicator has at heart. This is especially

common in the Asclepian dedications, as we see from the
22
Inventories .
Amongst the earlier records, the only others which give

definite explanations of the occasion are the dedications of
victors in the games and war-spoil, of which enough has been
said 23 . But
later the practice grows of recording prayers for a
safe voyage 24 or such grounds for thankfulness as rescue from
,
25
peril or sickness 26 ;
or again, some honour or office, as has been
1
CIA iii. 163. 19
IGSI 915.
2
Eoscher ii. 524. 20
IGSI 991, CIA iii. 142; A.-E.
3
Collitz ii. 1369 IToXuâ rayev Mitth. xv. 214.
21
avaridijTi rot At KO.L xp^ctra (Dodona). See General Index : Greek.
4
CIA ii. 1491. 22
CIA ii. 766,835: tirtp auras, birip
5 IGSl 608, 974; GIG 2304, etc.; rov TrcuSos, etc. Cp. CIA ii. 1440, 1453,
CIA iii. 164. 1481, 1485, 1494, 1497, 1501.
6 23 I
JGIii. 108, i. 785 (Twelve Gods); may add from the old Attic
ECU xx. 57. inscrr. vncricras or VIKUV Kar. 13, 163,
7
Arch.-Ep. Mitth? xviii. 1; IGI i. 215.
24
957, 962. euTrXotas eVera or the like. IGSI
8 IGSI 984, etc.; BCH iv. 293. 452 917; compare the prayer
(Sic.),
9 cut on a rock in Prote: At6o-/covpoi
Koscher, ii. 524, mentions it; I
have noted no example. eforXoiaj/ Collitz iii. 4686.
10
IGS i. 3098 Lebadea ; Collitz iii.
25
IGSI 1030 (rw8ds eK /êyd\^ KLV-
3597 Calymna. Stvuv Ti-oXXaKis, cp. IGI i. 742 (to

11
IGI ii. 108. Hecate and Sarapis); IGI i. 23 /ca0
12
CIA iii. 166; IGS i. 1672. ay evedâvro yCterd rbv <jei<T[j.bv ev%dv ;
13
IGS iii. 1. 717. CIA 1474, 1441; Bahn-Schuchhardt,
ii.
14
CIA iii. 138. Alterthiimer von Aigai, 47 6 5S/xos... :
15
IGSI 688, etc.; CIA iii. 266. <r(t)9eh vtrb (name).
16 IGSI 1037, etc. 26
IGSI 2283 larpevdeis. The occa
17 BCH xiv.~371; IGSI 1042, 446, sion never given in the Attic inscrr.
is
179; IGI 903 (Christian), cp. 9112.

i. to Asclepius, unless it be other than
18
IGS i. 413 (by Sulla). sickness (? perhaps in CIA ii.
1461).
already explained. These often give in much detail the cir

cumstances of an offering. Earlier, \ve find only a few examples,
such as the great stone of Bybon, or now and again in the
poetical inscriptions to which we shall come immediately. I
need do no more than briefly indicate the varieties of the

honorific class. These are dedications by the TroXt? or the 1
a 3 4
&}/zo? ,
or the j3ov\rj sometimes both the last two together
, ,
6
the <f)v\rj
5
or the KOIVOV, whether a state or guilds or a mere
society of men 7
.
"
By the resolution of the senate

"
or a like
8
phrase is added sometimes .
The dedications are made to the gods all or singly, some

times coupled with the people 9 Here the phrase loses its .
force and becomes a mere compliment. When we find dedica

of buildings or land for common
"
to the community
"
tions
use
10
,
man is spoken of
and a as having
"
dedicated the bath to
young men / the word is

11
the indistinguishable from its English
12
equivalent .
1
Collitz iii. 1252 Arcady, 3394 turies later than this seems to be,
Argolis. I do not believe the restoration can be

2
Collitz iii. 3433 Sparta (6 5a/zos TWJ>
right.
AaKedai/moviuv rbv ddfj.oi rbv AXeiwp) ;
J0
IGI i. 36 Rhodes : TWI KOIVUH (of
3596 Calymna, 3433 Anaphe; etc. a guild), etc. So a bronze weight CIG
3
See IGl iii. 140201, 202267, Add. iv. 8545 b 0eots o-e/Sao-roZs Kai TU
516, 541 etc., and Indices. ddfj.w. From Ery thrae :
Tro/jnraywyriffa.s
4 Collitz iii. 3666 Cos, 3432 Anaphe. TTJVAyadrjv T^x^y TWI 5^/uou, AM xxvi.
5
Collitz iii. 3296 Argos. 1172. Wood s Ephesus, p. 36 CLKUV
6
Collitz ii. 1635 Achaeans, iii. 3298 dpyvpta A6-r]vds (fa.fJ.fJi.ovo ov . .
.17 Kadiepw-
Argos, 1GI i. 40 Rhodes. rrj re ApT^/j-idt Kai rots del e ao/Atvois
7
BCH vii. 474 Delos run KOIV&L
efJ.TropdJV Kai vavK\r)puv Kai 11

Collitz i. 311 40 68tvTa
TT]V ffrodv dv^drjKev. rots vtoun (Cyme in Aeolia). Compare
8 3429
Collitz iii. /card rb yeyovbs iii. 3664 rol $ vtois Kai rdoi 5d/Awt (Cos) ;
\j/d(j)icr/jia
VTTO TOV drj/jiov, IGS iii. 1. 322 4560 dvdevra T& gXatov. IPI i. 777 TTJI
$(r)(}>i<r/j.a.Ti) (3(ov\T]s).
IPI i. 783, $. 5.
n-arpidi (Troezen), 782 rrji Tr6\ei.
9 12 and
See Collitz iii. 3482 Aetypalaea, So dvaKLfj.a.L is used of cities
3650 Cos, 3595 Calymna; IGS iii. 1. things which cannot hang, such as
282 Locris. An early inscr. from months: TroXets Paus. i. 34. 2, dv6t/u,ev
Eleusis is generally quoted as the of the same in an oracle BCH xiv.
earliest example CIA i. 332 STJ/J.OL

: 21. Ath. xv. 701 E says Hpa/cXetdT/s
A077J>cuu>j>...dve 0T)KV. Tne stone has lIoi>TiKos...Tb Tpi/j.erpov Ka\ov/j.evov dva-
a close connexion
disappeared, and as no such expression rid-r]ffL T$ êy, gives it
appears in Greece for a couple of cen with him. The verb is used in classi-
FORMULAE. 333
Along with the offering a prayer is commonly found.

Grant me," says the potter of Metapontium, to have good
" "
fame among men 1 Herodorus has dedicated me to Aphro ."

"
dite as a gift, a firstfruit of his goods ;

to whom do thou,
queen, grant abundance, and thwart all those who falsely
2
speak against him Aigialeus, in dedicating his first-
evil ."
fruit to Athena, has paid his vow, and shown gratitude to her :
forwhich he prays that she may preserve him in well-being and

make a return on her own part 3 Others pray that all may .
4 5
go well with their work or ask for a pleasant return
"
."
,
Telesinus, in dedicating a statue to Athena, asks, in simple

shrewdness, that the goddess will give him the means to dedicate
another 6 Pyrrhis of Italy would drive a bargain, and asked
.
his deity to give him twice as much as he had earned before 7 .
The idea of pleasing the divinity is clear in many, whether
implied by the complacent or "faultless ornament 8 or "fine"

,"
9
stated in plain terms The verse-inscriptions often take the .
form of a direct address to the god 10 and his glory is set forth ,
either by epithets or rarely in some other form 11 . Artists names

and explanatory inscriptions are sometimes added to the votive
offering. This is especially common with the statues at Athens

and Olympia, and with reliefs or painted tablets such as those
of Corinth. Such additions however form no part of the votive
inscription.
One or two offerings are inscribed only with a general
cal Greek in the sense of ascribing or 5
IGA 20 62 ff., 108a de 56s
ri>
x
making someone responsible for a d/moifdv or dôp/mdv a common formula ,
thing. at Corinth, like "Afflictions sore long

1
Collitz ii. 1643. time he bore" in village churchyards.
2
CIA iv. 1. 422":= Kar. 261 Hp6- 6
Kar. 207 <t>ap6eve,
ev d KpoTr6\et.
dupbs ^ dvedriK AtppoSirri S&pov dirap- TeXefTiJ/os ayaXfjC dveO-qnev KTJTIOS, c5t
XW, TroTvia, rCiv dyaGuv, ry <rv 56s x a ^P mffa 5t5o^s &\o dvaOeivai. Many
d<j>Qovlo.v,
oi re \tyov<rt \6yovs d5t/ca>s prayers for prosperity in CIA iv. 1.
~
tievdets /car e/ceivov rwv... Compare the 373 1 250 .
Delian couplet, BCH vi. 33. f

Collitz ii. 1657 reads 6Ls TTTJ
3
CIA i. 397 <r4>fe...TWJ/5e XCI/HV 9e- 56s roibv viv i-7rdffa.ro.
|ivii; iv. 1. 373 107 = Kar. 245 x<*-P

LV 8
IGA 412 Wat r65
dvrididov. 9
Kar. 51 rrji 5^ 6eu>i
xapiev, etc.
4
CIA iv. 1. 373 ! = Kar. 237 r^x"W
10
IGA 402; IGS
3598; Kar. 123.
i.
\6lov êiv compare the formula of con-

;
n Collitz i. 69 (altar) rd di<paro- ri/*<2
sulting the oracle, Collitz ii 1561, etc. 5i>ao ILa<f>tya ye

description of the dedication in the nominative case. Such

are "the supplication of Peisis" at Athens
1
the firstfruit in ,
3
the same place 2 ,
"Anaus s prayer"
in Cyprus .
Speaking generally, the dedicative formulae are made in

prose from the earliest times to the latest and they keep to ;
certain quite simple types. The most verbose expansion of the

early type, which yet means no more than the simple form,
is seen in Cyprus.
"
I am of Prototimus, priest of the Paphian,"
says one record, and he dedicated me to the Paphian Aphro "
dite 4 or am of the Paphian goddess; now Onesithemis

";
"I
dedicated me 5 Many of the Cyprians, who are most free

."
in their handling of the types, add

"
in luck or with good " "
luck
6
the best
,"
7
even a
"for note of time 8
But attempts at ,"
.
verse, more or less successful, are found quite early and in many
parts of the Greek world. are mostly hexameters, one or They

11
more not seldom elegiacs in one 10 or more couplets and now
9
, ,
and then a rude sort of iambic 12

Some licence is allowed in .
the case of proper names which may be difficult or impossible

13
to scan In the fourth century begins, and later grows to
.
great lengths, the custom of adding self-glorification

of all sorts,
which robs the offering of its pious simplicity.
8
1
Ear. xxxiv. lleurldos ineffia. Collitz i. 76.
2
Kar. Ixxiv. 9
IGA 20 7 (Corinth), 37 (Argos),
120 (Olympia), 314 (Phocis), 407
3 Collitz i. 96 dpa Aj/dw (statuette).
(Naxos), 512 (Syracuse).
4 1 rat
Collitz i. ILpwroTtfita ri/j-l
llamas TOV ieptfos- KOLS fie Kar^/ce rat

10 IGA 99 (01.), 354 (Aegina), 412
UaQlai A0/>o5trcu.
See for the verb, (Naxos), 62 a (Laconia).
n IGA 401
above, p. 324. (Paros), Kar. passim.
5
Collitz i. 2 ras 0eas ras llamas ifoif
12
IGA 32, 36 a (catalectic).
13
avrdp /u Acare9T]K QvacriOe/Jus. 20 7 2,ifU(av, 512 TOI Su/)a/c6aiot,
6 or
Collitz i. 47, 17 lv rtxai, r&xqi TOL ZvpaKoatoL, something wrong
dyadrji: i
ri/x at afadai 37: 120 <rv either way; Kar. 261 HpoSaipos. Few
njxa- cp. IG8 i. 3100 Boeotia. can beat the Delian bard in this line:
7
Collitz i. 37 rdirl 5etwi. Compare Iffriaievs /* avtdrjKejs KdXXwvos itirtp-
evrvxus in Caria, BCH xiv. 371; Ou- <f>t\

ATrbXXwv T-rjvSe <r
warfare pois evrv-
pavla "Hpa A/j-jj-uvios dv^drjKe ^TT dya6u> X ir v ) 8<rov. BCH vi. 33.
GIG Add. iv. 7034.

XII.
LATER USES OF THE VOTIVE FORMULA.
HT60
1 Ep. ad Cor. xvi. 22.
WEhave already seen that human beings were once dedi

cated to the gods, whether for service or sacrifice and
although ;
an investigation of this topic does not lie within our

scope, it
suggested a curious development which must be mentioned,
the formality of emancipation. In Greek states, eman many
1
cipation was a civil act but in some, it took the form of ;
a dedication of the slave to the patron

deity of the city, by
which act he was made free of human control, and that
meant (since the deity did not enforce his claim) his own man.
Witnesses or guarantors are sometimes present at the transac
tion, which is a legal fiction. A payment of money, and other
2
legal processes, are occasionally alluded to ;
some contain the
3
word sold .
The practice is not attested in Greece for the early times,
1 As at Delphi, Collitz ii. p. 184 ff. rb

; yi.v6ij.tvov Spax/ms ft/can
Daulis IGS 63 KaXeVavres e iri
iii. 1. So in Collitz ii. 1461 is a list of slaves
TT)v Idiav iffriav, another form like the each paying fifteen staters.
Eoman manumissio per mensam; Hy- 3
So all the Delphians; Tithora,
ampolis 86; Elatea 109, 120127; dirtdoro & eXei/fc/n cu run 0e<2i IGS iii.
Calymna Collitz iii. 3599; Epirus 1. 188 90; Amphissa 318; Chalium
Collitz ii. 1349 ; Aetolia 412. 331 Physcus 349 ff. Naupactus 359 ff .;
; ;
2
IGS i. 3303 TO.V avddeffLv -rroLovfjLevos
Phistyum 417 Stratus 447 Chaleion
; ;
Sid TW <rvj>edpiw
KCLT TOV v6fj.ov, Kal KO.T- Collitz ii. 1477, where the price is
âXe TV Ta/j.irj TV CTTI T&V iapw x/jTy/adrwy named, and receipt given.
1
but the same seems to have been used by the Semites One .
from Phocis
2
to the fourth century, but as the beginning
belongs
is lost, whether the votive formula was used
or not cannot be
made out; most of them date from the third or second
century, or even later. The custom depends, however, on the

known to us from the stories of Cylon and
right of sanctuary,
Pausanias, and from the ancient practice of sparing captives
3
who took refuge in a temple Slaves too might be protected .
from their masters to the Theseum or the fane of

by fleeing
the Eumenides at Athens 4 .
6
In Coronea 5 Orchomenus and Chaeronea the owners dedi
7
,
, ,
cate their slaves to the Egyptian gods, Sarapis, Isis, and Anubis,
under certain restrictions if any one in Coronea infringes his
;
liberty, he is to a fine of a thousand drachmae to those

pay
At Lebadea, the slave was dedicated to Zeus the king
gods.
and Trophonius, whose were charged to make good the
priests
Stiris, they are dedicated to
8
act In
against aggression .
10
9
in Daulis, to Athena Polias The only Messenian .
Asclepius ;
found are too badly broken

emancipations which have been
clearly to show
whether they were dedicatory but as a fine ;
11
has to be paid to Lirnnatis they are likely to have been so .
Fifth and fourth-century dedications of slaves to Poseidon, by
and fcna SCKOL, /caflcbs 6 Traretp iroT&-ae.

1
Robertson Smith, Kinship r,
Marriage in Early Arabia. 5t KO. In 5wet A0avo8Apa, ct<ri

AvSpLKbs
2 IGS iii. 1. 119. A list of gods is <popov
Tbv iv rr, 0eiKr, yeypa^cvov i] te n
named at the end. KO. Trd0ei A0avo5upa, irap/j-evl Av8pu<bs
was im- rbv irtpLTrbv CTTITO.

3 Xen. Hell. iv. 3. 20. It -xjpbvov Trap AwiXoi/,
pious to disregard this, yet that

was Iap6s toriv pel iroOlxuv ncrtevl nerfev. ftcl
,
sometimes done, Xen. Hell vi. 5. 9. iffffci^cv 5 /caraSouXn-racr/fy Av5pu<bv
4
Arist. Knights 1312 and scholiast; netfcvl, AvSpiic&v 5 \cirovpyifAev & ;s
Thuc. i. 126 Plut. Thes. 26.

;
0vaLTJs r&v diCjv OVTUV.
5 IGSi. 2872 9
IGS iii. 1. 36 &ire\cv8p(aff(u>
ml
(Avarietaffi lepbv}.
rd) Affff-
6 iQg { 3198 dv^0r)Kav, 39 dvaTi0LTi TCJ 0e>
7
IGS i. 33013377, 33803. /cXîo).
s IGS i. 3080 foil. No. 3083 may 10 IGS iii. 1. 66. The words ovs
be given as a specimen: 6i6s Tov X a avte-qite are used of the emancipated,

Collitz ii. 1523.
dya0d. fatrriao &PXOVTOS BoiwrOs, iv 5k
n AM xvi. 349, cp. Le Bas-Foucart
Aepa5dr,UpKwos,&ui\os Ipavr,udvaTl-
0cm 309, 310, 310 a. Collitz iii. 4642 re-
rbv fidiov depdirovra. AvdpiKto TV
Ai TV TV Tpo$wviv, iapbv elfj-fv
stores dvari
J3a.ffi\eu KT)
TO.V
irapîvavTa. Trap
LATER USES OF THE VOTIVE FORMULA. 337
a very simple formula, are found at Taenarum it should be

1
:
remembered that Poseidon was the god of the ancient

popula
tion of Laconia,who were reduced to slavery by their con
2
querors Manumissions of the same class have been found
.
at Olympia 3 and allusions to such are known in Cos 4

,
and
5
Epidaurus .
The formula shows a transition in where the slave is

Stiris,
set free and deposited before the gods, Asclepius, and the
citizens 6 .
In the second place, curses are often conceived of as a

kind
of votive The curses have been found in
offering. Attica,
Boeotia, Megara, Italy, Crete, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Africa.
The specimens to be quoted are not older 7 and most are
later, ,
than the fourth century; but the

practice was old without
doubt. Plato mentions it 8 and there are allusions in ,
many
other classical authors. Its association with the
worship of the
dead suggests a hoary
antiquity, since this worship is charac
teristic of the earliest inhabitants of Greece. The practice of
writing the spells backwards may perhaps have begun when
Greek was written that way 9 Curses show a very strange and .
pathetic side of ancient religion. They were commonly used

under the influence of passion but to
judge from the numerous ;
remains, the people would resort to them on

any provocation.
One could pardon the man who
10
complains of assault and
battery the lover who invokes curses on a rival or a faithless
,
11
mistress but there is small excuse for the
;
unsportsmanlike
1
Collitz iii. 4588 ff., e.g. &^0r, K 7 26
No<
may be fifth century,
run UoolSavi Qedprjs KXcvybij, 8
"Efopos PlatO) Rep [{ 364 c>
Lawg xi 933 A>
Acuoxos, ewd K u- Apiw, AW. IGA 88 Wiilsch (p. iv.) suggests that it
(5th cent.). was done for like
ft
magical effect)
SchoL Ar Ach 51
walking widershins; and in 67 this is
"
- -
IGA 552 A*9Kf...frj)*s rov At6s... stated, clWep ravra ^vXpa ical ewapi-
Paton, Inscr. of Cos,
Baunack, Studien.
p. 66. ffTepa oi) TW ra KpaT7]TO , Ta p ara ^
^ vxpa Kai This
ejrapiarepa yevoiro.
6
IG8 iii. 1. 34 d^fyrt (names) rd need not have been the original motive.
tdia 10
<r6fj.a.Ta
freMepa (names), K al jrapa- Newton, Branchidae, 95, p. 745.
KaTarWevri Traph TOVS Beovs Kal rbv Acr- CIA Appendix: Dejixionum Tabu-
K\T)iri.6v K al TOVS TroXtras /cat rouj lae Theocr. ii. passim;
<J>w/ceis.
; Newton, Bran-
Deposits were commonly left in the chidae, no. 87, p. 739. Latin curses
temples (irapaKaraO^rj): e.g. CIA ii. on lead at Carthage Classical Review :
xi . 415.
22
1
boxer who prays that his antagonists may lose their strength ,
be as
or the litigant who asks that his opponent tongue may
s
2
cold as the lead he writes on or the ill-wisher
who invokes ,
misfortune on his friends, feet and hands, soul and body,

their
works and their craftsmanship, their brothers, sisters, wives,

children, and associates. The descriptions are full here is a :
helmet-maker there a maker of panspipes shoemaker

4
3 silk- ; ,
,
8 7
actor
8
are anathematized with all the
spinner carpenter , , ,
brains in their heads and all the goods in their shops.

One
sends a letter to the spirits and Persephone" to
"
aggrieved person
call their attention to "Tibitis, who does
me wrong, her daughter,
and her three children, two girls and a boy
9
The .
husband,
are as detailed as that of the Jackdaw of Rheims.
curses
Hermes the favourite god for these invocations, and others
is
are Demeter, Persephone, Hades, the Earth, and mysterious

demons
10
The curses are engraved on leaden sheets, and
.
11
buried in the earth, often in the tombs .
The material is in later times supposed to be symbolic,

as this lead is
"
whatever were the original motive for using it :
12
as the lead is cold, so
"
useless, so be so-and-so useless or ,"
13
In the Attic inscriptions, the formula is
grow he cold ."
14
bind"; but we
find also I send as a gift
"
generally /caraSw
,"
"I
and deposit
15
The Boeotians have KaraBiBrjfu or Kara-
"I ."
occurs in imprecatory inscriptions on

16 11
7pa</>
; TrapaBiScofjiL
tombs. hard to draw the line at this period between
It is
votive offerings and other gifts from the formulae used;

but
we are justified in mentioning them here, because a certain
9
1
Def. Tab. 102 6 Kar6 X ovs T> I> Def. Tab. 102 ;
so frequently.
10 Tab. no. 62, p. xvi,
TOUS irikras Apurr&paxo* xai Apurrc^- Awpoi, Def.
a-rraffav e/cei- etc. see Indices for the rest.
vvfjLos /cdrexe rty 5tvafjui>
;
Def. Tab. pref. p. xxx. (papyrus),

"
vuv . So the horses of the green

12
faction are cursed (Carthage), GIL Def. Tab. 1066.
13
12508. Def. Tab. 107 a.
2
Def. Tab. 105, 94.
14
Newton, Branchidae, no. 81 ff. p.
3
Def. Tab. 69. 719 f.
4 16
Def. Tab. lOOo, GIL 12508 &v rA
Def. Tab. 55 a.
5 ]) e Tab. 12. 6v6fj.aTd <TOI
Trapa/cara-r^Kci.
16
6
Def. Tab. 85 a. Def. Tab. p. viii.
7
Def. Tab. 55 a.
17 CIA iii. 1423 e.g.
8
Def. Tab. 45.
number contain the technical term. The Furies also claim the
1
bloodguilty as Those documents
"dedicated" to themselves .
which were found at the shrine of Demeter at Cnidus

begin
with dviepol or dvari&rjfju,
(euwrMqri)*. These also, with another
from south Italy, show that it was a custom to dedicate a lost
or stolen article to a
deity, with a curse for those who kept it ;
and so apparently with false coins 3
Hegemone of Cnidus .
devotes to Demeter and the Maid the bracelet she lost in the
gardens of Rhodocles good luck to him who brings it back,;
but if the possessor do not, then let the gods see to it

4
.
Collyra ofBruttium devotes to the temple officials a cloke and

ornaments which Melita will not return to her; Melita must
pay the goddess twelve-fold and a measure of incense, and may
she not die till she does it 5 Later we see the word .
dvaOefjLa-
6
TL^CO in use , and the familiar "anathema" in St Paul s Epistle
will be remembered 7 sometimes called
. The curse itself is
Kard6eâ, a curious opposite of dvdQepa, quite appropriate to

the buried lead 8 One tablet promises a sacrifice if the
.
prayer
should be answered 9 A large number of names inscribed on
.
lead were found in a tomb in Euboea it seems

that ;
possible
10
they were intended as curses although their number , is
against
that supposition.
The curse is even found combined with a relief in the
sanctuary of Men at Coula.
Artemidorus, having been insulted
by Hermogenes and. Nitonis, denounced them to Men in a
votive tablet (-jrLrrdKiov} ,
whereupon Hermogenes, punished by
the god, offered a
propitiatory sacrifice and changed his ways
11
.
Two orphans sacrifice to the same god, and offer a relief

repre
senting an altar, a man and a boy, for his protection
against
1
Aesch. Eum. 304 KaOiepuôs. 0e<2:. So gold coins stolen are devoted
Newton, no. 81, p. 719 ff. to Juno Lacinia GIL 5773
3
JHSiv.246. 6
Defm Tab pref xiH
4
Newton no 86 - 7
1 Cor. xvi. 22. Still used in this
IGSI 644 dviepifct. Ko\\vpa rats sense.
is ras 0e<3 rcbs rpts rws 8
j) e f Tab p
x/cr<?ws, xxiii
MeXi ra K al ot K dTrodidw 9
avdei-r, Def. Tab. 109 etfayyAta 0t<ru.
rai few ffuttfcrtrXwas vto ficdlfiwt IGA 372. Kohl thinks they were
\ipdvw rut ?r6Xis vonlfa. ^ irpbrepov sortes vel tesseras.
8t rav ij/vxav dveLrj, ^re rat n CIG BCH xx.
di>edT) 3442, 58.
222
Again: Scollus has

the evil devices of their enemies borrowed 1
.
money from Apollonius, and refuses

to repay; Apollonius
devotes Scollus to Mother Atimis -and Men Tiamou, by

whom Scollus dies. His son paid the debt, and this pillar
records the recipient s gratitude As the hand held up is .
carved on a curse-slab
3
it may be that,
the bronze votive hands
in the same found in

position
the temple of Artemis at Arcadian
Lusi, were dedicated for some such purpose 4 .
and Gnostic
With the further developments, when Semitic
Nephtho, Sabaoth, and
Michael, the por
titles appear, El,
tentous we have no concern.
Ephesian nonsense-jingles,
that the formulae of
It may however be worth remarking,
cursing have remained
much the same for two thousand years,
5
At
and I am much mistaken if they are not still in use .
or Beâra are still the terror of the

least, "binding-spells"
Greek bridegroom.
or
votive type is also used for money gifts
The legacies
the cost of sacrifice, and the like.
given to a shrine
for paying
hundred
So Agasicratis of Calaurea dedicates to Poseidon three
6
-drachmae for victims
buying So the money sent . by king
education and the keeping up of
Attalus to Delphi, for
sacrifices, was sanctified to the god

that the gift might be in
force for ever

7
Diomedon of Cos left property by will for
.
did in Thera and the same

9
8
founding a shrine as Epicteta
,
,
10
thing is North Greece

known in .
of
There remains to mention in a brief word the Decrees
the votive formulae,
the Greek states. These did not adopt
11
was sometimes but often
except in so far as Oeols prefixed ;
the island of
1
AM vl 213, BCH xx 59. 210 A. b. compiled in 1798 in
156 ff.).
2 jgcjj xx 59 Calymnos (see Folk-Lore x.
s Beiblatt 14 and < ^Tf Wr,
Jahreshefte iv. ColKteiii.88804rê...
etc -
cut.
7 Collitz ii. 2642 6 s vwapxn a
fafowft/teiv.48,fig.61,62. They
*
could hardly have been dedicated for 5upei efc iravra rbv ^vov atdtos...dnti>
other rb apytpiov iro8lcpov rov Oeov.

healing, or there would have been
parts of the body. Besides, the prac-
8
Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 36.
tice of dedicating votive limbs is not 9 IGI iii. 330.
older than the late fifth century.
10IGS i. 1786, iii. 1. 87.
MS. u IGSI i. 43.

5
I have a number of them in a
when they recorded an alliance they adopted the scheme of the

sacrificial votive relief: the personified figures of the contract
ing states joining hands, with an altar beside them. A sacrifice
ratified the treaty as amatter of course. The gesture is more
than a mere greeting it is the solemn of or
;
symbol friendship
1
pact and the scene
; is the memorial of the solemn libation
and sacrifice done to ratify the pact. The curse or sanction
is
usually recorded in them.
Xen. Hell iv. 1. 31.

XIII.
DISPOSAL OF THE OFFERINGS.
TTTHNCON AfeAAC &T BA&TTTOYCIN

e/v\ofc
EUR. Ion 106.
THE offerings when brought by the worshipper, after the

proper invocation and sacrifice had been made, were then laid
on the table, or set up in the precinct, doubtless under direction
of the officials. Statues, large vases, tripods, carven slabs, and
other such things were placed upon bases which stood all round
in the precinct, or sometimes within the temple itself 1 The .
bases were shaped to suit the offering, but very many offerings
2
stood on small pillars and the inscription was commonly;
graven upon the base. The offering was often fixt in a slab of
stone, and some such have survived in other cases the marks of ;
3
attachment or a sunken panel are still to be seen . The hosts
1
A slab on a pillar is shown on a being fastened to it with a chain :
votive relief CIA iv. 2.418i.

: Time. iii. 104. 2 Uo\vKpa.T-rj i...Tr)v
2
The Acropolis pillars have been Priveiav e\uj>
dvtdyKe T A^XXaw
examined by K. Borrmann, Jalirb. iii. r$ AyXly aXixrei d-rjaas Trpos rrjv
269 Steten fiir Weihgeschenke auf

ff. :
AiyXov. The Ephesians besieged, thus
der Akropolis zu Athen. A pillar from fastened their city to the temple
Epidaurus Limera Collitz iii. 4537 of Artemis : Herod, i. 2(3 at>t8e<rav
TT\V
has TO) ATrAwj/i dWOrjKC

~bli>e<TTiK\r)s ;
TroXiv rrj A/>rûi5t e^dâvTCS K TOV vrjov
one from Eleusis. ffxoivLov ts TO retxos. (Cities dedicated
god in IGS
3
CIA So the hair-caskets
ii. 1453. to a i. 4136.) Cylon s
in temple of Zeus Panamaros: BCH rebels fastened themselves by a string

xii. 479. Fastening by a thread or to Athena: Plut. Solon 12. Fillets
the like may have been used as a sign used to tie objects to a shrine, which
of dedication with larger objects. are seen in works of art, would therefore
Ehenea was dedicated to Delos by seem to imply dedication.
DISPOSAL OF THE OFFERINGS. 343
of smaller offerings were arranged within the

temple or its
1
storehouses, such as the treasury or the show places of ,
2
separate states Things of no value, such as the clay figures
.
or models, were, no doubt, deposited upon the holy table for

the nonce, and afterwards (like the
tapers in a Catholic church)
removed by the attendants. What became of the objects in
gold or silver which
abound in the fifth and succeeding
centuries, say we can
with some certainty. I combine into
one picture the information from several sources, as there is
no reason to think that the customs
greatly differed in different
parts :
indicating at the same time what those sources are.
When the offering was
brought, it was entered with the
giver s name upon an official list 3 ,
which would be used later
for checking. Sometimes a number 4 a letter of the alphabet 5 ,
or other sign 6 was inscribed on them singly or in

,
groups, with
the weight of the metal.
They were then placed on shelves
or affixt to the wall in batches or rows 7 or
hung over the door ,
or windows, in fact wherever it 8

might be convenient They .
were generally placed in order as 9

they came but objects of ,
the same kind were often

kept together. Crowns and other
such objects, and others in
strings, were hung on the walls.
As long as there was room, there
they all remained; but if
necessary they were then stored in boxes 10 or in store chambers
at Olympia and Delphi ; Bronz. 283, 307, etc. (earlier than

at Delos BCH vi. 1. 76. There were 480 B.C.), BCH ii. 421 ; CIA ii. 726 A,
Brjffavpol elsewhere, but mostly used as 731, 741s
751; Dodona: Carapanos,
b,
money-boxes (Epidaurus Collitz iii. DodoneSl, pi. xx. 4, 9; Delos: BCH
3325 231 Andania Collitz
, iii. 4689 90 vi. 89.
Brjcravpoi \i0Lvoi duo K\aiKToi, Thera 6

For the symbols of Epidaurus see
Collitz iii.
4768). below, p. 379.
2
At Delos "Avdpiwv okos line 155, 7
Delos BCH vi.
pv/u-oi. :
passim ;
Uupivos ct/coy 178, ATjAtwv, Nc^to;* p. Athens ; CIA ii. 642 ff.
88, besides several temples; similar 8

Delos: BCH vi. line 34 (wall), 52
treasuries or show-rooms at Olympia 115 vwtp TO Ovperpov, 67,
and Delphi.
3
Delos :
irLva^ SAros, x-PT ",
X*-
tirldvpov, 94,
70,
9
115
BCH vi.
^ TO v-n-tpOvpov.
100, 101.
KUfta. BCH vi. p. 88 (4th cent, and w <?* T ov -n-p^Tov pvôv TOV CK TI)S
later )
Kiptarov BCH vi. 25. ev Ki^wrLui CIA
4
Halicarnassus :
Newton, p. 670. ii. 751; lettered and weight
A, B, etc.,
5
Athens :
Ridder, Cat. ACT. Mus. put on them, 706.
1 2
assorted. whole collections of crowns or bowls
Thus we find
or silver hydriae catalogued together. So too the other things,
bronze articles, statues and the like, often had their own place
3
;
Artemis Brauronia and Hera of Samos had a huge wardrobe

4 5
of clothes. The articles themselves were often ticketed or

inscribed with the names of the givers, and other details in
prose or in verse.
Each year a board of magistrates (ten at Athens under
presidency of the strategus) was appointed to take stock of
the treasures. At Athens these were the "stewards of the
sacred moneys,"
whom we
find in a very early inscription col
6
lecting and cataloguing the bronze articles Later we have .
regular accounts of them for a few years preceding and following

7
400, and for the middle of the fourth century At Athens, .
besides the Acropolis records, we have others for the Asclepieum 8

and the shrine of the Hero Physician 9 At Delos, the Am- .
phictyons or the lepoTroiol had this charge 10 ,

and similar lists
11 12 1 14
prove the practice for Aegina Argos Branchidae *, Delphi , , ,
15
Eleusis Oropus
16
,
Paros 17
Plataea 18
Samos 19 so that it is likely
, , , ,
they once existed at other shrines. Demosthenes has told

us of one decree past for recasting, and how scandalously
Androtion carried it out 20 .
1
CIA ii. 699701 (begins 357 B.C.), Delos: CIA ii. 813 foil., see note 10
.
728, 736.
8 CIA ii. 836.
2
CIA ii. 768; BCH vi. 105 fifty-
9
CIA ii. 403.
three bowls grouped together, which 10
BCH vi. 87; lists in ii. 570 ff.,
had been described in previous lists as vi. 29 ff., x. 461 ff., xiv. 389 ff.; CIA
they came in. ii. 813 ff.
3
CIA ii. 7425. IPI i. 1588.
4
CIA ii. 7514. 12
AJA ix. 357, IPI 526. i.
5
BCH ix. 90 aflXeueu, i/xdrta, KI- 13
GIG 28529; other unpublisht
0wves, KKpv(pa\ot, Kpr)defj.va, plrpai, inscrr. found by M. Haussoullier.
TrapaTrerctoyiara, ireplfafj-a, <nr\r)i>t<Titoi
:
14
Fragm. BCH vi. 457.
15
Curtius, Samos, 15. CIA ii. 682 c, iv. 1. 225 f, 225&.
6
TUV iepuv xpâ.run
Ta/mtat Ridder, .
E0. Apx- 1890, 5, 90.
Cat. Ath. Br. 428 ot rafdai rd5e xaXitta.
:
I6
IGS i. 3498 (about 200).
17 GIG 2384
cruXXâvres, etc. g.
7
117175 (435 B.C. onwards),
CIA i.
18
AJA vii. 406.
19
lists in
Parthenon, Hecatompedos, Curtius, Samos, Inscr. no. 6.
20
Pronaos, temple of Brauronia ii. 403, ;
Dem. Timocr. 755 rl yap pov\e(r6e
404 (same) ; ii. 835 foil. Asclepieum. efrrw ;
TO. Tro/j-ireia us
The new year were described in detail with

gifts of the
1
,
nature, weight, and inscription (if any) the older ones named. ;
Sometimes those which were broken were repaired, but for the
most part they were left alone until they fell to pieces or until
2
there was need to make room for more . What followed then
may be told in the words of the Oropan inscription. Since

"
some of the plate on the table of Amphiaraus has become useless,

and some is in need of repair, while some of the offerings on
the walls have fallendown," three men were to be chosen,
who were to receive such articles from the hierarchs, and to
melt them down under supervision. A portion of the gold
was to be kept as a sample, the rest to be recast as a golden
bowl. The names of all those whose offerings were thus
treated were to be inscribed on stone, together with the
3
weight and description of each offering . Allusions to this
practice are found elsewhere. Thus at Delos a bowl takes the

place of a condemned vessel
4
;
or certain articles are said to be
handed over in Athens we have a crater
to the workmen 5
;
made from the freedmen s bowls 6 arid bowls made from melted
crowns 7 The same practice is still kept up in the Levant.
.
At Terios, the countless offerings are cast in the shape of hang

ing silver lamps, or the silver is sold and the money used in
beautifying the precinct or in public works. The same is done
to my knowledge at Ayassos in Lesbos and in Syme, and doubtless
enquiry would show it to be done elsewhere. Amongst other

things, the road and harbour mole at Tenos have been built
by this means, and a road at Ayassos. The silver bowls or
hydriae which were thus made in ancient times were kept as
7roXA<i wv \tywv vfjids tyevaKifev Avdpo-

l
Formulae above, p. 323.
rlwv, Tra,pa\i\{/(i}. 0?jcras 5 aTroppf.lv TO.
2
BCH vi. 92.
0i>XXa,
T&V <TTe<j>dvuv
/ecu ffairpovs elvai
3
IGS i. 303.
5ia rbv xpovov, uxnrep twv -f) p68wv 8vras
4
BCH vi. 94. So we read of a
dXA ov \pwlov, (Tvyxwveijfiv g-n-eicrei . silver tripod /cai TO ireptyevo/JLevov
aipeOels 8 tiri raura, he proceeded to KCLI doKifj-eta 149.

5
destroy the inscriptions which you 31 TrapadoOtvTos ro?s
vi. av5pd<rii>.
took such pride in (quoted already, 6 CIA 720 A 1.

p. 268), eirl 8t rats 0ictXcus as avr 7
Above, p. 344 20 .
tKeivuv ^7roiTjcra0 vfj.1v 6 trbpvos OVTOS,

as ingots and
part of the temple treasure, almost as convenient
1
more were wanted for public purposes
beautiful, until they .
clay, images and vases and such things

Objects of as were
of no intrinsic worth, when their number became overwhelm
ing,were put in store-rooms or finally buried in trenches class

2
by class. Store-chambers have been found at Camarina at ,
3
Cnidus and in Cyprus 4 and trenches, in which the objects
;
5 6
were by side and buried, in the Cabirium Corcyra
laid side , ,
7 9 10 11
Delphi Elatea,
8
Naucratis Olympia
,
Praesus in Crete
, , ,
13 15
Tarentum 12 perhaps Paestum
, probably in Argos
14
Tegea ; , ,
16 17 18
Camarina Catania , Megara Hyblaea ,
.
It is assumed by some that the articles were intentionally

broken either in order to sanctify them more effectually (as
savages do for the dead) or to prevent their being turned to
profane uses
19
The same reason is assigned for the inscriptions
.
scratched on earthen vases. This cannot have been a general

practice, because many hundreds of these offerings are still
whole.
The idea is not without parallels, and the assumed custom is
possible, but it was certainly not always followed.

What became of the larger objects we cannot certainly say.
That so many bronze statues were stored together in the Bronze
House on the Acropolis of Athens 20 would suggest that the less
recent ones were commonly so disposed of. The fact that so
many female statues, made within a few years, were standing and
were thrown down at the time of the Persian invasion, points
in the same direction. The number of such offerings must
have been enormous and got rid of somehow they must have
;
1
Sometimes the treasure was kept n AJA N.S. v. 378.
in the form of ingots: BCH vi. 94 ia

JHS vii. 1 ff., Gaz. Arch. vii.
(xv/j-a). 155 ff.
2 13
Mon. Ant. ix. 226. Many of one type, Berlin Museum,
3
Newton. Terracottas sect. v.
4
Cat. Cypr. Mus. 14 Dr Waldstein.
5
AM xv. 355. 15
AM iv. 170.
BCH xv. 9. 16 Mon. Ant. ix. 226.
7
BCH xviii. 181, 183. 17 Mon. Ant. vii. 217 ff.
8
BCH xi. 406. 18
Mon. Ant. i. 913 ff.
9 Naucratis i. init.
19 BCH vi. 407, xv. 9.
30
Bronzen, 28, 43, etc.
20
CIA ii. 742 ff .
been, unless there were any special reason in the fineness of

the object or the fame of its maker or dedicator, to leave it
unmolested.
The number and variety of the objects dedicated may well
cause surprise. In Delos, we find about
sixty different kinds of
vessels; and there were some sixteen hundred phialae in the
1
temple of Apollo alone smooth, fluted, figured, or chased,
,
damascened or inlaid with gold, set with gems, some of gold

solid. There were fifty or more golden crowns of all sizes ;
with rings, bangles, necklets, bracelets, anklets, chains, brooches,

headbands, earrings, scentbottles, rouge pots, and fans. All
mariner of weapons were found there helmet, shield, and
:
spear, bows, arrows, ox-goad, dirks, with ship s beak and rudder.
There were anvil and spindles, figures of human beings and of
animals, bails and discs, and other things nondescript. The
same variety is seen in the other great shrines, and is of
importance as we shall see for the interpretation of the idea

which votive offerings imply.
1
BCH vi. 109 ff. See the lists below.
XIV.
GENERAL SKETCH
OF THE CUSTOMS CONNECTED WITH VOTIVE OFFERINGS, THEIR ORIGIN,

AGE, DISTRIBUTION, AND MEANING, TOGETHER
WITH A CONSIDE RATION
OF CERTAIN QUESTIONS ARISING OUT OF THEM.
WE are now in a position to take a review of the whole
subject.
The period we are concerned with is comparatively short.
True, there is evidence that the custom of dedicating divine
images at holy shrines is very ancient.

Even if we set aside
the rude female idols of stone, which have been found in the
islands and rarely on the mainland of Greece
1
,
we have for
an
a series of idols, ranging in
example in the Argive Heraeum
unbroken series from the archaic Greek period back through all
and earlier still,
periods intermediate to the Mycenaean age,
for how manycenturies we can but dimly guess
2
We have .
evidence also, that tithes and firstfruits were offered by the

and there is a pro
country people to their most ancient gods,
that this custom is as old as the other 3
So too in the
.
bability
ritual of the dead, food and drink, with the vessels containing
it, were offered at the tomb
from the Mycenean age to historic
times 4
. But apart from these, where evidence as to motive and
meaning is vague, the practice of dedicating what
are techni
cally called avadrjâra,

that is permanent memorials of a
to be
special benefit, at first (as the name denotes) intended
3
1
Page 286. Page 55 ff.
2 4
Page 286. Page 4.
GENERAL SKETCH. 349
hung in the shrine, but including later all objects which

embodied the idea, the evidence for this practice is confined
within narrow limits. I do not imply that it was unknown
before, but we can only trace it where it is attested by the use
of a fixt formula; we depend, that is, upon literary and epigra-
phical evidence. With the aid of this evidence, we are able to

interpret the archaeological remains in certain holy places; and
these remains show a variety of new features within the same
limited period.
The Homeric poems attest the dedication of things which
have a material value, as Hecuba s robe, and a temple full of
fine ornaments but they say little of the dedication of things
1
;
for their meaning sake, such as blood-stained spoils of war 2 and ;
in neither case does the poet use for them the regular formula
of later days, which he indeed uses in a different sense 3 But .
Hesiod speaks of dedicating his prize as a matter of course, and

uses the proper verb of dedication 4 Now the formula is neces .
sarily later than the beginning of practice, but not much later ;
and if Homer records a few instances of the practice, but with

out the formula, we may fairly infer that the practice was
beginning day amongst the people he wrote for
in his 5
But it .
was recognised in Hesiod s day; therefore it became recognised

somewhere between the two, that is between the eleventh and
the eighth centuries. The archaeological evidence enables us
to trace the custom back to the eighth century or thereabouts
at Olympia, at Argos perhaps further and the oldest offerings ;
in Delphi, Lusi, Thebes, perhaps Athens, Corcyra, and Samos

can hardly be much later. Again in the fourth century the :
motives of dedication undergo a change so markt as to rob the

custom of all its meaning, except in case of deliverance from
disease and peril, and in other cases with humbler folk 6
. The
1 5
Page 311. This does not imply that avad-q-
2
Page 275. /j.ara were not offered by the humble
3
II. xxii. 100 IJ.OL eXeYxeiT/j avaOrjcrei, country folk, or by another race than
ascribe : Od. i. 152 dvadri/j-ara 5cur6s, the Achaeans.
6
graces or luxuries, something over and This coincides with the decay of
above what is necessary, added to give religious faith in general. It has been
delight. pointed out, for example, that in the

4
Page 152. fourth century the character of sepul-
beginning of memorial dedication, then, other than the vaguest

sort, may be placed in the ninth or tenth century, its end in the
fourth ;
while as in the case of religion and the fine arts
generally, its noblest arid fullest expression is seen in the sixth

and fifth.
was a very simple conception of the deity which suggested

It
the votive offering. He was a being not very different from
his worshipper, and likely to be pleased with a gift. Croesus,
it will be remembered, burnt his offering, that Apollo might
1
get it sooner just as offerings made to the dead were

,
burned or buried according to the conception of the other

world which the survivors had. A god needs a house to live
in, and furniture even food does not come amiss, and the
;
libation and sacrifices provide for this. If he gives wealth or

a lucky windfall, some acknowledgment must surely be made :
a portion of the wealth, the best piece of the find, will content
him, and the worshipper may enjoy the rest. So the warrior
dedicates a part of his spoil, the tradesman or farmer a part of
his profits. If the god is offended by a breach of law, wilful or
unwitting, amendment must be made in proportion as would be

necessary in social life. Is the votary delivered from peril or
sickness, it is natural to acknowledge the favour in the same
way. If he has cause to pray, he will be wise to accompany his

2
prayer with a vow, and even perhaps to do his part beforehand .
The essence of a votive offering is freewill. It may be

customary, as the firstfruits ;
of fixt proportion, as the tithe ;
\
chral monuments undergoes a change of a human feast viii. 549 Kvicr-rjv K
such that it is no longer possible to ireSioC &VCJULOL ovpavbv ei cru rjde ia.v
<ppov
see any religious meaning in the rrjs otiri deol SarôvTo oi)5 Z6e\ov. Fire
designs. Examples of rank impiety was specially the gods ytpas, which
have been given above, pp. 50 2 , 72, Prometheus stole and gave to men.
113, 283. The natives of Borneo have the same
Herod, i. 50. The god enjoyed
1
idea as Croesus; when they send a
the smell or smoke of the offering, message to the omen-birds, they light
as men enjoyed it by eating. II. a fire and ask the fire to tell the bird
xxiv. 70 otf pot TTOT pw/j.bs edevero (Haddon, Head-Hunters, 337, 344).
2
Scuros, \oi(3r)s re Kvio-r)* re- TO yap Eur. Ion 1380, Ion offering his
\dxofJ.et> ytpas reel s ;
i. 66 a? Kev TTWS cradle Kal vvv \afiuv rrivd dvri-n-rjy
dpv&v Kvtcrrjs alyuv re TeXeluv /SouXercu ourw dey IV fvpw wdtv uv ov /3o
juv dirb \oiybv d/j,vvai ;
and
GENERAL SKETCH. 351
but it must not be compulsory, or it becomes a tax. This does

not imply that the deity is not to resent a denial of his share.
Such a motive as led the Siphnians to refuse a tithe of their
mines 1 to the deity whose act they saw in the finding of them,
would be mean towards men, and was no less so towards
Apollo; Artemis may fairly retaliate if her firstfruits are
withheld 2 but custom is not compulsion. The element of
:
compulsion is one of the two which rob the later offerings of

their moral worth. This premised, the ruling motive in the
giver may be one of three thanksgiving, propitiation, or :
prayer. By far the commonest in earlier times is the thank-

offering ;
I know
only where fear is stated as the
of one
3
ruling motive Offerings may be made in fulfilment of a
.
vow, but one of these motives will also be present. few A

of early times, and many later, declare obedience to the bid
ding of the god; whilst the divine oracle was not above asking
payment help for its 4
. When complete, the offering stands
as a memorial for ever: it
may be to remind man of God s
providence, or to remind the god of his worshipper s gratitude,
or both. But from the fourth century the giver desires his
gift to be a memorial to men of his own piety or virtue
5
,
or
of his own great achievements; and the latter motive, as we
have seen, began earlier still 6 Thus the votive offering be .
comes a means of self-glorification and this is the other ;
element which robs it of its moral worth.

Thedistinction usually made between public and
private
offerings rests on no principle: because the same feeling prompts
both, and they are both meant to have the same effect. Public
offerings are more often customary, as public prayers are now-a-
days ;
being dedicated (for instance) by sacred embassies or
1 3
Page 58 . eXcl^ dirb <rrjs dX6%oio deipijs, ov irore
2
Page 53; cp. Livy v. 23. Ki/Trpis 5o>x "EXfry j^ya
3 10
Page 29 . voi AXtfrvdpos rlaiv <?x#^?" &TTO-
4
Ephorus ap. Ath. vi. 232 E Delphic Suxm.
oracle to Alcmaeon rifi^v tf euVets :
5
Clearly stated e.g. in CIA ii. 470
d&pov, fj.avlav d7ro7raC<rcu. /ecu <rv
<j>pe<.v vir65eiy/j,a KaTa\nr6j>Tes rfjs irpbs rous
Tiwev tpoi ytpas, $ wore ^ryp AfufitA- 0eoi>s
efcre/Sefas : KaXKierov VTr68eiyfj.a
paov ?Kpv\f/ VTT{>
yijv avTolai. ffvv iWois. rijs Idias
To Menelaus :
Trdy x pv<rov fepe K^ÔV 6
Page 147.
upon recurrent festival days. Yet they are no less free, that is
compelled by no law On the other hand, public offerings
1
.
may be occasional, as in the dedication of war-spoil; and
private offerings be customary, as those of pilgrims or

may
mystics. Again: public offerings may be more magnificent; but
if a man gave what he could afford, he felt that the gift was no
less acceptable because it was small 2 .
We find that these gifts are appropriate to all times and

seasons. Gratitude for success in war or the games, for pro
sperity in one s calling, for unexpected good luck, for deliver
ance from disease or peril, for election to an honourable post,
for the care which has brought a man to his manhood, a woman
to her marriage day; propitiation of the mighty dead or of the
gods who are mightier still, as a precaution or in consequence

of a fact ; prayer for help and deliverance, relief from adversity
or continued prosperity: there is no part of human life which is
not included under one of these.

Neither is there anything in the world which cannot
become a votive offering. Yet for all this infinite variety, the
offerings fall into a few well-defined classes. There are two

main divisions : I. Material :
things which are given for their
own value, and II. Ideal :
things which are given for what they
any object of the first class may on
3
imply . It is obvious that
occasion be found under the second ;
and we shall often find the
same object dedicated under both heads. Both are prompted
by the same feeling, fear, hope, or gratitude but the first ;
involves a cruder conception of the deity than the other.
I. Material :
Objects given for their own intrinsic worth.
Here the thing given is regarded as payment made to the god,

whose favour is either bought, or requited with something like
an equivalent.
(1) First among these come such things as the god might
be supposed to need, if he were a being not unlike mankind.
He must, for example, have his house and grounds, with the
2
1
Thedistinction is very real, as Anth. Pal. vi. 98 IK /uuKpuv 6\i-
may be seen in the story of Ananias yurTa.

3 Here I follow Eeisch
and Sapphira, Acts of the Apostles v. (p. 5).
GENERAL SKETCH. 353
proper furniture for all uses, and beautiful things for his
1
delight Thus the dead and the hero spirit are allotted their
.
2
precinct and shrine the patron deity his portion of land
,
conquered
3
or newly settled 4
wherein a temple must be built ,
and furnisht. Buildings such as the shrine or temple, the

treasury or show-chamber and the colonnade, may be erected
for any reason proper to the subject we have in hand. Danaus
erects one when he has acquired the kingdom
Argos For of 5
.
success in war, so do Heracles and Theseus, and the Dorians

after their invasion the Athenians thus testify their gratitude
;
to Pan, when he appeared to Pheidippides 6 the Eleans build ;
the great sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia 7 Salvation from .
plague or pestilence is repaid by the shrine of the Eumenides at

8
Athens, by the temple of Apollo at Bassae from flood, by ;
9
that of Hera at Sparta Diomedes thus returns thanks for.
being saved from shipwreck 10 Themistocles when Artemis ,
revealed to him in a dream how they plotted against his life u .
12
Odysseus erects three shrines on winning his wife Helen builds ,
one at Argos for the birth of a daughter, the women of Elis

long barren when at length they discover themselves to be
with child 13 Hypermestra, acquitted on trial for her life,
.
uses the same means of acknowledgment 14 In expiation of a .
crime the temple of Artemis at Tegea is built 15 Even the .
part of a temple might be separately dedicated, as Croesus

and other kings dedicated the pillars of the great temple at
16
Ephesus . The treasury may be built for success in war 17 or ,
18
for prosperity in trade The colonnade occurs also as a war
.
dedication ;
that called of the Persians at Sparta, that built by
19
the Athenians at Delphi .
1
ayd\/j.a.Ta.
u Page 226.
2 12
Pages 4, 9, 10. Page 248.
3 1S
Page 40. Page 254.
4
Page 55. "
Page 233.
5 15
Page 92. Page 314.
6 16
Page 119. Herod, i. 92 ;
Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc.
7
Page 120. 29 Kpoicros av-t\K.ev, 1201.
/3a<ri\v>s
8
Page 189. "
Page 124.
9
Page 191. is p ag e 92 .
10
Page 228. "
Page 124.
R. 23
So with the furniture of the sacred place. An altar is

erected after the victory of Plataea *, or on acquittal of a charge
of life and death, as that of Orestes
2
also find altars dedi . We
cated as a memorial of office by Peisistratus the younger, by the
3
archons of Amorgos, and by the magistrates of the Athenians .
Numerous other altars are known, some being apparently

memorials of some feast or ritual act 4 These may often .
belong to the second class and the image of the deity usually
;
does, unless it were the original cult-image but of the dedi ;
cation of these we have no But where garments

information.
were used to clothe it, they may be placed here. Hecuba offers
a robe to Athena, with a prayer for Troy s salvation. Amasis
sends embroidered garments to Samian Hera for friendship
sake, to Lindian Athena because of ancient kinship
5
Periodical .
offerings, which later came to partake of the ideal, were made

6
by the Athenians to Athena the Eleans to Hera, and,
7
the Arnycleans to Apollo Garments were also dedicated
.
to Cabirus, Tegean Athena, to Olympian Poseidon, to

Artemis at Athens, and to Hera at Samos 8 . We find no
dedications of articles directly intended for the use of man
in the sanctuary, until comparatively late days but then ;
9
the repairs of the sanctuary and the supply of tables or
,
10
basins for worshippers are the recognised duty of priestly
,
officials. When Livia dedicated the golden E at Delphi, and

probably when the Athenians dedicated theirs of bronze, they
simply gave what were meant as ornaments to the sanctuary.
What the original wooden E was, who offered it, and why, we
have no means of knowing ".
(2) For the support and glorification of the shrine the

offering of tithes and firstfruits in kind must have been
1
Page 125. no. 6.
2
Page 233. Page 273.
3 10
Page 259. Page 272.
4
Page 282. "
Plut. De El apud Delphos. It
6
Page 275. has been ingeniously explained by Mr
6 A. B. Cook as Poseidon s trident part
Page 276. :
7 of an old image.
Page 277.
8
Page 275. Curtius, Samos, Inscr.
GENERAL SKETCH. 355
customary from the earliest times whether given by farmers

1
:
,
2 3
breeders or hunters whether corn, grapes, and oil, or slaves
, ,
and captives 4 The tithe of precious minerals was given on

.
the same principle 5 and many offerings are recorded, or still

;
exist, which must be regarded as valuables in bulk. Of this

kind are Rhodopis iron bars 6 ingots of silver 7 and such , ,
manufactured and axes 8 perhaps

articles as tripods, cauldrons, ,
knives, wheels, and shields in early times, gold and silver bowls
or crowns in later. The tripod is dedicated for war 9 arid as ,
a musical prize 10 and large quantities of tripods and cauldrons

,
have been found which bear no record. Axes, which are also
11
frequently found, are dedicated as tithes and therefore as
articles of value. The immense number of bowls, not in
frequently their uniform size, and the fact that small objects
were melted and cast in this form, appear to show that they
were often regarded as so much precious metal stored in a con
venient way. The large mixing-bowls, however 12 and sprinkling- ,
bowls or lavers 13 may have been used, but they also were
,
probably intended as ayaX/jLara. The bowl is dedicated by

14
Alyattes for cure of disease by Croesus and Xerxes for ,
15 16
propitiation by the Saniians as a trade- tithe by Pausanias
, ,
as a memorial of his rule at

by ordinary personsByzantium
17
,
as a firstfruit 18 by a courtezan with the same idea 19 by a

, ,
woman for childbirth 20 by slaves who win a lawsuit 21 by theori

, ,
and temple officials at Delos 22 by the Ergastinae at Athens 23, .
Marble and bronze sprinkling-vessels are dedicated as tithe or
12
Page 49. Page 320.
13
Page 58. Pages 272, 280.
14
Pages 50, 58. Page 191.
is
Page 102. Page 311.
Page 58. Page 58.
Page 92. "
p age 260.
Page 92. "
Page 93.
8 19
Pages 92, 145. See below, p. 385, Page 93.
for a discussion of tripods, cauldrons, 20
Page 253.
and axes. 21
p age 234.
9 22
Page 145. Pages 2 63, 296.
10 23
Page 156. Page 2 76.
n Page 92.
232
1
firstfruit at Rings, bracelets, jewels, and ornaments
Athens .
of all kinds are also offered for their own value on many
2
different occasions .
Lastly, coins are offered in large numbers
at all shrines, and probably on any cause
the fines (so far as ;
they can be considered votive) are nearly always estimated in

3
current money .
When Megalopolis was built, the Phigalaeans sent a

statue of Apollo "as a contribution to the adornment" of the
4
place .
(3) Thirdly, those objects which come under the title
aicpoOivia were dedicated for their own worth. Anything

specially rare or precious would be an acceptable gift to a deity
of like passions with the giver. Thus we find preserved in
temples marvellous things like the stone which Cronus
6
swallowed 6 a thunderstorie or meteorite things too mysterious
, ,
and precious for human hands to hold or oddities, such as ;
the mammoth s bones 7

or relics of old days, the arms and ;
8
armour of heroes long since dead the sceptre of Hephaestus 9 , ,
10
the throne of Arimnestus the golden tripod of the wisest man 11 ; ,
12
things famed in legend, Eriphyle s necklace or Daedalus
13
wings . The
choice piece of war-spoil was dedicated as a
matter of course a fine piece of statuary, a divine image,
:
the throne of Xerxes, the manger of Mardonius, the Theban

14
lamp which Alexander admired . The idea in this custom may
have been originally the same as caused Polycrates to cast
away his precious ring.
II. Ideal :
Objects dedicated for what they imply. But
by far the greater proportion of votive offerings imply something
more than the crude notion of payment for the Greeks knew ;
as well as we do that the thought sanctifies the deed. The
1 8
Page 93. Page 320.
2 9
See Indices. Page 318.
3 10
Page 314. Herod, i. 14, p. 320.
4 Paus. viii. 30. 3.
n 320.
Page
5 12
Page 318. Page 319.
6 13
Page 376. Page 319.
^ 14 117.
Page 319. Page
GENERAL SKETCH. 357
whole of this class may be called ideal, as meaning more than

appears on the surface and memorial, as intended to keep
;
the god s beneficence before the mind of the man, and no less
the man s piety or gratitude before the mind of the This
god.
persistent idea is illustrated on the one side by the silver sow
of Epidaurus 1 on the other,
by the recurrence of the word
memorial on so many early inscriptions 2 In the later age, .
when thoughts were no longer understood only, but exprest,

the idea is distinctly stated as when Akeson, in :
offering
a relief to Asclepius, says, you know "
if not, this tablet why ;
will remind you 3 ."
(1) The most obvious offering of a grateful worshipper is

the Image of the Patron Deity.
The deity is most naturally
represented in his traditional form, that is the image will re
in essentials the
produce cult-image of the temple. In early
times we must not expect any
subtilty of thought an armed ;
god need not imply that the offering is made for success in
war, but may mean only that the god in that place was familiar
in this guise. Nor can we otherwise interpret the seated
statuettes of Athena found in Athens, of Demeter in
Eleusis,
or the figures of Artemis with the fawn found in
Corcyra. The
absence of all attributes, again, implies
nothing as to the
aspect of the deity which the worshipper may have in mind ;
if the naked statues of Boeotia and Samos were

really Apollo,
as I have given reason to think, we may infer that the local
type was without attributes. To interpret the Maidens

of Athens, Delos, Eleusis, Massalia, Naxos and other
places
as a kind of domestic type of the
goddess, is to go beyond
the evidence. The interpretation may be right; but on the
other hand, these figures may represent
simply the cult-statue
drest in its ceremonial robes. It is true, however, that about
the beginning of the fifth century we find the
beginnings of
differentiation
by attribute: when, for example, the statue
offered for a naval victory is made to hold a ship s beak in
1
Page 226. iii. 1285, ^vêlov iv. 2. 1512 c;
2
nvrifta CIA i. 374, Kar. 104, etc.; iii. 112.
compare in later days ^vq^yvvov CIA 3
Anth. Pal. vi. 147.
the hand 1 the other hand, the dedication of an armed

. On
Athena by a baker woman is conclusive against the strict
2
connexion of attributes with occasion .
In earlytimes, thedeity does not necessarily vary with the

occasion. We
a statue dedicated for success in war to
find
Zeus as early as the seventh century, when the Spartans con

the Messenians 3 and there are many more. Others
quered ;
honoured in the same way on a similar cause are Athena,

4 5 6
sometimes differentiated as Promachos Aphrodite Apollo , , ,
8 10
Artemis the Saviour Hermes or Heracles Pan Poseidon
7 9
, , , ,
11
and the Saviour Demigods For deliverance from plague .
and pestilence, we have statues of Hermes Ram-bearer 12 and

13
the Locust Apollo in the fifth century, Asclepius in the
14 15
fourth ;
in childbirth, Phaedra dedicates an Eileithyia another ,
17
woman an Artemis 16 tradesmen, and artists
.
Magistrates ,
18
offer the Athenian maidens, often as tithe a baker offers a ;
statuette of Athena armed

19
Bathycles, after completing
the ;
offers statues of Artemis and of the

Apollo at Amyclae,
20
Graces .
Many statues of Zeus, and doubtless of others, are
recorded, both public and private dedications, without cause
assigned
21
The herms in the Street of Hermae at Athens, de
.
dicated by all sorts of people, amongst others by Cimon after

the Eurymedon, were perhaps a recognition of good fortune in
215
Small
general rather than meant to refer to special
a occasion .
images, in bronze or terra-cotta, of uniform type, were dedicated

in hundreds on occasions now unknown, and have been found
of Athena on the Acropolis of Athens, and the Cranaean
shrine, of Demeter in Eleusis and Tegea and Cyprus, of Aphro-
1 13
Page 131. Page 190.
2 13
Page 91. Page 190.
3 14
Page 126. Page 208.
4 15
Page 127. Page 254.
16
5
Page 128. Page 254.
e 17
Pages 127, 128. Themistocles, p. 317.
7 18 90.
Page 128. Page
8 19 90.
Page 128. Page
9 20
Page 127. Page 89.
10 21
Page 127. Paus. v. 23 foil.
129. Page 128.

<22
*"
Page
GENERAL SKETCH. 359
dite in Cyprus and Naucratis, of Artemis in Athens and
Corcyra, and of Menelaus and Helen in Sparta, a few of Zeus

1
in Olympia and Dodona, of Apollo in Delphi The image of .
Zeus was bought with fines at Olympia, that of a maiden by

Themistocles at Athens 2 We may perhaps add the image
.
of a goat, dedicated by the Phliasians to propitiate the goat

constellation 3 .
(2) The deity represented in his power. I have given

reasons for doubting whether in the classical age the attributes
of the deity could be used to differentiate the various aspects
of his power. I do not imply that the attributes were not
meant originally to express his power, because I believe they
were ; only that in dedicating statues they were reproduced
conventionally, because the type had become fixt. Once the
type is fixt, innovations such as the representation of Apollo
with a spear, are few 4 The same must be said of those reliefs
.
which show the god or hero in his conventional aspect, as

armed man, rider, hunter, or the like. We must therefore
read no inner meaning in the reliefs of Heracles with club
and lionskin 5 Dioscuri armed and mounted 6 the Saviour God
, ,
7
holding the war-axe These types could be used for different
.
occasions thus the armed Apollo appears on one relief

;
which was offered for a breach of temple rules 8 and a harpist ,
relief is inscribed with the

Koupor/aoô?
9
But the idea
title .
of the divine power, if vague, was there and at the end of ;
the fifth century finds a clearer expression in the reliefs which

show Asclepius visiting the sickbed, diagnosing or applying
remedies to the patient 10 He even appears, like the saint in
.
1
Pages 302 Plut. Pyth. Or. 16 Me7ape?s.../x6j ot
-
1
ff.
2
Pages 311, 317. We must not GÔV tvTavda \oyxn v 2x ovTa v Qe v
suppose that any allegory was im- â-Tricrav curb TTJS fiaxys, rj A0r)i>aiovs
plied. There is no reason to think fj.era TO. Tlep(ri.Ka...j>iK r)<ravTes
that the gift was taken to mean the 5

Page 32.
6
triumph of the deity over wrongdoing, Pages 29 ff.
but the motive here will be as simple 7 17

Page 26 .
as in other dedications of the divine 8

Page 312.
9
image. Page 256.
3 10
Page 191. Pages 216 ff.
some modern picture, guiding

a team of runaway horses to
a safe place Similar

1
.
were dedicated by women in
reliefs
childbed, not only to Asclepius but to others

2
One there .
a group of goddesses, the nurse and child 3

is, which shows
;
The nursing mother appears on

4
one, the act of birth .
reliefs or suckling the new-born babe, in some series of
statuettes, but these are probably meant for the mother

herself 5 . The principle is the same, when Victory drives
the victor s where in the Corinthian pictures

car 6 perhaps
,
7
Poseidon and Amphitrite appear in their chariot So also .
with a relief from the Athenian Pythium, which represents

8
the deity seated on the oracular tripod The harpist reliefs .
9
and those where Artemis stands armed,
may also be included ,
10
or shoots at the prey .
(3) The Human Activity, the Act or Process blest by the god,
may equally be represented. This meets us early

in allegorical
form, some mythological

or heroic precedent being chosen
art as
which suggests the later event in plastic or pictorial
Pindar s myths suggest it in poetry. The same principle is
of Aegina and the metopes of
exemplified in the pediments
the Parthenon, or the architectural carvings of Treasuries at
Tellias commemorates his victory by
Delphi and Olympia. 11
a group of Heracles and Apollo striving for the tripod the ;
battle of Oenoe suggests a group of the Seven against Thebes

and the Epigoni
12
the sack of a hostile city is commemorated
;
13
the people of Heraclea
by a model of the Wooden
Horse ;
Pontica, mindful of their eponym, dedicate groups representing

the Labours of Heracles 14
others go to the Homeric poems for
;
10 84.
1
Page 238. Page
2
n Page 131. Euripides invents or
Page 256.
3 p a ge 256. describes another mythological group
4 255. at Delphi : Ion 1163 KeKpowa dvyartpwv
Page
5 257. ir\as ff-rrdpaitnv eiXLaaovr Ad-r)vaiwj>
Page
6
Page 177. TWOS dvdd-r)fj.a.
12
7
Page 80. Page 130.
13
8
Page 282. Page 130.
291.
u Page 130.
Page
GENERAL SKETCH. 361
inspiration A step further, and the human instruments are

1
.
more vividly suggested. A group commemorating the battle of

Marathon incjudes protecting deities, eponymous heroes, and the
victorious the human element is stronger in the
commander 2 ;
memorial of Aegospotami 3 and when we come to Attalus of

;
Pergamus, the human affray is modelled realistically side by side

with the heroic battles of ancient times and the war of
gods
and giants 4 Lastly, the human battle is represented alone
.
in some relief carving of a cavalry skirmish or a sea-fight,

sometimes raised to a higher level of thought by the figure
of Victory standing beside a 5
trophy Perhaps the battles of .
Marathon 6 and Oenoe 7 were commemorated by votive paintings;

the Lamian war certainly was so 8 How far the rank and file
.
used this pious wont is not clear; but it seems

unlikely that
Corinth was alone in its series of terra-cotta tablets. In these
is hard to
it
interpret the scenes which represent Homeric
combats or the fights of armed men as anything but a soldier s
9
thank-offering .
The human also be indicated by human figures

act might
engaged in the or so posed or equipt as to
act, suggest it.
Thus Battus in his chariot was dedicated by the
Cyrenaeans at
10
Delphi "because he founded the colony and Cleobis and ";
Biton were represented in the

Argive Heraeum, no doubt in
such a way as to recall the act of filial which won them
piety
the best gift of the gods 11 Of this class are the statuettes of
.
armed warriors from the seventh century in Calaurea, Cyprus,

Dodona, Laconia, Olyrnpia, Thebes, and their ideal character
(asopposed to portraiture) is clear from the fact that two men
may dedicate one figure in the name of both 12 So too with .
the victor in his chariot, often raised above common life by

the presence of Victory in person by his side; or the
jockey
on his racer. Athletes in characteristic guise are here also :
1
Page 130. 7
Pans. i. 15. 1.
2 *
Pages 130, 13G. Page 130.
3
Page 137. Page 134.
4
Page 132. 10
p aus x . . 15< 6
5
Page 133. u Herod, i. 31.
6
Paus. i. 15. 3. 12
p age 140
1
the sparring Glaucus of the fifth century, the discobolus ,
2 3
the runner in act to start the leaper holding his weights
,
.
An athlete absolutely without attribute, and standing stiff,

ought not to be counted with these ;
and it has vet to be
proved that such figures were truly votive.
But true examples
are the humble son of the people who became a knight, and
4
stood with his horse on the Acropolis of Athens the Persian ;
"
horsemen" of the sixth century

5
the hunter with his game,
;
6
certain for the fourth century and probable earlier the dairy- ;
7
farmer milking his cow, in that ancient cave of Crete sailors ;
8
the scribe of Athens,
rowing their galley, from the same place 10
;
with his tablets 9 the baker woman of Cyprus

;
the cook ,
of Argos 11 the pregnant woman, the woman in childbirth,

;
the nursing mother, from Argos, Athens, Laconia, Sicily,

13
12
chair In
perhaps the physician in his consulting
.
Cyprus :
later days we have realistic presentations of a patient in the

14
last stages of disease .
Whenpainting or relief-carving was

in use, the scene might
be more fully set out before the eye. Sometimes it is the

15
warrior leading his captive, or two men fighting together .
A few scenes of hunting arid fishing occur on reliefs, but
it is in Corinth we find clearest evidence
16
none very early ;
that this custom existed. There we see every part of the

potter s craft portrayed, from
the digging of the clay to
the working and painting, baking and export of the finisht
ware 17 there too huntsman and farmer, vine-dresser and
;
in the gracious eye of

statuary are seen at work, often
Poseidon 18
More commonly, the scene of athletic contest
.
19
vase or
is represented. This may be seen on a prize
1
n Page 78.
Page 170.
12
2
Pages 170, 172. Pages 255 ff.
13
3
Page 170. Page 79.
4
p ag e 79.
"
Page 210.
15
5
Page 141. Page 134.
16
e p ag e 78. Pages 84, 85.
17
7
Pages 64, 65, 75. Page 81.
18 82.
8
Pages 65, 134. Pages 81,
19
Page 260. Page 155, cp. 173.
10
Page 78.
GENERAL SKETCH. 363
1
quoit or the base of a dedicated offering 2 Oftener it is an .
independent painting or relief. Now it is the victor leading

his horses or mounting upon his car, or driving it, while Victory
crowns his head with a wreath 3 ; again Victory stands in the
4
car or herself drives it ;
the judge places the crown upon his
head 5 or he ,
offers his prize to his patron deity
6
.
Apobatae
7
,
8 9 10 11
athletes ,
jockeys , Pyrrhic dancers
appear ,
torchracers ,
all
in this scheme. These memorials may perhaps go back as far

as the sixth century, but they are commonest in the late fifth
and the fourth.
Representations of the act of worship may also be classed
with these, if we may suppose the worshipper to have faith in
the efficacy of prayer. Such are the sacred pomp of Orneae 12 or
13
Aegina ;
the ring-dances of Olympia and Cyprus 14 the dancing- ,
15
girls of Corcyra figures (whether priestly or other) in ritual
;
costume 16 holding the knife, the bowl or jug, the jar of water,
,
the lustral spray, known in Dodona, Cyprus, Tegea, Calaurea,

Thebes 17 Or again, the musician with pipes or with harp 18 found
.
,
19
in Cyprus and Tegea Others bear the sacrifice: as the Athenian
.
Rhombus and his compeers of Crete, Boeotia and Tegea 20 the girls ,
21
bearing a pig or bird, fruit, flower, or garland Even hands are .
found, holding the fruit or victim which is to be offered to the

22
god . The hand uplifted belongs
athlete or ordinary votary with
23
to this class perhaps we should add the figures from Crete
;
and elsewhere which are described as saluting 24 Models of "
."
1
Page 161. was represented in character: Herod.
2
Page 175. iv. 13 15. Anyhow, he was more
3
Page 175. than mere man.
4
Page 177. ""
Page 287.
5
Page 177, cp. 179. w To these may perhaps be added pre-
6
Page 177. historic figures of flotists and harpists
7
Page 176. in stone, found at Ceros. Perrot and
8
Page 176. Chipiez, Hist, de I Art, vi. 760, 761.
9 i
Page 151. Page 286.
10 2
Page 176. Page 284.
11 21
Page 177. Pages 285, 286.
12 22
Page 145. Page 290.
13 23
Page 191. Pages 170, 171.
14 24
Page 286. Cp. the Mycenaean woman in
15
Pages 285, 286. Perrot and Chipiez vi. 735.
16
Probably the marvellous Aristeas
beasts were also dedicated; such as the series of

sacrificial
1
at Athens 2 the
pigs at Tarentum the "supplication of Peisis"
,
,
3 4
three rams of Mandrobulus at Samos, the he-goat of Cleone ,
the cock of the Dioscuri 5 and , many other animals inscribed

6
with deities names, from Boeotia and the Peloponnese .
Perhaps the statues of priestesses at the Heraeum

and at
Hermiori, later at Athens, should be added. Later we have
statues of arrhephori and canephori, but I do not find these
before the fourth century 7 .
I conjecture that we should also place here statues which

were dedicated by way of propitiation. It does not seem likely
that a Pausanias
8
or the offending Athenian
or Timagoras 9 ,
archon would be an acceptable offering as a portrait but the

10
,
;
case is altered if we may suppose them to have exprest by

some gesture their contrition or subordination to the god s
will. Confiscated articles, such as ornaments or dress worn in
11
contravention of rule or spurious also
temple , money",
belong to this class, being a memorial of the error punisht by

the god.
Beginning in the fifth century, and lasting well over the

fourth, sporadically later, we find a more complete record of the
act of cult in the reliefs. These are chiefly of three types the :
dance, the prayer, sacrifice, or libation, and the feast. The first
13
with the Eumenides the
type is found in the fifth century ,
14 15
Graces, Hours, or Nymphs and Pan their distribution
,
has ;
been already examined. In the fourth century and later we

find other deities in conjunction: Hermes, Apollo, Zeus, and
16
even (by popular etymology) All Gods The prayer type is .
exemplified with Asclepius, Beridis, and others. The sacrifice

1
or libation type is commonest; and is found with Athena (one
9
1
Page 301. Page 314.
10
2
Page 296. Page 315.
s 296.
n Page 318.
Page
12
*
Page 381. Page 313.
13
5
Pages 300, 301. Page 254.
6 u Page 88.
Page 264.
15
7 For the woman of Paestum, see Page 85.
16
p. 78. Pages 85, 87, 89.
17
*s
Page 314. Pages 83, 292.
GENERAL SKETCH. 365
2 3 1
example being a tithe), Asclepius Cybele Apollo Demeter , , ,
and the Maid 4 Dionysus 5 Hecate 6 Hera 7 Zeus 8 the heroes 9

, , , , , ,
or various combinations of these. The feast-type is common

with heroes 10 and , is found also with Asclepius 11 .
It is not easy to interpret the few monuments which repre

sent the Lpo(; 70/1,0?. It is possible to regard them as offered
by
couples on marriage, which we know was preceded by a sacrifice 12 ,
but even so they should refer to an act of cult,

perhaps the
mystery-play regarded as a mythological precedent. There is
no reference to anything but the power of the
deity in reliefs
to Artemis which I have referred to 13
provisionally marriage .
A more summary representation of the activity blest by the

god is seen in the stone-ram of the Athenian breeder, and
perhaps therefore other rams from Athens, Boeotia, Laconia 14 ;
bulls from Athens, Dodona, Boeotia, 15

horses from
Olympia ;
16
Argos, Athens, Boeotia, Dodona, Olympia and half-a-dozen other ,
places. Similar are the mare suckling a foal known in

Dodona,
17
Olympia, and Athens the stag brought down by hounds, from
;
18
Olympia So an ass sums up the story of a
.
night surprise
19
forestalled by a sheep tells of a treasure lost and found
his bray ;
20
by a sheep s guidance the bull recalls how a bull led the
;
21
Corcyreans to a great find of fish a frog, how a
thirsty ;
traveller was enabled to find a hidden 2

spring -; a cicala, how a
musician broke his string and yet won the 3
The bronze
prize .
lioness dedicated in of the brave Leaena sums

memory up her
24
story in a metaphor Probably we should add the hunters
.
hound of Athens, Delos, and Lusi 25 perhaps the

fighting cock ;
1
Page 219. M p age 75.
2
Page 293. is
Page 76>
3
Page 291. w p ageg 75j 76>
4
Page 294. w Pages 75j 76
5
Page 295. is
Page 75>
6
Page 295. w Paus x . . 18> 4
7
Page 89. 20
Page 91>
8 21
Pages 83, 295. Page 91
9 22
Page 19. Page 232.
10
Page 20. 23
Page 172
11
Page 220. 24
Page 331.
12
Page 246. 25
Page 77 .
13
Page 247.
of Thebes 1 . It may be also that the Asclepian snakes were

2
meant to recall how the temple snakes lickt a patient s sores .
Here also come the models of disease and of parts of the body,
as a summary method of indicating what the god s blessing has
done 3 These begin in the fourth century, and in fine become
.
practically universal.
(4)The Winnings. The prize or gain of the acts which

have been blest is another common dedication. The earliest
we know of, and perhaps almost as old as the worship of the
of war-spoil, whether as a trophy upon
gods, is the dedication
the battle-field or in a temple. This custom is known to
legend and to Homer 4 and dedicated arms and armour have
,
been found in some of the most ancient sanctuaries of Greece,

5 6
the cave of Mount Ida in Crete Delphi, Dodona, Olympia ,
.
There is a continuous record testifying to this custom from

Alcaeus 7 in the seventh century until long after the Christian
era. As before, these dedications are made to almost every
god or goddess, and even
to the heroes. A secondary develop
8
gilt models of
ment was to dedicate gold or silver, or shields ,
10
a silver trireme and such like the permanent bronze trophy
9 : ,
,
11
and models of horses or captive women .
As with prize of war, so

with the prizes won in the games
or musical contests. This custom is recorded for the eighth
12
s date for the early sixth century
century, if that was Hesiod ,
in the person of Echembrotus

13
and is exemplified later by the
,
14 15
choric tripods at Athens the tripods of the Triopia
,
the ,
stlengis, vase
18
crown,
17
and what not.
,
What were or may
18
have been have been found by excavation at Athens
prizes
,
AM xv. 355 ff.

lo
Page 100.
u Pae 115 -
Page 209.
12 151
3
Pages 210 ff. Page -
13 152.
4
Pages 99, 101. Page
14 156.
5
Pages 101, 109. Page
15 152.
6
Page 109. Page
16 153
7
Page 101. Page -
17
8
Page 114. Pag 6 155
18
*
Page 116. Page 155.
GENERAL SKETCH. 367
1
Delos, Dodona, and Sparta
Delphi, In this section too .
models were sometimes made, as of the tripod 2 and the shield 3 ,
in stone.
Honorific crowns come into the same category. These
4
begin with Lysander and grow very, common indeed in the
fourth and succeeding centuries, when it became a matter of
course to dedicate them 5 States like individuals dedicate
.
crowns of honour 6 .
All these are what may be called occasional prize but the ;
prize of work, although more regular, is also suitable for dedica

tion. It is not absolutely certain that the Greek craftsman
would dedicate the first specimen of his skill, or a choice piece
of his own work, in gratitude for the divine help in his
calling ;
but he did dedicate tithes or firstfruits of his profits in some

form, and the form was often a piece of work made by his own
hands. Thus we have Lycinus pot,
"
the first he ever made 7 ";
of Melos, with ornament 8

"
Ecphantus his fine the rival ";
9
potters of Erythrae, with their superfine pots Protogenes and ;
10
his partridge and others from Athens Aegina 12 ,Metaporitium 13
;
11
, ,
Naxos 14 So the author (from the fourth century

. at least)
15
might dedicate his book the poet his poem
16
,
and ;
if I have
rightly interpreted the Corinthian fragment, a learner might
dedicate his alphabet 17 .
The workman would also at times dedicate a picture or

model of his work. One such is the picture of Mandrocles
18
bridge over the Hellespont, which dates from 480 possibly we ;
may add models of the temple of Delos 19 Hippocrates, with .
grim humour, offered as the result of his labours the model

of a corpse or skeleton 20 .
Pages 152, 153. u 61.

Page
12
Page 160. Page 61.
is
Page 153. Page 61.
Page 267. "
Page 61.
Page 266. Page 64.
Page 268. w p age 65.

i?
Page 60. Pages 65, 66.
] 8
Page 61. Page 70.
Page 63. w Page 70.
20
Page 63. Paus. x. 2. 6.
The grower or breeder commemorated some special luck by

models of the prize of his calling. Of this class are the golden
sheaves of Delphi and Athens, the golden silphium, vine, and
1
olives of Delos and and perhaps one or another horse
Oropus ;
or goat, silver duck, or goose, or bronze bullock. The huntsman

on the same principle dedicates a model of his prey a hare at :
Samos and Priene 2 perhaps the deer, bears, or other game

,
3
found in excavations or ancient lists .
(5) The Tool or Means. An appropriate memorial of a

successful piece of work is the tool it was done with. This
class is not so large as the last but it is exemplified in legend, ;
for example the Chest of Cypselus, and voucht for in literature

from a very early date. There are a few examples of the arms or
the clothes worn and used in a battle being dedicated. Earliest
is the shield of Aristomenes the Messenian, from the seventh
King Nekos of Egypt and the spear sung by

4
century ;
Simonides come next; by Alexander s time and a little later

5
6
the examples become more numerous but there is no reason ,
to deny this to be an ancient custom, and it never (except

7
own case loses the and
perhaps in Alexander s ) simplicity
dignity of olden days.

The objects used in the games were dedicated on the same
: the victor s chariot, the weight or quoit, and doubt
principle
less didwe but know others besides. Bybon s huge stone was
dedicated as much for his own glory as for the glory of God,
but there it is still in Olympia, where it has rested for twenty-
six centuries From the same early date come an Eleusinian
8
.
10
in legend we have the
leaping-weight and a Corcyrean quoit
9
;
The earliest racing-car dedicated, which is

quoit of Iphitus".
12
on record, is that of Arcesilas (466 ) .
As regards other tools, we have from legend the spear of
Meleager
13
;
otherwise there are very few indications that the
8
1
Page 66. Page 160.
9
2
Pages 67, 68, 69. Page 161.
10
3
Pages 63 fit. Page 160.
* Page 160.
"
Page 112.
I2
8
Page 112. Page 162.
13
e
Pages 112, 113. Page 170.
7
Page 112.
GENERAL SKETCH. 369
practicewas ancient. Later, as exemplified in the Anthology,

the custom seems to have been common enough
1
In these later .
days, physician and author followed suit ; indeed, physician s
tools are not unknown as votive offerings in the early fourth
century
2
. Even models of tools are found a golden anvil at
:
Delos 3 ; sickles, pruning-hooks, and winepresses in the time of

Philostratus 4 .
But to show that they were sometimes dedicated with a

rather different idea, as things worn out, whose work is over, the
evidence is slightly less scanty. The story of Cimon s bridle 5 ,
taken in conjunction with one or two epigrams of the fifth

6
century and with the walking-sticks of Xenophon s host 7
, ,
implies that the practice was ancient if not common. Later,

the motive becomes a commonplace
8
Now also the sick .
man s bandage and the lame man s crutch are dedicated 9

.
Here too we have the parallel of toys, trinkets, and other

such things dedicated at puberty, when the owners put away
10 11
childish things Both arms and tools (e.g. loom-weights
.
12
inscribed ) have been found on sacred sites; whilst female
ornaments and trinkets, brooches and pins, combs and mirrors,
have turned up in Argos, Athens, Delos, Delphi, Dodona,
Elatea, Tegea, Thebes, and almost in every temple which has
been excavated 13 Why these were dedicated, however, we
.
cannot tell for certain ;

we have choice of more than one
explanation. Further examples of the principle we are dealing
with were Pheidon s currency-bars 14 and possibly the old Attic
16
alphabet .
One step further, and we come to clothes or trinkets worn

in time of peril. These are dedicated as things done with, but
also as memorials of the peril happily by God s grace escaped.
We hear little of this in early days: hardly anything in the
9
Page 71. Page 224.
10
Page 73. Page 249.
Pages 112, 113.
"
Page 78.
12
Page 78. Page 73.
13
Page 70. See Index.
14
Page 112. Page 74.
15
Page 70. Page 75.
Pages 71, 113.
24
"370 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS.
or chains intended for use

fifthcentury, except captives chains
on the victors 1
After childbirth
.
however something of the
2
kind used to be done In the fourth century, shoes are found
.
in the Asclepieum
3
;
in the Anthology, men saved from ship
4
wreck dedicate their clothes .
As memorials of the act of worship, the clothes or orna

ments 5 worn by the worshippers were sometimes dedicated ;
there is no direct evidence here, the vessels

perhaps, though
used in the rite. This might explain the hosts of small
cups, all of a shape,

found on certain sacred sites 6 Examples .
of the first group are the stlengides or head-ornaments in

8
7
Delos Athens 9
and elsewhere, and the clothes of
Delphi , , ,
10
mystae .
offering of the hair must

The not be omitted, though it is
difficult to find the right place for it. It is a custom of the
antiquity, and originally (to judge

from analogy)
highest
that the worshipper placed himself in the power of the
implied
was traditional and its meaning
god but in the classical age it
;
had long been forgotten. The hair is the firstfruit of the

11
worshipper, and as such it was offered at Delphi to Apollo . It
is offered to rivers absorbed by the

and heroes ;
the right is
and it is then claimed later by many of them,

great gods,
especially Hera and Zeus
12
The long youthful hair, or the first
.
down on the chin, is offered at puberty, or at marriage it is ;
also cut in mourning

13
As a vow in time of peril and a dedica
.
tion for safety the rite is known from Homer to Lucian and
St Paul 14 Sometimes the cutting of the youthful lock
.
is kept
15
in the god mind by a carving or an inscription
s .
Lastly, certain kinds of dedications

are Allegorical. Such
are those which personify the power of the god under the title
1 9 See Index s.v.

Pages 115, 233. <rT\eyyis.
2 10
Page 252. Page 277.
224. u Page 241.
Page
12
Page 232. Page 241.
13
Page 277. Pages 242, 245.
14
Page 301. Page 245.
16
Page 231. Pages 243, 244.
Index.
GENERAL SKETCH. 371
of Victory; which
independently is a thank-offering for war
alone 1 but plays a part also in agonistic reliefs 2
, Of the same .
kind are the personified statues of Good Luck and the Good
3 4
Spirit or of
Vengeance
, and such figures as Praxidica 5 ;
,
Damia and Auxesia Hygieia 7 On the reliefs we also find

6
, .
8
personifications of Telete or Initiation, of the Dithyramb , and
9
of Good Order these last are not found
independently, either
:
as offerings or as deities to receive As a whole, this

offerings.
class is rare, but ancient. Enyalios, Eileithyia, and Lecho are
10
probably personified epithets Praxidica belongs to the
legen ;
dary age; Damia and Auxesia are ancient, and had a larger
place in cult than appears on the face of it Victory is a votive ;
offering as early as Archermus, and is not uncommon in the

best age.
The Epidaurian silver pig 11 is also
allegorical, translating a
metaphor into concrete form. The allegory is more elaborate
in the group of Athena perched upon a palm tree, which was
dedicated after the Eurymedon 12 and in the
group of Alcibiades
;
on Nemea s lap, victory A punning

dedicated for a Nemean 13
.
dedication by Comaras 14 model of a strawberry,

,
who offered the
completes our list
15
Allegorical figures and personifications are
.
not unknown in the great

age of Greek art
16
but in the fourth ;
century they become common, not only on decree reliefs, but

elsewhere 17 .
It will be noticed that the

portrait of the worshipper does
not appear at all in the above classification. It is true that
Pa e 142
probably from South Greece.
-
15
The reader will recall the device of
Page 192. a rose on Rhodian coins.
1
Pa 8 es 144 234 16 P. Gardner, JHS

-
ix. 57 ff. He
Page 248. quotes Night carrying Sleep and Death
on the Chest of Cypselus; Corinth
Page 208. and Leucas on a fifth century mirror ;
Pa 8 e 179 -
to which may be added Hesiod s Dike
9|
Page 179. and Eris, Works and Days 220, 256,

10
Pag 6 252. 11 ff. The oldest on a decree is given
11
Page 226. in AZ 1875 p. 104.
12
Page 144. 17 AS the in the
13
figures Pomp of
Page 174. Antiochus II and that of Ptolemy IV,
14
IGA 556 9o/ici/>as tvWrjKe : Athenaeus v. 194 6.
242
many of the examples which I have recorded have been taken

by others to be portraits; but I have found no reason to believe
that the portrait as such was ever dedicated by a Greek until
the votive dedication had lost its meaning. I do not say that
Miltiades, for example, in the Marathonian group, was not
recognised for Miltiades, or that he was not represented in form
and feature to the life that may well have been so, and yet no
;
dedicatory portrait. It makes all the difference in the world

that Miltiades was part of an ideal group. So it was with all
the other human figures in question which are clearly described :
something of the ideal was in them, so that they suggested not

this or that man, but this or that action or event. And since
this principle seems never to be forgotten in the great age of
Greece, I have ventured to assume it for the very few cases

where nothing but the name or office of the person is given.
I take it that to dedicate a portrait as such would have seemed
the height of arrogance to a Greek, as the story of Pheidias and
the shield of Athena implies, and as Demosthenes implies in
an age when the thing was common And a few instances 1
.
which I have yet to mention fully bear out this idea. It was
no Greek, but the Egyptian Amasis, who sent two portraits of
2
himself to the Argive Heraeum, and one to Gyrene it was the ;
Asiatic Chares of Teichiusa who placed his own statue at

Miletus 3 These were the kind of men who would think their
.
own image an ornament to any shrine a peck of pride to a :
speck of piety. Pausanias himself did not dare to follow this

example but the colossal vanity of Alcibiades was flattered by
;
a statue dedicated in the Heraeum 4 where also Lysander and ,
his captains, many of them men otherwise unknown, were placed

5
side by side with the
Egyptian If these statues were portraits .
and nothing more (as the words of Pausanias suggest) we have

here the earliest examples of honorific statues. But meanwhile
an evil leaven had been working in the whole lump. The
1 4
Page 135 .
2 3
Herod, ii. 182 ts Kvprivr]i>...eiK6va Page 260.
4 Paus. 18. 2.
ewvrov ypa<pr)
eixaa fji^vrjv , ^s ZdfJ.ov TTJ vi.
5
"Hp?7
ek6vas ewuroO 5i(paaLas v\ij>a$, at Paus. vi. 3. 15.
GENERAL SKETCH. 373
athlete statues of
Olympia were generally not dedications, but
set an honour these had accustomed men to the
up as 1
;
sight of
human figures in the divine presence, and the
thought had
become familiar that honour might be done to a man
by
placing him there. This new idea was turned to account, and
the statues of the famous dead were
placed in temple precincts :
as Pericles and Anacreon on the 2

Acropolis of Athens Anaxi- ,
menes 3 and Aristotle 4 at Olympia, at 5

and
Gorgias Olympia
Delphi
6
Now too the statues of living men were added. Conon
.
and his son Timotheus were

placed on the Acropolis in their life
time 7 but without the The dedication of
,
dedicatory formula.
men like Epameinondas and
Philopoemen was natural; and
Alexander the Great made the honour So by the end
cheap.
of the fourth century we have honorific statues dedicated
with
all
formality for trivial reasons. More, the licence becomes
impiety in the golden image of Phryne and Cottina of Sparta ;
had the etfrontery to dedicate her own 8

image to Athena .
Long before the Delphic oracle had not refused the offering
of Rhodopis; but now so low had the
gods sunk, that they
could accept the common
image of a strumpet, the trophy of
Grecian intemperance.
We
have seen that the ideas of the
dedicator, until Greek
religionbegan to lose its sincerity, were simple but as many ;
have used symbolism

largely as a principle of interpretation, it
is
necessary to examine the question. It has been asserted, for
instance, that the attributes of a deity were
regarded in some
sort as
representing him, and that they were dedicated to him
for that reason that Artemis, say, was
;
specially pleased by the
Pa S e 167 6
Athen. xi. 505 D
Topyla, verb rb
Paus. i. 25. 1. There is no reason Troirjcra(r8ai ryv dvdOetnv rrjs tv AeX0o?s
to suppose that the portrait of Pericles iavrov WWTJS ei K 6vos.
was dedicated during his ?
CIA
lifetime. Paus. i. 24. 3; ii. 1360 K6vw
Paus. vi. 18. 2.
Tôôu, Ttyu6<?eoy K6i>wo<>, without
4
Paus. vi. 4. 8: set up by a pupil, dedicatory formula.
or a soldier who knew that Aristotle *
Polemon ap. Ath. xiii. 574 D dvd-
had great influence with Antipater and
%*a dt avrrjs t<rri...T&
irpoeif^^vov
with Alexander before him. clriviov.
5
Paus. vi. 17. 2, 17. 7, 18. 7, 19. 1.
offering of a deer, Athena by an owl, Zeus by an axe

1
Let us .
see whether there are grounds for this statement.

The objects associated with the gods are of two kinds :
living creatures and inanimate things. Of the first kind are

Athena s owl and serpent, Poseidon s dolphin, Hera s peacock,
Aphrodite s dove or swan, the fawn of Artemis, the sacred crows
of Apollo 2 the eagle of Zeus, the horses of the Dioscuri, the
,
snake of Asclepius. Of the second kind are Athena s aegis,

gorgon-mask, lance, helmet, and shield Poseidon s trident ; ;
the bow of Artemis the thunderbolt of Zeus the caduceus ; ;
and hat of Hermes spear or sword, cloke, and conical cap of

;
the Dioscuri ;
Heracles club and lionskin Apollo s harp or the ;
tripod the fawnskin and thyrsus of Dionysus.

;
To prove the symbolic use of these things it would be

sufficient to show that the things in question were treated in
the same way as their owners, that is worshipt to prove their ;
symbolic dedication, in default of direct statement, it must be

shown that certain articles, characteristic of a deity, were
dedicated to that deity and to no other. Even then the motive
would not be certain, but the hypothesis might nevertheless
pass for the nonce.
The first point is easily disposed of. There is no worship of
the owl, the dove, the eagle, the peacock, or the fawn. The
serpent comes nearer to being a symbol of Asclepius: it is
credited with a share of his power, helps in his cures, and is
3
fed by the worshippers with sacrificial cakes It is on some .
occasions regarded as a kind of embodiment of the god himself4 ;
and on the reliefs takes place almost as one of the family.

its
But the snake is also associated with Athena, and it is never

embodiment
treated as an of that goddess it is also associated ;
with the heroes, Dioscuri and others. Since then the snake is
Bather, JHS xiii.

1
Reisch, p. 9;
242; Evans, JHS xxi.99 ff.; Hogarth, 4
Paus. ii. 10. 3. So a serpent was
Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 114. said to be a hero i. 24. 7, 36. 1, iv. 14.
2
Schol. Arist. Plutus 604 nepl TOV 7. Dedications to it are only found
Ilayaff^TiKov K6\iroif eldov irepLirTa^vov^ very late, as Rev. Arch. xxvi. 27 Troi ak,
TOVS TOV AirbXXwvos iepoiis /c6pa/cas. Ti. Claud. Rufus 8pa.KovTi T<$
(Hide
3
Page 205. So the dogs in Pei- TL^W^V^ Supov, with relief of the snake
raeus :
"E0. A/>x-
1885 rpLa Tro-rrava TCHS approaching a cup.
GENERAL SKETCH. 375
not confined to Asclepius, nor even to the heroes, its

figure
must be a very imperfect symbol for no one
seeing it alone;
would understand what it was meant to symbolize. There are

it is true reliefs which show the
serpent alone, without a divine
figure, and there even a dedication to the serpent 1 but these
is
;
may all be disregarded, for they fall after the

great dividing
line of the fourth century. Nor can
admit that the owl as a I
coin type is a symbol in the proper sense.
Rather it is a
shorthand mark, so to say, for Athens, which was noted for its
abundance of owls, and it doubtless had for the ancients the
same meaning as the Russian Bear in a cartoon of Punch, or
the beaver and the kangaroo on a
postage stamp. It is in fact
a pictorial representation of Athens, not of Athena, and need
have no more religious significance than the rose on a coin of
Rhodes. Athena with the owl is
recognisable for Athena with
Athens in her hand, as Athena with the raven or crow is Athena
2
ruling Corone The Bull Dionysus, the Wolf Apollo, and such
.
likecannot be brought in evidence for these are not attendant ;
animals at all, whatever their

meaning may be. No one has
ever yet heard of an Owl Athena, an
Eagle Zeus, or a Peacock
Hera. The attendant animals are therefore not treated as
equivalent to their deities, and are therefore not proved to
be symbols of them.
Nor is there any evidence, before the fourth
century, of any
tendency to treat the inanimate attributes of a deity as his
equivalent. Again I must draw a distinction. There are traces
of fetishism, that I
freely admit. The sceptre of Hephaestus
was worshipt in Lebadea; but for its own sake, not as the
symbol of any god. A legend tells how Aeneas set up a spear
in the market-place, and bade the
people worship it but he ;
did not call it a symbol of Athena, of Aphrodite, of the Dioscuri.
Page 374*. But in IGA 162

1
6<te<rcri
Kop^r, 5 et s Aeijvalwv d Kp6Tro\iv
i>
is wrongly restored. See IGS i. 2734. OVK tenv 4viftaTa, but he does not say
2
At Corone she carried a crow why. Perhaps because it was thought
(Paus. iv. 34. 6), which was no doubt to be an enemy to the owl, Arist. Hist.
a plastic pun like the rose. What did An. xi. 608 a 8, Plut. de inv. et od.
she carry in Ithaca? Aelian mentions 537s, Neil on Knights of Aristoph.
(Hut. An. v. 8) that ravens were not 1051. For figures of ravens or crows,
allowed on the Athenian Acropolis, see below p. 383.
376 GKEEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS.
I do not know whether any one will summon to court the mad
1
tyrant of Pherae, who worshipt his own murderous spear ;

or
2
the Scythian Sauromatae, who worshipt a dirk ,
or the Arcadian
chieftain in Aeschylus, who swore by a spear-head
3
The stone of .
4
Cronus was regularly oiled and worshipt but not as a symbol ;
of Zeus. Stones, which may have been meteoric, were deified

at Thespiae and Ephesus 5 To the thunderbolt were paid divine .
honours in Seleucia, and in the Hellenistic age 6 it may be in ;
8
Arcadia 7 and Olympia at an earlier date. But fetish worship is
quite a different thing from symbolism. The stones are feared
for their supposed power, and were probably worshipt before
iconic deities were known they are not the distinguishing :
mark of a deity, abstracted from his whole figure and worshipt

in his place. The only possible exception is the case mentioned
by Arrian ;
even that is not certain, and in any case the date
puts it out of court. For the other attributes as symbols there

is not a particle of evidence. There is not a sign that the
aegis, spear, or shield was worshipt or even held in special
honour as representing Athena; there is no worship of the
tripod or the lyre, of the thyrsus and fawnskin, of the trident,
of the herald s staff, of Hermes topboots and wideawake hat.
When we attributes, they are seen to be all
examine these
(with three exceptions) things of every day club, bow, and :
spear, or battleaxe, helmet and shield travelling boots, hats ;
conical or flat ;
fawnskin or lionskin ;
sheaves of corn, a bunch
of grapes torches, hunting-spear or harpoon.
; They are in fact
simply the properties of a character costume. If the god is to
be represented before the eye as a protector, he will naturally
1 7
Page 113. Collitz i. 1197.
2 8
Herod, iv. 62 dKwdKtjs cndr)peos... Pans. v. 14. 9. It may be merely
tvrl TOV TO aya\/j,a.

"Apyos Clem. Alex. that the noun is put in apposition
Adm. ad Gent. 43 A 2<Kv6u>v 8 ol ~La.v- like Athena Hygieia, and that the
ws <j>7)<riv
Iô-tos tv T$ irepi phrase meant the same as Zeus Bronton
v, dKivdKrjv atfiovviv. (BCH xx. 117) or Zeus Brontesios.
3
Aesch. Sept. 516 o/wwri 5 alx/J-w How loosely such appositions could be
fjv %et, /u.a\\ov deov <rt/3eu>
7re7roi0ws. used is seen from the Torch Dionysus
4
Page 318. at Pellene (Paus. vii. 27. 3), for whom
5
Paus. ix. 27. 1. a torchlight vigil was held. So Aphro-
6
Appian, Bell. Syr. 58. dite Symmachia, Paus. viii. 9. 6.
GENERAL SKETCH. 377
be armed but the arms do not distinguish between Athena

;
and Aphrodite Or again, in a place where the warrior rides,

1
.
he may be mounted on horseback but horse and spear do not ;
2
distinguish the Dioscuri from Poseidon If he is to be regarded .
as a traveller, he wears hat and boots but the) do not ;

7
3
distinguish the Dioscuri from Hermes Poseidon holds a .
trident because the trident was used in fishing, or in war, or

both 4 Hermes bears the herald s staff because he is herald of
.
the gods but Iris on the same duty carries it too 5

; Examples .
of the staff exist which once belonged to human heralds 6 and ;
it bears a striking resemblance to the shepherd s crook 7 And .
as the attributes do not distinguish one deity from another, so
they are not essential nor constant. If the conception is that

of a deity, male or female, and nothing more particular, the
deity will naturally be arrayed as a human being would be.

So the simple woman s dress does not distinguish between
Athena, Artemis, and Demeter. The figures found on the
Acropolis of Athens, which I have given reason to take for
Athena, represent now a beautiful maiden in gala dress 8 now ,
the matronly figure seated upon a throne, indistinguishable

from Demeter or Hecate ;
or again, many possible variations
of garb, the maiden simply draped holding a spear or a shield
and approximating to the belligerent type in panoply with
spear at thrust
9
. The seated Demeter of Eleusis might be
Athena; and at Tegea the explorers hesitate which name to
1
Armed Aphrodite at Corinth, Paus. 5
Gaz. Arch. i. pi. 15, r.-f. vase;
ii. 5. 1 ;
at Cythera, iii. 23. 1 ; Sparta, Mon. Ined. vi. pi. 58 ;
etc.
Plut. defort. Rom. 317 F. 6

Cat. Br. Mus. Bronzes, 319.
2
Paus. i. 2. 4; cp. vi. 25. 5.
7
See the Crook of Talthybius,
3 The shape of the hat worn by the Wiener Vorlegeblatter, Series C. vi. viii.
Dioscuri varies ; but it depends on 3. The snakes are a later develop-
local custom. men t,like the wings on his boots ; the
4
Stephani, Compte Eendu, 1867 p. staffhas a very simple origin. The
89, 1868 p. 65. It is borne by Taras, mystical interpretation must not be
Bellerophon, Amphitrite, Pan and A- suggested for early days, as Frazer does
polio, in Asia Minor by Osogos and (Pausanias iii. 649).
Zeus Labrandeus, who has both axe 8
It should be noted that the
and trident. For trident as fish-spear, simple drapery appears on some reliefs,
see Anthol. Pal. vi. 30, 38; Eudocia and is very frequent with the helmet
(Teubner) p. 571. I have seen it so and spear only,
used myself in Greek waters. 9 AA viii. 140 ff .
use 1 At Erythrae, Athena holds a distaff in either hand 2

.
,
the embodiment no doubt of good housewifery. Apollo holds

now a lyre now a bow, or again he is stark naked and
unarmed 3 Artemis appears in the same temple now with
.
torches, now with bow and arrow

4
Zeus himself, if I am not .
mistaken, appears at Olympia drest as a man of reverend

and benevolent aspect, without thunderbolt 5 The truth is, .
that the meaning of these figures is conveyed by the whole,

not laid on in the shape of external attributes 6 Coupled .
with the whole figure, the attributes have meaning alone they ;
have none. There are only three which were not common
and thunderbolt. The thyrsus
articles of use: thyrsus, aegis,
was however used by human beings on special occasions, and
we may suppose the god to carry it because his worshippers
did, not vice versa. The aegis, again, was in all probability a
goatskin once used as a cape by the people who worshipt
Athena 7 ;
but its origin forgotten it became a traditional
ornament. Remains the thunderbolt, which as represented in
art is
perhaps an attempt to reproduce the aspect of forked
lightning; but its origin does not matter for my purpose, as
I shall be able to show that it does not help the symbolists.
This view of the divine attributes applies ex hypothesi down
to the fourth century after which a great change takes place. ;
Now the religious conception of the gods decays, and what may
1
AM iv. 170 fif. to suppose that a poet can personify
2
Paus. vii. 5. 9. anything by giving it a capital letter ;
3 Paus. would salute his

ii. 30. 1. or that a soldier
4
Paus. ix. 19. 6. Compare Anth. colonel s dress tunic.
7 Herod,
App. Plan. xvi. 253 "Apre/j-i,
TTOV <roi iv. 189 TTJV 8t &pa taQrfra.
r6a, irapavxevlr) re <f>ap^TpT) ;

TTOV d /ecu raj alylSas T&V cryaX/uaTajv TTJS Adrj-
v8pofj.is ap/Si/XtSajp, iropTrr) rair)s IK TWV Aiftvcraûv iroiT)ffavTO oi
TTvy/j.ei>T), rjSt Trpbs dupyv "EXXrjvcs irXV yap 17 OTI fficvrtvij i)
0otVt Tr^TrXos eXio cro/u.ej os ; /cetva ^<r0fjs

ruv Aifivcrfftbiv tarl t /ecu oi OvvavoL
H.tv els Ayp-rjv OTrXt fo/icu es 8t 6vr)\as oi K T&V aiylSuv avTrjffi OVK 5<j>ies
et cri,
el/i atfrws, ipu>v avro\j.ivr\ dvtwv. dXXct ifjuivrivoi TO. 5 fiXXa TTCLVTO, Kara
5
Bronzen von OI., vii. 40. TWVTO ?(rraXrai...ai 7âs yap 7re/H/3dXXo -
6
As has been well said of allegorical rat i/aXaj irepl TTJV ted^Ta al Alfiva-ffai.
figures in good art by P. Gardner, JH S The goatskin is used as a war-coat in

ix. 57. To give meaning to the attri- Borneo Haddon, Head-Hunters, 352.
:
bute alone is as crude a thought, as

GENERAL SKETCH. 379
be called idolatry takes its place. The first trace of an abstrac

tion of divine attributes which I have met with is in the
Ptolemy described by Athenaeus Here amidst a

1
Pomp of .
magnificent spectacle of gods, heroes, and personifications, are

a gilded caduceus of forty-five cubits in length, and a gilded
thunderbolt of forty cubits. And Artemidorus, the man who
built so Thera 2 when Ptolemy Euergetes was
many altars in ,
King of Egypt, engraved on a rock the figure of an eagle with

a dedication to Zeus, and the figure of a dolphin dedicated to
Poseidon 3 The same tendency is shown in a series of catalogue-
.
marks used by the Epidaurian priests to distinguish the property

of the various deities which were in their
place
4
number . A
of these appear to be arbitrary, or at least they have been
conventionalized out
but many are easily of recognition ;
which had by that date become

distinguishable as attributes
traditional. Athena is denoted by spear and shield in outline ;
Artemis by an arrow drawn to the head in a bow Poseidon by ;
the trident Hygieia by the snake 5

; These of course are mere .
shorthand marks and bear no religious significance but they ;
illustrate the tendency of the day. At the same time, fanciful

interpretations began to be given for the association of this or
that with a deity 6 of which the most striking example
, is
Plutarch s debate on the significance of the Delphic E.
1
Athenaeus v. 202 c KypvKeiov tirl- Fortune.
6
Xpv<rov TT-TIXUV rwffapdKovTo. TrtvTf, Kal Athenaeus vii. 325 A ry
Kcpavvbs 6-rrixpvcros -n-rjx^v reffffapaKOvra. aTroSiSorat T\ Tply\ij 8(.arT]v TTJS 6vo/J.affias
2
Above, p. 272. Koiv6TtjTa. T/no5ms yap Kal TplyXyvos
3
F. Hiller von Gaertringen, Apreî- Kal rats rpiaKaai 5 aiirrj ra deiirva
dwpos, in the local paper Zavroplvrj, <j>tpov<ri.

Kara TO TrapaTr\T)<TLov
5 ol-
Aug. 2, 1899. Aii OXv/i7r/y. Aer&v Keioucrii> Air6\\(>}i>i

ptv Kldapov,
AIOS &yye\ov Apre/J-ldupos altv /36a/ca, kiovtaq 8k KLTr6i>, K
7r6\ei elffe Kal ddavdroicri deoiaiv. <pa\apiSa...Kara ffvv^fj-(pa<nv
rou (f>a\\ov.
He\ayl({). Rtrpa iv aKa/J-aTT) Kal TTJV vrjrTav KaXov^vrjv HotreiSuvl

^revêv, e&vovv dvdpuTTOiS rt^cs oiKeiov<ri, etc. Even Nestor s
Apre/j-idupos. prize at the funeral games, a <pid\T],
is
4
AM xxiv. 386 ff., IP I i.
p. 186 ff. said to be given in Sia rr]v <t>i\oiro(riav
:
5
Others are: three dots for the sons Ath. x. 433 D. So Pausanias (vii. 23.
of Asclepius, scales for Justice, a twig 6) explains the torches of Eileithyia
for Zeus, hammer and tongs for as either symbolizing the fiery pangs
Hephaestus, sistrum for Isis, whip for of childbirth, or the ushering of the
Poseidon Hippius, horn of plenty for child into the light of day.
If this reasoning be sound, it follows that the Greeks would

not consecrate an attribute, or an attendant animal, as an
equivalent for the deity himself; nor was there any reason
why they should expect the deity to be specially pleased with
such a gift. Let us see whether the facts fit in with this view.
If I can show (1) that some attributes supposed to be specially
agreeable to a deity are not consecrated to that deity at all, in

kind or in model; (2) that some of those which are so con
secrated, are given to other deities as well ; (3) that where the
reason is recorded, not that the thing was the deity s
it is
attribute or attendant animal I shall be justified in denying

:
the principle and in leaving the burden of proof with those who
uphold it. If I find this rule violated after the fourth century,
I shall regard this as further evidence that the change of idea
which I see in the fourth century did take place. And first as
to the animals.
(1) Before the fourth century there is no recorded dedica

tion of 1
an eagle or a dove to Zeus, a cuckoo
an owl to Athena ,
or peacock to Hera, a dolphin to Poseidon, or of a snake to
Asclepius or the heroes. But on the other hypothesis we

should expect to find whole series of these objects in the
shrines.
(2) The stag or fawn was sacrificed to Artemis Laphria at

certain seasons, and models of wild game are dedicated to her
at Lusi. But the stag or fawn, the hare, bear, or lion are
dedicated in model also to Zeus, to Cabirus, and to Menelaus
and Helen, whose attendant animals they are not. Now on the
other hypothesis we should expect not a few, but w hole series r
of such dedications at the chief shrines of Artemis yet there ;
are none, I believe, either in Delos or in Corcyra. I have given

reason to think that these models are hunters offerings, or that
after a certain date they may be toys. If they were hunters
offerings or toys when dedicated to Zeus and Cabirus, they may

fairly be regarded as the same when dedicated to Artemis.
These animals must also be taken in conjunction with the
bull, the ram, the goat, the sheep, and the horse, which are
1
For the bronze owls of the Aero- the Inventories, 383 2 .
polls see below, p. 383 ;

for the owls of
GENERAL SKETCH. 381
also widely distributed; and if simple ideas can be suggested,

that they were a memorial of an act or process, or models of
prey or gain, to cover all, they are more likely to be true than
a subtile philosophising reason for which no evidence can be
produced.
(3) I find in the Anthology a bronze cock dedicated to the
Tyndaridae, but for victory
1
and a lion dedicated to Cybele, ;
but because the beating of the priest s tympanum saved him

from a lion 2 Two gold eagles were dedicated at Delphi, and
.
the reason given is not that they were symbols of Zeus, but that
they might be memorials of the legendary meeting of two eagles

3
at the centre spot of the earth All these, moreover, fall after .
the fourth century; and in the same period there is an owl

dedicated by Phaedus on the Athenian Acropolis 4 and a peacock ,
dedicated by Hadrian to Argive Hera, "because the bird is

held to be sacred to Hera 5 ." The dedication of the owl, so far
from appearing a natural thing, seemed ludicrous, and the
familiar proverb was applied to it with a difference, as though
the man had sent coals to Newcastle. Thus we are not at
liberty to interpret the ancient bronze owls found on the

Acropolis as independent dedications, but as parts of statuettes
or other objects 6 The eagles and doves found in Olympia and
.
Dodona were not independently dedicated 7

also There were .
terra-cotta images of snakes found in the sanctuary of the

1
Anth. Pal. vi. 149. no clue to their origin. They may
2
Anth. Pal. vi. 218 9. have been part of a group. See note
3
Schol. Eur. Or. 331 avaKeiffQat dt 6. The tortoise called votive in the
Xpveovs derotfs <j>affi
r&v ^vOevo^vuv Cat. Cypr. Mm. 3277, was found in a
derail/ uTro/ij/Tj/iara. Similar memorials tomb.
5
of a myth may be the goat suckling Paus. ii. 17. 6. It will be remem-
Apollo s children in Crete (Paus. x. 16. bered that Hera at Argos had a cuckoo,
5) these were the founders of the
; not a peacock, which was her bird in
state. And Procne and Itys at Samos (Athen. xiv. 655s).
Athens (i.
24. 3). Bidder, Cat. 532 ff. Like the
4
Corp. Paroem. Gr. i. p. 391 7\au swan (530), the eagles (53840). No.
tv TroXer virb $aldov avertQ-rj y\av tv 534 however is doubtful. There are
aKpoTr6\i. I will not assume that the also crows in this place (541 3) and
tetradrachm ismeant, Hesych. s. v. snakes (544 ff.).
7\ai>.
A rude stone owl is in the 7
Bronzen von 01. xiii. 210, 211 etc.;
Acropolis Museum, No. 1347, and one cp. vii. 45, ix. 56. Carapanos, Dodone,
or two others were found; but there is xxi. 5, cp. xxi. 4 bis.
Mistress in Arcadia; but their date is unknown, and their

object is unknown gold or silver snakes
1
. There were
dedicated to Asclepius in Athens, but not before the fourth
century these were probably bangles, which went by the

:
name of snake. A
bronze peacock was found in the Heraeum ;
this too may have been part of another object, or if not,

why should not be a toy or ornament equally with the
it
monkey and the porcelain cat ? A few doves,

2
porcelain
one pair billing together, were found by the shrine of
Aphrodite at Daphni 3 and inCyprus: if they were votive
what was their
offerings, date? and were they dedicated
model of sacrifice, or as an allegory of human love ?
perhaps as a
Crows are found in the shrine of Athena at Athens; but we
hear nothing of their being sacred to her there or elsewhere.
Aphrodite stands in Elis with her foot on a tortoise, a hint to
"
that they should stay at home and hold

"
wives," says Plutarch,
their tongues 4 but more prosaic souls will remember that

";
the tortoise was a common form of footstool Lais was killed,

5
.
it is said, by jealous Thessalian women, who beat her to death

6
with "wooden tortoises" in the temple of Aphrodite I do not .
know how it is to be proved that these were models dedicated

to the goddess for mystical reasons, and not rather footstools
caught up or brought from home as a ready weapon.

The facts may be summed up thus. There is no series of
attendant animals dedicated to a deity on which an argument
can be based. A few sporadic examples of these animals are
found but such animals dedicated to one deity generally are
;
dedicated to one or more others. Those which can be shown to

animal as a
imply the idea that a deity preferred his attendant
1
Frazer, Pausanias iv. 370: the /ecu ffuairfjs. Representatives of this
date of the temple is later than the type are known in art: Roscher i.
2
fourth century. 412; Bernouilli, Aphrodite, 150 323 ,
2
Frazer, Pausanias iii. 177 8. (quoted by Frazer on Paus. I. c.).
5
3
Frazer, Pausanias ii. 497. Athen. 589 B, Hesych., Suid.
4 6 Schol. Arist. Plut. 179
Paus. vi. 25. 1 leaves the curious KO.L (pao-iv
to guess the meaning of the tortoise on fatortnnoftrcu cu GerraXai 7 waives

and the goat. Plut. Pr. Con. 142 D tQbvevvav avryv %v\ivais xeXupcus TVTT-
ei5tas lirolqrc xeX&rqv ira- rovaai iv T$ iepy TTJS
, oiKOvptas <TU/m.j3o\ov
rcus yvvaii-i
GENERAL SKETCH. 383
votive offering, are all too late to be brought in evidence 1 ;
those of which this cannot be shown are better explained on

other and simpler principles. The doubtful ones cannot be
proved to have been dedicated independently, and most of them
are clearly parts of something else. Some few, apparently old
and genuine, remain unexplained, such as the crows and the owl
of Athens which stand on independent bases 2 I will
grant these .
to the symbolists; to build up a reversed Chinese pagoda, on

a point supported by three crows and one obscure bird of
night.
Next, the inanimate attributes.
(1) The only divine attribute which is really distinctive is
the thunderbolt, and this would make a pretty object for
dedication; in fact objects of the same shape as the bolt of
Zeus are now made and used as charms in India under the
name of Indra s thunderbolts 3 But the thunderbolt is never
.
dedicated to Zeus or anybody neither has one been found

else,
in any of his shrines except in the hand of a figure. The
symbolic argument fails utterly, then, just where it should be
strongest, and gives presumptive evidence against the symbolic
theory elsewhere.
(2) Arms and armour are the attributes of Aphrodite,
Athena, Apollo, Artemis, the Dioscuri. They are constantly
dedicated, and not to these deities only 4 but to Zeus who does not
wear them. The distinctive mark of Athena, the
aegis, is not
dedicated to any nor are the hats of Hermes and the Dioscuri.
;
Clothes and shoes are dedicated, not to these deities, but to

Artemis and Asclepius, to Athena, Apollo, and Poseidon 5 Corn, .
or its model, is dedicated not

only to Demeter but to Apollo,
6
Athena, Artemis grapes not to Dionysus only, but to Athena,
;
Apollo, and Amphiaraus to Pan and Cabirus 8

7
, Skins of beasts .
1
Tortoises on Mt Parthenius were here will exclude the other. Owls were
sacred to Pan, and were not allowed welcomed in this spot, crows or ravens
to be slain (Paus. viii. 54. hut we driven away.
7),
hear nothing of the votive dedication 3
have several in
I my possession,
of tortoises to him by worshippers. <
If there is an exception, they are

2
Bidder Cat. 5413, 534. The owls accidental. I do not remember a dedi-
of the Athenian Inventory (see p. 394) cation of spoil to the Dioscuri.
are not earlier than the fourth 5 9
century. Pages 249 275. ,
It should be observed that a symbolic ex- 6

Pages 66, 53. 7
66.
Pages 52,
pi anation which suits either owl or crow 8
Chap, n.; page 66.
are offered to Artemis, Pan, and the Nymphs 1 as well as to

Heracles and Dionysus. Torches are offered not to Hecate but
to Athena 2 . No lyre is dedicated to Apollo, who bears it, but it
is dedicated to Athena, who does not 3 Tridents are offered
.
to Poseidon, the thyrsus to Dionysus and to no one else : but

why ? This brings us to the third point.
The reasons given for dedication are never symbolic 4
(3) .
The arms and armour are spoils of war or weapons used in war ;
clothes and shoes are firstfruits of work, thank-offerings for

healing, or meant to dress the god s image. Corn and grapes
are the firstfruit or tithe. Skins of beasts are the hunter s
the fawnskin and thyrsus 5 are the ceremonial dress

firstfruit,
dedication in memory of the orgy. Torches are a prize or a
used tool, tridents the fisherman s spears which have been used,
or are now past use. The lyre is a gift from Lesbos, where
such things were made 6 .
In and after the fourth century, I still find no thunderbolts

"
and no caduceus but Antiochus, it is said, dedicated a gold

;
"
aegis with a gorgoneum upon it, above the theatre in Athens ;
as little a true dedication as an honorific statue set up in the
agora.
I think I have proved that there is no case for the dedica
tion of attributes or attendant animals to a deity for the reason
that they were his attributes or attendant animals. What
originally suggested themistaken idea was a difference in feeling
which has grown up between then and now, and especially the
reverence of Christendom for the Cross. It follows that the
object dedicated, such as a wolf, cock, or torch, cannot be made
a criterion for deciding to what deity it was offered 8 .
Two articles need further consideration, because a symbolic or

1
Pages 44, 50, 51. ception ;
but it is later than the fourth
2 13 5
Page 177 ; see also Indices s.v.Scus. century. Anth. Pal. vi. 172.
3
3
Cakes in lyre form, or stampt with 6
See Index i., and cp. p. 269 .
a lyre, are mentioned by Steph. Byz.s.v. 7
Paus. v. 12. 4. The aegis in the
Ildrapa, as offered to Apollo in Lycian Athenian Inventory is probably, like
Patara; bat we know neither their the Gorgon-mask, a shield-device (see
date nor anything more about them. p. 394);but in any case both are not
There is no parallel dedication of the earlier than the fourth century,
real lyre, as in the case of animal cakes. 8
As is done in AJA vii. 406 ff.
by
4 158 R. B. Richardson.
Anth. Pal. vi. is a possible ex-
GENERAL SKETCH. 385
hieratic meaning has been attached to both : the tripod, which

issupposed have special reference to Apollo and the double-
to ;
headed axe, which has been similarly associated with Zeus 1 .
In Homeric days tripods and kettles formed no small part

of human wealth they were given as prizes and gifts, and they
;
are spoken of in numbers just as one might speak of so many

ounces of gold 2 They were dedicated in hosts at the great
.
shrines, where they were one of the most notable sights 3 At .
Dodona the old ones appear to have been so many, that piled
in heaps they formed a wall 4 Quantities of fragments have been .
found at the Heraeum, at Athens, Delos, Delphi, and Dodona.

It appears, indeed, that like other material wealth, these had a
certain fixed value, and past current like coins from hand to
hand. Tripod and kettle are the names of units of currency in
8
Crete ; whether these were coins with that device on them or
not. they can only be explained by supposing that the real
things had once been such units
6
This will account for the .
common use of the tripod as a prize 7 originally given for what ;
it was worth, it became a The ancient

thing of tradition.
symbolists gave the tripod a mystical meaning, (for example)
that the three legs symbolized and
past, present, and future ;
they associated it with Apollo because of his prophetic truth,

with Dionysus because there is truth in the wine-cup
8
. The
1
See Reisch p. 6; Evans, Mycenean Kartdwe 5ia Tpnrbdwv tpirl^wv; iii. 178
Tree and Pillar Cult, JHS xxi. 99; Uv6uva...(;vdei> aXis TpliroSas Trepi/caX-
Hogarth, Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 114. Xâs rj8 X^ras vope-fyrw Kal v
xpvt> >
Rouse, The Double Axe and the Laby- aXis r aWuva aiS-qpov, /cat iro\\T}v
rinth, JHS xxi. 268 ff. ^cr^ra.
2 4
II. viii. 290, ix. 122, 264, xix. 243, Carapanos, Dodone, 216 (Heuzey) ;
xxiv. 233; Od. iv. 129, xv. 84, 129; Steph. Byz. s. v. AwSuj/?/.
5
Hymn iii. 61 rpi-rrodas Kara folnov e-n-rj- Mus. It. ii.195 32 , 222; Roberts, p. 53.
6
CTOLVOVS re X^ras ; Theopompus ap. Ridgeway, Currency, 314; Mon.
Ath. vi. 231 F TJV yap rb ira\ai6v rb Ant. i. 7985.
7
lepbv xa^Kot* ^vadrjâffiv,
KCKo<Tfj.7]/j.^voi> Above, pp. 151, 152, 156.
OVK avdpLafftv dXXa \tfi-q<n Kal Tpl7ro<ri. 8
Diod. xvi. 26; Ath. ii. 37 F rb
So in Sicily: Phanias ap. Ath. vi. viicr)Tr)ptoi>
tv Aiovfoov rplwovs- Kal yap
232 c. As prizes, see p. 151 above. CK rpt-n-odos \tyeu> Qaptv rows a\f)0etov-
Pindar Pyth. xi. 4 says of Ismenian ras...5id ATroXXwi/os ^kv oi /cetos 5ia TTJV
Apollo :
xpvatuv s advrov rpnrdduv K /j.avriKTJs a\rj6eiav, Aiovtiaov d 8ia
v. T T)v tv ^6rf, Schol. Arist. Plutus 9
Horn. Hymn ii. 265 <?s 5 ddvrov TpLwodi. XP^^ o A-rr6\\uv dia TOVS rpeis
R. 25
moderns, perhaps without going so far, have yet sometimes

seen a special appropriateness in the gift of a tripod to these
two gods. But the tripod has no special connexion with either.
It is dedicated not only to Dionysus as a musical prize not ;
3
Delphi and Delos
2 1
only to Apollo in the shrines of Amyclae , , ,
4
Apollo Ismenian and Apollo Ptoan
5
: but to Zeus at Dodona 6 ,
Olympia
7
,
and Ithome 8 Hera ,
to in Argos
9
,
to Athena at
Athens 10 to ,
the Graces and Muses 11
,
to Heracles at Thebes 12 ,
in
13
the Hierothysium at Messene ,
and in the Idaean cave of
Crete 14 .
The double-headed axe

also appears to have had a fixt
value in early days, and to have been a unit of currency as it ;
once was in America, and still is amongst backw ard races of r
15
men in Africa The people
of Tenedos send axes to Delphi as
.
a thank-offering for what appears to have been a large catch of

crabs 16 A
Greek butcher in Italy offers an axe as tithe of his
.
profits
17
. Silver bowl and axe of price were a gift from Timasion to
Seuthes 18 . As the tripod, so also the axe forms a coin-device in
and Pherae 19 and the silver axe is a coin in
"
"
Crete, Tenedos, ;
20
Cyprus These indications throw light on the store of axes in
.
21
the palace of Odysseus, which were doubtless part of his wealth ;
and on the axe as a prize in games 22 But the axe has no .
T&V TrpayfjidTuv rd r OVTO, rd n IGS. i. 1795.

tcaipovs . . .
12
T âo/j-eva irpb r thro.. There is safety Paus. x. 7. 6.
13 Paus.
in numbers. iv. 32. 1.
1
Paus. iii. 18. 7.
14
Museum of Candia; Mus. It. ii.
2
In the Museum at Delphi ;
Athen. 742.
15
vi. 231, 232. Kidgeway, Origin of Coin and
3
BCH vi. 118. Weight Standards, 317; Early Age, i.
4 Pind. Pyth. ix. 5; Herod, i. 92, 443.
16 5
v. 59; Paus. ix. 10. 4 (quoted by Plut. Pyth. Or. 12; above, pp. 58 ,
Beisch). 92 7 , JHS xxi. 271.

5
BCH ix. 478, 480, 524; AM iii.
17 IGA 543; above, p. 92.
18
86. Ath. iv. 151 C /ecu Tija-aa-Luv irpoirivwv
6 re dpyvpdv
Carapauos, Dodone, xxiii. 3. <f>id\Tiv
/ecu Koiritf dîav 5^/ca
7
Bronzen von OL, p. 72. /j.j>u>t>.
Xen. Anab. vii. 3. 18.
8
Bronzen von OL, p. 13, Paus. iv.
19
Head, Hist. Num.
20 Collitz i. 60 etc.
12. 9.
21
9 Dr Waldstein. Od. xxi. 76.
10
Bidder, Cat. Index ;
JHS xiii.
**
Od. xxiii. 851.
233; CIAiv. 1. 373 79 .

GENERAL SKETCH. 387
special connexion with Zeus : it is found not only at Dodona 1 ,
Olympia and in Crete but

2 3
, ,
is dedicated to Apollo in Delphi
and elsewhere 4 and to Artemis in Arcadia 5
,
It is also seen in .
the hands of Dionysus 6 the Amazons 7 local heroes of Asia , ,
Minor 8 and Apollo in the same region 9 on a relief from Melos

; ;
10
it is used to slay the Calydonian Boar Ino attempts to kill ;
11
Phrixus with Theseus fights with it 12
it Double axes with
;
.
marks of use on them have been found in a carpenter s shop at

Anthedon 13 There is nothing holy about this kind of axe, and
.
14
if Zeus carries one at Labranda he does so because it is a ,
weapon ;
he stands for the protector of the city as Athena is
with her spear and shield. There is
therefore no recondite or symbolical mean
ing in the dedication of axes to Zeus or

anybody else: indeed, where the reason
is stated, they are either a tithe or spoil
of war 15 .
But there is another point to discuss.

Both tripods and axes are made in
miniature. At Olympia hundreds of tiny
tripods were found some carefully cast ;
, P/.-I ,1 FIG. 49. Tripod and
models 16 others merely cut out of
, foil, the
from Olympia
Cauldroll) .
17
object being indicated in the rudest way :
Bronzen xxvii 536>
many of which would be of no conceivable

value to god or man. All the axes found in the Dictaean cave
of Crete are unfit for use, the largest being too thin, and the
smaller mere simulacra 16 The small ones are of different .
1
Carapanos, pi. liv. 108; Stephani, Compte Eendu, 1868,
2
Bronzen von OL, xxvi. 5207. 75.
3 11
Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109. Annali xxxix. pi. c.
4 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 45, AZ xxxviii. 12
Stephani, Compte Eendu, 1867,
38, Cat. Berl. Sc. 681. 177.
5
Jahreshefte iv. 69. 13
A JA vi. 104 pi. xv.
6 14
Stephani, Compte Eendu 1863, Plut. I. c.
15
128 ff. Plut. I. c.
7 16
Vase paintings ;
see last note. Bronzen von 01., pi. xxvii. 536 ;
8
AM x. 12, BCH iv. 294. . 49.
9
Cat. Berl. Sc. 680. Bronzen von 01., pi. xxvii. 540.
10
Benndorf, Heroon von Gjb lbaschi, Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 108.
252
1
types: thick and solid, like stone axes thin, and sometimes ;
markt with dots like dice 2 some are quite microscopic 3 Many ;
.
FIG. 50.
FIG. 51. Miniature axes, from Dodona

and Olympia (51).
FIG. 52. Miniature shield, from
(50)
79 Bronzen Olympia.
Eidgeway, Early Age, fig. ;
xxvi. 520, 525, 527. Bronzen, pi. vii. 40.
have handles of the same material, which may be perforated

They are made of copper or bronze and
5
at the upper end 4 . ;
it is to be noted that similar axes have been found made of

7
gold at Mycenae and on Mount Sipylus made of bronze in

6
,
tombs at Hallstatt 8 and Cyprus 9 and of bone in a tomb at ,
10
Syracuse Other bronze specimens have been found in Egypt,
.
made on the model of axes of the stone age 11 Now what can .
1
Bronzen, xxvi. 520 ;
see fig. 51. Museum; all with perforated handles.
5
2
Bronzen, xxvi. 524 5 ;
Ann. Br. Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109.
Sch. Ath. vi. with dot-marks,
109 ;
6
Schliemann, Mycenae, 253 368 .
Bronzen xxvi. 524, 527 Jahreshefte ;

Two axes, of different sizes, are
iv. 49 fig. 67 two dots, fig. 68 six dots. figured on a gem as hanging together,
See figs. 50, 51. ibid. 354.
3
Bronzen, xxvi. 522 ; Ann. Br. Sch. 7 BCH iii. pi. 4, 5.
8
Ath. vi. 109 6 . Ridgeway, Early Age i. 443.
4
Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109 3 - 5
;
9 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 3825.
1
Jahreshefte iv. 49 fig. 67 (perforated Notizie degli Scavi, 1895, 127.
11
handle). Another from Silchester in In the possession of Prof. Ridge-
Reading Museum others in the British
; way.
LATE II
PLATE
38?
FIG. 53.
FIG. 55. FIG. 56.
(Journ. Anthr. Inst.

N.S. ii. pi. xx.)
The side numbers are those of the original plates.

of high value.
1.Shield from Guadalcanar, S. Pacific ; used for payments
10. Caroline Islands millstone money. 13. African spade used as currency.
14 African conventional spear-head. 15. African real spear-head. 16.
Con
ventional iron plaque used for a girl s dowry (Africa). 18, 19. Conventional
spear-heads from the Upper Congo.
PLATE II
FIG. 57. FIG. 58.
FIG. 59. FIG. 60.
FIG. 61. FIG. 62.
(Journ. Anthr. Inst. N.S. ii. pi. xxi.)

The side numbers are those of the original plates.
1, 2, 4, 6. Imitation axes. 3. Imitation spears, used as money (Africa).
7, 10. Chinese knife-cash. 12. Imitation hoe, used as money (Congo).
18. Conventionalised frying-pan used for money (Assam). 23, 26. African
ring money.
GENERAL SKETCH. 389
the meaning of these things be ? There is no evidence for the

dedication of toys, or indeed for their existence, thus early;
and the tombs were not the tombs of children, but of kings,
warriors, full-grown men. It has been already
pointed out, that there is evidence for the axe

as a unit of currency; and where large axes
still circulate, small ones in bundles of ten,
each representing a fraction of the axe-unit,

1
are used for exchange Little axes have also.
been found in Mexico, which are said by the

Indians to have been used as money 2 This .
must explain our axelets and the hole in the ;
handle will have been meant to string them

like Chinese cash. Whether the dots had
any relation to the value there are too few
FIG. 63. Miniature
examples to decide. mention, Here I may from Mexico.
axe,
3
that Homer recognises the fractional half- axe .
Eidgeway, Early
But while the large axes could be used, Age, fig. 80.
the small ones were of no use they were in ;
fact tokens, half-way between the implement and the coin.

4
It may be suggested that the small tripods and kettles of
Olympia were also tokens, having no value, but representing
a fraction of the full-size article in exchange. It may be that
this is true only of the better specimens, those cut out of thin
foil being simulacra, dedicated because the tripod was a tradi
tional form of dedication.That the idea of dedicating simulacra

was not unknown we see from the story which tells of wooden
and clay tripods dedicated at Ithome 5 .
Once the key is found, it may open more than one lock. We
have already seen that iron bars were dedicated as a tithe 6 and ,
that bars of iron are recorded in the Delian shrine

7
The late .
1 6
Ridgeway, Origin, 40 (figs.) ; Early Page 92. Perhaps the original
Age, i. 443. See fig. 58. iron money of Sparta was in the shape
2
Kidgeway, Early Age, i. 443, fig. of manufactured articles. Why is it
80. See fig. 63. just here that we find iron money ?
3 II. xxiii. 851 5^/ca [j.v TreXe/ceas Did the Dorians first introduce iron
5^/ca 5 7]/j,nrt\eKica. into Greece, or first use it to any extent ?
4 7
Bronzen von 01. 115 pi. xliv. See Index vi. s.v.
5
Paus. iv. 12. 9.
excavations at Argos have revealed a vast number of these

bars and it is suggested that large objects of iron the size of a
;
mountain gun may have been the largest multiple of the bar
1
currency, perhaps the very ones dedicated by Pheidon himself .
There are also a large number of objects hitherto unexplained,

which perhaps may be brought under the same category. These
2
are the rings of Argos Olympia 3 and other places, lances and, ,
arrowheads of thin foil from Delos 4 the miniature swords or,
knives 5 and helmet 6 of Olympia, the miniature shields of

,
7 8
Olympia and Crete the miniature cuirasses of Praesus in,
10
Crete 9 the miniature wheels of Argos
, ,
Dodona 11 Lusi 12 and ,
13
Olympia .
Now Phanias speaks of bronze knives along with tripods

and kettles as part of the wealth of Sicilian shrines 14 just as ,
bars are mentioned as part of the wealth of Delphi byEpicharmus 15 .
Shields in full size, and in miniature as fractions of the same
shape as the larger, are used in South America for exchange

16
.
There is evidence that shields were once so used in Greece 17 .
Many of the small ones found are indistinguishable from the

heads of large pins or buttons but in view of the facts given ;
8
1
Dr Waldstein ; above, p. 74. Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109.
2
Bronzes, 1614 ff., 1695 ff.
9
AJA N.S. v. 383, 384, fig. 13.
10 IGA 43
a, IPI i. 566
3 454
Bronzen von 01., ff. (immense ;
also one in
quantities in the Pelopeum). the Heraeum, Bronzes 2254.

4 AZ
xl. 333; useless for practical
n Dodone, xxvi. 1
Carapanos, pi.
purposes. !30eXio> Afipodirai dvt6i]Ke, hardly in-

5 von 530
Bronzen 01., xxvi. ff. telligible unless given for its value real
Some of the Cretan knives may be or traditional.
12
simulacra: Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 110. Jahreshefte iv. 51 74 .
13
The little knives however may have Bronzen von 01. ,
p. 68: some cut
been used as the hillmen in India do out of thin foil 498 ff., some cast 503 ff.
14
now; beside their curved klnikree they Phanias ap. Ath. v. 232 c fa-rope?
have a little knife about 4 inches long ^ctâs iv r$ irepi TUV iv 2i/ceX/a rvpdv-
in a sheath of its own within the vwv, cus x a^ K OVTWV T&V TraXai&v
<*>v
larger sheath. So the Celts also: dvadtj^dTwv /cat rpuroduv /cat \e(3rjTuv
Poseidonius ap. Ath. iv. 152 A tav 5e /cat ^xeiptStW.
18
77
TL $vcra.irbffira<TTov, /taâi/a/^ /u/c/>cp Ap. Ath. viii. 362 c Xe ^res X^*
Trapa,Tt/j.vot>Tes,
5 ro?s /coXecus tv i8lq. /ceot, Kparrjpes, 65e\oi.
16
#77*77 Trapd/cetrat. Prof. Ridgeway has a specimen
6 of a miniature shield. See also
Bronzen von 01., no. 1041. fig. 56.
7 Bronzen von 01., no. 10025. See 17
Ridgeway, Origin, 331, 334.
fig. 52, p. 388.
GENERAL SKETCH. 391
above we need not fear to call them shields. Any article under
the sun, used in exchange, might be modelled as a token; as we
see from the researches of Ridgeway and Temple. I may here
call attention to the ancient
coinage of China, which imitates in
metal a ring or a knife a bale of cloth, a spade or hoe, or a 1
,
wheel 2 So also we find shields in the South Pacific and in North

.
America used as currency 3 and models of axes 4 spear-heads 5 ; , ,
hoes 6 millstones 7 even a conventionalised frying-pan 8 are found

,
, ,
in different parts of Africa, Asia, or America. If this explana

tion be right, the wheels of Olympia may have nothing to do
with chariots or chariot-races and perhaps even the chariots ;
themselves may often be simulacra given instead of the real
thing. The Greeks were on the same path as the Chinese

took ;
but they did not follow it out to its
logical conclusion,
and offer paper money to the shades.
Two other classes of dedications demand a brief word : the
dedication of one god in the temple of another, and the dedica
tion of grotesques or genre figures.
The figure of a god might be dedicated in any temple as an
ornament to the temple, choice spoil of war, and the like 9 of ;
which we have seen examples in the old statue from Tiryns at

10
Argos the Hermes of Praxiteles and Aphrodite which stood in
,
the Heraeum at Olympia 11 and probably the figure of Apollo ,
dedicated as a tithe to Athena 12 So Theseus dedicates at .
13
Delphi an image of Aphrodite which had belonged to Ariadne .
1
K. C. Temple Beginnings of Cur- : ancient de consecrer la statue d un dieu
rency, in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. N. s. ii. a w;i autre dieu: Eev. Arch. i. 439 ff.
117, 122, pi. xxi. 7, 10. See pi. ii. Lettre a M. Milling en, Annali vi. 198 ff.
figs. 60, 61, 62. CIG 3159 says as much, late as it is:
2 AJA iv. 284 pi. xii., xiii. KoiWos BaXîos loiAtcu/ds 2/j.vpva ios
3
Journ. Anthr. Inst. N.s. ii. pi. xx. A.<TK\-qiri$ irjTrjpi At6s ZWT^/JOS &ya\fj.a
1, 2, see pi. i. fig. 56. <rvv
fidcrei apyvpty yv\f/ov /jLe<rrrj av^dt]-
4
Ibid. pi. xxi. 1 6, see pi. ii. fig. 58. KCV, but he seems to feel some appro-
5
Ibid. pi. xx. 14, 15, 18, 19, see priateness in selecting Zeus Soter.
pi. i. figs. 53, 54. The figure that Letronne calls Apollo,
6
Ibid. pi. xx. 11, 12, xxi. 12, 13, which is dedicated to Asclepius, is more
see pi. ii. fig. 57. probably a worshipper in ritual act.
7
See pi. i. fig 10. Page 117.
8
Ibid. pi. xxi. 18, see pi. ii. fig. 59. "
Paus. v. 17. 4.
9 This 12
principle is correctly laid Page 63.
down by Letronne, Sur V usage des 13
Paus. ix. 40. 3.
Others are Hermes was said to have been dedicated

less clear.
by Athena Polias, where he stood

Cecrops in the temple of
1
.
2
The Eleans dedicated an Athena at Olympia Micythus .
dedicated Amphitrite, Poseidon, and Hestia in the same place

3
.
Besides these Pausanias mentions Artemis in a temple of

5
Demeter 4 Aphrodite and Athena in a temple of Zeus Apollo,
, ,
6
the Muses, and Heracles in a temple of Asclepius Artemis ,
Leucophryene dedicated by the sons of Themistocles on the

7
Acropolis at Athens Enyo, two statues of Aphrodite, with
,
Heracles and Apollo, in a temple of Ares 8 With what thought .
these were dedicated there is no saying. If such figures are
part of a group, then the dedication is easily understood, and

fallsunder one of the great principles we have seen working
9
everywhere Perhaps they were all dedicated as ayakfjuara.
.
But I can find no authority for the dedication of one deity as a

deity to another until very late times when it is exemplified ;
by a dedication of Artemis to Apollo

10
Sabazius to Zeus 11 , ,
12 1:i
of Heracles- to of Aphrodite to Asclepius of
Asclepius , ,
Athena to Artemis 14 or Asclepius

15
of Hermes to Pan and the ,
Nymphs These are an extension of the vicious idea which

16
.
brought honorific statues into the temples. There were of course

often altars of other deities in a divine precinct, as at Athens,
Olympia Epidaurus, and there seems to be no reason why a

;
dedication should not be made at those altars to those deities :
1
Paus. i. 27. 1. Another from Ephesus : see above,
2 Paus. v. 26. 6. 391 8
p. .
3 Paus. v. 26. 2. n BCHi. 308 Ad A/a Zaovd-

Perhaps the group Kopv(j>aiw
was meant to represent the act of salva- fiov NeaiAem/p (name) ev^v; cp. Rev.
tion done upon him. Arch. i. 280 Cereri Dianam s. p. con-
4 Paus. secravit.
viii. 37. 4.
5
Paus. vii. 24. 2. 12
GIG 1794a.
13
6
Paus. iv. 31. 9. Cat. Ath. Sc. 285 A0/H/ccu>6s
6
7 Paus. i. 26. 4. tepeus rb F ryv A.(ppodiTT]v.
Acrcr/cX^Treta
8 14
Paus. i. 8. 4. Cat. Ath. Sc. 275 0tov irpoaTayrj
9
Above, p. 129 ff. So the Dioscuri A\<!at>5pos ryv A^Tjmtav ry Apr^tuSi.
are dedicated to Poseidon, if the Another from Ephesus, see above,
interpretation of IG8 Hi. 1. 130 be p. 391 8 .
]5
right, as engaged in some act of Cat. Ath. Sc. 276 Trarpo/cacri-yvrJTT?^
mercy. Ao-/c\7?7rtw eFcrar AffKaXov K Ad-r)i>T)i>
10
GIG 6797 Gaul ATruXXum &va<rcrav
yalrjs FeW0Xis.
<r&<TTpa <j>tpwv
16
avte-nKtv. Anth. Pal. App. (Cougny) 342.
GENERAL SKETCH. 393
but There are no figures demonstrable for other

this is different.
and not part of an ornament or group,
gods, amongst the
Acropolis remains, at Dodona, or in the part of Olympia which
belonged specially to Zeus. On the other hand, in the Cabirium
came to light
twenty-five Pans, one inscribed to the son of the
Cabirus 1 at Elatea, in the shrine of Athena, were
;
twenty-two
figures of other gods, Eros, Psyche, Leda, Dionysus, Aphrodite,
Demeter; in the shrines of were some ancient seated Amynus
goddesses
2
. With
the exception of the last, which
may have got
there by accident 3 all these are
probably given as pretty things
,
which had some value for the givers the dedication of Pan to ;
the Cabirus little boy looks like a

sympathetic thought. This
will also explain the Silenus
figures and grotesques, which meet
us in shoals 4 .
In taking a last look backwards it is

impossible not to feel
with a new force how little there is in
early times of the
specialization of functions. The local deity or hero was lookt
to for help in all
emergencies, and all sorts of offerings might
be paid to him, Panofka 5 has written an elaborate study to
prove that the dedicator chose his deity for some supposed con
nexion, based largely on names, that is by his hypothesis on
the family worship : a man named Diodorus preferring Zeus,
ApoHonius Apollo, and so forth. The reader will search in
vain in this book for evidence to
support that ingenious theory;
neither will he find it
necessary to call in mythical to
kinship
explain the dedication of a statue of Athena to Apollo. And
as our study has shown what of one could
variety blessing deity
dispense, so it shows the infinite variety of objects which could
be dedicated for one cause.
Every kind of prayer can be
addressed to Athena, Apollo, Poseidon, or Zeus almost
every ;
kind of object is given to

Asclepius for one and the same boon.
1
AM xv. 359, 391 &v0efj.a run ireuSl
(Carapanos, p. 31, pi. ix.), two centaurs
r<2
Kaipw. on the Acropolis (Bidder, Cat. 429, 430).
2
AH xviii. 243, xxi. 293. o
Panofka, Von einer Anzahl An-
"
3
The Cybele probably did. tiker Weihgeschenke und den Beziehen
4
Seventy in the Cabirium, AM xv. ihrer Geber zu den Orten ihrer Bestim-
359; a dozen at Elatea, with seven mung Abhandl. der Akad. der Wiss.
":
hundred genre figures one at Dodona ; in Berlin, 1839.

INDICES.
Only one or two references as a rule are given. The word is quoted in the
nominative, unless for special reasons an exact quotation is desirable. Eestored
letters are not indicated unless doubtful. It is not certain that all the articles
mentioned were votive offerings, as miscellaneous stock is sometimes included in

the lists but where the articles were clearly not votive they have been left out.
;
I. ATHENS : Treasure of Athena and the other Gods. CIA i.
117_175 (BC 434 ff.),

ii. 642738 (4th century and later),
Suppl iv. p. 175182.
aiyls 679 16 5a/cri^Xtos 8
646 (Art. Braur.), 652 B 28
aKivaKy or eirlxpvffos 161 6 , 5eX0ts, see tirlarjua
646 u depplo-Kos 678 B 73
649 7 dlKTVOV 720 B II 22
652 23 dioTT&v dvo feuyrj 652 B 26
678 B 75 diaKos 678 B 76
652 18 n 13
5t0pos, one with silver feet 161 ,646 ,
678 B 10 673 9
%aX/cous O.TTO dvadrj/J-aros 698 n 26
8oKi/meiot>
s9
678 B 70 dopdnov 735
225 i, cp. 652s 19
56pu, dop&rtov 675
8
,
735 ^
652 20 dpdKw 173
7
6 7
diroppavTrfpiov 143 5pa.xfJ.-f] 697
53
dpyvpiov KipdrjXov 660
dpyvpls 125
18 698 ii 20
dpLffrelov crown, usually named)
(a 721 A I 12
652 30 B 17 700 8 732
, , ,
649 13
161 10 648 2 716 5 720 n 17 (tin),
, , , 652
dcnrldiov TTO^TTLK^V, dcnrideiov 720 II 16 ,
of tin 645 15 652 B 29
some ,
713 18 d<nrL5la-Kiov 733 II 7

,
INI* 5eX0/s, yopyb-
d(nrL8(t}v
iv 716 b 37
vfiov, at eros, I TTTTOS 678 B
fyta 720 B n 25
|8Aos 720 B 720 B II 49
<?pUTl<TKOS
25
702 B i , j3e\U>V
675 41
733 B" 652 B 24 660 62 ,
fio tSiov
652 B 4 , 713 1G
59 24
faiddpiov 678 B , 714
76 3
y\av 678 B (nine), 706 B , y\avi<l5ioi>
675
33
dpyvpouv eirl KiovlffKov 735
yopyovelov 161
7
660 53 see 4irU , ,
678 B 7
ypvjrbs TrpoTo/J.rj 170
14
677 II 28 , 17X0* 161 6 652 17 ,
170 14 648 6 67S 22, ,

vv 675 7
INDICES. 395
689 2 fiLrpa aXovpyris 663 4

0epfj.d<TTiov
678 B 44
eep,ua<TTpls
675 42 698 n 20
* 652 16
0p6/os 161", 647
6
646 17 652 B 37
evfj-iar^piov 161 ,
161 10 652 19 ,
16213, 677 n 16 , 73S 36

l/tds 728 4 161 10 , 677 n 16
ifuiTiov 720 B ii 17 673 9 , 676 35

17 64
I TTTTOS apyvpovs 164 , 678 B
678 B 72/cos
678 B 5 KaSLffKO* 678 B 27 , 77

652 30
28
678 B 27 .a 161", 676
170 14 678 Bi 1
-jj/ 161
6
668 5 KO.VO. vvixpLKa 678 B 9
, ,
6V v 172 - 652 B 12 :{
,
12
149 10 649 12 (Zeus Polieus) , Sppos 170 648 7 652 A 17 , ,
17
rara7rd\r?7S 733 B
9
(tyWHW 722 A
34
Karpo-n-Tov 720 n
40 6 x0ot/3os 652 B
Karw/ns 652 660 "
ITTTriKOS 652 B
24 TraXXdSioi ,
one of ivory 652 B 17
KeKpV<f>a\OS
2y, 665 7 723

7raj>o7rX/a
24
652 17 jrapdpvfj.a rpixwov 721
B I
663 U 164 17 723 2 ,
720 II 49 688"
iov iv 7166 720 n 22

20
675 44 682 c (iv. p. 178) , .., 652
161 9 646 18 ,
i^ 661 rf
9
677 ii 39 ,
678 B S 7U 17
l6
, TrXdcrrpa 679
161 , 665 5 TT\TJKTpOt>
652 B 30
76
660 40 irviyevs 678 B
f 71 ffTr]\T)S 142
6 "
TrodavnrTrip 678 B 58 , TrodavnrTtjpidiOV

731 B 6 121 n 9
67
dj os 161
12
716 9
/cpdô , ,
TroSaoj/ 678B
721 n 16 KpavlSiov 676 40 , vvrfipLov 130 9 678 B 30 ,
678 B 53
TTpOO-WTTOJ 161 6
660-, 668
12 .
TTpOTOfJ.
. . 649 14 fl
20
678 B irovs 652
cp<?a7/m
Kpiov 656 2 722 B 9

42
Ds 678 B 41 70S 9
678 B 30 731 B 14
f)opelov
733 A 17 0-^7X05 660 19
18
126 19 660 , ffKa.(pelov 678 B
vldiov 731 B
15
<rd0i/
652 4
? 660
"
8 <T/cAos652 24
660 12 ,
161 s 676 11 678 B^ or o-7ra9s 720 B II 49

, , o-7rd0T],
46
678 B 5 8 ffTadfj-iof 652
<TTa.T7)p
65 2 42 ,
B 20 ,
see XTJIOP
\tftris 678 B 69 , X^s wfj,(pLK6s 721 (TTaTTJpeS KL^Sr)\OL 652 B 11

20
Xe?a6 xpvcraT 5o/ct/ê?a 698 n 26 ordxues 731 B
Xe/ccn/77 678 B 58 652 28
<TTtpl<j)OV
17
aretyavq 652
12
XÔITOS /ce0aX?j 170
XÔPTOS Trporofj-r) 677 II
28
o-Tâj/os 122 698 i, 692, 700, 701 ,
28
XTjiov 7replxpv<rov
161 6 vrtyavos 6a\\ov 652
14
Xi/pa 161 11 ,
648 9 718 10 , etc., aT\eyyt<;
666 678 B 60 ,
28
676 36 <rrpe7rr6s
652 ,
s8 19
Xôs 118 9 ,
678 B 67 , \vxveiov 675 o-rp60iov 652
B 52
(TTVpd.KI.OV 678
yuctxatpa 652 46 , /adxctipa tTnriicr) 735 37 o-ujS^T/ 170

19
646 10 ,
^Xoy, of wood gilded 652s 27 689 7

<r<paye
ioj>
/j.r)i>L<TKos
678 B 48 652 652B 28 35 ff. ,
-
396 INDICES.
21
a<j>payldiov
660 678 B 20
720 ii 55 70 1 55
irTi\WT-ri
678s 74
îctXiov 722 A 8
of wood gilded 652 B
27
rd\a.vTov cnd rjpov} 678 B ^ <f>va-rjT6f,
161 , 676 29
rpd-rrefa XaXtvos 6i)\vK6s 678 B 54
721 n 1( >
678s 41
v 675 20 AAI 720 n 54 721 n
pes ,
18
dptarepd 652 660 9
,
646 4 5e^d 652 21

660 u
,
21
dpyvpovv 645 679 7
660 23 737 A i, (twenty- seven) 699
5/>ia ,
678 B a6
(Athena Nike 4, Artemis Brauronia 660 41
7, Demeter and Phersephatta 5, 675 2
Aphrodite 1, Anakes 3, Athena O-TiyTTTTlJ/OS 675
26
Polias 7) 652 B 35
VTr6/3a6pa vvvfiiicd 56o 731 B 19 ov 70S 9
55
dppevos 678 B 678 B- 9
652 17 658 3
virofa[j.a 678 B 80 , 728 12 Xpvcriov Siirvpov 652
2fi
VTTOTTodiOV 646 15
Xpwis 155 10 660 36 , , xpvo-ldiov 650 6 .
viroaraTov 660 20 652^

67
ii(f)afj.fj.a 678 B \l6os 713 21
<j>id\r]
660 33 678 B 13
II. ATHENS: CATALOGUE OF BRONZE STATUES:

Descriptive phrases. (7/^ ii. 742 ff.
12
Aytvcios 743 ^t dpio-repdi 744 B 7
OL 745 9
744 2
745 5
743 8 744 B 14
III. ATHENS: ARTEMIS BRAURONIA. CIA ii. 751 ff.
49
aXovpyls 754 frDua 754 15
754 18 758 B in 21
758 B u 13
751 i a 8 17Xa K<ZT77
751 II ti
48
754 0ci/>af
KardvTiKTos 758 B II 18
757 n
4
751 i a i/mdria /mecraXovpyr)
751 u d l/j,dTiov dv8ptoi>
754 47 (offered by a
woman)
751 II i 19 ifjidrLov yvvaiKetov TrXarfaXof/yyes ?rept-
OV 751 II rf
KV/mdriov 754
18
i/mdriov XevKov yvvaiKe iov /j. TrXatcriWi

deiovfj.eva 754 s3 754 16
wb ijudTiov XevKov irapaXovpyts TOVTO TO
<rirtv8uv /cat \L8ivov edos d/x7r^xerat 754 ^
754 31 ip.6.Tiov Traidetov 751 II B7
INDICES. 397
9
iffOTTTVX^ 757 TapavTlvov 754
37
19 757 19
Kd5o? 757
754 22
Tplj3ut>LOt>
KdXvfj./j.a758 B n 25
10
Tpox&eia 751 II d
Kavddpi.ov 751 i a Tpv<p-t)/jia 758s n 24
Kavdvs iroiKlXos 754 19
Kapxrifftov 751 n d 751 19
inrodepis
KaTa.a-Ti.KTov 38
dnrT^pvyov 754
754 11 ^tdXi; 757 30
7546
23
754 758 B in 32
757 1S
Xl0UiffKOS KTCVWTOS TTeplTTolKlXoS OVTOS
758 B III 24
dnrXouv 754 62
Zxe<- ypd/a/nara evv<t>a<rfj.tva 754 9
d/j.6pywos 754 10
v 751 ii 10 ft
7
d/j.6pyLvov air\ovv 754 51
751 II B3
Kv/j./3ioi> 757 30
6fyivov TrapaXovpyts 757 19
rc60wj> 757 31
icrdTTTvxes 754 65
eVt 757 19 iois
ffTinnnvov 751 us 8
TTTjj
758 B in 29 KapTov -rraioelov
dveirlypa<j>ov>
754 45 irapvv ?x i
depfJ-aa-Tiv 754 29
TwriffKO* dXovpyos TroiKtXos
fa -n-Xaifftui.
764 U (two women)
751 ii fc
17
dvdpe ios 758 B n2 **
(by a
754 M
woman)
irapa\ovpyLdiov x iT(a aTpaxeiovs 758 B n 12
19
Trapa-nrolKiXos 754
Xaiêiovs 758 B n 16
Trâ^ 758 B in 30
&ffTUV KTfVWTOS 754 30
ir\d<npa 751 la 11
-rrXoKiov 751 ife 22 yijTos 754 44
758 n 13 o//ctXos 754 4S
irofj,<j)6\vyes
S5 KTT\VTUI aXovpye?
TTOTripLOV 757
^ 758 B m*
2
754 26
f>vfj.j3os
751 ii d
ctoj Traidiov \evKov
crdpSiov 751 ic 17 754 4a
airvpov 751 la 5
758 III 38
<rKU\7]KS
ffT\eyyis 751 i 6
u
758 B in 37
758 n 5
IV. ATHENS: Asclepieum. CIA ii. 766 (341/40),

835840 (320327).
836 20
38
836 108
Tpov 836 a
pw[j.i<TKos 836 a 38
835 18
766 - 7
761*1; 836 30
...apaTrXeTpis 836 108
10
apytpiov 766 da/cr^Xios 766 ]
dcrTrfs 835 68
5d/cruXos 766
766 33 lw
23
SapeiKos 766
oi
oopKaoeoi 766 837 s2
ai)X6s 766 31
836 32
836 c 14
d<t>pooi(nov
5 ca5/a 766 17
/
836 a 35 94
SiVos 836
398 INDICES.
M
835 a 24 irap dy\v/uL/j.a appa. 836
dfMK6vriov 836 c
15
(four), 836
73 -
"
(two) TT^Sai 835 38

836 s6 835 47
eXldiov
766 31 766 31
86
766 21 TTOTfJpidiOV 836
14
TTOT-tjplOV 766
836 95 irpoaKe(pd\ai.oy tpeovv 766 ^
<?dXei7rrpoj
836 c5 TTpOffWTTOV 766 4
836 39 -
109 836 c 10
97/377
836 34 835 89
pi;ro 836 s1
v836 81 836 c 10
pvTo<pia\ov
836 94
i!6
766 31 io^ 766
766 8 a^ 835 38
766 7 V 836 22
766 2>J
!
766 25 os 766
835 5 836 92
22
(TT\eyyi5iov xP vao ^ v 836
/ca0eT77p 835 9 ,
836 a 30 o-rXe77is 766 24 ,
766
<ri5?7pa ^
oOv 835 ^ 766 34
766 lfi <rro/xa
835 21
s 836
51
o-(j>payidiov
766 61
KO.TpOTTTOV 836 C
10 766 18
25
766 103 dvdpos 835
14
766 19 7W/cu/cos 835
839 12 835
5
/C07XOS 766
836 a 44 766 30
836 33 835 80
83570 836 s8
766 31 835 34
toj>
35
p 835 88 rirôs 835
766 15 835 63
/CUyU/SlOJ
17
os 766
835 85 836 92
766 32 TVTTidlOV 835 73
ffKVTlVr] 766 33 836 C 45

\ipavurLs 836 a
28 766 30
Xiddptof aTpoyyv\op 835 68
59
Xt0os 0aXarroet5T?s 836 a 33 ecu 835 39 cp. , ,
(?) 0777oei5->7S
835 72 836
30
835 69 yvvaiKelwv fei/yi;
III 766
\vyyotipiov
766 a5
12
76 6
836 38 s, see \L6os
836 64 <pid\iov
835 7
ov 766 15 tp835 21 ;
of gold, silver, and stone
835 40
766 s4 uS^ 836 72 , cp. 836
S3
0^0x677 766
5 S 766 8
ovuf 766
28 766 102
oSs 835 19 766 115
60aX/*6s 766
22 toi 766 19
766 16 835 6 ,
-
52 62
- 83 5 82
HoXwr/xiToi; 836
^ 49 iov 836 48
INDICES. 399
V. ELEUSIS. CIA ii. 682 c, iv. 7676; AM xix. 192.
d<rtri8LffKT)
aiyXos
is
56/)aros
a-<ppayi8iov
TLOV (ivory)
vdpia
Kpadevrris virodepls
xpedypiov
ya/j,iKot iv 767 6 63
VI. TREASURE AT DELOS : BGH vi. 20 ff., x. 461 ff.,
xiv. 389 ff.
168
AyKvpa ffLdripa vi 47 d(nri5i<rici)
vi 32 32
2
<uer6s x 465
191
^^5 ûpfi vi 48 178
cueroD /ce0aXr; XP Vff ?) y i 49
x
<rros
xiv 406
rd vi 108
BovBdXtov xiv 412
o x 463, xiv 412 ^T
aw xpôvv V!
vi 50
ôwrdXiw vi 48
s x 466^8
51 2 9 vi
142
d)>5piai 47 167
Ti8ioi> vi yaffTpoirr^ xiv 467
5/)idj Tioy xiv 412
d>
119 ytpavos 77 KaXov/^frj x 464 84
dvdpiavria-Kos X 464 75,93.95
vi 34 60
daKrvXiSiov xiv 412 118
xiv 406 51 SaK-nWuos x 463 5 i
T? vi 41
1"
Se/cdTT? vi 34 47
dpyupiov x 464 73
a<rr)/j.ov
5eX0t s xiv 403
18
d/>7i;^s
vi 44 142
Sibir-n x 462 ^
58
dpvffrrip x 463 5i o-/cos vi 46 157
dpfoas vi 39
s7
S6pv ffidr,povi>
vi 47 m
400 INDICES.
rt* 4 62
(TKimiXeu API I
vi. 47 190 *.
see vews, Tpnjpuv /xpoAot Kvavovv vi 48 m
evde^ls xiv 412
V1 34
KuX ^w vi 3341
70 xiv 406 48
/cuXtvSpos, Kv\i*8plffnavi 426 ,
x 464 *6\* vi 45 i
43Q6 X
x 466 uo -TT* 404 27
-"Xi.
xiv
077pi/cXetos
V1 48 79
TTJIOUPT^ xiv 409
XaXKiSi^ x 462
"(?)
vi 47 168 KvXwls x 464 87
v 108
JJJ rt/t/9* vi
V1 48
H&JMV*
^*?
-
<
1 103
xv
i~
XIV 413 125
^ /ô,
OT
St ^S
d
vi 33
i
xiv 40876
.,...
yi 3775
^ vi 32 ",
xiv 412 116
xiv 403 "
Xa S s V1 47
vi 47 167
lw vV1 108
, X^s vi 47 166 51 211 x 466 138
, ,
vi 30 7 Xe/STjrioj/
vi 47 167 x 464 8 ,
11
-IjXaldT-n V r31", 32 s8 ,
xiv 403 AovcX^Trtan vi 30
86
^ vi 32 31 Xeoi Tos K(pa\rj x 464
108
x 466 TrpoTorf vi 41
X^fs x 464
see Xi/Saj/wrts vi 39 9;5
9r}piK\eios vi 108, iciJXtf
191
3
r vi 32 8 ,
XWos vi 49
168
Xf6os fj.o\vp8ous vi 47
49
vi 35 60 XvyyovpLov xiv 406
Xi/x^cloj x 466 * 3
vi 3993 \vxvLa xiv 415
p vi 29 Xi/x* ^ 05 x 466
Wr Vi 39 93
5ta xiv 412 /idi/Tjs vi 34 49
x 462 iw.vi.Qv vi 108
-
ovcuraXcu vi. 47
170
A*affr6s vi 33 44 , 39 93
ov vi 48 l79 Môv x 462". ,
xiv 406
vi 50204 vi 108
fjuXifffiovpyî
e\d(f>iov
x 462 a /j-voabp-r}
vi 32 33
/cpioO
vi 47 167
lb7
x 464 80
/cepx"ta
f ^5 tpftohar vi 47
28
47 162 xiv 410 96 îri kr/vou xiv 415
KrjpuKeiov vi 32 , , I^JCTJ
vi 34 52 j/o/xio7rra specified vi 49 189 ,

50 193
K^p/cos
/cAlit(i/CiOJ/ ^^XlÔV TTQlK ypVG (j)UivQV 006"
OCLQECKOS X 4t)4
lo3 vi 51 215
dp7upois 5te^w u,ôi x 465
<rtv
/
,
xiv 5lvo/Jt.ov
14
405 SB dpaxM AXeâvdpeta vi 30
KX^rj ^Xti/T? x 467
143
ATTIKTJ x 463
.
/QJ79
vi 4ft 179 Ar^Xfa x 465 10
Ar?Xfa X
105
KoxST /xaxaipas imrurijs xiv 410 97 Supfa x 465
10b
K6j/5u vi 108 i)/j.iwptXioj>
Arruc&v x 465
Kov5t\iov vi 39
96 "o/ios
vi 51 <215
CTUOS xP 1 ^ - ^ ^ 7r ^ (boiviKidlov Eptî/Xijs 6po\os AppuXt/cos xiv 4U9

vi 5Q200 Arrt/c6s x 465 67
73
s x 466 137 A?7Xios x 465
59
)Svi 108 Qpxoptvios x 463
vi 32 -29 xiv 404 21
4>&>KaiK6s
^rt/ÎQl AlV/lrt7rtC Y 4fi^^^

At^tfttiOS A ^r JO
, ^r-^-r
TDCTIOWTLKOS X 46D (TTCtTT^p
T"V1 /-t
,,/ ^5toi vi 108 Kp7,6s xiv 404 20

.
P
:paT7]pi<rKos
x 462 Kop^0tos xiv 404
INDICES. 401
Zt/cuwvtos X 464 7a CTT(pdviOV VI 45
148
ATTIKOV x 463 61 xiv 406 43
21
MavvuXeiov xiv 404 vi 34 56
Ndfto? x 46467 d/*7r^\ou x 410 90
30
nroAe^cuoj/ xiv 409 Sa^rjs x 464"
vi. 51 215 7
TfTpa.voij.ov fyu6s vi 30
TeTpa.-xjj.ov AvTiftdxeiov vi 30 14 Âat as vi 39 90
AiWyicdxetoj vi 30 14 fctrrou xiv 407 55
IlToXe/j.aiKa xpvaa, xiv 387 4 jjuippivr/s x 464 82
62
MapuviTiKov x 463 aTXtyyis X 464
88
TpiTTjfj.6piov ATTIKOV x 464

7:1 34
vi 32
rpuajSe Xiov ATTIKOV x 465 101 <TTv\ls xiv 415
iK 6v x 465 10
3>uK
30 13
vi
<aj/ccuj xiv 404 ^ vi 50 199
7
Xpvffovs AAeifaVSpetos vi. 29 xiv 406 43
vi. 29 7 x 462 51
<r<ppayls
6pe\i(TKos xiv 411, 467 142 ratWa vi 32 s3

otV 0^677 vi ;v,) !);{
Triiovpyris vi 108
6\Ktov x 466 137
roa xiv 41 1 101
vi 108, x 462 24
<i#s
TpayicrKos xiv 404
17
6vj3a(pov x 46 4 Tpdirefa vi 46
157
199
op/xis vi 50 TpipXiov x 462
xiv 406 51
<J0iaioi
dpyvpa 2eAeu/con draê/â vi 32 3I
Tpir/pr/s
6 0is x 465 97
Tpiypuv fypoXoi x 466 138
Tpt-n-oSiov 8e\(f>iK6v vi 33 39
?7S vi 51 205 45 u8
vi 47 169
TpL-rrovs ,
404 19
irevTopoôs xiv TI^TTOS xiv 412
irepidepidiov xiv 406 42 TJ^TTOS [J.riTplK6s Vi 50 202
xiv 409 77 48 172
TrepiKe<pd\aiot>
|i/Atyos Kepa.jj.i8uv vi
139
irepippavTrjpiov X 466
199
irepiffK\is vi 50 x 466 126
157
iTfpjvrt vi 46 . xiv 407 x 465 97
33 36
7r?Aos aiôOs vi
x 462 2ti 32
xiv 41 1 100
0a/x?rpa vi 32 ,
vi 34 50
138
p x 466 X 462 34
x 462 18 x 462
Trop-rrr/ vi 38 85 vi 41 109
70/9716105
iroT-qpiov vi 32 27 34 52
irpoxoidiov x 466
,
m ftara , fcDta etc.

TT/JJXOU? x 460 14
TTvpriviov xiv 412 116 138
e/ct TrXivdeiy vi 49
vi 33 40
podia/cri vi 108 X 462 13
97
p65o^ x 465 \aKWVLKT, X 462
13
192
pota vi 50 xiv 406 , Aetd vi 37 79
146
poiraXiov vi 45 Ao7xwT77 xiv 408
70
27
j&vrov vi 32 fj.iKV0eios vi 44
14 2
x 462 22
vaTvpia-Kos x 462 vi 49 182
a-\ d0T7 vi 108 s vi 33
43
vi 32 28 26
<TKd(f)t.ov
s vi 32
vi 47 1(i7
-ros xiv 403 13
s vi 47 170 x 462 2
Ka<r<riTtpov
vi 47 170 xiv 406 42
vi 32 30
x 463 49 / vi 108
oj vi 51 206 vi 45 148 , 49 183
xiv 413 12a xiv 414 1>29
(riSripa
vi 30 13 vi 32 26
26
402 INDICES.
93
x 466
/ Xvrpis vi 39
108
vi
vi 50 201
ov
x 466
vi 35 61
Âto?
^vKT^p x 466
^
(sic)
X 463 50 \fsvKT7)piov
vi 34 50
Ka.8a.pbv aff-rjfJ-ov
x 466 134
LOVvi 108 lirdpioy Vl 30 14
44
In the Delian lists are dedications to Apollo and Artemis vi 176
16>2
Apollo, ,
4
to Artemis and Hecate 48 to Apollo
Artemis, and Leto 44^, to Leto 29 n no
,
50
,
and Aphrodite 43 131 to

Aphrodite 48
181 to
, Asclepius 30 41 Lileithyia 34
, , , ,
Hestia 44 14 * and Pan 34 .
VII. TREASURE AT DELOS. CIA ii. 813828

(<?
377 ).
820 8 \ep-f)TLOv 827 8

5
820 12 \vxveiov 827
820 9
cos Trcwwjnos 818 19 ^dxatpa 827"
dpto-reToJ/
814 31
.. Q1021
818 21 VLKVT-hOLOV 814 JJ
a 827 20 oivoxoT) 818 20

6X/cetov 81 7 22
813B 9
81 -iB u olo 1
TrpippavTi)pioj>
/ o1 o 1>->
Q27 19 TTOTyplOV O
8 13 B i2 Trpoxoldiov 81820
820 7
6 826 2
^TI dprôi; 813 B (T/cd^tov
818 27 <rre0af05
817
7
r
818 19 frrXeyyls 818
13
gl7 .rrpeTr^s 818
(r<ppayis
813 B 2
81924 rrvniviov dyKVOetov 827 n
81730 rpdirefa SIT3 2

818 2 -
14
g26 13 Tptw/SoXov 813 B
21
817 a* vdpia 817
TTITTIVOS 826 ^ vir[>fa/J.a
827 :1
826 13
a.vovv 818 18 (f)La\T]
818
M
;epai5toj 826
820 7
-7
o 81 7
rpiripiriK&s 818 2S
U1821 iX
U/CTTJp OJLl
01 o 20
Olo""
\l/VKTilpLQV
817 "
INDICES. 403
VIII. AMPHIARAUM, IGS 303, 3498 (about 200 B c i.
)
CABIRIUM (2420), AND OTHER THEBAN SHRINES
(24214).
aldoiov 303 70 3498 10
aXwu 2420 303 71
dffrpdya\oi 2420
ircdlffKai2422
2420 303 67
52 88
irpoauirlov
3498 7 -
-2. .
68
Trpkruirov 303 2422 ,
3498 lu
Tj lepd, podia.K6i> /J.LKOV 3498 7
3498 60 ov irpbauirov
r)
3498 2l
3498 52 2421
v 303 63
303 73
tov
303 94
3498 8 0-raros 3498 13
3498 1()
2420
<rr/>6j8t\os
2420
rapavrlvov 2421
303 78
3498 17
TTjpes dva<rrpo(f>i(rfj.aTo^ 3498 61 r/xiirefla 3498 3
303 55 te/>d
rptiroSia-Kos 303 65
ris 3498 2 -
3498 7
y5/3i a 3498 51
3498 ll)
303 M 303 57
73
<t>ia\iov303 57
rtj 303
dpyvpovs irapa ecrriav
3498 s 2422 <rvv-
,
3498 8
ofJiov lepov 3498 9

2420
2420
v dwo T&V
irepia-fj.-rj/j.drwv 3498 - 1 Xmfo 2421
3498 12 303 97
XPVtrovs
109
(ingot) 303
iov
(six) 3498 27 etc. 3498 14
12
3498 13
3498
OTTO TWI/
303 103
IX. PLATAEA.
vii. 406. All the dedications
by women, whose names are given
without further
explanation.)
aXvais
dfj.fj.driov
Zpia
TO. 60
dais (many) TVTTOS
(pidXtj
Among the names are:

Aaidixt) Ko<r/j.ta
Hdiara
262
404 INDICES.
X. TEMPLE OF HERA AT SAMOS, 436 B.C.
Samos 6. Stamatiades, 2a/xos, i. 218 ff.

Curtius,
Trapair^raff/J-a TT}S
aXovpyovv TTOI/U
7repifw//.a
inscribed Hp65oTosZ7?i wvos"Hp77t
7r65es Xtfivot
7rp60"XT7/x/ici TrapciXopyes ct,
di Tii OJ irpoffwirov
T)/j,iTvl3iov
\irbv
l/J,a.TLOV
arpovdol î
vTrapyvpoi
KO.Ta(TTlKTOS
i/7ro/ce0aXaia duo
eirra
xoXjcoOs 0t^ (ninety-two)
Xtrr) crruTTTreôv X ^P VL ^ OV X^ôvv

X\avdiov
7rapdXa<r<rts
XL TREASURE OF APOLLO AT BRANCHIDAE.

<7/ 2855 ff.
28(jO TraXi/JLTroTOf 2862

2855 TrXa/cous TrepiT\pyvp(i>/j.4vov
2862
2855 TroXvavO-ris 2862
2862
2862
crii Swj 2862
s 2859 "<
2862
K.O.VOVV 2855
2862 t
Spia 2855
2855 0^X7; 2855 etc.
\tfavurr6s 2862 ,
2862 XiT
ov 2862 i/^KT?7p
2862
0^0x6?; 2362
INDICES. 405
XII. FRAGMENT OF LIST FROM AEGINA.

IP I i. 1588.
dya\fj-a KO.VOVV iravaypis

aya.\jj.6.Ti.ov Ka.px-nvi.ov -rrepoval in batches from
KrjpvKetov five to 120
dcTTTtS KlfitdTOS
\OvtTtOV poo.
\vxviov
Gpovos
?reXe
XIII. INDEX TO THE DEDICATIONS IN THE

ANTHOLOGY.
(Book VI. unless otherwise stated; App. means Cougny s Appendix (Didot).)
2 2 1 3
7 ,
8 ,
144 1
,
268 ,
338 , 347 1
, &TPCIKTOS 39
4
160 3
,
xiii. 19, App. i. 6, 16, 17, 18, 20, auX6s 51 6 ,

xiii. 20
34, 41, 43, 55, 60, 64, 110, 228,
255, 327, 347 10
pdKrpov 203
1
AyKiarpov 4 fiodypiov ix. 323
l
6
dyKvpa 5 /3ae K /zd^T/s 40 J
1
dypifa 297 /3<5ej xdX/ceiat ix. 743
4
dypbris alyavta 57 /Sopês Tax<-vol
KaXuv 205 2
50Xa App. i. 206 /Sirpvs 22 3
3
alyavta 163 /3oOs 156 3
&Kau>a
fiovTrX-rjKTpos 41 3 /Sp^raj ix. 332 2 , Jpp. i. 293
dm dyidffrpov 5~ /3pox^s 295 4
2
dKJvrj Ka\d/JLWV 64 fivpaa. Tavpodtris 41
2
tucpoOivtovApp. i. 56, 242 j8w/*6j 10

3
50 4 145 l App. i. 31, 212,
, , ,
x
dKpoirrepov alerov 229 292, 302, 311, 313
a/era Kprjraus 299 5
d/cwj 177 3 5
yav\6s 35
0.\^KT(iJp 155 3 ytXyiGes 232
5
3
xdXicetos 149 yeveids 161
3
301 ]
7e^(yw ff(f>iyKTop
a 233 2
160 2 y\v<pavov Ka\d/m.ov 63 7
306 7 7Xu0is 64
6
AA"7 297 2 ypliroi23 5

3
d/j.vydd\T) 232 ypvrodoKTj 254
6
185 2 34 3
154 5
App. i. 253 336 3
5
dirapxi) aypas 196 cp. ^.pp. i. 33, 127
, 225 r>
3
d-!rofj.oipi.a d\iwv 187
3
KdrevfUL 290 xiii. 25 ,
(
K epdtuj>)
2 5
dpt j 103 205 4
,
Kdrrj 214 285 9 288 3 , , ,
343 4 , 4pp. i.
dpivTelov App. i. 21 53, 60, 63, 105, 243

2
dpxvs 14 332 3
4
fi/jâj 157 109 3
&porpoi>
104 4 depaioirtda 14
4
1
"A^reûs 266 168 8
3
fipros 105 Xô^ros 57 3
5
apvarpis fWyUoO 306 /co/xas 200
3
do-Trh 81 !, 124 1 172 1
309 3 SkeXXa 21 i
eurTjxrydXeu
a T 01) 0ajv7/rd TTÔS dvSpas 210 5 111 5
406 INDICES.
5lKTVOV II 1 294
dovat; 23 ^ 296 3
4
1 I TTTTOt 343
dovva% 5
1 135 *, J^. 150
Sovpara 4
i TTTTOS i.
63 3 104 3
Sox^ ypa(f>iKo1o petdpov
ct, r)
36 225 4 42 3
dpdy/j.a ,
Spd/cwi/206 7 170 2
2
21
..v 95 3 160 5
dptTravov 4
iVyttds 109
SpUOS IKfjids
5
Kaa/j,os 63
4 106 3
Spirmra 299 KaXavpo\f/
5
StDpoi ^pp. i. 2, 44, 53, 74, 77, 92, KaXvirreipa 206
KaXvirrpa 133
x
117, 214, 312
131 2
Ka.fj.ai;
/caôvis 62 3
.._.xiii. 11, App. i. 27, 52, 72, 73, 80, KO.VUV 63 2
4
85, 86, 90, 93, 107, 112, 120, 123, /cdpa/Sos 89
5
144, 145, 154, 218, 219, 220, 295, /capôs 117 !, 295
3
304, 334 t:^gj KapKivos Trvpayp^-rr}^ 92
4
Kiav aur^s xiii. 24 Kapvov 22
136 2 /car oveipov App. i. 153
:/j.a
3
efoia 250 5 KaTOTTTpOV I
102 6 KKv<aXos 206 4
, 190 5 104 5
21 4 75 *, 99
236 1 39 5
280 4 ri eXd.(pov
112 2
217 10 eiKuv 166 x
132 1 233 2
ta xiii. 18 55 !
apary6s 21
3 83 !
274 ] 294 3
191 3 62 3
233 4 134 4
221 9 65 9
/cXotos 107 8
259 1 109 3
"r
s 336
2 86 1
211 !, 260 x ........ App.
i. 114
X
101 4 KoXoffffOS 171 ^ ,
8 1
J i- 313
- 209 >
302 51 155 ,
4
s 91
) App. i. 33
41 3 129 2
3
KOpVVT) 35
81 4
246 2
59 2
101
<v
_a
122
x
123 1 1
,
3 Kpdvos 129
105 6
Kpedypa 10 I
:
Kpeaypis 306
101 3 KprjTTjp 33
5
4
39 4 , 174 KTiS 21 1 5
/
X Q *. /?O 1
>/XOAtpOOS
DO
220 15 33 6
3 51 6
dtpurrpov 254
^ 156 a
306 7
34 3
_ 175 1
iris 131 ! 202 !
129 l 170 3
158 165 4 , ,
xiii. 24 eiSwXov 209 1
4
0cipa 86 ^ 129 2 Kvpros 4
INDICES. 407
KiW 176
408 INDICES.
pvKdvTj 204 3
GENERAL INDEX GREEK.
6
&PO.TOV 200
5
dyyew 265 1:i 404
Aftopiywes 55
,
253 12 ayKicrrpov 405

A/3/)60aos
Ti-xi? B29
24
d7/ci 399, 405
/>a
0eov 279 12 405

dypi(f>-tj
14 der6s 381 3
drapx 7? 59
acTTy/ia 323
2
327/328, 376 ;
see d
12
Keos 150
2 d6\ov 152 6 153 8 9 154 ! - -
,
ayuv x<^
,
d7 0eai 263
i>ai
13
aiVs 394
3 atSoZo^ 210
8 212 1 397, 403
a7o/ad 20 1
, ,
262 6 aier6s, at eroO /ce0aX?j 399

3
dyopaisfyos 261 ,
4 OLKO-LVO. 405
Ay port pa 50
9 aKavOoi 399
A7weiis 321 5
dSe/cdreuroj 60
3
d/aj/dK7?s 311 394 ,
7 dicis 405
&5ii\ov 249
a Aio7r<f0i?J eôTO 329
l 59 12 78 a 399 , ,
a tiâro 280 2 405

A.6rv. 325
u va 101 9
as 325
11 va 52 12
2
325 11 viov 50
3
51 2 54, 57 7 100 , , , ,
405 117 7 123 4 5 147

,
1
154 2,
-
, , ,
^76 a 234 1 251 6 394, 396, 405

, ,
lo
aKpoBivLov tpywv oa iwv 59
6
i 218
dxpoTTTepov 405
2
Tjs 376
4
dxpoffToXiov 110
4
ffrris 184
i>idoj.ai 49 4 dKpt}T7)pioi>
124 n 394 ,
tov, see d/tTTj 405

5 4 d/eiJXwj 399
aK 33 75, 190
o<;
,
207 6 dXd/Sacrros 399

44 10 v 397
307 5 297 7
76$ 235 ^
5 405
x
eXaiov 150
13 dXteus ytpwv 241
dXiTj 405
9
ts 184
T-r)$ 184
9 a\Ki>wv 405
*23 405
339 396
57 8 1211, 1691, , 167>
162 !
360 n 373 s 390 14
4
323, 349
3
, , ,
iov 313 397, 402, 403 ,
405
47 61 13 14 90 i-
4
91 J 1247,
6
,
-
, , ,
74 13 403 ,
125, 126
3
143 5 144 5 145 \ 151 14, , , ,
17 18 402 ,
152 4 229 2 260 6 9 266

,
5
269 7 13 ,
-
, ,
-
,
270 11 307 1 310 4 311

,
l
333 6 8 , , ,
-
,
353 \ 355, 391 8 404, 405 ,
v 405 394
410 GENERAL INDEX GREEK.
dva.drnj.aTa. :
dva.6rifjia.Ta: :
dfivy8dX-rj 405 /Scma/cT?, paTidKtov 281

7
, 399
405 /3ar/>axts 396
394, 399 /SeXov?/ 397
399 14
d/j.(j>opevs, d/Aô/xV/coj 394, jSAos 110 394 ,
399 fiodypiov 405

396 /SoWto^ 297 394 :$
,
7
dv8pta.VTt.o3 272 /3oTpvs 405
dvdpidvTLov, dvSpLavTidiov, dvdpiavrl- pov/ldXiov 399
O-/CGS 288
16
394, 399, 402, 404 U 403
, PoVK(t>d\Tl 69 ,
2 6 10
dvSpids 97 , 131 , 167 209 2, 266 4 , , povKe(pd\iov 399
8 13
269 , 315 , 328 4 , 350 2 397, 399 ,
Poinrd\ivoi> 74 17 399 ,
dvd^Lov 399 iSoOs 405

&Trapy/j.a 53 10 54 4 41 3 , ,
/Sp^ras 405
15
r^x^s 59 405
6
d-rrapxri 9 , 34
7
41 4 44 2 46 2 49 4 , , , , , 402
52 !- 4 53, 53 3 8 54, 54 6 , 56 10 ,
,
-
, fos 397, 403
571, 4, 8, 12^ 58 10 5913, 14^ 60 1, 3 61 12 ? ) ? 40 \ 259 S 281 13 283 7 297 3
, , ,
64, 70
1
90 4 5 91 \ 93 2 5 15 96 11 ,
-
,
- -
, , 404, 405
100 2 101 8 102 20 103, 131 138 6
, , , , , 399
245 a 32S 22 333 2 394, 399, 404,
, , , 405
405 y^Xyis 405
14
d-rrapxr/ dyadwv 59 405
3
dvdpuirwv 52 399
13
Zpyuv KO.I KTedvbJV 59 71 !
245 u 7\aC^, yXavKlSiov, 381
4
,
394
281 7 yXixpavov, yXv<pis
405
394 70J/U 210 8 , 397
diroppa.vT7)pi.ov 394 yopyovetov 394
&pyfj,ara 53 405
dpytpiov 397, 399 oKTj 405
9
dpytpiov KipdyXov 313 394 , 6\f/, ypvirbs TrpoTo/u-ri 394
dp7u/)ts 394, 399 7wpirr6s 405
dp/s 405
3
5ais 302 ,
403
4
dpLVTclov 103 127 8 147 J 405 , , , da/crtfXtos, 8a.KTvXl8ioi> 225 3 -
6
, 394,
&PKVS 405 396, 397, 399, 402, 403
Aporpov 405 5dfcn/Xos 210 8 , 397
5
dpros 52 405 ,
SapetKbs 397, 400, 402
dpvcras 399 405
dpva-rrjp, 399, 402 405
dpvffTpls 405 42 S 54 13 55, 55 L 5 56 i 26 27 , ,
- -
,
da/cos 313 5 399 , 57 7 11 58 8 59 1 8, 60 2 3 4

-
, 61 1 ,
- .
, ,
do-TriSioi/ 116 7 226 2 394 , , 63 10 78 9 83 1 90 4 6 92 u 93 2 7 15

, , ,
-
, ,
- -
,
&<riri5uTK7i 116
7
253 12 394, 396, 399, , , 94 *, 98 6
100 2
102, 103, 106 ,
6
, ,
405 110", 114 10 115 4 116 1 121 2 , , , ,
daTTidicTKiov 394, 405 124 7 3 10 6

126 ,
128 142 144 5 , , , ,
do-Tr/s 107
7
114 6 226 2 394, 397, , , , 147 J 328 21 399, 405
, ,
399, 405 Se/cdr?; Zpywv 56

1~
6
d(77ris dpyvpd 116 uv 59 13
58 10
d<rrpcryd\?7, d( 397
249 u , 397, 405 394, 397, 399
5eX<pis
a r 9
01)
Trpos &v8pas 72 405
<t>uv7)Td , S^Tras 405
&TPUKTOS 394, 405 405
5
auXos 114 397, 405 , ?7
405
3
A<j>po8i<noi>
226 ,
397 71 405 J
,
397 Kos 394

405 405
J
71 405
405 397
v 332 1] 405
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 411
dva.drifj.aTa. .
8lKTVov 394, 406 400

Slvojjiov 400 406
5?fos 3 .) 7 400, 402
dioTTcu 394, 399 406
394, 399 400
402 406
394, 404 fyta 403. 406
406 ^pia /j.a\a.Ka ev /caXa^t crKwt 73 2 ,
394
15
Sopdriov 110 , 394 tpirvXXos 406
3op/cds (58 a fywj, epcirto^ 263
26
321 3 400, 406 , ,
56pu , HO 3
394, 399, 406 os 394, 403
406 394, 400, 402, 406
406 n s 400, 404
dpanorriov 209
8
250 18 398 , , êts yb/j.cpo s 406
209 4 394, 398, 406 , a 394
1
^ 7rtTpa.Ktcrx<-Xlas 92 400
Spaxw 394, 400, 402 ffTpariuTiK-r) 110, 400
dpeirdvij, Sptiravov 406 399, 406
9
dpuTnra 406 107
E 354 1J civ 272 3
iov 390 u l\(pdvTiva 68
5
1:5 4
51 pta dp7upa 68 , 394, 400
406 c 394, 400
255 s 396
ktif 80 1 167 9 169 2 3 210 5 ,229 2 10
, ,
-
, , fafj.-flpv<ris 394, 396, 399, 406
7 6 7 n 13
7
.269 ,270
25r>
,271 ,315Hi5 .
) fiipi/ 255 7 , 403, 406
327 - 1 372 2 373 5 8 406
, ,
-
, favrj dpyvpa 74
13
iKuv Tej/ioi 23 1 5 favrj irupOevLK-fi 249 5
5
//l)j/ ri7s KT]\-r}s 232 os 406
iXi/CTTjp 394 210 8 398 ,
Zâ 406 T/SfTTOTlJ, TjSvTTOTlOV, TjdvTTOTidiOl 398,

ipeffiuvT} 52 400, 403
85 2 273 6 , 394, 399, 400, 403, 406
i7<?Ai6s
T)
44 8 riXaKdr-r) 396, 400, 406
394, 400, 402 77X05 394
e /cTT; 394 TJ/J.lKVKXiOV 400
(KTVVOV 402 ijfj.iTvfiioi 404
Aaia (xpwr^) 66 7 403, 406 , TJ/JU.XOV 400
f \aiov 52 5 332 10 , 399
403 tov 394, 400, 402
400 406
163 10 aXXos dfj-TreXov 66 9
406 406
if/t/SoXos 400, 406 iov 395
226 J v 395
s 400 s 395
406
2i>dv/j.a
14
cvdvrfo 406 0iJ/7 67
ej/wiStov 394, 396, 398, 399, 403 0ripLK\dov 398, 400
ej/wiriSto^ 253 12 403 ,
Brjcravplts
124 7
tvuiriov 253 12 400, 403 , /,
BoXldiov 398
#d\eTTp<v 253 9 12, 396, 398, 400, -
404 242 10 ; cp. 406, 408

400, 402 p>os (ûXtvos) 225 8 , 395, 398,
266 4 405
153 3 ueia 406
53 8 v/j.iarr]ptov 63 9 , 395, 398, 400, 402
396 iWos 5 1 12
316 14 317 2 , pa 35
2
273 6 ,
406 vtaffTTts 406

Ovpefo HO 1
,
406 Kiddpa 406
dvpffos406 Ki6uviov 395
26 400
dvpuna. 2G3 /ci/j/coy
Bupa.* HO 16 , 395, 396, 405, 406 /acrcrjs 406

faenris 398 S 406
iKeffia 296 7 406

1/j.ds 406 273 8 328 4 ,
IfidTtoif 396, 404 )is 395

io5jK?7 406 K\ifJ.dKLOV 400
iTTTreus 0uxr06/>os
80 3 /cXwi; 31 1 6 , 395, 400
ITTTTOS, arvlffKos 115 4 , 164, 404, 406 /cXotos 406
icTTauKov 410 os 406
IffTLOV 402 HO 19 395, 406 ,
IffTOÔTJ 406 398, 400, 406

ds 406 /COIT7? 395
210 8 398 ,
/coXejs 400
/cados, K a8iffKos 395, 397, 399, 400, /coXotrcros 406
402, 403 241 13 14 -

,
243 2, 245 n ,
406
73, 224 4 , 395, 398, 400 ,
Kovdv\tov 400
os 406 406
/cdXa/uos 406 404, 406
10
406 /cop?/ 90 5
395 -
397 Kopv/j.(3os395
12
406, K a.\vTrrpa 249 , 406 Kopvvq 406
Ka\vn-T7]p 403, 406 406
/caXwiStov 402 316 13 400, 406 ,
/cdyu,a 406 /corra/Sos 400

Kd/JLTTT] 395 Kori;Xos, KortfXi; 397, 399
jcdvSus 397 KOT(j)VlOS 400
Kavddpiov 397 Kpadevrrjs 399
11 6
/cavou* 278 395, , 398, 399, 400, Kpaviov 44
402, 405 Kpdvos, Kpdveia., Kpavidiov 395, 406
7
KaviJov, Kavovis 403, 406 Kpardviov 281
/cdpa^Jos 406 /cpareunjs 395
5
/eapdta 210 8
398, 400 ,
:/)ar^p 281 , 311
7
390 15 , 395, 400, ,
ica/5/ckos 214
5
250 13 398, 406
, , 402, 406
Kapvov 406 Kpa.T-rjpidioi>, KpaT-rjpio-Kos 398, 400
6
Kapxfriov 281 395, 397, 399, 400,
, Kpedypa, Kpedypiov, xpeaypls 395, 399,
405 406
400 404
395 403
395, 397, 398, 406 K(f>a\r]
395
ls 395 Kpôs 395
66 11
ffi\<f>Lov Kporahov 250 n
/ce/cpu0aXos 225
4
249 8 397, 398,, , KTCIS 395, 406
404, 406 s 400
20
Ke/c/)iv0aXov tTrTrtîs 110 395 ,
s 395, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403
K^vrpov 406 i/F 400
7
K^pas, Kepa idiov, Kepa[j,v\\ioi> 281 , b\tf35os 406
395, 400, 402, 404, 406 404
406 KV\lvdpL(TKOS 400
s, Kepxviov, 398, 399, 400 KvXivdpos 395, 398
J 7
\^ 50^, 210 395, 398, 406 , jctf\i. KV\IKIOV 281 , 395, 400, 406
5
/CT^XT? 232 406 , Kv\ix vi î KV\IXVIOJ>, KvXixvtSiov 395,
os 395 397, 398, 400
LOV 406 406
Ki>fj.[3a\oi>
400, 404, 405 400

Krjffrrjpiov 399 v, KvîSiov 93 7 , 313 4 , 397,
Kipuriov 397, 399 398, 400
/ct/^wris 395, 405
406 fj.dxa.ipa HO 4 , 395, 400, 402, 404

406 Ht\av 407
TOV (rw/taros 210 8
52 5 407
pproj 406 ,
17TOS 10 1 6 407
t/wv 46 1 406, 407,
272 s
w5i- 400 214 7 398 ,
&Qw 395, 397, 399, 400, 403

224 4 398, 407 ,
w8wi>ioj> 403 66 8 185, 395, 400 ,
wXo/ 44" xo? 407

KWOS HO 4 ,
400 395, 399
/CWTTT; 407 210 8
400 bs TUTTOS 212 3
Xa/3is
407 407
252 n 395, 404, 407
\apvpu>6os
Xd7wos 407 ,
os 407
\aywpj\ov 407
Xa 7 wJj 72 w s 407
12
407 pr) 253 400 ,
399 407
8 407
j, Xa/X7rd5io/ 153 , 400, 403,
vaos 158 2 228 8 273 283 3 311 ^ 407
5
407 , , , ,
j/a/aSos 407
2? 15
\43i7s 327 , 390 14 -
, 395, 399, 400,
402, 407 407
pd/>07j
397, 399, 400, 402 j/aOs 407

Xe^rioj/
\fiat 395 Ke/3/n s 407
\eifiuvtov 66 10 ,
400 vefaX-r) 407
Xe/cdvT? 395, 400 j/edjs fytpoXop HO 5
,
400
\tKTpW 407 vrjfj.a 407
XÔ^TOS K(f>a\r), irpoTOfJ.ri 69 11
, 395, j/^cros 342 3
J
400 vfJTTa dpyvpd 67 395 ,
X^w? 407 i/kr? 146 5 395, 400, 407 ,
1S
X7?5io^ 397 viK-nr-fipiov 99 1
155 226 3 395, 402, , , ,
XTjtoi jrtf&Xfwrw 66
4
,
395 403
s
XTJ/CI ÔS, \7jKu0iov 398
vudhov 226 398 ,
vo/j.tafj-a 397, 400

T
XTJ /a/0os ffKvrivrj 225
XT/J//S 400 j/o/tos 400
18
\i/3av)s 407 i0 0/udxcupa 110 , 395
\tpavwls 398, 400, 403, 404 |i0os, i<j>i5iov
311 5 , 395, 399
\ipavuT6s 404 407
Xi/Ws 407 403, 407
Xôs, \i6dpiov, 398, 400, 407 ts 395
19
Xf0os âXacrcroetS^s 225
5
s, 6/3e\6s 74 17 -
, 395, 399,
Xti/a eiri Trîotj 73 \ 397 401, 407
15
X(i 7 x>?
407 6po\6s 390 400, 403 ,
XoijSis 399 07x1/77 407

8
Xou^noj 405 dSo^s 210 398 ,
\vyyotpiov 398, 400 ofos 407

olj os 407
XjJpo, XiJpioi 395, 398
7
Xuxôs, Xu%i eioi \vx"iov 395, 399, , 0^0x617 281 395, 398, 399, , 401,
400, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407 402, 404
4
400 ols 45 407
XuxôDxos ,
\uiriov 407 a 75 5
<ket
Xwros 407 oK\adia 395

/iafa 407 bXtcelov 395, 401, 402
âfoj/oô^ 403, 404 oXirr, 407
fJ.dviOV 400 ovuf 395, 398
407 6is 401, 403
407 401
eroj 407 396
212 J
, 400, 403 6irXoi 124 11 ,
262 s6, 328 3 , 407
Tl 407 TrXa/coOs 404, 407

6 pyuos 395, 399, 401 7rXd 407
o>
407 TrXdcrrpa 395, 397, 399
ocnrpia 407 407
o5s 210 8 212 8 398 , , 395
<500ct\At6s 210 8 212 7 398 , , s 407
OV 209 5 395, 398, 401, 403
6<j>i8i , /s 407
o0is 401 7rX6/ca uos BpeirT-rjpios

/ 241 4
ox&oipos 395 TT\OKIOV 397
Trdy-rj, way is 407 Trvi-yeiys 395
7rd7oi<pos 407 n-oddypa 407
14
iraiyvia 249 407 ,
TrodavurTrjp, Tro8avurTr)pidioi> 395, 399,
iraifiuca XWtva 250 401
TTCudlOV &l\0<TTpdTOV 210 3 398 , TToSetoi 395
TraXi/uLTrl>T7)s, -rraXifjiiroTov 401, 404 TroSewj/ 407
TraXXddiov, 395
7ra\\dt>Tioi>
irodlcTTpa 407
Travaypis 405 TroXis 342
3
TravoTrXia HO 21 113 1 395 , ,

troXvavefy 404
Trapdy\v/ui.fj.a 398 7roM06Xu| 397, 401
TrapdSeiy[j,a 70 ;J
Troirdvevju,a. 407
TrapdXcto cm 404 TTOTTCIJ OJ 296 2
a
TrapaTT^racr/xa 277 404 , 407
Trapdpvfj,a 395 25 3 ]2 401 ,
6
irapd(T7)/j.a 105 TTOTT)pi5lOV
, 261 2 262 20 , ,
TrdtrcraXos 407 320 10 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 402,

,
Trao-rds 273 6 404

234 ] 398 , irotfs 50
2
210 8 395, 404, 407
, ,
407 Trp/wi/ 407

7repicr0i poj 407 Trpo/vdXu/x/za 407
ctj/os 405 6
irpairvKov 273
407 Trpo(TK(f)d\aLov fyeovv 225
2
398
395 HO 13 , 404
,
opos 395, 401

407 395, 398, 403, 404
69 U
2
ir^Stf 63 Tl \tQVTQS
4
n-epipoXos 283 r) 407
Trepidepidioi 401 oxoWiov 280
7
,
328 a 401,
,
Trep/^ 395 402, 404

7re/)/^w/xa 404 402
4
TrepLKf(pa\aia 110 ta 50 3
401
TrepiKe</)d\aioj>
TrpurroXeid 50
3
trepLppavrripiov 401, 402 7TTWKOS TToSeS 407

idLov 225 8 398 , irvXeuv 248 4
ia
is 253 401 ,
^ 397
407 395
a 395 Lov 401
12
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Treracros 407
pcucTT?7p 407
407 pavrpt s 403
407 P/J/T? 407
407 ptTrfs 398, 407
8
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407 podia/oj 401, 403

TTT^pa
7T77XI * 407 401, 407
p65oj>
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p o/a 66 401, 405, 407
,
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po/i/Sos 407
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178 4 232 2 270 11 328 1 395, 397,
, , , , pimavrj 408
398, 401, 405, 407 397
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oj/ , 398, 401
398
pvTO<f>ia\ov 403
ffdyapis 408 154 3
408
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210 8
398 ,
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114 5 408 ,
O-TTjXT? 408
aavSaXa 408 (rrXeyyidiov 253
12
281 6 398
, ,
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, , ,
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2dru/>os
408 408
281 7 o-rod 35 *. 2 124 n , , 273 6 330 7
,
vy 66 6 o-roXTj 282
!
395 o-TcVw 210

8
398 ,
8
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t 405
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408 oj 395, 401, 402
5
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criyvvov 408 arpovO!)? 404

crtKuos 408 395
(TTp6<pioi>
SlXTJJ/oi TTp-HTUTTOV 403 <m/Ws, arvXidiov 401, 403, 408

ffi\<pLOV
66 H (rrOXoj 319
<nvoovlffK-q 404
<ru/5u>v,
<rrvp&Kiov Soparos HO 22 , 395, 399
& Kafatov 395 269 2 395
o-i//3^77 ,
ncd077, <TKa.<t>iov 395, 398, 401, 402, tJ 408

403, 408 52 5 408 ,
ffKa.<piov a7ro T<3y

aiywv Kal rpdyuv tov 395, 399
2
ij, 408
f>7
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210 8 212 9 , , 395, 398, 401 os 404
408 404
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s fvvrjs 408 i7 401

162 9
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v 408 398, 399, 401, 402
408 u/3a 396, 408
cr/cDXa 106 10 328 3 408 , , 408
8
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Lov
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0os 401, 404

<rici
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404 ra dTro r?;s delprjs 251 7
395, 408 ra e0 aur?)s 74 13 251 2 403 , ,
404 <TKOS
ratj/ia ûXij/Tj 178 \ 401
0-^6770? 408 rdXajTOf 396
<nrov8eiov 63 9
rdXapos, raXapicrKos 408
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(TTTUpk 408 Te\a.[ji.&v 328
6
408
<rrd8fji.il
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ffra.diJ.iov 395
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crrci/xj os 401 401, 403

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9
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395 TCTpdlTOVS 408
408 iov 401
66 4 395, 408 ,
404, 408
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a 408 210 8 398 ,
395 trôj 210 8 212 \ 398, 403 ,
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395, 401 opeuj 408

101 8 153 5 154 4 155 12
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398, 401, 402, 403, 408 os 401
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rpdTrefa 328
5
396, 401, 402, 403 , (pOivi x aX/foCs l^ 10
rpAirefa x^^rj 278
4 408
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8
, 398 253 12 ,
401
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408
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403
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8
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408
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J
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402 396 ,
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8 212 1 396, 398, 402, 403,

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404
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32T 24 ,
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ov 396
398, 401, 403
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, , , , , 396, 399
157 4 -
5 7 -
178 4 260 6 385, 390 14
, , , , 396, 402, 404
401, 408 408
piov 401 408
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401 KIOV 396, 397, 404, 408
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rpox Xeta 397
397
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/ 93 u ,
401
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45 4
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,
2 4
, XOt (TK-OS, X ^ 10 * ^^^
398, 401, 403, 408 XoOs 396, 397
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3 73 15 253 17 ,
396, 397, 398, 401

3
riyTTos u\ivos Kepa/JiiSwv 70
vd\ivov, vd\iov 396 XP V( *L$<-OV 396
4
277 3 % 396, 399, 401, 402, 403, Xiôs 321 396
5pt a ,
404 Xpi 0"oDs 401, 403

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7
396 281 ,
408
396 121 2
ts 396, 397, 399, 401 408
398 a 224 8 ,
253 12 ,
402
396, 402 408
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7
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4
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5s 63 210 8 398, 402 ,

4
us dp7i/peos 226 6 veKpols 4
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x
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408 64, 167, 169 323, 324, 336, ,
3
408 339, 349
117 7
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s 408 184 n see , dva0r)/j.a.Ta
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207 3 w 98
dvennracria. 175 93 6
fipya.cra.TO
s
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s
dviepiffiv 339 44 6
1
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avriBefj-a 405 138 9
7
di/nxa/Hô/iei/os 196 270 12
d-jrdyei.v larpa 200
;i
os 153 3
2
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53 8 57 12 , 232 12
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raw yevdwv 242 n povKmria. 283
8
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in nominative case 325
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err efiavu dels 267 10 ,
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a 323 u
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165 10 1
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3
,
324 yev6/j.evos iepetis etc. 265 14
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31
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331 jJots 45
4
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325 evs 184 10
235 n
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320 10 322 2 ,
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177 12
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308
5
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8
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4
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i/
6
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^
9
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3
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3
4
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5
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198 5 eveiv 205 4 206 J 4 .
,
9
dproTTwA^s 235 332
2
dproTrwXtj 90 332 9
3
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11
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9
dpxos 260 &/ecca 267 J1
3
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2
a.ffdfj.i.vdos 280 8
6
dirocpvyuv 234
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a^rTjs 184 10 265 8 , Sis AMu 243
2
44 9
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, 4
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148 J
394, 398
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EL
27
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6
12
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113, , , , , 4irivv/A<pv&fivai 246 1
333 2 374 4 406
310 1 , , , *irw/ceudfeti/ 266 2
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14
323 8 333 2 , ,
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tirtffT&TTis 264 n
296 2 Os ^TrtcTTarewras 265 14
200 6 / tirLTLetvon. 323
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59 20 143 4 ,
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1;1
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12
217 l Zpyuv dcKdrr) 56
13 15
324 fpyuv bffiuv aKpoeiviov 59
195 4 ep/xat 129
1
265 8 ^pTy/xo/cXijcrtd 12 3
200 2 iffefr
6
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313 5 eâ77Ata 339

9
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324 evXoyla 313
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a 330 ei^d/xej/os 34 6 , 215 5 ,

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330 EuTrXoia 121 4 , 231 2
234 3
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s 229
8
268 9 , EuTrpaâ 251
7
253 ! 17
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44 ei)ruxa)s 243 334 7 ,
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4
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1
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160 7 214 4 230 2 ^ , , ,
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2
313 5 etfxifr 2(5, 26 2 33 2 34 6 87 9 SO 1 6 , , , ,

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9
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184 9
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541 "
2
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5
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peiys 264
262 4 H7e/a6^T7 rou dr}/j.ov 261 R
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138 s 34 13
198 5 12
264, 265 10 ,
324 10 280 322 !, 325, 327

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133 x
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229 116 3
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3
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152 5 I<r/i^tos 140 6

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10
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330 /ca^ UTTJ/OJ/ 330
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13
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9
3
deupia 278 KaXXtVôs 269 2
4
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6
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t/ca, 251
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0-n<ra.vpbs
200 1 ,
277, 343
x
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296 x 235 l
283 8 298 10 13
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,
6
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301 8
la/oerfs 190 10 r
218 6
Ia<rai
280 1
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3
204 6 , , 208 n :ts 265
14
x
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iarpev0ds 331 Karadelv 338
205 4 206 T vu}>
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338 .t
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324 /card /j-avTelav 331
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idpvo-0ai 275
n
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w
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264 u
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1
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as 262 n
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344
183
272
152 7 ,
280 7 ,
324 265 8
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10
fj.e\eaypLs 40 8
360 u
9
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176
34 8 61 n
4
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4
379 x -6$ 235
184 265 8 ",

59 5 79 4 128 9 259 2 357% 407
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184 9 157 4 357 2 ,
379 6 407
184 9 272 1 357 2 403 , ,
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6
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198 5 fj.6x6oi 231
59 1 93 4 ,
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1
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265 10
3
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253 3 , ,
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190 2 204 7
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249 8 280 15 ,
265 8
295 13 249 12
9
40 8 ot ffvfj.fji.axot 268
330 01 TT7J/ (TKVTLK^V T 60 5

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12
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n
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330 46 47 2 ,
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crurretpa 192 12 , 195 4 208 10 ,
TWI Ka/3tpu iapos 326 5
SarrTjp 8 8 , 17 2 , 129 3 208 12 , 228 10 229 4
, , ,
T: KOIVUI 266 6 332 7 10 ,
-
328 15 TUV AB-nvrtdev adXuv dpi 154

408 T&V eirl Aa/j.o~i8ai &d\(av 152 7
TT\ol<j)V 228 17
10 15 J2
Tyleia 61 , 188 , 208
73 15 253 17 331 , , e\alov 150 13
i>5pta
n
Tdy/j.a 313 265 1:J
v5po<j>opri<ras
Ta?s Tpier^plffL 266 6 vdpocpopos 265

6
raXaffiovpyos 235 265 4
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5
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4
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398
x 5
BvyaT^pa x a P La J iOV 295 eai/T^s 254
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wt 334 8 UTT^P eai;Tou /cat ToO vioD /cat VTrep TWJ
TaTTt SopTra 204 4 irXotJtyt^rw Trd^TWJ 230 4
Taptxo7rwX?7S 235
10
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12 4
T\Lov/j.a 281 UTrep TTJS yvvaiK6s 213
10 3
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46 1 u?rep ToO TratSôy 242 10
a-n-apyfjia 59
15
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271 26 i>7rep i/7teias 220 2 331 ,
T?jt TraTpt St 332

n 261 1
UTrep i/ytetas /cat (runjpias
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T-^S AcppodiTrjs a.v^Q-t]Kev Ep/iarye j ^s Virvwi 330 28
326 12 virâdpa, vvfjufmcA 251
5
5
T^S eiyx^5 aTroSocrews X^P ll> 331 u7ro/3dT?7S appevos 251
Tidtvai 323, 324 vTrof3o\TJs avTa-jroduais 184 9
Ti/Jidv 333 ^ vTroypafj./j.aTeus 235 ^
TO?S pe ots 332 n VTroyv/jt.t ao iapx no as 263 21
10
Tots Tratcri 332 VTr65eiy/u.a ewe/Setas, <j>i\aya6ias
351 5
12 8
T6/x TraT^pa deKdTav 328 21
MfAvijua. 57 , 99 227 8 265 13 , ,
4 6
To^6r?/s 184 viro/u.vri/J.a TTJS d/xa^t as 226
6
TO irp&TOv 7)pyd<raTO 60 7 VTroffTaTpta 277
f
ToO Îpwos 17/xf 325 16 T^t/*^8wv 230

7
ToO IlTwtetos tap6^ 32S 24 KTTOS 215 5

"TI/
6 6
Tpayia, Tpdyios 45 0aXapis 379
9 8
Tpa7wt5ta 184 0tdX7? 234 235 14 ,
184 10 $tXa5A0etos 279

5
e
t 327 13 0tX/as x^" 270
4 0pctoctiO"t wu*d)G)v 408
379 6 4>pdTptos
316 3
4 :
44 10
4>v/ctos
154 6 0v\iJ 332

x 10
Tpt oSot 46 $urdXyu,tos 44
1 4
Tpt ra 4 0axr06pos 195
1
Tpixpova 4
TpoTraLov 99 2 ,
185 7 X a ^ Ke{^s 60
6
7
TpoTratos 119 XaX/aoj 344**
8
TToXtdpxot 263 X^P iv 324, 330
5e 56s x a /^ tcro aj/ d/Aoifdv, x a-P La rf ?a 192 10
"
TI>
d<f>opfj.dt>
333 6 80 7 , x^P^relov 330

10 13
TUXT? 228 x*Prrfiov 330
243 2 334 6 , Xô-TTjpta 330
331 xo-pwTTjpt.ov 57
12
92 !, 122 4 185 2 234 3 , , , ,
254 8 , 262 21 265 14 295 *, 296 9 328 4

, , , , x/"?M" dtKdr-r) 59 13
128 13
329, 329 , 330, 402 X/"^?/"
" 33
343 3 -xjpbvia. 41
els 262
J
Xôu dcKdrr) 58 10
206 !
4 6
382-
^d^tt 50
!
247 x â\fj,6s 184 10

307 J ^. j8.
332 8
10
XX677 44 ^. 5. 332 8
5
vTii^fvr] 204
180 5 d>Kv8p6/*as 166 7
184 10
127r6XXw (rov et /ii, <rov
elfj,i 325 ^
154 dipra/ios 92 "
184 10 cicrvo0opia 52
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH.
Abantis, tithe of 130 games 174, of Themistocles 227;
abbreviated inscriptions 325 n 326 13 ,
prize 152; ritual figures 284, 287,
Academus 34 altar of Love 249
; ; 289; spoil of war 105-110; toys
personified on a relief 33 250; trade-model 78; traders 58, 59,
Acamas in a group 131 90; vases 253, 279; Victories 143;
Acanthian treasury at Delphi 123 votary with wreath or other offering
accessories on reliefs 23 287 ; warrior 140
Acesis, son of Asclepius 194 Acrotatus, defeat of 125
Aceso, daughter of Asclepius 194 on ; Act or Process blest by the god 360,
reliefs 218 361, 365
Achaean s dedicate a soldier s statue Groups :
agriculture 75 ;
child
at Delphi 138; dedicate spoil 117; birth 254 164
; games ; marriage
defeated by the Dorians 119 247; puberty 243; war 130
Acharaca, cave of Hades and Perse Pictures: agriculture 80; games
phone 13 7 46 9 , 174; trades 81 ff.; war 134
Achelous in group 130 dedications to ; Beliefs: agriculture 80; disease
47 6 . See also Pan on reliefs and peril 216; games 175, 177, 178,
Achilles dedicates his hair 241 his ; 179 war 133
;
spear 320; worshipt at Olbia 20 Summarily represented in model :
Achilles Pontarches, dedication to 263 7 animals 75; athletes 166; mast and
Acraephiae, decree of 315 makes ; stars 135; warrior 139
dedication to Apollo Ptoan 281 ; Actium 128; temple built after 122
tripods dedicated there 148 actor s figure on relief 178 relief 181 ; ;
Acragas, drunken youths of 229

4
tithe 58
Acropolis, bronze store-house 346 ; actors guild 180
overseer of moneys 240; walls 106 Acusilaus, statue of 171
Acropolis of Athens adoration or prayer, attitude of 170,
Dedications and dedicators :
210, 290 ; figures in this attitude 257 ;
allegorical group 91; animal and on reliefs 219, 295 modern attitude
;
plant models 67, 69, 75, 76, 144, 237

296, 300; athlete figures 167, 171; Adrastus, figure of 137
breeders offering 75, 270, 296 bridal ; Aeaceum, dedicatory group in 191
baskets, stools, etc. 251 Criophorus ; Aeacus 191
285; crowns 155, 268; Cylon s statue Aegae, prize dedicated in 154
313 dancers 287 ; divine figures
; Aegeus in a group 131
90, 127, 303, 306 dolls and toys
;
Aegina, dedicatory group 191 ; in
250; dress 277; fetters 233; first- scribed statuette of Hecate 306;
fruits and tithes 32, 60 3 , 61, 90, 93 ;
masterpiece 61 personified 131 ;
;
forfeits 313 ; grotesques 393; human prize 150; sea fight off 106, 124;
figures 79, 138, 140, 284, 287, 289, 313 ; temple inventory 344
jockey 167 knight and horse 79
; ; Aeginetans dedicate a mast and stars
lavers 280; Leaena s statue 231; after Salamis 135 beaks of ships
;
maidens 90, 306, 317; male figures 103

308 ; nursing mother 257 orna ; Aegira, group of warriors and mourners
ments 74, 253; picture relating to at 132 9
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 425
2
Aegle, daughter of Asclepius 194 alphabets in tombs 66
Aegospotami 116 ; spoil 132 tripod ; Alpheus a hero in Sparta 9 hair ;
dedicated at Thespiae 148 Victories ;

sacred to 241
altar, how made 125; of horns 50 ;
on eagles dedicated 3
at Delos 143
Aeneas a hero 9 4 dedicated for war 125; as memorial
Aeoetus, statue of 171 of ritual 282, 283 ; of oracle 282 ;
Aeneus the physician 79 of deliverance 233, 354; to heroes,

Aeschraeus, votive tripod of 159 to Heracles, to the Dioscuri 17, 282 ;
Aeschyllus, agonistic dedication of 182 of Zeus at Pergamos 122; at Plataea

Aesypus the jockey 166 354 altars at Delos 283 of nymphs
; ;
Aetolia personified 132 44 on reliefs 20, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31,
;
Aetolians dedicate a group 132 7 9

; league 220, 230 251, 251 ,
with burning ;
9
231 fire 27, 32; on tomb reliefs 35;
Agamemnon a hero 9 4 dedicates his
;
with reliefs on them 24
rudder 228 ;
offers his hair to Zeus Altis, trophy in the 100
241 his sceptre 318
; Alyattes 191, 355
Agenor, a hero in Argos, blesses the Amasis 275, 354; his statue 372
flocks 9, 45 Amazons repulsed 119; group of the
Agenorides, herb-firstfruits offered to fight 130
52 ambiguous offerings 112
Agias, statue of 171 Ambraciots dedicate an ass at Delphi
Agis defeated by Mantineans 137; 136; spoil of 107
2
trophy from 99 Ambrosus, St Elias at 37
Aglaie, wife of Asclepius 194 Ameinondas (?Epaminondas) 268
agonistic scenes on Panathenaic vases Ammon, altars dedicated at 282
155 dedications in later times 181
; Amorgos, dedication to Zeus Eubuleus
agouothet 156, 263 188 7 official dedications 263
; rider ;
agricultural feasts 276, 296, 314 from 25 14

relief
Agrigentiries dedicate spoil 117 Ampeliots of Libya dedicate silphium
4
Ajax a hero 9 dedicates his hair 241
; 66
Alcaeus, his poems at Delos 64; his Amphiaraus 8; origin and history 194;
shield 101 oracle at Oropus 194, 199 at Thebes ;
Alcathous dedicates a temple 226 195 2 becomes a god 195; A. and

;
Alcibiades, pictures of 174 statue 372 ;

the hero-feast 22; A. in a group
Alcibius the flotist makes a dedication 130; offerings of Croesus to him
181 311
Alcmaeon s swaddlings 319 Amphictyon builds an altar to Dionysus
Alcmene s goblet 320 Orthos 227
Alcon, quiver offered to 232 Amphictyonic Council dedicates an
Alea, Athena 117, 233 Apollo 128; figures of Scyllis and
Alexander a hero 9 4 dedicates his ; Hydra 136
own armour dedicates spoil
112; Amphidamas, games of 149
2
108, 117; his Indian campaign 134; Amphione invoked 12
his crown 267 his Hunting 231 ;
; Amphipolis, trade-dedication at 60
his panoply 113; makes statues of Amphitrite on votive tablets 134
fallen Greeks 137 ; assumes the garb amphorae in cult of the Dioscuri 31 ;
of Zeus 283 on reliefs 177 alone on reliefs 31 ;
;
Alexander of Therae 113 at Panathenaea 154

Alexandria, hair-offering 242 ;
sends Amyclae conquered by the Dorians
theori to Branchidae 278 119; trophy of the capture 99;
Alexenor, son of Asclepius 194 models of rams found there 300;
Alexicacos Apollo 188, 190; Heracles winged goddesses 16 figure of votary ;
33 5 190
,
287; tripods dedicated there 146;
Aleximachus, figure of 138 tunic offered to Apollo 277 ; figures
Aliphera, Hero Fly-catcher in 188 13 of Apollo 308 ; tripods dedicated
all Gods 230, 266 4 dedication to 192
; after Aegospotami 148
allegorical offerings 91, 144, 145, 190, Amynus a hero 8, 11; his precinct
191, 226, 231, 365, 370 188, 214; finds there, dolls 249;
2
alphabet dedicated at Calymna 66 ; limb-reliefs 213, 222 ; seated goddess
possibly at Athens when the official 303 6 ; woman holding child 257;
script was changed 75 vases dedicated to Asclepius 280;
426 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH.
sacrificial relief 221 ; reliefs of ser grapes 49; hair 244; hawk 77;
pent, sacrifice, libation, feast 222; hunting 78; huntsman 78; law 233;
A. and Sophocles 214 limbs 215, 257 male figures 288 ; ;
Anacreon s figure 373 marriage 246, 248, 249 official 259, ;
Anaitis 290; limb-models 216; reliefs 263; ritual 135, 288-290; seafaring
220. See alto Artemis 228 temple 122, 248; toys 247 9 249 ;
; ,
9
Anassa, cave sacred to 46 vases 280, 281 war 97, 122, 128 ;
anathema 339 Aphrodite Urania, dedication to 232

Anaus prayer 33 9 apobates 176
Anaxandrus, statue of 171 Apollo 51, 289.
: Titles Agyieus :
Anaximenes figure 373 321; Alexicacos 188 Asclepius 194; ;
Andania, forfeits 313; offerings at the Chresterios 231 Corycios 280 ; ;
festivals 27 4 Delphinios 12-; Epibaterios 228;

Andocides the painter 61 Epicourios 189 Healer 189 Hyper- ; ;
Andros, Heracles relief 32 teleatas 277; latros 188; Ismenian

Androtiou and the votive crowns 344 140 ; Lycaeus 285 ; Maleatas 65,
8 2
animals, why sacred 40 ; clipt at a 140, 300; Oulios 192; Poitios 12 ;
death 245; on reliefs 30; held in Prostates 263 10 Ptoan, 11, 281, ;
the hand of votaries 290; animal 305, 306 ;

as shepherd s god 45 ;
models 300 lord of the earth 45 6 saviour at ;
Anne of Austria dedicates the image of sea 223; from pestilence 189; from
Louis XIV as a baby 210 6 locusts 190; invoked in war 126 4 ;
Anteros, altar of 314 land sacred to him 10 10 ; caves 46 9 ;
Anthaleus Zeus 45 fines paid to him 314, 315; pro
anthippasia 175, 176 pitiated 310; hangs up the skin of
Antigonus, figure of 131; heroized as Marsyas in a cave 102; associated
Soter 8 spoil taken from him 107
;
with Artemis 159, 226, 256, 292;
Antiochus sends theori to Branchidae with Asclepius 193, 197; Apollo,
278 figures so called 91, 307; A. Crio-
Antiochus, son of Heracles, in a group phoros 285 enthroned 291
;
rider- ;
131 type 34; his figure on reliefs 34,

Antipater s crown 268 179, 191, 256, 282, 291, 292; colossal
Anubis 230, 230 4 336 , figure 127 Apollo and Artemis slay
;
Apaturian Athena 249 ing the Niobids, group in Athens

Apellas, M. Julius, cure of 203 159; temple to the two in Megara
5 226
Aphaca, river-worship in 311
Aphrodite. Titles: Callipygos 249; Dedications and dedicators: agri
7
Epitragia 45 Guide of the People
;
culture 58, 85; altar 283; anchor 73,
261; Lamia 227; Migonitis 248, 230; anvil 78; arms and armour
294 \ 306; Nauarchis 230 13 Nym- ;
104 ff.; ass 136; Athena, statue of
phia 248; of the Fair Voyage 228; 117 ; athlete figure 174 axe 58, 387 ; ;
Symmachia 122; Urania 232; Vic beasts in cage 68; beet-model 66;
torious 233 figures of the goddess
;
bison 69; bull 91; button 253;
228, 248, 289; in armour 139; on cicala 172; colonnade 124; corn-
a goat 45; on reliefs 292; under a model 66 corselet 112 6 courtesan
; ;
tripod 146; her statue set up after 92, 93; criophorus figure 284, 285;
Actium 128 as guardian of seafarers
;
crown 267; devotee 287, 289, 296;
121 4 of marriage 246; as a war-
; disease and peril 189, 190, 215, 226,
goddess 96 A. and Eros on a relief
;
231 divine figure 126 ff., 305, 307;
;
256; and Ares" so called 292;

"A. doll 249, 250; domestic life 241;
conical stone dedicated to her 321 ;
dress 277; earrings 225, 400; female
A. in the Anthology 48 *; in the figure 289 ; firstfruits 57 fishing 58 ; ;
2
Asclepieum 197; A. invoked 12 games 152 goat 190 gold ingots
; ;
Dedications and dedicators agri :

118; groups of figures 130 ff.; hair
culture 45 animal models 77 ;
; 241 hare-model 67; headbands 253;
;
baker-woman 78; bobbins 72; breast horse-model 67; hunting 51, 67, 68;
257; breeding 145; childbirth 257; hymn 65; lamp 117; laver 311; lead
devotee 289 disease and peril
;
ore 321; lion-model 311; literary
192, 232; divine figures dedicated works 64 loom-weight 73 lyre 71 ;
; ;
by a man 305 dress and ornaments

; mining 58; musician 71; necklace
252; games 2j65; garland 249 9 ; 253, 319; official 259 ; omphalos 272;
ox-goad 73, 74 ox-model 145 palm-; ; Argolis, hunter reliefs from 25; pin
tree with accessories 144, 144 10 ; dedicated to Hera 253
physician 73; pin 74; poet 64; pomp- Argonauts build a temple to Athena
model 145 prize 152 ff. probe 73
; ; ; 228; dedicate cups 320
12
puberty 241; radish-model 66 ; Argos, spoil of Tiryns at 117; dogs
ram-model 300; rattle 249, 250; sacrificed at 298 9 ; Holy Marriage
2
reliefs 291 rider-figure 167 rouge-
; ;
there 247 ; hair-offering 241; Pan
8
pot 253 sacrificial group 285 seat
; ; worshipt 46 Eileithyia 254; hero
;
321; sheep-model 67, 300; shell 321; Agenor 9; prize shield and cuirass
spindle 72, 74 spoils 104; stag 51;
;
in the games 150; agonistic dedica
stlengis 281 stool 320 temple 189
; ; ;
tions 181, 182; favissae 346; crio-
temple-boy s figure 305; tile 70; phorus figure from A. 285; jockey
tithe 52, 55, 58, 60 2 83, 93, 102; , 167; statues of priestesses 264; re
trade 58, 93; treasury 122; tripod liefs to Artemis 251 Eumenides ;
8
146; trireme 116, 230; tunic 277; 254; Asclepius 219 inventory of ;
12 344
turnip-model 66 vase 227, 280, ; temple
281, 311; Victory 142; war 96 ff., Ariadne, portraits of 248
102, 104-108, 110, 112, 130, 140, Ariarathes V dedicates his teacher 270
142, 146, 148, 152 ff. warrior s ; Arimnestus, figure of 137 his throne ;
figure 140 320

Apollonia dedicates a group 130 ;
Arion upon the dolphin 228
golden harvesting at Delphi 66 ;
Aristeas statue dedicated in Delphi
tithes corn 58 war tithe there 102 ;
9 8 363 17
,
Apollouia, St George at 37 Aristides on visions 200 6 on Asclepius ;
Apollo s figure dedicated to Athena 63 229 5

Apollos so called 91, 128, 307, 357 Aristides the sculptor 164, 176 1
10
apoxyomeni 170 Aristoboule, Artemis 120
5
Appius Claudius dedicates spoil 101 Aristocrates, agonistic offering 181 ;
Apulia, animal models from 301 tripod 157, 158

Aratus, honorific statue of 270 Aristomache dedicates her golden book
arbitrators 267 64
Arcadia, Pan and Artemis 46; prizes Aristomelidas, slaying of 314
there 150 temple built by Heracles
;
Aristomenes as a hero 8 9 his bragga ;
119 docio 97; his shield 112

Arcadians dedicate a group 131 spoils ; Ariston, wife of 227
of A. 127 1 2 feast in honour of heroes
;
Aristotle s works at Delphi 65
n
10 Aries, relief in 215
Arcesilas IV dedicates his car 162 armed Aphrodite 377 l armed Athena ;
Archermus, Victory of 143 306, dedicated by a baxter 90;

Archias builds a temple for Asclepius armed men in reliefs 179
224 arms and armour on hero reliefs 17,
archons and parasiti 267 20, 23; as attributes 17, 24, 26,
archon s thank-offering 259, 260, 261, 139
262, 263, 267 sin-offering, a golden
; arrhephori 276, 306 of Asclepius 198
;
statue 315 arrogance of Pausanias rebuked 147

Areia Athena 120 Artemidorus 230, 234 2 271 ,
Areios Zeus 96 4 Artemis. Titles: Aristoboule 120;

Areopagus, altar of Orestes on 233 ;
Astrateia 119; Bendis 177; Brau-
dedicates a bronze bull 145 ronia 246, 275, 344; Courotrophos
Ares as war-god 95; invoked 12 2 in ; 254; Dictymna 228; Eileithyia 252;
a group 132 4 in the Anthology 48 1 ;
;
Eucleia 119, 144; Eupraxia 251;
arms dedicated to 114; temple 119; Laphria 298; Locheia 252; Lye
late date of most dedications 97 ; 192; Orthia 153, 275; Oulia 192;
nominally dedicates a soldier s statue Persuasion, Peitho 233; Saviour,
138 Soteira 128, 188. As goddess of
Argive raid into Thyreatis 130 ; shield childbirth 251; of marriage 246;
182 of country folk 45 ;
of hunters etc.
Argives commemorate Oenoe by a 50 ff.; invoked 12 2 ; appeased 310;
group 130; dedicate a propitiatory impersonated by priestess 283; in
statue 314; spoil 109 6 the Anthology 48; worshipt in Ca
Argo dedicated 70, 228 pua 320; Patrae 68; on the Aero-
polls of Athens 304; her sacred 200, 204; cures at Athens, Cos,
grove and game 40; Artemis never Epidaurus, Lebena, Tricca 201, 202 ;
represented holding a child in her snakes and dogs 196, 202 dedica ;
arms257 2 ; Artemis and Apollo 45; tions to him, armour and bones
Artemis replaced by the Virgin Mary 226 2 318; slaves 336; tripod 158 9
,
;
and by St Nicholas 37; her figure vases 280 divine statues 208, 254
;
;
under a tripod 146; land sacred to votary s figure 209, 210; hero-feast
her 42 4 ; at Patrae deer-shaped cakes relief 22 temple dedicated by Hera
;
offered to her 68; a shrine of Ar cles 223 at Naupactus and Pergamus

;
temis 50; priest s statue 264 224; land sacred to him 42 7 ;
Dedications and dedicators: agri hymns 65, 190; rarity of verse in

culture 56; altar 254; axe 250 5 ; scriptions 232 fines paid to him ;
ball 249; bird 298, 304, 305; bow 315 ; helps boxers, poets, philo
and arrows 71 brooch 252 ; cake ; sophers 229
5
helps in childbirth ;
68 ;
childbirth 251, 252 cock ;
251 ;
as saviour at sea 229 in re ;
250 5 corn-wreath 45; cup 320;

; liefs 199, 217 ff.; with Hygieia 229,
cymbal 250; deer 68, 305; devotee 231; his type 20; his statue robed
140, 285; disease and peril 192, at Titane 275 worshipt with Arnynos ;
216, 226; divine figure 254, 289; 188 3 in the Anthology 48 1

; As ;
doll 249, 250; dove 300; dress 275; clepius Cotylean 223 ; as a title of
elephant s skull 51 feet of prey ;
Zeus 188 7 replaced by St Michael
;
50-; firstfruits 53; fish 51; fishing and St Damien 37

51; games 177, 180; grotesque 250: Asia Minor, agonistic dedications 183 ;
groups of figures 2*5 ; hair 241, 242; altars dedicated to Asclepius 224 3 ;
hand holding fruit and food 290; hero-feast reliefs 21 ;
rider reliefs
head and horns 50; horse 250 5 ;
26
hound 77; hunting 50, 51, 71, 77, Asine founded by tithe of captives 102
84; limbs 216; lion 144; literary Asopichus shield dedicated 112
works 64 male figures 289 ; marriage
; Asopus, relief from 251
8
246, 250; mask 250; official 263, Asphaleios Poseidon 190

10
264 10 propitiation 310; puberty

; Ass dedicated in model 136
241-243, 250; relief 84, 177, 180, Asterion defeated by Theseus 119
251, 291 sacrificial group 285 ;
; Astrateia Artemis 119
5
satyr 250 ; seafaring 228; stleugis Astypalaea, soldier s statue dedicated
153; sword 250; tapestry 279; at 138
9
temple 120; tithe 56; vase 279, Atabyrius, Zeus 296
320 Victory 226 ? warrior s figure
; ;
Athena: 304, 309. Titles: Alea 117,
140; wreath 154 233; Apatouria 249; Areia 120;
Artemisia, statue of, in Sparta 124 Axiopoina 119, 233; Courotrophos
Artemisiuin, spoil of 105 252 ;
Cranaia 250, 253 Ergane ;
Artemon s statue 270 59 1:l 143; Health 61, 188, 189, 191,
,
Arthur s sword 113 5 5

208, 237, 276; Itonia 108 Mother ;
arts and crafts, Athena protects 59 20 254; Nicephoros 122

l
263 Opti- , *>;
Arverians dedicate spoil 109 2 litis, Ophthalmitis 227; Polias 52;

Asclepiasts, society of 198
7
Poliouchos 12 2 Promachos 127 ; ;
Asclepiea in Athens 182, 198 Pronoia 42 4 Stathmia 59 20 Vic ; ;
Asclepieum founded at Athens 195; tory 276. As deliverer 230; as

sacrifice must be consumed in pre healer 189, 191; as saviour at sea
cinct 199 oddments dedicated there
; 228; as war-goddess 96, 108 \ 126;
224 ff. fines there 313; inventory
;
fines paid to her 315, 316; manu
344 missions 247 3 invoked 12 2 108 5 ; , ,
Asclepius, origin 7, 8, 192 legends, ;

126 4 sacrifice to 298; her armour
;
migrations 193; becomes a god 194; and dress 139, 179, 275 her attitude, ;
his family 194 shrine founded at ;

never represented holding a child
Athens 195 initiated at Eleusis ; 257 2 Athena on reliefs 179, 191,
;
192, 196 description of Asclepieum

; 219; with Apollo 292; Cybele 293;
196 his statue 197
;
scene at Cos ;
Hades 28 3 Heracles on decree re ;
197 Epidaurian shrine 198 priest

; ;
liefs 33; Athena and the taurobo-
hood and organisation at Athens and lium 282; Athena in the Anthology
Epidaurus 19*; sacrifice 191, 200; 48 J
;
in the Asclepieum 197; re
fee 200; formula 200; incubation placed by the Virgin Mary 37 by ;
St Nicholas, St Tryphon and St Delphi 123 the Athenians dedicate

;
Trinity 38 an Apollo 128; a group 131; Pelo-

Dedications and dedicators agri :
ponnesian spoils 106 war tithe at ;
culture and breeding 58; Apollo, Delphi 102; shrine to Pan 353
4
statue of, as tithe 63 arms and ; Athens, agonistic relief 177 ; agonistic
armour 103 ff., 110, 115; artisan 58, dedications 181 altars of Peisis-
;
59, 72, 73, 90; auger 71; axe 74; tratus 259 ;
archons statues 315 ;
bangle 253 basket 250 beasts in

; ;
reliefs 18, 27, 33, 36, 176, 217 ff.;
cage (model) 68; boar-model 77; dedications of colonies 282 of a ;
boxer s figure 173, 174; bridle 70; crown by Lysander 267 of senate ;
brooch 253; brood-mare 75; bull and officials 261 f. priestly statues;
297; Calydonian boar, relics of 319; 264; feasts of Asclepius 198; found
centaur 393 4 chains 115, 233; chair
; ing of the Asclepieum 194 hair- ;
320; chariot 115; childbirth 252, offering 241; hero Amynos 8; Holy
2
254, 256; cock 300; coins 72; corn- Marriage 247 lyrical prize 151;
;
model 60 criophorus figure 284

; ; professional physicians in 205;
crow 301 crown 266 ff. dancing
; ; temple inventory 344 tithe of war ;
figure 287 devotee;

s figure 260, 285, 102; Zeus the Highest in Athens
287 disease and peril 61 10 181, 191,
; ,
215 3 the Virgin replaces Athena at
;
215, 227, 229, 230, 233, 234; divine 37

figure 127, 282, 303, 306; doll 249, athlete becomes a hero 9
250; dress 249, 276; earrings 253, athletes 306, 361 athlete statues 167 ff.
; ;
394; earth praying for rain 190; characterized 308 group in relief ;
eiresione 52 ;
firstfruits52, 53 ff. ; 176; athletes make a dedication in
fishing 58 flute ;
and flute case 269; common 34 athletes holding prize
;
games 155, 171, 174, 176, 179; and votive tablet, on a vase painting
girdle 249 ; groups 130, 190 hair 243 ; ; 173
helmet 105 ;
horse 67 ;
huckster s athletic victory and prize on reliefs
figure? 78; hunting 78; huntsman s 177
figure 78 knife 74
; knight and ;
Atreus sceptre 318
horse, figure of 79 ; lamp 74, 301 ;
Attains I dedicates a group of his
land 42 4 lion 231; literary works
;
Gallic victory 130, 132
64; loom-weight 73; lyre 71; male Attains II, Gallic victories 122 dedi ;
figures 79, 141, 166, 167, 173; mallet cates spoil 109 builds a colonnade
;
74 ; manger 117 ; marriage 249 ;

125 ; dedicates his teacher 270
masterpiece 63; mirror 74; nursing Attis in relief 294
mother 257; official 289; olive 49; attributes, divine 129, 139, 303, 307,
owl 301; ox 298, 300 panoply 113; ;
357 of athletes 160, 170 of hero
; ;
Pausanias statue 314; perfume pot 18 ; meaning 256 with 3 297, 306, ,
74; pick 71, 73, 74; pin 253; plane 373; not dedicated as such 380
71; portrait 229; puberty 242; Aulis, St Nicholas at 37
quoit-thrower s figure 173 rabbit ;
Auxesia and Damia 191
69; rake 71; ram 300; relief 176, Averter of Flies, Zeus 188
179, 256, 292; rider s figure 141, axe as attribute of Zeus 139 axe of ;
166, 167; sceptre 294; scribe s figure Tenedos 58 5 92 7 axes dedicated

, ;
260 seafaring 228

;
shield 105 ; ; 355, 386; in miniature 387
shovel 71; shuttle 72; slaves 336; Axiopoina, Axiopoinos Athena 119,
spear 105, 114; spindle 72, 74; 233
spoils 99 ff.; spool of thread 73; Ayassos, votive offerings at 345 ;
feast
stone 321 ; stone-ram 75 temple ;
of the Virgin 208, 235
119, 122; thread 73; throne 117;
4
tithe 56, 60 toys 2491 .; trade 61,
; Baal, dedications to 64
82, 90: see arts and crafts; trinkets Babo as goddess of childbirth 251
253; tripod 152; trumpet 114, 163; Bacchus, grapes offered to 49
vase 60, 280, etc. Victory 143 war ; ; baetylus 321, 324
33, 96, 97 ff., 101, 103, 105, 107-109, baker s lawsuit 235 tithe 59 model ; ;
119, 120, 122, 127, 133, 140, 143; of baker 78. See baxter
warrior s figure 140, 141 weaver s ; banquet in Asclepius reliefs 221
comb 72 barbarians offer firstfruits 52 2
13
Athenian colonnade at Delphi 124 ; barley in sacrifice 51 53 ,
treasury 123 spoils dedicated at ;

barrenness 191
bases of tripods 158, 159 bowl as attribute on reliefs 30, 287,

Basileia 182 289, 290, 291; bowl and tympanum
basileus 261 as attributes of Cybele 293; of
basket-bearing figures 288 in cult of
; medicine on relief 219, 221 *
Asclepius 198 bowls as bullion 93
basket or box on reliefs 221 bowmanship, prizes for 183
Bassae, temple of Apollo 189, 353; box or basket on reliefs 221
modern chapel of St Healer 13 4 boxer 170, 171, 173, 182; picture 81,
Bathos, St George at 37 174; statue 169
Baton in group 130 boxing prize the tripod 151
battle realistically pourtrayed in sculp branch as attribute 289
ture 132 ;
in relief 133 on votive
; Branchidae, dedications by Croesus
tablets 134; in group 130, 132 117; by theori 278; by hydrophoros
Battus consults the Delphic oracle 277; by officials 263; inventory of
227; receives divine honours 4 3 ; temple 344 dedication of dress 112;
;
his figure 361 spoil 117, 118; vases 265; Sacred

baxter dedicates an armed Athena 90 Way 56, 126; lion 144; statue of
Bayeux Tapestry 134 Chares 260; modern shrine of St
beak of ship as attribute 131 Healer at 13 4
beardless Heracles 32 Brasidas dedicates a treasury at Delphi
bears 246 123 heroized as Soter 8
;
Beauty Contest 163 Brauronian Artemis 246, 275 ; robes

beehive tomb at Menidhi 4 dedicated to her 277
bee-keeper s tithe 49 breeder s thank-offering 16, 145 tithe ;
Bellerophon on Lycian reliefs 36 4 58

Bendis coupled with Deloptes in Bridal Aphrodite 248
Periaeus 20 5 See also Artemis
. bridal baskets, cauldron and footstool
benefactor s image 231 9 251
bequest, votive 225 bridge of Mandrocles 70
Berenice dedicates her hair 242 7 245 , ;
Britomartis builds a temple to Artemis
dedication at Delos 279 Dictymna 228 invoked 12 2
;
bird as attribute 289, 290, 303, 306, Brizo as saviour at sea 228
306 10 held in the hand or other
; broken pot miraculously mended 202
wise 285, 287, 288 Bryaxis, base of 151 8
Biton carrying a bull 285 builder s tithe 59
blazon on shields 226 2 buildings and parts of buildings dedi
blessing on reliefs 217
x
cated by officials 273 for agonistic
;
bloodguilt 313 victory 183

boar-hunt on relief 25, 26 bull 285 attackt by lion 69 on reliefs
;
;
boar sent by Artemis to waste the 179, 180 sacrificed to Asclepius 199;
;
2
crops 41 53 , model dedicated for allegorical rea
boatrace at Salamis 151 sons 91
body, parts of 200, 225 bundle of sticks as attribute 287
Boeotia, altar dedicated to Heracles burning an offering 311 3 for the dead;
17; confers a crown of honour 269; 4 x burning or burying 3

;
Hector a hero there 9 hero reliefs

; butcher s tithe 59, 60
19 official dedications 263 tombs
; ;
Butes altar in the Erechtheum 11
with reliefs 24; of rider-type 35; Bybo s stone 332
vases with dedicatory inscriptions Byzantine chapels 12
280; vase with scene in a healing Byzantium, Pausanias there 260;
shrine 221 tombs with rider reliefs 36: prize
Boeotian confederacy, dedications of dedicated 153
281
Bona Dea, altar with ears in relief Cabiri 51; as saviours at sea
228,
dedicated to 215 n 232. Dedications and dedicators :
boots as attributes of the Dioscuri 30 animal models 69; bulls 76; child
Boreas, shrine built to 120 ren s figures 258; cloke 228 12
275; ,
Bouleus 28 cowbell 73 ; criophorus figures 285

;
bow and arrow as attributes 291 devotee s figure 285 ; doll 250 dress ;
bow and quiver, as prize 183 ; as 275; goat 300; gods, other 393;
attributes of Artemis 251 grotesques 250; hair 245; horse
laden 77 hound 77 knuckle-bones

; ;
causes for votes of thanks 267 for ;
250; mask 250; ox 300 Pan 393; ; dedicating honorific statues 270
9 9
rabbit 301; sheep 300; top 250; cave of Anassa 46 Apollo 45, 46 ; ;
vases 279 vine -model 66

;
Demeter45 5 Dionysus 46 9 Hecate
; ;
1 9 9
Cabirium, favissae at 346 46-
Heracles 46
;
Hermes 46 9 ; ,
Cadytis, sack of 112 67 11 the Mother 46 9 Nymphs 43,

; ;
cakes 200, 290; in death cult 20 6 ; 44, 46, 47; Pan 46 ff ; Ehea 46
9 .
;
offered to serpent 205 on rider ;

cave of oracle 8 tithe dedicated in;
relief 24 4 on reliefs 32, 221; in a cave 56 >25
shape of deer 67 oxen 296 lyre

; ; Cecrops in group 131; in group at
and spear 384 3 Delphi, described by Euripides 360
Calabria, tithe from 59 10 Cecryphalea, seafight of 125
Calaurea, armed riders 141 dolls, ; Celeae, Pelops chariot at 319
masks, grotesques 250 horse-models ;
celes 166 3
67 Cenchreae, St Paul shaves his head in
a
Calchas, shrine of 204 245
calf 205; as attribute 289 Ceos, archon s offering in 259 lion ;
Callias dedicates a horse at Delphi 144

4
106; spoil 117; his statue 171 Cephallenia, record of deliverance 229 ;
calligraphy, contests in 184 votive quoit 160

Callipygos, Aphrodite 249 Cephalu, dedication by athletes at 34
CalhVthe potter 61 Cephisus, hair sacred to it 241 statue ;
Callisto in a group 131 of youth shearing hair 243 ; dedica

Callium, destruction of, a trophy of tion to the river 243 3
Gallianus erected when Yergeaea Ceramicus 36
was taken 100 Cerberus in a group 130 on a relief ;
Calydoa, St Theodore at 37 29
Calydonian boar s skin and tusks 319 ceremonial headgear as prize 153
Calymna sends a boat to Delos 279 ; ceremonial, memorials of 274
models of birds there 211 Cerynea, statues of priestesses at 264
Camariiia, favissae 346 store-chamber
;
Chabrias s crown 267
346 Chaeronea, emancipations 336 the ;
Carnasarya, Queen, sends theori to lion 144; sceptre of Pelops 318

3
Branchidae 278 chain used in dedications 342
Camiros 45 6 115, 230; portrait dedi
, Chalce, throne in rock sacred to
cated to Hecate 229 Hecate 195
Camo s dedication 250 Chalces, feast of 59
canephori 276, 354 Chalcis dedicates tithe of war 103;
cap as attribute of Theseus 33 sends a bowl to Branchidae 278;
Caphyes dedicate war tithe at Delphi early games there 149 war 115 ;
102 change in motive of dedications 137,

captive horses shorn 245 168, 269, 349, 378
captives in model 115 character costume 18 5
captivity, release from 229 characterization of athlete statues 170
Capua, Nestor s cup in 320 Chares of Teichiusa 260, 372
Carneades, honorific statue of 270 chariot on Dioscuri reliefs 30 others ;
Carpathos, professional physicians in 177 on a base 175

;
205 charioteer of Hiero 164

Carthage confers a crown of honour chariots of Olympia 141, 361
268 sends a bowl to Branchidae
;
charm tied on the thigh 232
5
278; offers tithe 55 log-book dedi
; Charmus builds an altar to Love 249
cated there 64 treasury of Carthage
; Charon s boat on tombs 36 relief on ;
at Olympia 123 picture 133

Carthaginians, spoil from 103, 107, 120 Charonian cave 46 9
4
Carthaginian Wars in Sicily 126 Cheiron, a hero 9 receives firstfruits ;
Carystians dedicate a bronze ox 145 of herb simples 41 4 51; teaches ,
casket on reliefs 221 Asclepius 193

caskets for hair 340 3 Chersonese, hero Protesilaus there 9 ;
Catachthonios Zeus 28 4 confers a crown of honour 269
Catania, female types 305 favissae ;
Chians dedicate a Victory 143
346 child in the hero-feast scheme 16
childbirth 251, 355, 358; attitude of coinage, early 74 ; false coins 313 ;
254; scenes 255, 257 cow or bull on coins 145 4

child s first hair dedicated 242 coins aflixt to an image with wax in
Chios sends a bowl to Branchidae 278 ;
Lesbos 226
hero Eumenes there 8 Coloe, propitiatory offering from 312 ;
choice prize 117, 350 relief 216 2 ; rider reliefs 26

choregia 156 colonists dedications 282
choregic relief 179; inscribed 180 colonnades 273, 353 dedicated to Hera ;
choregus and chorus on a relief 180 cles 35 colonnade of Athenians at

;
Chresterius, Apollo 231 Delphi 106

9
Christian influence in interpretation Colophon, dogs sacrificed at 298
159 4 ,
384 Colossus of Rhodes 128
Chthonian deities 13 columns bearing votive statues 90
Chthonios Zeus 14 Comaras and his strawberry 371
Chytri, figures from 289 combination of types on reliefs 23,
Cicala, the benevolent 172 27, 177 banquet and sacrifice 222
; ;
Cimon dedicates his bridle 70, 112 ; healing and worship 219; rider and
two herms 128; spoil 106; his banquet 27 rider and throne 27;
horses 164 comedy personified 180

20
Cithaeron, cave of nymphs on 47 commerce, Athena protects 59
cities dedicated to a god 342
3 communion of living and dead in
Citium, figures from 289 ritual banquet 7
clapping hands 290 compulsory dedication 152, 185, 261
Clazomenae, inscribed vase from 281 confiscated goods and coins 313, 316,
Cleitor, statue of Polybius 270 364
Cleitorians dedicate war tithe at Conon dedicates temples to Aphrodite
Olympia 102; a Zeus 127 and Zeus 121; his crown 267;
Cleobis and Biton 361 statue 373
Cleon and the sausages 60 consumptive patient, figure of 210
Cleone dedicates a bronze goat 190 contest depicted on prize or instru
Cleonice, murder of 314 ment 175 ;
contest of skill 63 ;
Cleosthenes, chariot of 164 scenic contest on reliefs 178
3
cleruchs 55; dedicate tithe of land 55 conventional representation of deities
cloke as attribute of Theseus 33; as 84
prize at Pellene 150 cook dedicates his gear 71; tithe 95
club as attribute of Heracles 32, 33 ; Copais, eels sacrificed at, 51
Pan 71; Corcyra, Artemis at 304 heroes
hung on plane tree for ;
hunter s club 72 98; river worship 321; baetylic or

3 conical stones 324, 325; favissae
Clymenos 28
Cnidian treasury at Delphi 124 346 ; prytanes dedication there
Cnidians dedicate war tithe at Delphi 262 Corcyra dedicates bronze bulls
;
102 91, 145; tithes a haul of fish 58;

Cnidus, animal model 300 offering ; spoils of Corcyra 125
for atonement 313; official dedica cordwainers guild offer tithe 60
tions 263 priestly statue
; 264; sacred Corfu, hero relief from, 20, 27
plot of land 43; dolls, masks, gro Corinth conquered by Cypselus 126 ;
deposit of votive tablets 80 with

tesques 250; marble footstool dedi ;
cated 277 breasts in model 216

; ;
scenes from games 174, war 134,
the lion 144 agriculture and trade 80 alpha ;
cock 285; offered to the dead 5; to bet inscribed 65 masterpiece 61, ;
the Dioscuri 381 to Asclepius 204,

;
63 jumping weights 162 flutes of
; ;
297 7 as a sacrifice 297; Spartan

; Marsyas and Meleager s spear pre
offering for victory 99
7
not found ;
served there 319 votive picture of ;
on Asclepius reliefs in Athens 220; praying women 135 ; Poseidon at

poor man s offering, and a common Corinth 80; Zeus the Highest 215 3 ;
one 204, 297; as attribute 314 5 on ;

St John 37
reliefs 28, 30, 31; in hand of figures Corinthian treasury at Delphi 124,
285, 287 models of cocks, see Things
;
226 10
dedicated; not symbolic, but in corn on reliefs 28 corn ears as attri ;
modern Greece scares the goblins 7 3 bute 294 on coins of Metapontium

;
Codrus, figure of 131 66; corn tithed 58

Corn-maiden in modern Greece 50 Cronion, sole dedication to 110 9
Coronea, colonnade dedicated to Cronus, stone swallowed by 318, 356,
Heracles at 35; emancipations 315 376
336 .
Croton, hero Philippus at 8
Coronis, 193, 197 crouching boys 289
corpse or skeleton dedicated by Hip crown 34, 261 7 267, 344; carved in
,
pocrates 91 relief 266 3 placed on victor s head

;
corruption in games 312 in a group 132 crowns of leaves for

;
corselets of linen worn by warriors 112 5 8

victors 40 ; of gold as prize
151;
Coryceus Apollo 280 honorific crowns 266, 367; conferred
Cos, a clock dedicated there 273 ; by states 268, 269
Asclepius worshipt there 194, 197 ; Ctesias, dedication of 208
scene in the Asclepieum 197; be
Ctesonicles, priest of Asclepius 206
quest 340; Cure Tables 201; sacred cuckoo as attribute, 303
tree, 13-; marble shield dedicated Cuirass as prize at Argos 150
115; musician s prize dedicated 154; Cumae helmet from the battle 104
:
;
worshipper s portrait dedicated 209 ; tripod dedicated 146 Victory 142 ; ;

sends a bowl to Branchidae 278; hero reliefs 17 rider relief 23
;
to Delos 279; shrine of 4

Virgin, 13 cure, temples built for 223, 224
cosmetes 184, 262 in Crete 263
; cures of Asclepius 201
Cotilus Mt, chapel on ancient foun
currency 54
dation 37; the Virgin there 37 curses 337 ; for lost
Cottina dedicates a bronze ox property 339
297; customary feast the time of dedica
her statue 373 tion 14
Cotylean Asclepius 223 Cyamites replaced by St George 37
Coula, Men at 339 Cybele in the Anthology 48 *; on the
countryman s deities 45 mountains, 45; as healer 192, 195 5 ;
Courotrophos, a title of Artemis 254 ; hair dedicated to her 243,
244; on
Athena 252; Demeter 252; on harp reliefs 293, 294; relief of
ist relief 256 Cybele
found in tomb 293 eunuch s dedi ;
courtesan 93, 249, 297, 355 ; dedicates cations to her 232 associated with
;
hair 244; statue 321; trinkets Pan 45 3
72;
tithe 59 in picture 135 her figure
; ;
Cychreus a hero, identified with a
373 snake 6 2 shrine built to him 120
;
craft or calling depicted 80

Cylon 336; his statue 231 a 373; Cy- ,
crafts and arts, Athena 20
protects 59 lon s rebels bind themselves
craftsmen s feast at Athens 59 by "a
string to Athena s statue 342 3

Cranaia, Athena 250, 280 Cyme, arms dedicated, there, 113;
crater as prize in Aegina 150; on
lamp dedicated by Alexander 117
hero-feast reliefs 22; on reliefs 22 l
Cynisca s chariot 164, 165
Craterus saves Alexander s life 231
Cyniscus, statue of 169
Cratisthenes, chariot of 164 Cynuria, inscribed vases from 281
Cretan gods 241 J Artemis;
Dictymna Cyprus, cave of Apollo and Anassa
228; Eumenides 189 x sacred caves
; 46 9 ; store chambers in Cyprus
49 9 spoil dedicated there 109
; 346 votive figures 257, 289 ff nurs
animal models 67 n
; .
;
Crete, 300; ,
ing mother 257; childbirth relief
horses 67 limbs 215
;
criophorus
: 255 inscribed vase 281 vase dedi
;
;
type 285; warrior 141 ; masterpiece cated to hero found there 17; in
64 dedicates firstfruits of men 103
;
scribed pin dedicated to
war tithe 102; official dedications
;
Aphrodite
253; limb-models 215; stone tripod
there 263; reliefs 19 10
160; portraits of Ariadne 248; Ha-
Crimesus, spoil from the battle of 107 brothaus in Cyprus 253 Zeus the ;
criophorus figures 284; Hermes 190 Highest 215

5
professional physi
;
285 cians 205 3
Croesus 320, 350; appeases the oracles
Cypselus founds a Contest of Beauty
311; dedicates a tithe of gold 58, 163; dedicates his chest 226; horns
59 ll ; firstfruits of his inheritance
320; a Zeus 126; his vow 98, 126,
54; a traitor s spoils 117; pillars at his treasury at Delphi 124
Ephesus 353; bowl 311, 355; his Gyrene sends a crater to Olympia
fetters 233, 234 builds a 281 7 ; limb-model found there 215 6
; treasury at
Delphi 121 burns his offerings 350
;
Cyrus and Lysander 116
R.
28
7 Dioscuri relief deliverance from peril 226 ff . in lite

Cythera, finds off 170 ;
;
30; Asclepiad relief 219 rature 232

Cythera taken 132 deliverer, human, image of 209
Cytherea invoked in sickness 192 Deloptes a hero at Samos 8; Pei-
248 raeus 20 5
Cythiuin, temple of Aphrodite in
Cyzicus Apollo relief 34 rider reliefs
: ; Delos, Apollo Oulios known there 192 ;
Asclepius 194; Athena Organe 5 J-;
(
26 rider relief on tombs, 36 sends

;
;
a bowl to Branchidae 278 Brizo 228; Egyptian deities 230;

Fairweather Zeus 230; dedication
Daedalus chair 320 ; wings 319 ;
he to Eileithyia 253 prize of weapons
;
makes a statue of Heracles 238 there 151; lyrical prize 151 7 horn ;
daemons of Homer 10 altar 50 3 sacred olive 40; sacred

;
cave 46 9 Lysander dedicates a

Daiphantes, figure of 131 ;
Damarchus, statue of 169 crown 267 temple management 344;

;
Damia and Auxesia 191 recasting of offerings 345

Dedications: animal and plant
Damiorgi of Megara 263
Damomenes 159 models 66 ff., 75 ; bowls 279 crowns ;
Damonon, athletic monument of 176 268, 279; divine figures 254; dolls
12
Danaus 92, 353 249; firstfruits and tithes 52, 59 ,
dancers 288, 289, 304; on reliefs 178, 93 forfeits 313 jockey 167 Maidens
; ; ;
292 ; dancers offer a crown at Delos 306 masterpiece 61, 64

;
official ;
279; dancing nymphs 43; dances 263; ornaments 268; pilgrim s al

tars 283; prize 154; rarities 319;
45, 276; rustic dances 44; prizes for
dancing 155 reliefs 222 combination relief 222 ;
;
ritual figures 288 simulacra 116 ;

dangers mentioned in the inscriptions ;
229 theori 279; tithe 59 12 tools 73; ;
Daphni, monastery of, on site of a toys 250; trade-model 78; vases

temple of Apollo 37 227
Darius bridge over the Bosporus 70 Delphi pictures by Lysippus 231
:
;
dates of the practice of dedicating sacrifice to Apollo Artemis and

dvaOTj/j-ara 349
Leto 291 sacred plane tree 40 hero
; ;
Phylacos 8 human sacrifice 102 ;

21
Datis, his circlet 268 ;
5
d Aubusson 122 tithe of captives 102; oracle 48 ;
daughters of Asclepius on relief 218

demands payment 278, 351; oracular
cave 45 treasuries there 122 ;
Daulis, emancipations at 315, 336; ;
hero-sacrifice there 7
4 Corinthian treasury 225 10 ; Athe
in a group 130 nian colonnade 106 temple inven
Day ;
dead invited to join in the banquet tory 344; favissae 346; educational
them 26
10 ; hero reliefs dedicated to ; bequest 340 ; Neoptolemus 18 ;
tithe in connexion with the dead 56 ;
Croesus baker woman 255 tripod ;
sacred precinct 353 brought by a sacred embassy

273; tripod of Diomede 15 ; Pe-
1
Death Feast or Hero Feast 20 ff. ; in
5
model 16 lasgian tithe 55 ; refuses spoil
deceit punisht 203 105
Decelea, tithe in 57
n Dedications allegorical offering
:
declaiming female figure on relief 178 (?) 91, 145; animal models 91,
decrees 340; kept in temples 321; 145, 297; Aphrodite, figure of 248;
decree reliefs 33 archons statues 315 axes 92 ; ;
dedication to a city 29
s bowl of Alyattes 191; bull of Cor-
dedications of the Anthology summa cyra 91, cp. 145; choice prize 117;
rized 48 x colonnade 124; Croesus offerings
dedicators in Asclepieum 206, 207 311 crowns 268
;
disease 191 ; ;
deer sacrifices 298; deer models 69; divine figures 126, 127, 308; E 354;
11
deer-shaped cakes 68 groups 130 ff., 145, 360 cp. 91; ,
hair 241; Hippocrates corpse 91;

degradation of taste and feeling 114,
209, 211, 227
human figures 137, 140, 255; ingots
311 ; masterpiece 63, 64 official
degraded epigrams 114 6
;
Deianira in a group 132 315; oracle 48 ornaments 255;

;
deified men 4, 7 pomp, model of 145; propitiatory

4 315 ; rarities 318, 320, 321 ; ritual,
Deiphobus a hero 9
Delian feasts 279 articles used in 277, 281; sacrifice,
model of 145; spoil 104, 106, 107, Demosthenes the orator on honorific
8
108, 115, 117; tithe 55, 55 56, , crowns 135, 268; on recasting votive
102; tithe of profits 59 u tithe of ;
offerings 344
war 102; treasuries 123, 12-4; tri Demus personified on relief 33
x
pods 15 145, 146; trophy 100;
, Deo 296 3 sheaves offered to her 49
;
vases 281; Victories 142; war tithe Despoina 313

102; warriors 140 developments of the votive formula
31
Delphidios 263 335
2
Delphinios Apollo 12 devotee, figures of 284
Demeter 28 replaced by St Andrew
;
Dexion, title of Sophocles 8 7 214 9 ,
38; by St Demetrius 37; by the diadem as attribute of female figure

Virgin 37 Asclepius dedicated to her
; on reliefs 28; of Dioscuri on reliefs
as mystic 208. Titles: Chloe 44 9 ; 30
Chthonia 188 10 Courotrophos 252; ; Diagoras, statue of 171
Enchloe 44 9
Epilysamene 252; ; Diasia 83 6 296 ,
Epogmios 44 9 Soteira, 188; Deme ; Dicte, sacred cave of 46 9

ter and the Maid in the Asclepieum
Dictynma Artemis 228
197; on reliefs 190, 199, 199 \ 339; Didascalia personified 179 12
with babe between 256, 294; fines dietary inscription 203
paid to them 315; Demeterassociated Diitrephes, figure of 138 7
with Hades 28 3 invoked in curses ;
Dindymene, temple of 226
338; in war 96; a healer at Eleusis Diogenes 232
191 guardian of flocks 45 harvest-
; ; Diomede a hero 9 4 builds a shrine ;
home for her 43 contest of beauty ; to Apollo Epibaterios 228, 353 ;

in her home 163; her mask worn dedicates a tripod 151
by priest 283 statues of priestesses
; Diomedon s will 340
264; her priestess takes part in the Dione 48; her dress 275; Athenians
marriage ceremony 246; relief to bidden to deck out her statue 278
Demeter offered in a cave 192 3 ; Dionysia 262; dances there 45 12 ;
Demeter in the Anthology 48 1 pre ; prizes 156

cinct set apart by Cypselus for
Dionysiac precinct, tripods dedicated
Demeter Eleusinian 40 1 in 157
Dedications and dedicatSrs agri :
Dionysius 232; of Syracuse 313
culture 45, 49, 85, 87; bowl 252; Dionysus and the hero-feast 22
bull model 300; cakes 296; child
Dionysus, titles: Auxites 44 9 latros ;
birth 251, 256 devotee s figure ;

188; Orthus 227; cave sacred to
264 ; disease and peril 191 divine ; him 46 9 fine paid to him 316;
;
figure 304; dress of mystic 282; temple on Mt Nysa with offer

firstfruits 42 4 footstool in marble
; ings 78; statues of him 262, 270;
277 fruit 53 honey 53 hydrophoros
; ; ; tripods 156; bowl 262; reliefs 180;
figure 277; initiate s figure 208; paean at Delphi 65 associated with ;
jumping weight? 161; loom- weight tragic contests 178; the Dionysus
73; marriage 246; ox-model 296, of Praxiteles 159 ; his figure on
300 ; plow 71 ram-model 300 relief,
; ; tripod base 181; Dionysus in the
ritual figure 287 sheaf 49 spindle Anthology 48
1
; ;
74 (?) ; tithe 56, 57 vases 281 etc. ; ; Diophanes 181

war 96, 107, 110 Dioscuri 129 deified men 76 dress
; ;
deme-tithes 57 30, 31; where worshipt 29

4 5
as -
;
Demetrius, figure of 131 at Delos 279 ; ; saviour at sea 228 ; invoked in war
his crown 268; heroized as Soter 126 4 agonistic dedications to them
;
8 179, 182; official dedications 263 30 ;
Demetrius of Phalerum reforms the theoxenia 10 associated with Hera ;
choregia 156; makes a dedication cles 45 3 reliefs 29, 179, 182; rider-
;
as epistates 262; his law about

type 26; with boat 230; feast-type
sepulchral reliefs 213 22 offerings made to them 16 altars
; ;
Demetrius Poliorcetes 282; dedicates 17 quoit 160 ; vase 280 in a group

; ;
spoil 108; his siege-engines 128; 132 single Dioscurus 14, 30 their
;
;
dedicates the Victory of Samo- stars 135 1 2 -
thrace 143; his mistress 227 Diphilus on tithes 60

Democedes the physician 206 Dipylon figures 307; armour 109
Demosthenes dedicates spoil 107 discobolus 170
282
local wor prize 152; ritual, articles

used in
Disease and Peril 187 ff. :
ships 187 gods appealed to 188

;
; 277; ritual figures 286; spoil of
war 106, 108; tripods 152; vases
public dedications 189; private 191;
Ascle- 280
plague and pestilence 190; 10
pius: his origin 192; wanderings dogs eaten by the Thracians 298 ;
193; offshoots 194; becomes a god
on reliefs 22, 26; Asclepius reliefs
5
194; his family 194; Amphiaraus: 219; hero reliefs 18 ,21; Spartan
hero and god 195. reliefs 5; sacrificed 298; to Hecate
origin 194 ;
Other deities 195. Founding of the 46 1

;
at Epidaurus and Peiraeus 202
Athenian Asclepieum 196 descrip ;
dolls found in excavations of temples
tion 197 scene in the Asclepieum at
;
269
Cos 197; Epidaurus 198; priesthood dolphin as attribute of Poseidon 231;
and administration 198; worship Ar ion s 228
s procedure 199; incubation 200; Domestic Life. Puberty: dedication
per
of the hair 240; its distribution
Aristophanes description and paral
lels from Epidaurus 201; the Cures 241; child s first hair 242; river-
202 thank-offerings 204 physicians
;
; worship 240; great gods supplant
in Greece 205 the dedicators 207
;
;
their predecessors 241; permanent
classified :
image of De memorials of hair offering at Pana-
offerings
liverer 208 of person delivered 209
;
;
mara and elsewhere 243 hair offer
;
of diseased part 210; ophthalmia ing in funeral rites 245; marriage

and lung complaints 212 limb- ; offerings 246; the Bears 246; holy
models 213; models of disease 214; marriage 247; legendary dedications
offerings to other deities 214. 248; dolls, toys, dress 249; prayers
for fruitfulness 281 childbirth and
Reliefs act or process 216
: prayer ;
;
219 sacrifice 220 banquet 221. ;

its deities 251, 252; dedication of
;
Miscellaneous: temples 223; tools, dress 252; Eileithyia and kindred

deities 251, 253; existing remains
bandage and crutch, trinkets and
dress 224 humour 226. Other peril 253. Other dedications temples,
:
226; by sea 227; sea deities 228; images, reliefs 254 groups 25*5 ;
;
and nursing mothers 257 modern

Asclepius as protector at sea
;
other peril 229 this theme in litera

;
parallels 257
ture 232; deliverance at law 233; Dorians build a temple 119
modern parallels in Greece 235 and ;
dortor at Oropus, Epidaurus, and
Athens 200, 201; scenes in it de
Italy 238
disease inscribed on limb-model 215; picted on reliefs 217
models of 214 double Athena, relief 293; dedication
dish of cakes as attribute 289; of on one base 93; Cybele 293
8
fruit 290 doves sacred to Aphrodite 40 as attri ;
bute 289 in hand of figure 286,

dispensary 206 ;
342 ; 287
disposal of ancient offerings
modern offerings 237 down on chin dedicated 242
how fixt drachmae held in the hand of a figure
Disposal of the offerings :
288
342; inventories 343; administra
tion 344; recasting 345; favissae dreams 44, 189 commanding a dedi
;
and stores 346; variety of objects cation 17; interpreted by nymphs 43

347 dress dedicated by mystae 282 of the ;
distortion of votive idea 209 divine image 275; of Dioscuri 30;

of Theseus 33
Dithyramb personified 179 22
divination 204 drinking-horn as attribute of hero
divine figures 288, 357, 358; precedent Dromios Hermes 263 9
256, 360; wedded pair 247 drought 191
Dodona, dedications at: animal mo Dryopes defeated by Heracles 119;
dels 67, 75, 76, 300; athlete figure they found Asine 102
167, 173; axes 92; disease 215
7
;
duck at Athens 67
8
firstfruit and tithe 52; games 182; Duilius, column of 103
horse-trappings (?) 262 human ;
Dun Cow of Warwick 319
figures 286; human sacrifice 102 ;
21
Dundonald, Lord 104
oaks dust gods 275, 276
jockey 167; mirror 253; 40;
oracular inscriptions 48 orna ;
ments 74, 253; pile of tripods 50

s
; E, Delphian 354
eagles 308; as attribute 305;of Dio Healer 189; temple of Hades 28;
nysus 295 models 69
; Zeus Averter of Flies 188 14 colon ;
Earth, dedication to 305; invoked in nade 125; spoil of Tiryns there 117;
curses 338; praying for rain 91, two cities of Elis send a vase to
190 Olympia 281
earthquake 231 emancipation 335 ff.
echoes of old types on tombs 36 embassy, sacred 278, 351
Ecphantus pillar 61 Emperors of Home, Founder and Sa
egg offered to the dead 5 viour 8
Egypt, Kings of 279 model of prey ; enfranchised slaves dedicate a seat in
dedicated in 68 stadium at Epidaurus 235
Egyptian deities at Delos 230 slaves ; enfranchisements guarded by fines 315
dedicated to them 336 Engyion, Homeric relics at 320
Eileithyia, how depicted 255
J
her ; enthroned figures 303 female figure
;
temple in Elis 121; statues 254; with infant 257 goddesses in Athens
;
draped 275 as title of Hera and

; and Eleusis 304; hero 19
Artemis 252; dedications to her Enyalios 96; dogs sacrificed to him
253; perhaps figures of children 298 9
258 replaced by St Eleutherios 237 l
;
Epameinondas 131, 268 honorific ;
Einodia, dogs sacrificed to 298 9 statues 269, 373

Eiresione 52 Epeuches the physician 206
Elaphebolia at Patrae 50 3 68 ,
ephebes 262; votive offering supplied
Elatea, siege of 134, 138 emancipa ;
by the state for them 206; ephebic
tions 315; favissae 346; saviour constitution in Athens 183; else
gods dedicated there 129; agonistic where 184; contests 183
dedication 183 St Theodore there;
Ephesus dedicated to Artemis 342 3 ;
37 sends theori to Branchidae 278; a
Elateans dedicate a bronze lion 144 crown to Delphi 281 literary master-,
;
Elean women make a robe for. Hera piece there 64; Cybele relief 293;
277 women build a temple to Athena
;
Lysander s victory there 143
Mother 254 Epibaterios, title of Apollo 228
Eleans dedicate altars at Ammon 282; Epicharinus, statue of 171
a Zeus 127 12 war tithe at Olympia
; Epicteta s will 9, 340
102 found temples 121, 353
;
Epictetus 243
2
elephantiasis 214 Epidauria in Athens 198; relief of

Eleusinia 182 ; victor dedicated in fered there 199
Lesbos 155 Epidaurians dedicate a Zeus 127
Eleusinium (Athens), group of ox led Epidaurus, Asclepius as protector in
to sacrifice 285
general 229; Damia and Auxesia
Eleusis, Deineter a healer there 191 ; there 191; figures of Asclepius 208;
local divine pair 14, 29 reliefs 219; official dedications
; Tripto- 263;
lemus 18, 294; temple inventory lavers 280; slaves dedications 235;
344; offertory boxes 278; breach of vases 232; dedicatory hymns 65;
law there 316 dedications, chariot-
; statue of Epaminondas 269 ; a
victory commemorated 181; Ascle- mother dedicates a son s statue 209 ;
pius as initiate 196 statue of ; St Michael and St Damian there 37

Isocrates 270 votive war-picture
;
Epidaurus Limera, worship of Ascle
hero-feast 22 15
134; relief 28; other , pius at 194 Asclepius in form of a
;
reliefs from 294; divine snake 196; inscribed vases 281

figures 15;
inscribed vases 295 ; dedications of Epigoni in group 130
Athenian senate at 261 Maiden ;
Epilysamene Demeter 252
found there 306; jumping weight Epimenides 12 1 cleanses Athens 189
;
found there 161 St George, St ;
Epio 197
David, the Virgin at 37 Epione on reliefs 218
Eleutherios, title of Zeus 113; altar epithets, meaning of 227
8 9
233, 249
* 2
, ,
226
252; of gods 96, 188, 252, 376 8 on ;
Eleuthia, dedications to 253 inscriptions 328

Elias, St 13 eponymous heroes in groups 130, 131,
Elis conquered by Heracles 119; tem 132
ple built after the conquest 119 ; Erechtheid prytanes 259
conquers Pisa 120; temple of Apollo Erechtheum, altar to Butes there 11 ;
priestly paintings 264; spoils dedi family of Asclepius all together on one
cated 105 relief 219 8
Erechtheus at Athens 18 ; fighting a- farmer s law suit 235; tithe 58
gainst Eumolpus, a heroic precedent Fates as deities of marriage 246 hair ;
132 dedicated to them 243

Eretria, choregic dedications at 156 father and sons make a common offer
Eretrians dedicate a bronze ox 145; ing 34
pay firstfruits 52 fatherland specified in inscriptions 326
Ergane 328; as title of Athena 59 20 ; fav issue 346
dedication to Athena Ergane 59 13 fawn as attribute 304, 305
3 fawnskin on relief 180
Ergastinae 73 276, 355
,
20
Ergatis, Athena 59 fear, dedication due to 29
Erichthonius 256 Fear invoked before battle 96, 126 4
13
Eriphyle s necklace 319, 356 feast, memorials of 208 274 ,
Erythrae confers a crown of honour Feasts and ceremonials 274 ff offer .

;
268; sends a bowl to Branchidae ings at customary celebrations 274;

278; hair offering 242; horns of dress of the image 275; peplos
Indian ant there 321 masterpiece
;
276 ;
dedication of the dress of
63 priests 277; mystae 277, 282; dedi
estate left by will to found a shrine 9, cations by sacred embassy 278 ;
17 Branchidae 278; Delos 277; in
2
Etruria, warriors from 141 scribed vases 279; colonists dedica
Etruscan athlete, figure of 172 6 tions 282 thank-offering for oracle
;
Euamerion, son of Asclepius 194 282. Altars and reliefs 282. Further
Euboea, choregic dedications at 156; classification: devotee s figure 283;
Holy Marriage there 247 2 ; sacred discussion of votive figures in
cave 46 9 general 284 dancers 286
;
other ;
Eubouleus 28; dedication to him 34; ritual figures 288; unclassified re

and Hades 28 3 title of Zeus 251
;
liefs 290 Apollo, Artemis, Leto
:
Euchidas 136 2 291; Cybele 293; Demeter and the

Eucleia Artemis 119 Maid 294; Dionysus, Hecate, Zeus
Eudoxus, his astronomy at Delos 64 295. Model of thing sacrificed
Eumenes a hero 8 295 ff. what could be sacrificed
;
Eumenes II, his dedications for defeat 297; animal models 298. Articles
of the Gauls 121 used in ritual 301 wreaths 302 ; ;
Eumenides 85 ; acquitted persons sa figure of the deity 302 Maidens ;
crifice to 233 reliefs 254 statues of

; ; 306, 317; Apollos 307
their priestesses 264 shrine built
; feast-type on reliefs 23, 292 011 choregic ;
by Epimenides 189, 353 ; a sanctuary reliefs 180; on tombstones 35

for slaves 336; Eumenides and female alone on hero-feast reliefs 22;
Hades 28 3 deities and male 48 2 figures of;
Eunostos a hero at Tanagra 8 fered to male deities 289; by male

4
Euphorbus a hero 9 persons 305 enthroned, relief from
;
12
Euphranor the sculptor 164 Thessaly 25; on hero reliefs 19 ;
Euphronius the painter 61 rider relief 26; healing deity 221
Euploia Aphrodite 228 fig. 33; idols, naked 302
Eupraxia Artemis 251 fertility, how secured 44
Eurydamus, figure of 132 fetish 375
Eurymedon a hero, dedication to him figure of Dioscurus 14
35 figures of worshipper in some charac
Eurymedon, spoils from the 106 teristic attitude 78; without attri
Euthymus, dedication of 168 *, 169 butes 289
evil eye in modern Greece 44 6 fillet on reliefs 27, 177
fillets, how used in dedication 342

3
eye-disease in ancient Athens 212 ;
eyes, votive, of Praxias 213 at St ;

of priests of Apollo 277
Ottilien 239 2 fines 315, 359; tithed 316
l
finger as substitution for life 211
Fair Voyage, Aphrodite of 121 fire on altar in relief 220, 230 7 the ;
l
Fairweather Zeus 230 gods property 350
faith 202, 207 fire-bearer of Asclepius 198
10
false coins 313 firstfruit and tithe together 56 93; ,
Eleusis, how used 296 ;

l
corn at freedman s bowls 234
as thank-offering 328 22 as a tax

; freedom, dedications for 234
54 Freedom, Zeus of 226
firstfruits 267 10 328, 348, 354; hair
,
freewill 310, 350
241; men 103; spoils 99; in money friend pays tithe 60
10
92 ; statue as firstfruit 90 ; offered frog 232; frogs in group 144
to heroes 9; to the dead 4 ; the word fruit or offering in kind in the hands
used metaphorically 64 or on the knees of votive statuettes
firstlings in model 67 67; in hand as attribute 237, 288,
fish sacrificed to heroes 10 ; tithed 58, 290, 303; offered on reliefs 221
60 4 fuller 93 ;
fuller s tithe 59
fisherman s firstlings 51 ; tithe 58 ; functions of heroes 7, 8, 9
dedicates bones 379; dedicates tools funeral games 149; offerings 3
71 Furies as deities of marriage 246
fishmonger s lawsuit 235
Flamininus, his crown 268; his shield Gabala, Alcmaeon s swaddlings at
113 319
flattery 269 Gaius Germanicus Caesar, rider relief
Flight, god of 314 dedicated to 26

4 Artemis 40
flocks blest by dead hero 45 game, sacred 50 ;
to
flogging the Hellespont 311 Games and contests 149 ff. prizes :
flood 191 149 prize dedicated 151

; tripod ;
flotist 288, 289; dedicates a crown 152; stlengis, torches 153; wreath,
155 a prize 153 figure at Dodona
; ; panathenaic amphora 154; crowns
287 on relief 178 Mycenaean figure
; ; 155 ; Dionysiac tripod 156. The in
286 strument 160. Model groups 164 :
flowers as attribute 288, 289, 290, 304; jockey 166 athlete statues 167
; ;
on reliefs 28, 254; of the Eumeni- pictures 174 reliefs 175 scenic and
; ;
des 254; meaning of flower held to musical reliefs 178. Later times 181.
nose 84 Local games 182; ephebes 183
flute as attribute of figure 289 games at funeral 149; local 182;
flutes of Marsyas 319 soldiers games at Ephesus 155;
Flycatcher Hero 188 on rider relief 24
food fallen from the table sacred to garden of the nymphs 47
heroes 10; sacrificed to dead 4 garlands as prizes 151, 152 3 ;
in
ford, memorial of deliverance at a 230 model 15 on reliefs 179
;
forfeited articles 313 Gaul, Aphrodite in 321

formal dedication 266 Gaulish spoils 128, 132 at Delphi 108 ;
Formulae 185, 200, 322 ff., 349 ; no in Gauls, defeat of, by Eumenes 121,
scription necessary 322; verbs and 138; repulsed from Delphi 113;
substantives 323; deity not named paean dedicated there 148
324 deity without dedicator 325,
;
Ge Chthonia and Zeus Chthonios 14
with dedicator 326 additions, the
;
Ge invoked 12 2
object named 327 ;
the occasion Gela, criophorus type in 285
328. Appositional phrases 329 ex ;
Gelo dedicates spoils 103; a gold tri
planatory phrases 328, 331. The pod 146 a Victory 142 his dedica
; ;
formula loses force 323, 328, 332; tions at Olympia 123; his chariot
prayers 333 ;
words in the nomina 164
tive case 334 ; verse and prose 335 ; general does not dedicate his own
later uses of the formula emanci
: statue 138; figures in dedicatory
pations 336 curses 337, with reliefs
; groups 131; otherwise 137
339; gifts and legacies 340 Genetyllides 252; dogs sacrificed to
Fortune as saviour at sea 228 them 298 9
4
foundation deposit at Naucratis 78 ; Geranda, St Healer at 13
sacrifice 39* Germania on a relief 26 18
Founder, as title of Roman emperors 8 Geryones,
bones of 318
fountain 273 gilding the horns of the victim 13,
fourth century, limb reliefs from 213 ;
235
change of motives in dedications Glaucon s chariot 165
260 Goat constellation 191
Francois vase 151 4 goat sacrificed to heroes 10 ; to
nymphs and Pan 44; models 67

u ; Habrothaus, dedication to 253
at Argos, Delos 67; as attributes Hades associated with other deities
288; of bronze dedicated to propi 28 3 and the hero-feast 22 invoked
; ;
tiate the Goat constellation 191 in curses 338 temple dedicated to

;
goblet on reliefs 19 him 28 and Persephone invoked in

;
God and Goddess at Eleusis 14, 29 sickness 13 7

on relief 28
;
god dedicated to another god, 64, 129, hair, dedication of 240, 370; in peril
391 232 carved in relief 243 weighed
;
;
God of the Grape, epithet of Diony against silver 244; dedicated for
sus 328 gratitude 245
God on High as deliverer from peril hair-restorer 202
by sea 230 Halicarnassus, relief from 231
goddess, winged 15 hand and arm alone holding object
Gods of Greece, vases inscribed to the 290; hand of deity resting on vo
280 tary s head 289 hand held to breast
;
gods absorb earlier worship 241 255; hand held up carved on a

gods and giants, battle of (group) curse-slab 340 ; hand in obscure
130 attitude 5 raised to head, or touch
;
gods and kings 41 ing breast, attitude of statuettes

gods in groups 130 ff. 289 ; uplifted as in prayer 290, 363 ;
gods without attributes 91 on reliefs 23; clapping 290; hands
gold tithed 58 up, arms extended 290 ; two hands
Golden Fleece 319 in relief 295
goldsmith dedicates his tools 71 Hanno dedicates his log-book 64
Golgos 291; limb-models 215 hare on hero reliefs 23 ; held in hand
Good Fame, Artemis of 119 as attribute 287
Good Friday in Athens 285 harp as attribute 289, 290
Good God, vase belonging to the harpist 288, 289, 290; figures of
(Athens) 279 harpists 287 Mycenaean figure of
;
Gorgias figure 373 harpist 286; harpist s lawsuit 235;

Gortyn, Nemesis at 234 the harpist s prize, a gold crown
Gortys (Arcadia), arms dedicated at 151 dedicates a prize 153 ; dedi
;
112 cates his instrument 71 ; Harp

Graces 45; dedication to 261; crown ist reliefs 179, 291; with Couro-
155; tripod 148 trophos 256
4
Gracious Zeus, see Meilichios Harpocrates 230
Granicus, battle of the 137; spoil 108 harvest home 52 ; for Demeter 43
grapes on reliefs 221 on lap of figure
;
hats as attributes 18 ; of the Dioscuri
304 31
7
gratitude 73, 227, 255 331, 340,
, Healer, Saint 13
352; exprest 330 healing hand on reliefs 216, 217
grotesque and genre figures 391 Health, Athena 61, 276
grotto at Vari 85 Health, hair dedicated to 241
group of envoys 191 of statues 117 ;
; heart, symbolical modern offering of
eponymous heroes, horses and cap 226
tives 115; suppliants 117; warriors Hecataeum 208 13 2^5 ,
116; in scheme of hero-feast 22 Hecate as healer and saviour 192,

groups of men dedicate in common
9
195; dogs sacrificed to her 298 ;
266; agonistic groups 164; groups food offered to her 46 in Camirus ;
depicting childbirth 254 230 ; inscribed image 208, 306 rock ;
grove, sacred 18 ;
fetters hung there thrones 195 triform oriental 295
; ;
233 and the hero-feast 22

Guardian of Phratry, a title of Zeus Hector a hero in Boeotia 9 ; vows
316 the spoil of Ajax 101
Guide of the People, a title of Aphro Hecuba dedicates a robe to Athena
275, 349, 354; her vow 101
l
dite 261
Gyges builds a treasury at Delphi Hegias the sculptor 166
124 Helen and Menelaus, figures of 15
Gythium burned 132 Helen builds a temple for Eileithyia
254, 353; on Dioscuri reliefs 30; rape
Habron dedicates pedigree 264 of Helen, 248 ; her marriage 248 ;
her plane tree 40; her stool 320; pius 223 to Athena Axiopoinos 223
; ;
her spirit makes a babe beautiful apotheosis 174 altar dedicated to ;
227 him 17; in groups 130; withAchelous

Helenus a hero 9 4 132 4 with the Hydra 63; torches
;
Helicon, Hesiod s poems dedicated dedicated to him 153 tripod 152 ; ;
there 64 Hesiod s tripod 152 a

; ; vases 280 and the hero-feast 22
; ;
trophy there 105 St Trinity 37 ;

associated with the Dioscuri 45 3 ;
Heliodorus on Tripods 156 4 with Hermes and Cybele in the
Helios 228; invoked 12 2 mountains 45 with Hermes on ;
Hellespont flogged and appeased 311 relief 33 with Athena on decree

;
helmet as attribute of Zeus 139 as ;

relief 33 dedicates his hair 245 ;
;
prize 183 dedicates bones of Geryones 318 ;
Hephaestion 245 dedicates spoils 101 a stone lion ;
Hephaestus, fine paid to him 316 ;

144 temples 119, 353 dedication to
; ;
sceptre made by him 318 asso ;

him on completing term of office 34;
ciated with Athena 59 20 Heracles enthroned on reliefs 32 ;
Hera. Titles: Aigophagos 119; Eilei- his figure 15 riding on an ass 33

; ;
thyia 282 as goddess of marriage

;
his garb 18; his 0eo&>ia 10; hot
246, 247 of childbirth 251 protects
; ;
baths sacred to him 8 14 in the ;
Asclepieum 197 at Rome 50

3
at sea 229. Her attributes 303; in
; ;
:
dress 275, 344; Maiden type 306; the Anthology 48 ; replaced by
Hera at Plataea 311; in the An St Nicholas 38
thology 48
! Heraclitus dedicates his book 64
Dedications and dedicators axe : Heraea at Argos 150
8
92; bangle 74; bars 74; bird-models Heraea, Pan at 46 victors 167 ;
299; brooch 74; bull-model 298; Heraeum, dedications at (Argos) :
bull attackt by lion 89 cat-model ;

animal models 298; crown 155;
382; childbirth 251; cock-model devotee s figure 259, 286; divine
298; cook s figure 78; couch 118, figure 296; dress 155; food on tray
320; cow298; crater 58; crown
311", in model 296; games, pillar record
155; devotee s figure 296; disease ing 181; ornaments 253; ritual
and peril 19 \ 215; divine figure figures 286 trade-models 78 ; at
;
303; dress 249; duck 299; fines 315; Olympia 320

furniture 316; games 33, 155, 177, herald 260, 265; competition of
181; garland 248; goat-model 298; heralds, 184 heralds statues not
;
hair 242; hair-net 249; hare 67; votive 172

hunting 67, 69; loom-weight 73; herb simples offered to Cheiron 41 4
male figure 286 ; marriage 246, 247, herm on relief 179 herms dedicated ;
249; mirror 74; monkey-model 382; by archons and herald 260

official 264 ox-model 298 ; painting ; Hermae, Street of 128, 260, 358
of bridge 70 peacock 382 ; pin 74, ;
Hermes 260 Criophoros 190, 285 of
; ;
253; pregnant women s figure 257; the Koads 49 and the dead 6 ;
;
priestesses statues 264 puberty ;

caves sacred to him 46 9 his theo- ;
10
242; relief 177; rudder 228; sea xeuia 10 first figs offered to him
;
faring 228, 229 ; sheep-model 299 ;

45 n dedication of ephebes to him
;
n invoked 12 2 in curses 338;

spoils 101; temple 119; tithe 56 , 262; ;
78; trade 58, 70, 74; vases 280, 301; delivers from plague 190; dedication
war 101 to Herrnes Dromios 263 9 agonistic ;
Keraclea, battle of 125 dedication to Hermes and Heracles

Heraclea at Thebes 182 tripod as ; 183, and Nymphs 177 Hermes ;
prize 150 of Marathon, prizes at

;
and Heracles on relief 33 Hermes ;
150 on reliefs 292, 293 torches dedicated ;
Heraclea Pontica dedicates epony to him 153, 163 ; toys and dress
mous group 130 249; vases 280; dedicated to Pan
Heracles, Averter of 111 189 delivers ;
and the Nymphs 392 in the As ;
from plague 189; invoked in war clepieum 197 in the mountains

;
4 45 in the Anthology 48 1 ; of Praxi

96, 126 saviour at sea 228, 229;
; ;
agonistic dedication to him 184 teles 121 6

7
;
Heracles at Erythrae 321 cave ; Hermion, statues of priestesses at

sacred to him 46 9 beardless Hera ;
264
-
cles 3 2 ; he builds a temple to Ascle- Hermione, Holy Marriage at 247
Hermolycus, statue of 171 Herostratus dedicates an image of

Hermus, river god 85 Aphrodite 228
Heroa in the Asclepieum of Athens Hesiod dedicates his prize tripod 151 ;
198 his poems dedicated 64
Herodes brings Asclepius to Athens Hestia, firstfruits offered to her 46;
192 2 dedication to her 295 invoked ;
Heroes, origin 4, 7, 9; connexion 12 2

with snakes 7 with gods 7, 11, 12, ;
Hestia Boulaia, official dedication to
13, 18 their functions as protectors
; 263 29
and healers 8 prophetic powers 8 ; ;
hexameters 334
punish error 9 human sacrifice ; Hierapolis, hair-offering at 242, 243
done to them 10 firstfruits and ;
Hiero dedicates a helmet 104; a gold
animals sacrificed, libations poured tripod 146; a Victory 142; his
to them
10; a hero shrine 11; im chariot 164; his jockeys 166
portance and antiquity of their hierophant of Asclepius 198
worship 11; figure of the hero 14; Highest, Zeus 215
warriors, female figures, musicians, Himera, spoils from the battle 104,
runners, dancers, animal models, 123, 126; temples built out of the
garlands, centaur 15 tripods, ; spoil 120; Victory dedicated 142;
vases, rings, needles, ornaments 16; gold tripods 146; officials of 263
worshipt by warriors 15, 17, 33 ; Hippias 205, 249
huntsmen and breeders 16 ; athletes Hippocrates 79, 91 ;
and the Cure
34; the sick 8, 11, 193, 213 reliefs ;
Tablets 203
5, 19 ff. as rider or hunter 23;
:
Hippocrates defeated by Heracles 119
standing free 27 ; feasting 20 ; arms Hippodameia, marriage of 248 ;
her
and armour 17 ; furniture 17 ; food, suitors heroized 91 ;
her couch
flowers, wreaths, hair 17; models of 320
perishable things 18, 32 hero used ; Hippolytus, hair dedicated to 242
of the dead 35; trade dedication Hipponoe, wife of Asclepius 194
70 how represented 18 as saviours
; ; Holy Marriage 247
229 bless flocks 45
;
in ancient ;
Homeric combats on votive tablets
precincts 11; associated with greater 134; heroes in group 130; warriors
deities 18; invoked in oaths 7 5 12; ,
as heroes 9
and heroines invoked 12 2 and ;
honorific inscription on a hero relief
6 9
heroine in farmer s calendar 45 ; 26; statues 14 135, 185, 231 ,
,
18
partake of feast 17 worshipped ; 269, 270, 307; dedicated as a tithe
at sunset and powerful especially 328
at night 7 2 73; on mountains 13;
,
Honour and Office: no offering cus
eponymous heroes, in groups 131 ; tomary in early times 259; altars
hero enthroned 19; same type used 259 ; later very common 260 ; com
for Zeus or Sabazios 34; erect on pulsory 261, 266; yearly dedications
reliefs 27; the hero holds the horn at Athens 261; elsewhere 262; the
of victim 34; the hero-feast 288; temple service 263 statues of priests
;
when dedicated }99 examples from ; 264; tripod 265; occasion of these
Tarentum 31 the hero as horse ; offerings 265; vote of thanks 266;
man 312 Pergamus 26 ;
Hero ;
crown of honour 216; public crowns
Physician at Athens 8, 11, 108 ; 268; honorific statues 269; and their
reliefs in his shrine 223 inventory ;
occasions 270; erected in agora or
344 Ptoan 11
; number of hero ; gymnasium 271 other objects 272 ;
;
shrines 12 2 votive tablets in hero

;
articles for use 272 ; buildings and
shrines 47 7 hero shrine in Attica
; repairs 273
38 ;dedications at hero shrine at hoplite-racer s statue 170, 173
Therapne 15 heroes become gods ;
horn of plenty in the hand of Hera
15 6 194, 195; hair dedicated to
,
cles 33
heroes 241; hero shrine replaced horns of victim gilded 235
by chapel 38 replaced by St David ;
horseman on Asclepius reliefs 219
37 horsemanship, contest in 175
heroic precedent 122, 123, 129, 132, horses sacrificed 298; to heroes 10;
132 4 134, 174, 360
,
at tombs 10 5 ; as attributes 18; on
heroized men 7 reliefs 19, 24, 29, 177; interpreta
heroizing by public vote 9 tion 18 5 ; horse s head on reliefs 19,
23 3 221, 222; horse-statues beside

, identity of figures on reliefs 223; see
a tomb 35; relief on a woman s also portrait
4
tomb 35; in the islands 25 15 ; Idomeneus a hero 9
horses names inscribed 164 cap ;
leso 197
tive horse dedicated at Delphi 106 ; Ilissus, shrine of Boreas hard by 120 ;
models 15, 67, 116 shrine of Nymphs 47 hair-offering;
hot baths sacred to Heracles 8 * 241; figures of children found near

1
hound on reliefs 251 9 258

House of Divination at Phlius 194 n from 26
Illyria, rider reliefs
human deliverer s image 209; figures image of deity 254 made of a growing
;
in model 237; portrait not dedi tree 248 image

;
in a modern Greek
cated alone in the great age 135; church 226 image of the deliverer
;
39 3 on found
sacrifice for fertility ;
208
ing a city 39 ; at Delphi and Do-
3 immolation at funerals 3
dona 102 24 to the dead 4; to
; impersonation of god by priest 283
2
heroes 10; statues 264, 314 impious dedications 50 72, 113, 283,
humorous dedication 202, 226 Inachus, hair sacred to 241

Hunter hero 23 incantation, cure by 220
hunter s dedications in sixth century incense offered to the dead 22 2
A.C. 51; thank-offering 16, 50; first incubation 200, 204
lings 51, 298; tools 71, 72; hunt India, dedication in 134
ing scene on reliefs 25, 84; on pic infant on reliefs 256
ture 81 hunting-club on rider relief
;
infernal deities, land sacred to 43
24; model of huntsman 78; hunt ingratitude punisht 203
relief on tombs 35 initiation as part of marriage 246
huxter s model 78 initiation of Asclepius 196
Hyampolis, emancipations at 315 inscriptions of Olympian victors 167 ;
Hydra s figure 136 on votive tablets 80; on reliefs 223;
unique votive inscription 125
u
hydrophori 277
Hygieia and her relation to Ascle- interpretation of figures 284
pius 194, 197, 229; dedication to inventories 223, 266, 343, 344
her 210; statue 208; on reliefs Iphicrates dedicates a gilt shield 107;
217 1 219; land sacred to her 42 7 ;
,
his figure 137
hair dedicated 241 a tithe of Athena; Iphicratides dedicates a masterpiece
61, 328 61
Hyperborean tithe and firstfruits 52, Iphigeneia 310
56 1 ; maidens, hair dedicated to Iphinoe, hair dedicated to 242
242 Iphitus, quoit of 160
Hyperides 312 iron currency 74 19
Hypermestra builds a shrine of Vic Isaeus on tithes 60
torious Aphrodite 233, 353 Isis 230 4 336; dedications to her 283;
,
Hyperteleatas, Apollo 277 and the hero-feast 22; dedication

Hypocrisis personified 179
12 of prey to her 68 2 and Sarapis 14;
;
8 in the Asclepieum 197

Hyrnetho, tomb and shrine of 40
islands, hero-feast reliefs from 21
lacchus 28; as healer 192 3 and Hades ;
Ismenian Apollo 140
28 s Isocrates, equestrian statue of 106;
lalysus, forfeits at 313 honorific statues 270
laniscus, son of Asclepius 194 Isthmian wreath dedicated 154
laso, daughter of Asclepius 194, 201 ; Isthmus, Argo dedicated at 228;
on reliefs 218 trireme dedicated there 105
lasus sends a bowl to Branchidae Ithaca, cave of the Nymphs in 44, 46;
2
278 shrine of Artemis there 121
9
latros, epithet of Apollo and Dionysus Ithome, limb-models in 215 Heracles;
188 ; name of a hero 8, 11, 108 relief 32

Icarius dedicates an image of Modesty lulis, official dedications in 263
248 ; reliefs 181 ivy crown 44; on reliefs 180; why ivy
Ida, sacred cave of 46
9 was chosen 40 8
Idalium 290
ideal element in groups 164; in other javelin as prize 183
offerings 91, 352, 356, 372 javelin-casting on horseback 183
jockey 361 ; on base of votive offering learning to read or write, thank-offering

175 for 93, 94
Jovianus dedicates a shrine to Zeus Lebadea, games 182 King Zeus wor- ;
122 2 shipt there 37 emancipations 336 ; ;
judge represented on agonistic relief relief 19 ;

sacred cave 46 9
177 Lebena, Cure Tables at 202; figures of
jug as attribute on reliefs 30; with Asclepius 208
bowl 287, 288 Lecho 252 dedications to her 253
;
juggling or tumbling, prize for 152 lectisternia 28, 31, 197

jumper on relief 170 led horse on reliefs 24
Juno Lacinia, stolen coins devoted to legacies 340
339 5 Lemnos, rider relief from 25
Leocritus shield 113
Kalloni, Lesbos, sacrifice at local feast Leos in a group 131
13 3 Leosthenes in votive picture 134
Kertch, rider relief on tombs at 36 Lesbos 50 l Apollo Maloeis worshipt
;
kettles as prizes 149, 150, 151; for there 45 6 cordwainer s tithe 60;
;
tumbling 152 victor s dedication loo; limb-models

kings dedicate coins at Delos 268 215; official dedications 268; sea
kings, priests, and gods 41 farers dedications 230; Neraidhes
knife on reliefs 221 46 3
knights, the 116; dedicate a horse or Leto invoked 12 2 land sacred to her ;
horseman 142 dedicate a tripod at

;
42 4 on reliefs 180, 291
;
Thespiae 148 letters as catalogue marks 105 1 343 ,
Leucippus dedicates his hair 241 hair ;
Labours of Heracles in group 130 offered at his tomb 245

Lacedaemonian spoils 130 Leuctra, dedication to Heracles at
Lacedaemonians defeated by Conon 178; the battle, human victims
267 sacrificed before 10; trophy set up
Lacedaemonius victory 116 before 97; trophy after 100; spoil
Laconia, Ulysses a hero in 9; slaves 107, 124
there 337; rider relief 25; ancient libation 31, 32; meaning 5; libations
hero relief 19 birth-groups 254
;
to heroes 10 libation on reliefs 27,
;
Ladas 170 9 180, 218, 292 ; on hero reliefs 19 ;
lamb 285 held as attribute 287

;
on rider relief 24
Lamia Aphrodite 227 library of temple at Delphi 65
Lamian war 134 license, metrical 334
lamp as attribute 290 limbs in model 237, 239; in relief
Larnpetie, wife of Asclepius 194 212, 213; painted 215; limb-models

Lampsacus sends a crown to Delphi as accessories on a relief 222 on a ;
281; breach of law at Lampsacus vase 221 ;

limbs of sacrifice hung on
316 trees 44
Lantern of Diogenes 158 Limnatis, fines paid to her 315 slaves ;
Laodamas dedicates a tripod at Thebes perhaps dedicated 336 cymbals, toys, ;
260 or dress dedicated to her 249 8 280 ,
Laodice sends a robe to Athena Lindos, Artemis Oulia and Apollo

275 Oulios 192 records of sacrifice 283
; ;
Laodicea, human sacrifice on founding robes of Athena 275; poem dedi

39 3 cated there 64; church there 13 4
Laphria Artemis 298 lion as a personification of valour
Larissa, spoil of Troy at 117 144; meaning 231; deliverance from
Lathrie invoked in sickness 192 lions 231, 232 models 69, 144 ; in ;
laws 233, 314 ; preserved in temples relief as attribute 293

321 lion of Cithaeron slain 226
lawsuit 234, 355 lionskin as attribute of Heracles on
laying the ghost 314 reliefs 32
lead, things made of 73; crosses 336
u , Liparians dedicate divine statues 127;
338; tablets 64; toys 250
13
; turnip spoil 117 war tithe at Delphi 102
;
66 local gods 247; prizes of local make

Leaena, image of 231 150
1
leaper s statue 170-172 Locarno, votive paintings at 239
Locheia Artemis 252 Maidens 30 3 305, 306, 309, 317,357,

,
Locri, Artemis figures from 305; hero 377; on reliefs 180, 292; in chariot
relief from Malian Locri 28 164; meaning of the word 90; dedi
Locust Apollo 190 cated as tithe or firstfruit 90
loincloth 285; on human figures 174 male and female deities, temples of
Long Walls begun 260 48 2
lord hero 26 male figures 306 ; male person dedi
lost property, curses for 339 cates female figure 305
Louis XIV, image of, dedicated to the Maleatas, Apollo 140, 300 associated ;
Virgin 210
6 with Asclepius 193 5
4
loves, winged, on reliefs 33, 292 Malophoros invoked in war 126
luctdtor anhelans 170 Mamercus dedicates spoil 107
lung complaints in Boeotia 212 man and woman dedicate a relief to
Lusi 50; dolls, masks, grotesques 250; gether 251
4
animal models 300; Virgin at 38 Mandrobulus 67 , 91, 296
lustral spray 289, 290, 291 Mandrocles bridge 70
Lycaeus, Apollo 235 Man tinea, statue of Polybius there 269;
9 war tithe 102
Lycaeus Mt, sacred cave in 46
Lycomedes dedicates figurehead of ship Mantineans build a temple after Ac-
105 tium 122; dedicate a Victory at
Lycortas dedicates his friend 132 Olympia 143; dedicate their sooth
8
Lycosura, forfeits at 313; Pan 46 ; sayer 137
the Mistress there 298; terra-cotta Manto s stone 820
snakes 209 manuscript roll on relief 178
Lycurgus builds a temple to Athena Mapsidichae at Delos 57
227 Marathon 131 2 ; cave of Pan there 47,
x
Lycurgus on a Panathenaic vase 155 cp. 119;importance of the battle
Lycurgus, figure of 264 130; permanent trophy of white
Lydians dedicate a figure of Adrastus marble in the plain 100; spoils 123;
"137 golden shields 114 silver cups as ;
lyre in the hand 287; on reliefs 291 prizes in games at Marathon 150;
Lysander offering after Aegospotami
s farmers sacrifice at Marathon 298
116, 132; golden stars 135; golden Marathonian bull sacrificed to Athena
Victories mounted upon eagles 143 ; 41
his dedication at Delphi 30; his Marcellus dedicates his beard 244
figure 132, 372; his crowns 267 Mardonius, his statue in Sparta 124;
Lysicrates, choregic monument of 158 his sword 105; his charger 117
Lysimache, figure of 264 Mariandyni, spoils of 130
Lysippus paints Alexander s Hunting Maron a hero in Sparta 9
231 marriage 249, 251; ceremonies 246;
dedications 72 deities 246
;
Macedon, rider reliefs from 26; relief Marsyas flutes 319 ; his skin 102
Hades 29
to Masistius golden cuirass 105
Macedonian garrison expelled from mask of Athena 303; masks 162, 163 ;
Athens 113 masks on reliefs 178, 179, 180, 181

Machanidas, defeat of 138 massage 202
Machaon 192, 193 1 , 194; on reliefs Massalia, Maiden from 306
218 Massaliot treasury at Delphi 124
Madonna of the Sun at Rome 38 Massaliots dedicate an Apollo 126
Maeandrius dedicates an altar to Zeus masterpiece, craftsman s 60, 367
226 material value of offerings 352
Magnesia: mystae 281; marble tripod matronly and maiden types 305
159; official dedications 263 25 ;
medicinal spring 13
priestly dedication 277 sacred cave ;
medicine in Greece 205
46 9 ; Zeus Sosipolis 121 5 medicine on relief 219
Megalopolis, Athena Ergane at 59 ;
herbalists 51 ; Magnetes 20
Magnetan
offer firstfruits of herb simples 41 4 , sends a bowl to Branchidae 278 ;
52 statue of Polybius 269 colonnade ;
Maid, the 28 as goddess of childbirth

;
125 ;giant bones 318 statue of ;
251 her figure under a tripod 146

; Apollo 356
maiden runner of the Vatican 170* Megara, agonistic dedications 183 ;
Damiorgi 263 hair-offering 241 ;

; Methymna sends a flute-case to Athens
vase with dedicatory inscription 269
to hero found there 16 inscribed ; Metroum at Athens 313
vases 281 ; Saviour Artemis dedi mice dedicated in Palestine 190 8 ;
cated 128 ;temple of Apollo and plot of ground set apart for mice
Artemis 226 thiasus of Heracleotes
;
42 4
34; war tithe 102; St Theodore s Micythus 192, 207
Church 38 Migonitis Aphrodite 248
Megara Hyblaea, favissae 346 jockey ; Miletus, Apollo Oulios at 192
model 167 female types from
; military spirit, decline of 183
the place 305 Milo s statue 169
Megarian treasury at Olympia 122; Miltiades 135 4 136; his figure 131;
,
group in the treasury 130 dedicates a Pan 127

Megarians dedicate an Apollo and an Miltiades the elder 141; sends Amal-
Artemis 128 ; dedicate the beak of thea s horn to Olympia 145
a ship 103 miniature arms and armour 116, 388,
Megiste, dedications to Dioscuri by 390 axe, tripod 387 wheel 390
; ;
seafarers at 32 Miuutoli, Cybele relief from 293

Meilichios, a title of Zeus 14, 83, 314; miracles 202
farmer s god 296 propitiatory offer
; Mistress, the, at Lycosura terra :
ing to him 314 cotta snakes in her precinct 209 ;
Meleager s spear 319 sacrifice to her 298

9
Melidhoui, sacred cave of 49 Mithradates 113
Melite, deme, temple built there by model or picture of work 70
Themistocles 120 ; temple and models of diseased part 210 of sacri ;
statue of Heracles 189 fice of things sacrificed, 295 ;

18 ;
Melos, Apollo from 307; official of tithe or firstfruit 66 ; of temple

dedications 263; masterpiece 61 at Delos, and its tiles 70; of tripods
memorial character of dedications 136, 146; of arms 115
351, 376; see /J.VTJ/J.O., etc. moderation in Greek sentiment 137,
men and women in the Asclepieum 147
206 modern examples of substitutory offer
6
men, firstfruits of 54"
ing 210
men s god 243 modern Greece, evil eye in 44 6 pane- ;
Men as healer 192 Saviour and ; gyris 49; Neraidhes 46

Giver of Wealth 84 reliefs 339 ; ;
modern parallels 285 to the ritual ;
limbs dedicated to Men Tiamou 216 of Asclepius 207, 235 ; figures of

Mendeans dedicate spoil 117 babes and cradles 257
Menecrates the physician 206 modern representatives of ancient
Menelaus a hero 9 4 horse models ;
shrines 37
found in his shrine 67 ; figures of Molossian defeat 136
Menelaus and Helen 13; dedicates monasteries resorted to in sickness
images to Thetis and Praxidica 208, 236
248; dedicates spoils 101 Mother, a title of Athena 254
Menidhi tomb 4, 16 Mother of the Gods as healer 216 2 ;
merchants tithe 58 as deliverer 231 5

Messapians, defeat of 115 Mothers, the, in Sicily 45, 192, 257,
Messene, emancipations 315, 336 ;
320
sacrifice 298 statue of Epami-
;
motives of dedication 1, 145, 351 ;
nondas 269 change 137, 168, 269, 349, 351

9
Messenia, sacred cave in 46 Motye, spoils of 117
Messenian War, First 145 Second ; mountains, gods associated with 45 ;
126 shrines 13
Messenians dedicate war tithe at mourners in a group 132 9
Olympia 102; Victory 142 mourning, hair cut in sign of 241
Metapontium dedicates golden har Mouse Apollo 190
vesting at Delphi 66 tithes corn ;
mule-car wheels 165
58 Mummius dedicates an altar 125
meteorite 356 two statues of Zeus 128
Methoneans dedicate spoil at Olympia murder 313, 314; acquittal 233
106 Muses and hero-feast 22 ; harpist
dedicates prize to the Muses 154; Nausicles, crown of honour 266

honorific statues dedicated to the naval memorial, earliest 103
Muses 270 ; late relief dedicated to Naxos, Apollo from 307 Apollo;
6
them 185; tripods offered to them Tragios worshipt there 45 confers;
148 ; tripod dedicated by Hesiod a crown 269 ; seafight off Naxos 267
1
152; Muses in the Anthology 48 ; Neda, the, hair sacred to 241
Muses replaced by St Trinity 37 Nekos king of Egypt after a victory
musical competitions 184; prize at dedicates his costume 112
the Paiiathenaea 155 ; reliefs 178 ; Nemea personified in picture 174 ;
victors statues not votive 171 chapel on site of hero shrine 38
musician dedicates a prize 153; a Nemesis, relief dedicated to 234 ;
tripod 152 statue 144

3
Myanians dedicate spoil 109 Neocoros of Asclepius in Cos 198
Mycale, spoils of 106 Neoptolemus at Delphi 18
Mycenae, golden ox-heads from 301 ; Neraidhes 46
vase dedicated to hero found there Nero dedicates a crown 155, 268 a ;
17 robe 156
Mycenaean dedications 16 idols 302, ;
Nestor a hero 9 4 his cup 320
;
303 ; loincloth 285 new gods supplant old 188, 191 8

29
Myconos, childbirth group from 255 Nicephoros, Athena 122 \ 263
Mylasa sends a bowl to Branchidae Nicias, his capture 245 dedication
;
possibly by him 133

7
278 his votive
;
Myrina dedicates golden harvesting shrine for tripod 157, 158; Peace
at Delphi 66 3 of Nicias 142 his shield 107 de
; ;
Myropolis colonnade 125 dicates stlengides and crown 153 s ,
Myrrhina confers a crown of honour 155

269 ; sends a bowl to Branchidae, Nicomachus, priest of Asclepius and
278 tithes corn 58
; physician 206 a painter 174
;
myrtle tree used for an image of Nicomedeia, Memnon s knife at 320

Aphrodite 248 Night, connexion with the heroes 73
Mys 324 nursing mothers, figures of 257
mystae 265, 277, 281, 282, 352; statue Nymphia Aphrodite 248
192 2 Nymphis cited" 260
r
Mysteries 294; Eleusinian 192; dedi Nymphs 46; tithe of fish offered to
5
cations of ephebes, 262 58; as deliverers 231 ; as deities
mystery of Artemis Brauronia 246 of marriage 246; nymphs caves 43;
altars, caves, and dances 44, 227
8
mystery play 283, 284
mysticism 211 Nymphs, Graces, and Hours 85 5
mythological precedent 248 scenes ; Nymphs in the Anthology 48 1 ; how
on votive tablets 80 on reliefs ; represented 43; nymphs and Aclie-
6
33 8 87
, lous, dedications to 47
Mytilene confers a crown of honour nymph- stroke 46
269
oar as attribute of Poseidon 231
Naios Zeus 280 oaths, fashionable 191 8 by the heroes
;
name dedicator in genitive 324 ;

of 7 5 by Pan 7 5 the physicians 205
; ;
deity and devotee 326 god in geni ;

occasion specified on the inscription
tive or dative 325 328
nameless altars in Athens 12 *; gods Odeum, roof of the 103
7
of the Pelasgians, 8, 12, 51 Odysseus 285 310, 311, 320; his cup
,
4
names inscribed on reliefs 223; hero 320; a hero 9 in Laconia 9; de
;
reliefs 19 dicates an image of Horse Poseidon

Nasamones, death-oracle among 8 89 dedicates spoil 101
;
founds ;
Nauarchis Aphrodite 230 13 temples 248, 353; wooing of 248

Naucratis, Aphrodite worshipt there Oeniadae, sack of 142 7
228 favissae 346 figures of women
; ; Oenoe, battle of 120, 130
found there 255 inscribed vases
; Oenomaus knife 319; his pillar 319
280 grotesques 250 ; hero-feast
; Oenophyta, battle of 120
relief 21 Oenopides dedicates astronomical
Naupactus, temple of Asclepius 224; table 64
worship of Asclepius 194 offertory-box 277
official dedication 143, 206 10 ; docu oracle 312, 314; asks payment 351;
ments in temples 321 commands firstfruits 52 3 5 com -
;
officials of guild 262; punisht 315 mands offering 278 dedications on ;
oil from sacred olives, prize at the consulting 282; consulted on stut
Panathenaea 150 tering 227 represented on relief 282
;
oil-flask as athlete s attribute 170, oracles of Dodona 48 consulted in ;

5
303 sickness 192 appeased 310
;
12
Oistro worshipt by courtesans 249 oracular caves H ; response 282
Olbia, Achilles at 20 hero reliefs from ; Orchomenus, Apollo from 307 ani ;
20 ;
crowns dedicated by officials mal models 300 cboregic dedica ;
268 5 ; limb-models 215 9 hero So- ; tions 156 ;

defeat of, by Heracles
sias there 8; Zeus the Highest 215 5 144 ; emancipations there 336 games ;
old men of the sea 241 l 182 monastery 38 ; treaty with

;
olive at Delos, sacred 40; groves at 314 tripods dedicated 148

;
Athens 40, 150 13 how damage was ;

Orestes dedicates an altar on the
punisht 316 Areopagus 233 dedicates his hair
;
20
Olympia, Athena Ergane 59 draped ;
245
Zeus the Highest 20
Poseidon 275 ; Organe, Athena 59
215 3 hero in the Altis 11; archons
; Orgeones 267 of Amynus 214
;
statues 315; favissae 346; great orgies, dedications after 72, 232
temple of Zeus 120; honorific Orneae dedicates a group 145
statues 307; athlete victors 314 *; Oropus, shrine of Amphiaraus there
dedications at :
allegorical models 194 incubation 200
; golden olive ;
91, 145; animal models 69, 75, dedicated 66; stlengis 225 9 tops ;
76, 91, 145, 296, 299; arms of 250; agonistic dedication 183; ath
victor 113; astronomical table 64; letic reliefs 176 9 hero-feast reliefs
;
car 162, 164 choice prize 117, ;

22 ;
sacrificial relief 221 official ;
118; crowns 156, 268; divine figures dedication 34 inventory of temple

;
126, 127; games 162, 164, 166, 167; 344 receives a crown of honour 269
; ;
groups 69, 130 ff., 162, 164, 166; Pan at 46 8

horse-trappings (?) horse-mo 162 ;
Orthia Artemis 153, 275
dels 67; human figures 137; hunt Orthus Dionysus 227
ing groups 69 jockey 166 ; master; Oschophoria 52
6
piece 64 ornaments 74
; propitiat ; Osogos 273
ing 315; rarities 318-320; ritual Oulia Artemis, Oulios Apollo 192
vases 301 robe to Hera 277 simu
; ;
Ourios Zeus (Fairweather) 230
lacra 116; spoil of war 109, 114, owl on Athena s hand or on coins 40 8 ;
117, 118; tithe 102; tool 160, 162, on Panathenaic vases 155 ; as at
226; treasury 122, 123; tripods tribute on reliefs 179, 292 sacred to ;
145; trophy 100; vases 281, 301; Athena 40 8 in allegorical group 144
;
Victories 142 war tithe 102 war; ;

ox sacrificed to Asclepius 199 on ;
groups 130 ff. warrior 140; weight

;
reliefs 32 ; explanation of ox in
160, 162; Zanes 312 dedication 145 prize for finest
;
Olympia personified in picture 174 sacrificial 151; oxen in model 67;

Olympiodorus, figures of 138; in votive painted 80
picture 134
Olympius, title of Zeus 314 paean 95, 96; sung on cure of sick
Olympus, dedication on 65 ness 197 5
Olynthus, customary sacrifice to the Paeonian chief dedicates preyat Delphi
dead in 4 1 69
omphalos dedicated 272 ; on reliefs Paeonius, the Victory of 142
291 Paestum, favissae at 346 girl carry ;
Onatas, horse group of 166 ing pig 288 nursing mothers 257
;
Onesilos, a hero at Amathus 8 Painted Colonnade at Athens 107

Onetor, priest of Asclepius and physi
5
painting 361; of marble 210 of re ;
cian 198 c 206 ,

liefs 197
ophthalmia in ancient Athens, 212 paintings not dedicated in modern

Ophthalmitis, Optilitis Athena 227 Greece 238; but in Italy 238
Opis, King 116; his figure 132 Paion 197, 204
Oporeus Zeus 328 Palamedes a hero 9 4 ; dedicates his
Opus, official dedications in 263 dice or draughtsmen 63
Pallantium, statue of Polybius 270 Patroclus funeral 241; hair offered

Pallas, see Athena at his tomb 245 ; games 10, 151
palm as victor s attribute 170; on patronymic on inscriptions 327
relief 179 Pausanias 336; his statues 314, 364;
Pan 46 ;
Pan and Cybele 45 3 ;
Pan and tripod 147; dedicates a bowl at
Nymphs the Asclepieum 197;
in Byzantium 260
8
masterpiece dedicated to them 63 ; Peace, altars dedicated to 125
Pan before Marathon 119 etatue ; peacocks sacred to Hera 40
s
as at ;
of him dedicated by Miltiades 127 ;

tribute 303
4
Pan Deliverer, temple of 189 ; Peiraeus, Aphrodite Euploia at 121 ;
3
delivers from plague 189 ;
Pan the 4
Asclepieum 200 Courotrophos 253
; ;
countryman s god 45; Pan of the hero Deloptes 20 5 Nemesis 234;

;
Safe Journey 272 ;

Pan in the An temple built there by Themistocles
thology 48
l
Pan invoked in oaths
; 120; statues there 270; Cybele
75;
Pan dedicates a syrinx 43 4 ; reliefs 293; hero-feast relief 21;
Pan on reliefs 293 ; Pans, plurality war-picture dedicated 134
of 47, 87; Pan s sanctuaries 46 8 ; Peisis, supplication of 296, 334
shrine under Acropolis 119 ; un Peisistratids, expulsion of 231
cultivated plot sacred to 42 ;
his Peisistratus and the peplos 276 ; his
image under a pine tree 43 tithe 54 13 55 2 ,
Panace 197 Peisistratus, altars of the younger 259,

Panaceia, daughter of Asclepius 194, 354
201 on reliefs 218
; Pelasgians 8; offer tithe 55; worship
Panamara, hair-offering in 243 nameless god 5, 8, 12, 51
Panathenaea 182, 276, 282 prizes ; Pelasgicum, 196
150, 151 amphorae 154 scene of
; ; Pellene, official dedications at 267;
contest painted upon them 175 ; prizes at 150
2
Panathenaic vases found on the Pelopeum II ; possible toys found
Acropolis and at Eleusis 155 gym- ;
there 250 other finds 16
;
nasiarch s dedication at the 262 8 ; Peloponnese, hero-feast reliefs from 21

eiresione 52 Pelops dedicates an image of Aphro
pancratiast s statue dedication 170, dite 248; his sword and chariot
171, 182, 183 319
Pandarus bandage 224 Penelope, wooing of 248
Pandion in a group 131 pentathlon 161
panegyris, modern Greek 49, 235
3
f. ; people, dedications to the 261, 272 ,
at local chapels 13 273, 372 ; by them 332

panic madness 46 Peparethus sends a crown to Delphi
panther on Panathenaic vases 155 281
Paris dedicates a temple to Aphrodite peplos 276 ;
a possible memorial the
Migonitis 248 dedication of wool, 73
Parmeniscus who could not laugh 227 Pergamus, masterpiece at 63
Parnes, cave of Pan in 47 Pergamus, hero 26
Paros, Apollo from 307 ; childbirth Pergamus, colonnades there 125 ;
wor
dedication 251 courtesans guild ; ship of Asclepius 194 ; his temple
249 u hair-offering 242 temple in
; ; 224; votive buildings 121,122; rider
ventory 344; crowns the Senate 269 reliefs 26 hero relief 25 ; spoil of
;
1
part for whole 2.1 1 Pergamus 118
parts of body 210 Periander and his son 314
Pasicrateia invoked before battle 96, Periander s statue 168
126 4 Pericles dedicates a statue to Athena
patera as attribute 289 ; of priestess Health 191, 227
264 1 peril, hair vowed in 245 ; thank-offer
Patmos, burial customs at 4 1 ; models ings for escape 226 ; modern 238
of limbs 211 1 Perinthus, Cybele relief from 293
10
Patrae, sacred well in 38, 188; sa perixyomeni 170
Artemis Laphria at 298;
to 5
crifice permanent trophy 100
Elaphebolia 50
3
human sacrifice ; perquisite of the priest 41
3
39 ; corn-wreaths offered to Arte Persephone in Apulia 301 ; her shrine
mis 45 hero relief from Patrae 19
; ;
at Tarentum 18; invoked in curses
dedicates an Apollo 128 338
ll. 29
Persephone and Hades 28

3 188 9 ; dedication to the Cephisus
Persian colonnade in Sparta 124 243 3 stonemason s dedication 207 2
; ;
Persian horsemen 141 treasure-trove 318; vase dedicated

"
"
Persian wars, Pan s service 47 con ;

to hero 17; hero Theagenes at 9;
fused traditions as to the dedications sends a goblet to Delphi 281 ;
104 group dedicated after the wars
; punisht 315
131 bronze oxen 145 picture of
; ;
Phoenix a hero in Thera 9; invoked
supplicating women 135 Persian ;
12 2
8
spoils 117, 127, 128; in Sparta 124; phoenix sacred to the sun 40
Persian trophy proposed 100 Phormio s victories 124; he dedicates
Person Delivered, image of, not found spoil 107; tripods 148; his figure 137
early 209 Phormis, figure of 132
9
personifications 140, 144, 164, 174, Phrygia, sacred cave in 46 rider ;
179, 180, 341;

in groups of statues reliefs 26
131 Phryne dedicates Love 321
Persuasion, Artemis 233 Phylacos a hero at Delphi 8
Persuasion, shrine of 319 Phylas defeated by Heracles 119
Peucetians, defeat of 116, 132 Phyle 282
P. G. R. 238 Phyleus, figure of 131
Phaedra dedicates statues of Eileithyia physic 202
254, 358 physician heroes 52
Phalantheus in a group 132 physicians, public and private, and
Phalysius builds a temple for Ascle- their relation to Asclepius 205;
pius 224 elected by show of hands 206 l ;
Phana, spoil of 117 tithe 58, 59 dedicate
;
tools 73 ; image
Phanes dedicates a vase at Naucratis dedicated by patient 209
2
280 pictures at Marseilles 239 in South ;
Pharax dedicates a crown 268 America 239 2 in Italy 238; of girl

;
Phaselis, Achilles spear at 320 victors 167; or model of work 70;

Phayllus, agonistic offering of 181 or relief of peril 229, 232
Phegeus dedicates Eriphyle s necklace pig sacrificed before marriage 248,
319 250 16 ; sacrificed to heroes 10;
Pheidias 190 models 67 10 ; held in hand as at
Pheidippides 119, 353 tribute 288, 305; with torch 305;
4
Pheidolas, mare of 166 on reliefs 180, 218, 220 ; carved
Pheidon dedicates old iron currency on altar represented on reliefs 31
74 pilgrims 262, 352; records in Delos
phialae 347 the usual gift of a theoria
; 283; Egypt 282, 283
278 pillars for votive offerings 83, 94,
Phigalea erects a temple 189; hair- 273, 342
2
;
under tripods 156 5
offering there 242; Apollo from pilot s figure 132
the place 307 sends a statue to
;
Pinacotheca 174, 178 5
Pindar s Olympian VII dedicated 64;
Megalopolis 356
Phigaleian Demeter 53 his seat at Delphi 321
Philetarius, statue of 270 pirates, spoils of 127
Philip, King 50 Pisa, spoils of 120
Pisidia, rider reliefs from 26
3
Philippeum, the 122
plague or pestilence 189, 353, 358
3
Philippopolis, relief from 192
Philippus a hero at Croton 8 planes, sacred, at Delphi and Sparta 40
Philocles of Sidon at Delos 249, Plataea, battle of 114, 120; temple
279; his crown 268 erected 120; altar 125, 353; tripods
Philoctetes a hero 9 4 147 ; statue 127 bronze ox 145 spoil
; ;
Philombrotus hair 296 117; spoils of the town 118; tem

ple of Athena Areia there 120 Holy
9
Philonides, figure of 138 ;
9 2
Philopoemen, image of 138, 231 Marriage 247 temple inventory
;
Phlius, fetters dedicated at 233 344; dedication of trinkets at 251;

Phocians carry off the gold tripod of other offerings 302 3 figure of Arim-
;
Pausanias 147; dedicate a group nestus 137

130, 131; spoil 104; a soldier s Plataean warriors heroized 9
statue 138 Plataeans murdered by Lacedaemo
Phocis, dedication to Artemis Soteira nians 311
platform on Dioscuri reliefs 31 culture and breeding 80, 81, 89;

Plato on agonistic dedications 181 230 Argo 70, 228 bird-
allegorical ; ;
plots of land left uncultivated for model 299; boat or ship 70, 71, 107,
divinities 42 228; bowl 260; bull-model 300;
plume on head as attribute 303 Calm, image of 230; creel 71 curry ;
Plutarchus, dedication of 208 comb 163; firstfruit 52; fishing 51,

Pluto 28 58, 70, 71, etc.; fishing-rod 71;
Podaleirius 192, 194; on reliefs 218 games 174; hair 243 4 horse-model
;
poems dedicated 64 300; horse-trappings 163; painting

Poene, murder of 313 [agonistic 81, 174; agriculture and
Poesy personified 108 vintage 80, 81 ; beasts 81 hunting ;
poet s offering, a relief 179, 180, 181 ; 81; pottery trade 81, 82; statuary
statues on Helicon 172 81; war 134]; puberty 244; relief
Poitios Apollo 12 2 4
231, 243 244; sea, image of the
,
4
police deified 229 230; slaves 336; spoil 105, 107;
Poliouchus Athena 328; invoked 12 2 tithe 60; trade 82; trident 171;
6
poll-tax of guild 266 trophy 100; tunny 51, 58 11 war ;
Polyarchus, figure of 132 96, 100, 107, 127, 134; whip 163
Polybius, honorific statues of 269 potter 60
7
81, 82, 94; tithe 59
,
Polycrates, fall of 316; altar dedi potteries of Corinth 80

cated 226 ; his ring 356 s offering67
poulterer
Polycritus, image of 209 Praesus (Crete), votive tablets from
Polydamas a hero 9 4 I3;favissae 346; votary with offer
Polyneices dedicates Ares and Aphro ing 285
dite before his expedition 97
Prasiae, ram inscribed from 300
Polypeithes, chariot of 165 Praxidamas, statue of 170
Polyphron, murder of 113 Praxidica, statue dedicated by Mene-
4
Polyzalos 164 laus 248
pomegranate 19, 22, 287; on reliefs Praxiteles, Dionysus and Satyr of
221, 292 159; Hermes 121 6 ; Love 321; his
pomp 145, 281 sons 197; a second Praxiteles
pomps in Athenaeus 276 159
Poutarchus, Achilles 263 7 prayer 231, 242, 243, 248, 307 5 331, ,
Pontus confers a crown of honour 269 333, 350 the attitude 210 ; for fame
;
poop of ship serves as a shrine 101 61 n for happiness 229 9 for return
;
;
poppy on reliefs 221 128 10 ; for skill 59; for wealth 59 14 ;

2
popularity of various gods 48 1 -
on reliefs 219
Porphyrius, dedication of 18 6 prayers inscribed 80
portrait 139, 227, 229, 248, 264, 284, precedents, medical 205; heroic or
315; -like figure on reliefs, from divine 122, 123, 129, 132, 132 4 134 ,
fifth century 86 6 139, 178, 180,
,
174, 256, 360, 365
219 6 ; on hero reliefs 22; in Ascle- pregnant sheep sacrificed to the Eu-
pieum 197; relief of Polybius 269 12 ; menides 254 9
statues 168 4 ; votive portrait not
preservation, thank-offering for 17
known early 79, 210, 371 Preserving God 26
Porus dedicates tablets with the feats prey, model of 67
of Alexander 134 ; spoil taken from 5
on reliefs 293; in the
Priapus 46 ;
him 108 *
Anthology 48
Poseidon 237. Titles: Phycios, Phy- pride 231
3
261
,
talmios 44 10 antiquity 241 ; oath

;
J
Priene, hare-model from 67
by him 191 3 cave sacred to him
; priest 262, 264 priest s figure 132, 263 ;
;
9
49 ;
as deliverer 230; at sea
228; dedication on election to office
as war god 96; invoked in war 126 4 17 ; dedicate vases 279
his temple on debatable ground
;
hydria ;
42*; 277; their own garments and

at Rhium 107;
legacy to him 340; trappings 277
his dress 275; Poseidon in the An
1
priestesses 306; their statues 264;
thology 48 Poseidon with hare 81;
-
officiate in marriage 246

colossal image 127on reliefs 231
; ; priesthood of Asclepius 198
pictures 134; Poseidon replaced by private and public dedications 98, 351
St John 37
private dedication of divine statue for
Dedications and dedicators agri : success in war 128; of spoil 117;
292
of Victory 144; soldier s dedica Pyrrhic dance on base of votive offer

tions 139 ing 175; on relief 176
privateers tithe 103 Pyrrhicus, temple built at 119
prize 64, 183, 366 dedicated 268
;
on ; Pyrrhus dedicates spoil 108 his shield ;
reliefs 177, 179; of valour 120; dedicated after his death 108
poems dedicated 65 Pythagoras 101
problems 309 Pythaists 291
proerosia 52 Pythia personified in picture 174
profession or calling specified 327 Pythia, prizes at 152
profits tithed 58 Pythian Apollo 280; oracle 127
Promachos a hero at Psophis 8 Pythium at Athens, Apollo in 128;
Promachus, Athena 127, 309; statue altar 259; tripods dedicated there
171 157
property, tithe of 59 Pythium on Mount Olympus 65
6
Propitiation 41, 118 , 310 ff., 339, Pythocritus the flotist, relief of 172
350, 353, 355, 364; sin-offering for pyxis 290; as attribute 289
breach of rule 310; Zanes, reliefs
quoit, engraved 161 of Iphitus 160
312; forfeits, bloodguilt 313; breach ;
of law 314; of oath 315; tithe of quoit-thrower s statue 170, 173

fines 316; relation of fines to votive
racer s statue 170
offerings 317
proportion of gift to blessing 127 racing prize, the tripod 151
prose formulae 334 rags, dedication of 224
5
hung on trees ;
Protector of the City, epithet of Athena 13

and Zeus 328 railway train in modern votive paint
2
Protesilaus a hero in Chersonese 9; ing 239
his shrine 11 uncultivated plot
;
ram-bearers 285
sacred to him 42 ram on relief 220, 222
Protogenes beautiful partridge 63 ransom tithed 103
Prusa, hair-offering at 242 Kape of Persephone 295
Prusias II dedicates spoil 118 ; sends Earities and valuables 318; exist
theori to Branchidae 278 ing remains 321 laws and ;
official
prytanes, dedications of 259, 262, 267;

documents 321
realistic figures 210; of sufferer 237 3
punisht 315 12
;
Psophidians dedicate a Zeus 127 on reliefs to Asclepius 217

Ptoan Apollo 11, 281; warrior figure reconciliation of divinities 219
from his shrine 140; his figures recorder 260, 263; tithe 59
140, 307; Maiden found near his regatta 184
precinct 306; hero 11, 51 relationship specified on inscriptions
Ptolemaeum, the 273 327
Ptolemy makes a dedication at Delos reliefand curse 339 ; relief as a
279; figure of 131; sends theori to tradesman s offering 83; as tithe
Branchidae 278; Berenice s hair dedication 83
offered for Ptolemy 245 s safety reliefs 19, 359, 361,364 dedicated to ;
Ptolemy Philopator dedicates a bowl Aphrodite 292 Apollo 291 Artemis

; ;
at Oropus 225
7
84; Asclepius 216; Athena 292;
puberty 146, 249 and marriage 240 ff
;
.
Cybele 293; Demeter 85; D. and
public and private offerings,
no real the Maid 14, 294 Dionysus, Hecate
;
distinction 98, 351 Hestia 295; to hero 312; Pan and

public physicians sacrifice to Ascle- Nymphs 85 Zeus 295 unclassified
; ;
pius 206 290; inscribed 291 relief of limbs;
213 ; surgical instruments 73 toilet

public thank-offerings for deliverance ;
made to the great gods 189 case 277; food 296; worship 291;
5 oracular relief 282 reliefs in silver
puer tenens tabellam 174 ;
pueri destrinc/entes se 170 10 and gold 223 dedicated for peril at

;
152 sea 230 7 depicting woman holding

pugilist dedicates a tripod ;
infant 256
pupils dedicate masters 270
Pyrrhias sacrifices an ox to his bene repairs dedicated 273
factor 270 reproach offered to a god 234
Pyrrhic chorus, the ox a prize for response of god dedicated 283
151 retrograde writing 337
Khamnus, dedication to Theseus there sacred wells and trees 13

17 9 firstfruit 61
; gymnasiarch s ;
sacrifice 1, 51
13
endowed by legacy ;
8
dedication 262 hero-feast reliefs
; 340; what animals could be sacri
22; priestess dedicated 264 l statue ;
ficed 297; before marriage 246, 248;
of Nemesis 144; Themis 266 in thanksgiving 82; sacrifices of the
rhapsode dedicates a tripod 152 farmer 45 4 sacrifice to Apollo in
;
9
Rhea, caves sacred to 46 Thasos 86 1 ; to Asclepius, ox or bull
Rhenea chained to Delos and dedi 199, 204; cock 204; pig 204; to be
cated to Apollo 342 3 consumed in the precinct 199 or not ;
9
Bhethyrnna, sacred cave of 46 205; sacrifice or libation on reliefs
Rhexibius, statue of 170 177, 179, 197, 218, 220, 221, 230,
Rhium, ship dedicated at 107 231; to horseman 25; sacrificial im
Rhodes, colossus 128 Heracles relief ; plements on reliefs 23 sacrificial ;
33; rider relief 25; official dedica competition 267 memorials of ;
tions 263; throne in rock sacred sacrifice classified 283, 320; carved
to Hecate 195; limb-models 215 5 ;
in rock 283 sacrificial models 18
; ;
omphalos dedicated 272; breach of as a war dedication 145; relics of

law H16 chapel of Notre Dame de la
;
sacrifices 50 3 figures of sacrificers
;
Victoire at 122; sends a bowl to 262, 265, 287 the sacrificial scheme
;
Branchidae 278; to Delos 279 32 to a man 270

;
Rhodopis sends iron bars to Delphi sacristan of Asclepieum 198

74 19 92 ,
St Andrew replaces Demeter 38 St ;
Rhodopis tithe 59
u Andrew s at Patrae 188 2
Rhoecus at Naucratis 280 St David replaces a hero 37
Rhoeus, figure of 131 St Demetrius replaces Demeter 37
Rhombus with calf 284 St Eleutherios replaces Eileithyia 237
rider hero 23; approaching a feast 31; St Elias 13 at Arnbrosus 37
;
rider reliefs in hero shrine 26 type ; St George at Apollonia 37 at Bathos ;
used for Apollo 34; riders on picture 37; at Eleusis 37

174 SS. Giovanni e Paolo at Venice 2247,
rights of the gods 98 239
ring-dancers 286, 289 St Healer 13
rites done for the dead in ancient and St John replaces Poseidon 37
modern Greece 4 Sta Maria in Ara Cieli at Rome
3
ritualbanquet 7 relief 247 ; 239 x
rivers invoked 12 2 called Saviour ; St Michael and St Damian replace
2
192; offerings to 230 311 5 hair , ; Asclepius 37; St Michael in Man-
offered to them 240, 241 damadhos, Lesbos 226 5 236 ,
rock on reliefs 291 St Michael s monastery in Syme 237 3

Roman emperors- 271 St Nicholas, patron of sailors 237 at ;
Rome, dedication of Heracles near 15; Aulis 37; replaces Athena 38; re
incubation there 200 G worship of ; places Heracles 38
11
Asclepius 194; lirnb-models 215 ; St Nicolo in Verona, pictures at 224 7 ,
sacred hair 244; skins dedicated 238

3
50 St Paul s hair 245
Rostra 103 8 St Theodore at Elatea 37; at Megara
Rotunda Epidaurus 198
at 38 replaces Zeus 37
;
round-house 273 St Trinity replaces Athena 38 ; replaces

Rout, Zeus of the 119 the Muses 37
Roxana s dedication 253 St Tryphon replaces Athena 38
rules, fines 312 penalty for breaking
; St Vincenzo heals cripples 239
rules of games 311 Salamis, feud for possession of the
runaway horses 229 island 103; conquered by Solon 119;
runner 172, 174 trireme dedicated there 105 the ;
battle, serpent appears 120 temple ;
Sabazios 295 ; reliefs dedicated to him founded by Themistocles 98; spoil

34 117; statue 127; triremes from the
sacramental character of firstfruit spoil 105 group 131
;
mast and ;
offering 41 stars 135 boatrace at Salamis with

;
Sacred War 128, 147 money prize 151

Sacred Way at Branchidae 56, 126 Salamis (Cyprus), figures from 290;
victory of Salanris, won by Deme Seleucus Nicator sacrifices a maiden

trius 143 on founding Laodicea 39 3
Salamis personified 131 self-glorification 148, 185, 260, 269,
Samicum, cave of the Nymphs at 47 334
Samos, Athena Ergatis there 59 20 ; Selinus tithes celery 58 ;
dedicates
hero Deloptes 8; famous bowl dedi golden celery at Delphi 66 vow of ;
cated there 321, 355; Helen s stool Selinus, before war 126 war prayer ;
320; limb-models 215; agnus castus 96

there 40 8 ; sacred willow 40; Holy Selinus in Laconia, warrior figure
Marriage and votive group 247 ; from 140
Agamemnon s rudder dedicated to Selymbria, official dedications in 263
Hera there 228; Samiau hare 67; Semitic names in curses 340
Samian merchants tithe profits 58 ; senate 267; crowned 269; dedicates
Apollo found there 307; Maiden 332; makes a yearly dedication at
306; hero reliefs 17; hero-feast 23 2 ;
Athens 261
Cybele relief 293 victory relief from
; sepulchral monuments 35 rider ;
133- temple inventory 344; divine

;
motive 24; reliefs 25
wardrobe 275; Samos confers a serpent 374 how associated
;
with Ascle
crown of honour 269 pius 193 ; appears before the battle
Samothrace dedications by the Argo
: of Salamis 120 cake offered to;
nauts 320; dedications of mystae serpent 205; on reliefs 231, 234;

265, 281; Samothrace confers a alone 222; brazen 190 8
crown of honour 269; victory of Seven against Thebes, heroic pre
Samothrace 143 cedent 130
Samuel s vision 200 6 sheaf drest up in human form 42,
sanctuary, right of 336 ; sanctuary 43
violated 313 shearing, thank-offering for (Poseidon)
Sarapis 33H; as a deliverer 230; in 81
Camirus 230; in the Asclepieum 197 sheep, model dedicated for allegorical
Sarapis and Isis 14 reasons 91 inscribed 296
; in the ;
sarcophagi, Roman 35 Heraeum 67 ; elsewhere 296 sacri ;

2
Sardinia, warriors from 141 Sar ; ficed to heroes 10; sacrificed on
dinian hero in group 132 4 reliefs 32
Sardis, Cybele relief from 293 shepherd s god 45
4
Sarpedon a hero 9 shield as prize 183 at Heraea 150 ; ;
satyrs 49 ; on reliefs 179, 181 Satyr ; as attribute 303 ; in relief 153 ;
of Praxiteles 159 of Aristomenes 97

Sauromatae 376 shields in Painted Colonnade 107
Saviour, as title of Artemis 128, 328 ; ship at the Panathenaea 276
Asclepius 208 ; Demeter 188 Hecate ; shipmaster s tithe 59
195 heroes 8 rivers 188 Zeus 96,
; ; ; shipwreck 232
121, 188, 328 shipwright s tithe 59
Saviour Demigods dedicated toPoseidon shoe in stone relief 70
129 shorthand inscriptions at Delphi 65
Scedasus 10 shrine for tripods 158 of Artemis ;
scenic reliefs 178 described 50 of hero 11

; repre ;
sceptic convinced 202 sented on reliefs 32, 33, 34, 219;

scepticism, punishment for 313 on rider relief 24 miniature shrine ;
Scipio, L. Cornelius, his crown 268 223

scissors in model 237 Sicilian disaster, omen before 145 ;
Scyllis the diver s figure 136 vigils for the Nymphs 46 8

Scyllus, Xeuophon s temple at 121 Sicily, Athenian expedition to 118,
Scythian memorials 141 offerings to; 123 agricultural deities in 45
; ;
the dead 4 Artemis Lye 192 the Mothers ;
sea deities 228 ; hair dedicated to them 257; hero reliefs from 27; nursing
244 mothers 257 girls carrying pig
;
sea, peril by 228, 231 seafight 133

; 288
Seasons 45 eiresione offered to them
; Sicinos, official dedications at 263
52 sickbed scene in relief 237; in paint
seats 235, 273, 321 ing 238; Athena relief which may
Seleucus sends theori to Branchidae 278 refer to sickness 219 Chthonian ;
deities appealed to in sickness 13 ; Sosias a hero 8

heroes 8; old dedications of the Sosipolis 121 his shrines in Olympia
;
Acropolis referring to sickness and Elis 121

188 15 Soteira, epithet of Artemis andDemeter
Sicyon, Asclepius comes thither, under 188 in Thebes 182
;
form of a snake 196 his worship ;

Soter 121 5 as title of heroes and
;
193; incubation 200

6
Eumenides ; emperors 8 ; of Zeus and rivers
there 254 9 Pan 46 8;
defeat of ; 188. See also Saviour
Sicyon by Orneae 145 spear dedi ;
Soteria at Delphi 148
cated at Sicyon 112 sow on reliefs 220
20
Sicyonian treasury at Delphi 124 Sparta: Athena Ergane 59 temple ;
silence in ritual 205 of Hera Protectress 191 sacred ;
silphium dedicated 66 ; on Dioscuri plane 40; statues of Pausanias 314;

reliefs 30 Apollo found there 307; Spartan
silver beet at Delphi 66 tombs, when inscribed with names
silver on tripods 158 silver shields
;
19 10 Spartans heroize dead warriors
;
114 9 ; agonistic dedications in Sparta

Simonides, his prizes 156 182; athletic monument 176; official
simulacra dedicated 92, 115, 116, 146, dedications 263 dedication of ;
387 colonists 282 war tithe 102 ;

Cot- ;
sin-offering 310 tina s ox 297 musical prize in ;
Siphnians, tithe 58, 351 Sparta 153; reliefs 5, 294; dedi

Siphuos, cave of the Nymphs in 47 cated to the Dioscuri 31 hero ;
Sipte, spoil of 117 reliefs 27; limb-models 215; child

skin of ram in divination 204 birth groups 254 woman suck ;
skulls of sacrifice hung on trees 44 ling child 257 Spartans dedicate ;
slave 235 ;
on rider relief 24 ; slaves tripods with statues beneath 146;
dedicate their hair 243 2 slaves ;
war tithe at Delphi and Olym
dedicated to gods 336 ; tithe of pia 102 a Zeus 126
; spoil of ;
slaves taken in war sent to Delphi Spartans 106 dogs sacrificed at ;
9
56, 102 ; feast with masters in Sparta 298
Arcadia 10; slave- woman as prize Spartiates send a vase to Olympia
149 slavery 233
;
281
smith s tithe 59 spear deified by maniac 113 out ;
14
Smyrna, hero-feast relief from 22 ; worn 112 as attribute on reliefs
;
rider reliefs 26 rider relief on

; 30 spearhead dedicated in Babylon
;
tombs 36; Smyrna sends a bowl 101 8

to Branchidae 279 specialization of function in heroes 8
snakes 250 their sanctity 6,7; on
; Spercheus, hair offered to 241
Spartan reliefs 5; tombs 6; identi Sphacteria, spoil of 107 Victory dedi ;
fied with hero 6 2 on hero reliefs

; cated 142
18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 71; spoil of war
98, 349, 366; existing
snakes at Epidaurus 202 sent out ;
remains 104, 106, 107, 109; dedi
by Epidaurus when a new shrine cated in Home 101 s in Cretan caves ;
was founded 196; snake coiled on 101

8
tree 25 snake as attribute of the
; spring, sacred 214 ; at the Asclepieum
Eumenides on reliefs 254 of ; 197; crutch dedicated beside 224;
Athena, Asclepius 301 snake on ; frog s image dedicated near 232 ;
8 2
reliefs 214 218, 221, 294, 295 ;
, springs invoked 12
fed on reliefs 27 relief of snake
; staff as attribute of hero 19
9
only 32 models
;
209 stag on relief 251
Socrates, last words of 204 3 297 6 ,
stars as attributes or symbols of the
Soissons, realistic figure of patient Dioscuri 30, 135 1
from 210 state, dedications to 35 dedications ;
Soli, figures from 289 by 332; states confer crowns 268

20
Solon builds a temple to Ares 119 ; Stathmia, Athena 59
his tirstfruits of wisdom 64 Sthenelus a hero 9 4 dedicates spoil ;
sons of Asclepius in relief 217-9 from Troy 117

soothsayer s figure 131, 132, 137 Stiris, emancipations at 315, 336, 337
Sophocles and Amynus 214
7
stlengis 172 277; as attribute of the
,
7
Sophocles heroized as Dexion 8 Dioscuri 31 ; as prize 153
stone anointed 318 tripod 160

; ;
tanner s tithe 59
trophy 100 ; vessels or lavers 280 taper, lighted, in the ritual 221
stonemason s dedication 207 2 Taras in a group 132
store-chambers for old offerings 346 Tarentines dedicate a building in
Stranger Physician a hero at Athens Athens 125 ; a realistic group 132 ;
10 5 war tithe at Delphi 102 war dedica ;
Street of Hermae 128, 129, 260 tion to Olympia 115; a statue of

Street of Tripods 157, 181 Athena in Sparta 282; tithe from
Strymon, memorial of the 128 the Peucetians 116
stutting tongue, oracle consulted about Tarentum, Dioscuri reliefs 31; favis-
227 sae 346; hero-feast groups 288;
substitution not the idea of the votive hero-feast relief 22 w sanctuary of
;
offering 211
8
Persephone 18, 28 of Dioscuri 16;
;
Sun as saviour at sea 228 eiresione ;

vase dedicated to the Saviour 17 ;
offered to Sun 52; temple 228 worship of Asclepius 194

Sunium, trireme dedicated at 105 Tarracina, temple of Jupiter at 250 13
sunset sacrifice to heroes 7 3 taurobolium 282
superannuation 72 offerings after
;
Taxila (temple of the Sun) receives
71 ;
arms dedicated on 111 spoil from Alexander 108
suppliants in picture 135 supplication
;
Techne personified 179 12 .
of Peisis 334 Tegea, Artemis there 314 archaic ;
surgery 202; on relief 217 hero relief 27 image of Eileithyia

;
surgical instruments in relief 73 used ;

there 255 statue of Polybius 270 ;
;
by figures on reliefs 217, 219 relics of Calydonian boar 319 official ;
survival of unbloody sacrifices 53 dedications 263 hero reliefs 27 ;

;
swords as attributes of the Dioscuri dolls, masks, grotesques 250 hero- ;
30; in model 237 feast relief 21 garments dedicated

;
Sybarites dedicate stlengides at Delphi 275; fetters dedicated 233; favissae

277, 281 346; inscribed vases 280; figures of
symbols and symbolism 30, 31 8 211, , votary 15, 288; building of the
283, 374 temple 353; St Nicholas 38
Syme, Monastery of St Michael at Tegeans dedicate spoil 117
237 3 modern dedications at 345
; Teichophylax a hero at Myrina 8
Symmachia Aphrodite 122 Teiresias daughter sent as war- slave
Syra, tithe of fish at 58 to Delphi 102
Syracusan medallions 118 treasury ;
Telemachus 310; statue 167; founds
at Delphi 124 at Olympia 123 ;
; Asclepieum at Athens 196
worship of Asclepius at Syracuse Telesphorus, sou of Asclepius 194
194 Tellias and his whitewashed men 104,
Syracuse, Artemis-like figures from 129, 131
305 ; temples at 120 Tellon s statue 169
Syria, kings of 279 Temnus, image of Aphrodite dedicated

Syros, Asclepius in 229 in 248
temple boy 305 1
table on Dioscuri reliefs 30 Tenea, Apollo from 307
tablet in athlete s hand 173; in hand Tenedos confers a crown of honour
of statue 174; votive tablets 204; 269 ;
tithes a catch of crabs 58
on reliefs 177 ; in caves 47 ; hanging Tenos 203, 208; sanctuary of the Virgin
in hero shrine 80 3 ; on trees 82 235; feast 236; models of limbs
tabor 313 there 211 2 ; recast offerings 345
Taenarum, Arion and the dolphin at Terpsicles the rhapsode 152
228 ;emancipations 337 horse- ; terra-cotta tablets 134 ; hang free 80
models found there 67 sacred cave
;
Teucer a hero 9 4
9
46 Thargelia in Dodona 182 ; prizes 156
taffrail ornament as an attribute 133 Thasos confers a crown of honour 269;
2
Tallaios, Zeus 12 rider relief from Thasos 25
tambourine as attribute 289 Theagenes a hero 9
Tanagra, hero Eunostos at 8; plague Thebes, games held there 182; hair-
and statue of Hermes 190 rider relief
; offering 242; liberation of Thebes
24; temple of Dionysus 38; the 133; Apollo statue found there 307;
battle golden shields dedicated 114
: Daedalus statue of Heracles 228 ;
stone of Manto 320

;
Zeus the (ele), Dem(eter), Dion(ysus), Dios-
tripod of Laodamas
3
Highest 215 ; (curi), Eum(enides),
Eil(eithyia),
260; tripod dedicated to Apollo 265; Hec(ate), Herc(ules), Herm(es),
tripod dedicated by pugilist 152 ; Hyg(ieia), N(ymphs), Pers(ephone),
lion dedicated 144; war tithe 102; Pos(eidon), Pri(apus), Thes(eus),
athletic reliefs 176 9 others 295; ; Troph(onius), Z(eus)]
Thebans dedicate a Heracles 128; alphabet 65 (Pos); altar 17, 32,
8 8
spoil 107; spoil of Thebes 117; 122, 125, 125 224, 227, 227 254,
, ,
Thebans build a temple to the Mis 282, 283 (Ap Art Ascl Dion Dios
tress of Demetrius 227 9 treasury at ;
Hec Here hero N Peace Pri Thes the
Delphi 124; statue of Epaminondas gods Z); Amalthea s horn 145 (Z) ;
there 269; St Nicholas and St Trinity anchor 73, 230 (Ap); animal models
38 15, 16, 18, 63, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77,
5
Themis, statue dedicated to 266 136, 145, 172, 190, 226, 237, 250 ,
Themistoclesl35 4 136; builds temples

, 296-301; anklet 72, 253 (Dion Hera) ;
120, 353 before Salamis 98 builds a

; ;
anvil 78 (Ap) Aphrodite, figure of;
temple to Dindymene 226 dedicates ;

226 (Ascl); Apollo 63 (Ath) Argo ;
a Maiden 317; spoil 105; picture 70, 228; armlet 225, 253 (Ascl Hera
of Themistocles 227; statue 120 3 Ap) ; arms and armour 16, 17, 105,
Theocles, puzzling inscription of 27 8 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114,
Theodorus, priest of Asclepius 206 140, 311 (Ares Amph Ap Ath Dem
Theopompus, relief dedicated bv 207, hero Pers Pelops spring Troph Z) ;
216 ass 136,(Ap) astronomical work 64;

;
theori 278; dedicate firstfruits 57; Athena s figure 117 (Ap) athlete ;
bowls 279 figure 117, 174 (Ap Z) auger 71 ;
4
Thera, Apollo from 307 bequest at ; (Ath); axe 58 71, 73, 74, 92, 250, ,
Thera 340; Epicteta s will 9 250 5 301 (Ath Ap Art Hera Pelops
,
Therapnae, worship of Dioscuri at Z); baker-model 78 (Aphr?); ball

29; finds 15; warrior figures 141; 249 (Herm Limnatis) bandage 224 ;
animals 301 (Ascl); bangle 74, 225 (Ascl Ath

Thermopylae warriors heroized 9 Hera Z); bars 74, 92 (Ap Hera);
Theseum a sanctuary for slaves 336 basket 72, 225 9 (Ath Amph) ; beak
Theseus dedicates a temple 119 to ;
of ship 103 (Ath Z) bear 51, 69 ;
Bridal Aphrodite, and dedicates a (Eros Z); beasts in cage 68 (Ath

statuette of this goddess 248; an Ap) ; bell 73 (Cab) beta ex argento ;
altar 17; his hair 241; dedication to 66 1 - (Ap); bird 69, 77, 298, 299, 304,
Theseus by a board of magistrates 305 (Hera Art Aphr Z) ; bison s head
34 ; sacrifices the Marathonian bull 69 (Ap) blowpipe 71 (Herm) boar
; ;
41 1 ; his figure 131; how repre 51, 63, 77 (Ath Dion Pan Z) ; boat
sented 18 reliefs dedicated to
;
or ship 71 (Pos) bobbins 72 (Aphr ;
Theseus 32 7 33 , Ath); body, parts of 200, 225;

Thesmophoros 251 bones 318, 319 (Ascl Z) bow and ;
Thespiae, Athena Ergane 59

20
makes ;
arrows 71, 249 (Art Herm) bowl 93, ;
dedication to Apollo Ptoan 281 tri ; 191, 225, 252, 253, 260, 262, 278, 279,
pods dedicated there 148; prize 311 (Ap Ath Ascl Cyb Dem Dion
dedicated 153; the Love of Praxiteles Eil Pedio Pos) box 72, 183 (Pri) ; ;
321; official dedications 263 boxer s figure 173, 174 (Ath Pos);
Thessalians dedicate a Zeus 127 spoil ;
bracelet 74, 225 (Ascl Z) breast 215, ;
of Thessalians 130 257 (Aphr Z) bridge, picture of 70

;
4 head of brooch 74,

Thessaly, firstfruits 41 ; (Hera) bridle 70 (Ath)
; ;
Earth 305; dedications to the Dio 253 (Art Ath Hera Z) brood-mare ;
scuri 30; mystae Thessaly from 75 (Ath Z); buckle 249 (Herm);
-
28 J ;
official dedications 263; Pan bull 67 10 12 76, 77, 145, 296, 298, 299,
,
46 8 ;
relief with female enthroned 300 (Ap Aph Ath Cab Dem Hera Pos
25; sepulchral reliefs 25 Z) ; bull attackt by lion 69 (Hera) ;
Thetis in a group 130 statue of Thetis ;

bull-roarer 249 (Herm) button 253 ;
dedicated by Menelaus 248 (Ap); cake 18, 49, 67, 200, 205,
Things dedicated 290, 296 (Dem Hec Herm Pan Pri
[Abbreviations :
Amph(iaraus), serpent) ; cane 71 (Herm) cat 382 ; ;
Ap(ollo), Aphr(odite), Art(emis), cauldron 226, 250 (Ascl Pelops); cen

Ascl(epius), Ath(ena), Cab(iri), Cyb- taur 15, 393 4 (hero Ath); chains 115,
233 (Ath) chair 320 (Ath) charac

; ;
file 71 (Herm) ;
fish 46, 51 (Art Hec);
terized figures 16, 78, 137, 257, 286, fishing-rod 71 (Pos); flesh-fork 71
305 ; chariot 107, 115, 141, 162 (Ath (Herm) ; 287 (hero
flotist figures 15,
Ap Z); cheese 46 (Hec); chest of Z) flowers 17, 44 (hero N) ; flute
;
Cypselus 226 (Z) child 210, 258 ; 43, 72, 114 (Ath Cyb N), 319 (Per
(Ascl Cab Eil?) chopper 71, 73 ; suasion) flute-case 269 (Ath)
;
fly- ;
(Herm); cicala 172 (Ap) clasp 74 ; flapper 253 (Ap) food 17, 46 (hero ;
(Hera Z) cloke 224, 232, 249 (Ascl

;
Herm) foot-rule
; 71 (Ath) ; frog 232
Cab Herm); cock 67, 204, 250 5 ,297f., (spring) ; fruit 53 (Dem) ; furniture
300, 381 (Art Ascl Ath Cab Dios Hera 17, 316 (Hera hero); garland 15, 72,
9
Z); coins 226 (Ascl); colander 225 249, 348 (Aphr Dion Hera hero);
(Amph) colonnade 35, 124 (ApHerc);
; gems 225 (Ascl) girdle 72, 74, 249, ;
comic figure 94 (Muses) cone of clay ; 255 (Aph Ath Z) ; goat 67, 69, 190,
35 8 conical stone 321 (Aphr river);
; 299, 300 (Ap Cab Helios Hera Herm
cook 78 (Hera) cord 74 corn- ; ; Z) ; gold 118 (Ap); golden arms and
model 66 (Ap Ath) corn-wreaths ; armour 114, 311 (Amph Ap Z) ;
45 (Art); corselet 103, 112 6 123, , gorgou -masks 16, 303 (Dios Ath);
226 2 (Ap Ascl Z); couch 118, 311 6 , grape-model 66 (Ap) grapes 44, 49 ;
320 (Hera); cow 64, 67, 298, 300 (Aphr Dion N Pri); grotesque 250,
(Hera Herm Z) cow-bell 73 (Cab); ;
250 2 5 (Aphr Art Cab); groups of
-
crab 51 (Pan) cradle and pair of

; figures 16, 63, 115, 116, 117, 129, 130,
children 32 (Dios); crater 58, 227, 131, 144, 145, 190, 228, 285, 289, 305
311, 320 (Ap Hera); creel 71 (Pos); (Ap Ath Art Dios Z); allegorical
criophoros 284, 285 (Ap Ath Cab); 144; sacrifice and ritual 16, 117, 145,
crow 301 (Ath); crown 92, 155, 266, 190, 285; hair 17, 233, 240-245, 250
267, 268, 269 (Amph Ap Ath Hera (Ap Aphr Art Ath Cab Cyb Fates
Graces Muses Dion); crutch 224 Hera hero Hyperboreans Hippolytus
(spring); crystal 225 (Ascl); cuirass Hyg Iphinoe Pos rivers sea-gods Z) ;
114 (Ares); cup 17, 225, 320 (Art hair-net 249 (Hera) ; hair-shearer s
Ascl Protesilaus) currycomb 163 ; figure 243 (river) hare 67, 69 (Ap ;
(Pos) cylinder 225 (Ascl)

;
cymbal ;
Ath Cab Hera Z) hat 249 (Herm) ; ;
72, 250, 251

1
(Ascl Cyb Limnatis hawk 77 (Aphr) head and horns 50 ;
Pelops) dancer 15, 286 ff. (Ap Aphr

; (Art Pan); headdress 225 (Ascl);
Art Ath Dem hero Z) deck of ; heads in ceremonial headdress 16
ship 230 (Anubis); deer 50 3 58, 69, , (Dios); head of animal 63 (Dion);
305 (Ap Art Ath) ; devotee s figure headband 253 (Ap) ; helmet 104,
131, 137, 170, 209, 227, 260, 283, 105, 113 (Ath Z); herbs 51, 52
286 ff., 289, 305 (Ap Aphr Art Ascl (hero); honey 49, 53 (Pan Dem);
Ath Cab Dem Hera hero Pelops Z) ; hoplite runner 171; horn 225, 321
dice 63 (Fortune); disc 253 7 divine ; (Ascl Here); horns 50, 51, 320 (Ath
figures 15, 33, 61, 117, 126, 127, Here Pan Z) ; horse 15, 67, 117,
128, 171, 189, 190, 208, 210, 228,248, 250 5 300 (Ap Art hero Menelaus
,
249, 254, 260, 262, 267 5 282, 283, ,

Pos Z); horse laden 77 (Cab Aph);
290, 303-5, 312, 314 (Ap Aphr Art horse -trappings 74, 162, 163 (Pos Z) ;
Ascl Ath Dem Eil Hera Heracles hound 77 (Art Cab); huntsman 78
Herm Hyg Maia Nemesis Pan Z) ; (Ath Aph Z) huxter? 78 (Ath) ; ;
dog 77 (Pan N) ;
doll 249, 250 hydrophoros 277 (Dem) ingot 92, ;
(Amynus Ap Aphr Ath Art Cab Dem 118, 311 (Ap Z); initiate 208 (Dem) ;
3
Limnatis); dove 300 (Art Aphr Z); island 342 (Ap) jerkin 71 (Pan); ;
dress 72, 112, 156, 163, 232, 249, jewellery and ornaments 72, 74, 225,
10
252 275, 277, 344 (Ap Aphr Art Ath
, 249, 253; jockey 166 (Ath Z) ; jump
Cab Cyb Eil Hera Pri) ; duck 299 ing weight 161 (Dem?) key 71 ;
(Hera); earrings 74, 225, 253 (Ap (Herm); knife 72, 74, 319 (Cyb Ath Z);
Ascl Ath); Earth praying for rain knight and horse 79 (Ath) knuckle ;
91 (Ath) ; eel 51 (the gods) ele ; bones 249, 250 2 (Cab Ascl Herm);
phant s skull 51 (Art) ; false hair 72 lad on ram 16 (Dios) ; ladle 71
(Pri); fan 71, 225 (Ascl Herm); (Herm); lamp 74, 117, 225 9 , 301
fawnskin 163 (Pri) ; feet of prey 50 2 (Amph Ap Ath lance 105, 115
Z) ;
(Art) female figures 15, 255, 289

;
(Ath Z); laver 272, 311 (Ap Ascl);
(Ap hero, see also devotee) ; fetters, lead ore 321 (Ap); leather bottell
see chains; figs 45 u 49 (Herm 224 (Ascl) limbs 211 ff.-215 5 7
, Pri); ;
-
(Amph
Amynus Ap Aphr Auaitis Ascl Hera quoit-thrower 173 (Ath Z) rabbit ;
Men Z) lion 15, 63, 69, 144, 231, 311

; 69, 301 (Ath Cab) ; racer 182; radish
(Ap); rake 71 (Ath) ram 67, 75,
1*
(Ap Art Ath Dion hero Menelaus); 66 ;
lionskin and claws 51 (Pan) ; literary 299, 300, 301 (Ap Ath Cab Dem
works 64 (Ap Art Atb Baal Muses Aphr Despoina Herm Pers Z) ;
Z); loom-weight 73 (Ap Ath Dem rattle 249, 250 (Ap Herm) reed 43 ;
Hera Herm) lyre 71 (Ap Ath); ; (N);

male figures 16, 137, 260, 286, 289 relief :
agonistic 176, 177, 179, ISO,
(Ap Art Ath Aphr Hera Pelops, see 182 (Ath Dion Dios Hera Herm
also devotee) male and female vo; N); domestic 247, 254, 256 (Art
tive figures in the same precinct at Ath Eum) feast 26, 291 (Ap hero) ; ;
Corinth 284 2 mallet 74 (Ath); man

;
food 296 (Hera); harpist 179 (Ap);
clinging beneath ram 250
3 limbs 213
(Dem); hunting 84 (Art);
man milking a cow 75 (Z) manger 17 ; (Amynos) oracle 282 (Ap) Pan ; ;
(Ath) marble shield 115 (the gods)

; ;
and Nymphs 85; peril 229, 230,
marble footstool 277 (Dem) mare ;
231 (Ascl Dion Hyg Pos) rider 23 ;
67 10 75 (Ath Z); mask 16, 162, 163,

, (hero, etc.) sacrifice and ritual ;
250, 304 (Art Ath Cab Dion Dios) ; 23, 32, 33, 221, 231, 291 (Amynos
mast and stars 135 (Ap) milk 44, 49. ; Amph Ascl Here hero Pos Thes) ;
(N Pan) milk-pail;
43 (N) mirror 72, ; serpent 221; sickness 192, 217, 223
73, 74, 225, 249, 253, 253 (Aphr Ath
*
(Ascl Dem Hero-Phys) ; surgical
Ascl Hera Z) mitra 249 (Aphr);;
tools 73 ;
toilet-case 277 ;
unclassed
money 17, 92, 118 (Ap heroes); 14, 19, 84, 85, 185, 191, 219, 234,
monkey 382 muslins 72 (Pri) naked
; ; 247, 256, 290, 293 (Ap Art Ascl
figures"l5 (hero) necklace 253, 319 ;
Ath Dem Dion Eil Hec hero Muses
(Ap); needle 16 (Pelops); net 71 Nemesis Z) war 133 ; ;
(Pos); nursing mothers 257 (Aphr Ath rider 141, 166, 167 (Ap Ath Hera
7
Amynos) obelisk 61 (Here) oil-
; ; Z); ring 16, 74, 225, 253 (Ascl
flask 163, 225 (Ascl); old man of Pelops Z) ring-dance 286, 289 (Ap ;
the sea 241 1 (Pos); olive 49 (Ath) ; Aphr Z) ringlets 272 (Aphr);
ritual ;
olive-model 66 (Ath Amph); om- figure 286 (Z) rouge-pot 253 (Ap) ; ;
272 (Ap) ornaments 16, ;

rudder 228 (Hera) ; runner 173 (Z) ;
?halos
2, 225, 273 (Aphr Ascl Pelops) ;
sacrificial group 285 (Ap Art) san ;
outline of head 63 (N) owl 301, 381 ;

dals 72 (Aphr) ; satyr 250 5 (Art) ;
(Ath); ox 67, 145, 296, 297, 298, saw 71 (Ath) sceptre 294 (Ath) ; ;
299, 300 (Ap Ath Cab Dem Hera scraper 225, 249 (Ascl Herm) scribe ;
Herm Z) ox-goad 73, 74 (Ap);

;
260 (Ath) seasnail 51 (N) ;
seat ;
painting: agonistic 81, 174 (Pos); 225, 235, 321 (Ap Ascl) serpent ;
agriculture and vintage 80, 81 209, 225 (Ascl Despoina Ath) sexual ;
(Pos) beasts 81 (Pos)

; bridge of ; symbols 72 (Aphr) sheaf 49 (Dem) ; ;
Mandrocles 70 (Hera) hunting 81 ; sheep 67, 296, 299, 300, 334 (Ap
(Pos) ; peril 232 (Pan); pottery 81, Ath Cab Hera Z) shell 321 (Ap) ; ;
82 (Pos) statuary 81 (Pos) ; sup

;
shield 105, 113, 114, 226 (Ap Ares
pliants 135 (Aphr); Ascl Ath the gods hero Z) ship 70, ;
palm leaf 15, 16(hero) ; palm tree and 107, 228 (Pos) ; ship s figurehead
accessories 144, 144 10 (Ap) ; Pan 16 105 (Ap) ; shovel 71 (Ath) shuttle ;
(Dios); pan 71 (Herm); panoply 113 72 (Ath); sickle 78 (Dion) Silenus ;
2
(Ath) partridge 63 Pausanias 314
; ; 16, 250 (Dios); silver shield 114
(Ath); peacock 381, 382; perfume- (Ap) ; skin, horns, tusks 44, 50,
pot 74 (Ath) ; pestle and mortar 71 51, 319 (Art Ath Pan tree Here);
(Herm) ; pick 71, 73, 74 (Ath) pig ; skullcap 71 (Herm) slippers 224 ;
10
63, 67 , 226, 299, 300, 301 (Ascl (Ascl) spade 71 (Pan)
; spear 71, ;
Cab Pers Z) ; pillar 18, 319 (Z) ; 114 (Ares Ath Pan N) spindle 72, ;
3
pillow 225 (Ascl); pin 25 , 74, 253 74 (Ath Ap Dem) spoils 101, 109, ;
(Ap Aphr Ath Hera Z) ; pipes 43, 72 117 (Ap Ath Hera Z) sponge 71 ;
(N Pri) pitcher 311 (Ap) ; plane 71

; (Herm) spool of thread 73 (Ath)
; ;
(Ath); plow 71 (Dem) pomegranate ; spurs 74 (Z) staff 71 stag 69 (Hera ; ;
49 (Pri) pomp 145 (Ap) pot 71, 93

; ;
Z) ; stag and hounds 69 (Z) stage- ;
(Herm Ap) pregnant woman 257

; trappings 162 (Dion); stag s head
(Herm) probe 73 (Ap) quiver 73,
; ;
51 (Ap) stallion 76 (Z) stlengis 153,
; ;
232 (Alcon); quoit 160 (Dios Z?); 225, 277, 281 (Ap Z Art Ascl Amph) ;
stone 321 (Ath) ;

stone ram 75 Thrasyllus, choregic monument of
(Ath) stool 320 (Ap) ; suppliants 135
;
158
(Aphr) surgical instruments 224
; Thrasyllus dedicates hymn 65
(Ascl) swan 299 (Hera) ; sword
;
thread in dedication, use of 342 3
5
250 , 311, 319 (Art Dios 319?); three-eyed Zeus 117
syrinx 43 (N) table 272, 278, 312 ; threshing-floor at Delphi 52; offering
(Ascl Dione Z); tablet 61 (Pos); to Artemis and Demeter on thresh
tambour 63 (Cyb) tapestry 279 ; ing-floor 53
(Art) tawse 71 (Herm) temple and
; ;
thrones cut in the rock 195
shrine 70, 92, 119, 122, 185, 189, thunderbolt 308; as an attribute 139,
223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 231, 233, 376; never dedicated 383
248, 249, 254, 311, 313, 314 (Ap Thurians dedicate war tithe at Olym-
Apbr Art Ath Ascl Cyb Eil Bum pia 102
Hera Here Helios Pan Z) temple ; Thurii, spoil from 106
boy 305 (Ap); thread 73 (Ath); Thyestes sceptre 318
throne 117, 320 (Ath Z) thyrsus ; Thyestiadae 279
72 (Ath Dion); tile 70 (Ap); tongs thyrsus 378, 384
71 (Herm); top 250 (Cab); torch Timagoras casts himself down from
153, 163 (Herm Here); toys 249, the Acropolis 314; his figure 138,
10
250, 299 (?); traps and snares 71 364
(Herm); treasury 92, 122, 125 (Ap Timoleon dedicates spoil 107
Z); trident 171 (Pos); trinkets 163 Timon statue 167 3
s
(Pri); tripod 16, 145, 147, 148, Tiryns, spoil of 117

9
152, 158 , 225, 260, 262, 265 (Ap Tirynthine idols 303
Ascl Ath Dion Here Graces Muses Titane, Asclepieum at, sacrifice con
Pelops Z) trireme 116, 230 (Ap) ; ;
sumed within the precinct 199 ;
trophy 99, 100, 105 (Ap Ath Pos Z) ; draped Asclepius there 275 ;
hair-
trumpet 114, 163 (Ath); tunic 277 offering at 241 St Tryphon ; 38
U tithe 79, 308, 328, 351 and
(Ap) ; tunny 51, 58 (Pos); turnip ;
firstfruit to
10
66 12 (Ap) tusks and teeth 50 (Art) ;
; gether 56 93; dedication on relief
,
ulcer 214 (Ascl); unguent-box 225, 83; in valuables 92; of cattle and
253 (Ascl Ap) ; vase 16, 17, 57, 60, slaves 102 of confiscated property
;
61, 63, 93, 155, 163, 250, 253, 262, 55; of confiscated goods 316, 317;
279, 280, 281, 301, 320 (Ap Aphr of fines 316; of men sent out to
Art Ath Ascl Cab Dem dead Dios found colonies 102 ; of ransom 103 ;
good-god gods-of-Greece Hera Here of spoils 99, 100; of war, geo
Herm hero Pan Pri Pelops N graphical distribution of 102; paid
Z); veil 249; victory 142-3, 212
2
,
at tribal feast 42 of pay not known
;
226 (Ap Ath Art Z Ascl); warrior for temple officials 79 ; the word
15, 16, 34
5
140-1 (Ap Art Ath ,
tithe loses its meaning 55 l ; statue
a
Menelaus Dios Z hero) water ; 90; tax 55
carrier 277, 288 weaver s comb 72 ;
Tithes and firstfruits: 90, 93, 316;
(Ath) weight 160,
;
162 (Z) wheel ; origin and principle 39 ff sacred .
;
165, 390 (Art Dios Hera Z) whip ; plots and groves 42, 43; 39, 40,
163 (Pos) wine 49 (Dion) wine
; ;
connexion with heroes and the dead
press 78 (Dion) ; winged figures 15 41 their part in the farmer s life
;
(hero) woman on camel 250 (Dem) 42 harvest and vintage celebrations

a
; ; ;
wooden slab 178 (Dion); wool 53, 73 43 ff. gods of the countrymen 45
; ;
(Ath Dem); wreath 17, 154 (hero Pan and Nymphs 46 ff. ; modern
Art) ; writing materials 71 (Muses) ; parallels 49; huntsman s tithe 50;
youth with oil-flask 16 (Dios) fisherman s 51 herbalist s 51
; ;
Thirty Tyrants 143 public harvest celebrations 52; the

Thrace, hero-feast reliefs from 21; words for firstfruits 53; their pro
rider reliefs 26 portion 54 word for tithe and
;
Thracians eat dogs 298 10 extent of the custom 55, 56; man
Thrasybulus dedicates statues of tithe, slave tithe 56 tithe at national
;
Athena and Heracles before setting sanctuaries 57 merchant s and

;
out for Athens 33, 98 tradesmen s titheff.; craftsman s

58
Thrasybulus the soothsayer s figure masterpiece 60 ff. ; literary master
137 piece 60 ff. ; prize poems 65, 66 ff.;
8 models of the kind-offering 66 ff ;
Thrasycles, choregic victory of 158 .
plants 66; animals 66-7; model

of 251, 279; tithe paid at tribal
96",
work 70; dedication of used tools feast 42 ;

tribal offerings at Branchi-
70 ff extension of
.
;
the principle dae 278 at Delos 57 ; a tribe dedi
;
cates 332
74; act or process, model of 75 ff .
;
tribute money, firstfruits of 54

picture or relief 80; objects bought
with tithe 89, 93; commuted for Tricca 8, 197; original home of Ascle-
pius 192 Cure Tables 201
money, &c. 92 ;
titles of gods 188; personified 8; trickery in dedication 146

specified on inscriptions 327 Triopia, the 152
toilet reliefs 277 tripod, its history 151, 385; of Plataea
Tolmides, trophy from 99, 105; his 147 ; on relief 177, 179
figure 132 tripods as prizes 149, 150, 156, 175 at ;
tomb, curses in 339 horse sacrificed ;

the Triopia 152 ; as lyrical prize 151 ;
at tomb of a girl 10
5
guarded ;
as war dedications 145, 355 ; dedi
cated by a gymnasiarch 262 Street
against violation 316; hair dedi ;
cated on 241, 242, 245 trophy set ;

of Tripods l!7, 158; brought to
up beside 100 scenes on Attic tomb
;
Delphi by sacred embassy 278 with ;
167 4 Cybele relief in a tomb 293

;
statues of Aphrodite, Artemis, and
tombstones, Charon s boat on 36; the Maid beneath them (Apollo) 146;
3
combination of horseman a,nd feast piled at Dodona 50
types, tree, serpent, and horse
s Triptolemus 28 at Eleusis 18 ;
3
head 36; feast relief and hunt Triptolemus and Hades 28
relief used for 35; heroic types on Troezen, Apollo Epibaterios in 228;
35 girls dedications 249; hair-offering
8
241; incubations 200 ; Pan 46 ;
6
Tomis, horsemen and feast types com
bined on tombs 36 temple of the Deliverer in 189 ;
tool 228, 368; done with 232 votive altar 282

tools, case of, on hero relief 20; on Troezenians offer firstfruits 52
6
wall in relief 36 - Tropaios a tithe of Poseidon 96 ; of
torch as attribute 22 16 of Artemis ;
Zeus 96, 119
251; Athena 294 on reliefs 29, 254,
; trophies dedicated 99
256, 291; models in gold or silver Trophonia 182
302 Trophonius 8 arms dedicated to him
;
torch-race prize, a hydria 151 112; slaves dedicated 336

torch-racers in relief 176, 177 trophy, the 99 trophies dedicated 99
; ;
torch-racers dedications 153 sportive dedication by musician 185 ;

tortoise 382 made of sacred wood 99 2
Toxaris a hero 10 5 Troy, sack of 228, 248; spoil of 117
toys 16, 117, 249, 258, 285
7
trumpeters statues not votive 172
trade-tithe 56 trumpeting, competitions in 184
tradesman s thank-offering, the act Tubingen Bronze 172, 174, 308
painted on an Attic vase 82 tumbling or juggling, prize for 152
Tragedy personified 179
12 Twelve Gods, altar of 259; agonistic
transfer of divine properties 44; of dedication to the 181
rites 52 6 two male figures on hero relief 19, 22
8
treasure-trove 296; offering of tools Tyndareus sacrifices a horse 298
after finding 71 Tyndaridae invoked before battle 96
9
treasury 343, 353; at Amphiaraum, tyrant, death of 231
Lebena 200 l ; at Olympia and Delphi Tyrians dedicate herbs to Agenorides
5
319 52; offer tithe 55
treaties 314 Tyrrhenian pirates, spoils of 127
trees 248; sacred 13, 40; why selected Tyrrhenians, spoil of 117
40; associated with Athena, Deme-
ter, 148; Zeus 40; offerings hung uncultivated plots left for the guardian
on 51; placed beneath 50; pictures spirits 39
hung on 232; on reliefs 18, 25, 33, unity with the god not a Greek idea
7
220, 221, 222, 230 ; with snake 25, 283
26 ; on feast relief 33 Urania Aphrodite 232
trenches for burying old offerings 346 urns on Dioscuri reliefs 30
trials 233
6
tribal competition 267; deity 52 96,
, Vari, grotto of 47
vase of Miltiades 141; inscribed vase of tax 57 12 given ; by public vote

with appropriate painting upon it 206; in tombs 4 4
295; inscribed with dedications 279; vows 210, 228, 245, 252 , 310, 311,
as firs,tfruit 57
328; before Marathon 95 3 ; paid in
vases used in ritual dedicated (at tomb)
anticipation 97
16, cp. 301 not broken on purpose
;
280" War : battle- gods 95 vows and offer

Veii, limb-models from 215 n
;
ings before the battle 97; classi

veil as attribute of female figure on fication of votive offerings for war
reliefs 28
98; trophy 99, 100; Homeric evi
veil of the temple of Jerusalem dedi dence 100; choice piece, firstfruit,
cated at Olympia 118 or tithe of spoils 100, 117; extent of
Venice, crutches dedicated in 224 7 ; the custom 102; spoil actually found
SS. Giovanni e Paolo 239 109; weapons used in the fight 111,
verb in dedications 323, 324, 326
113; model weapons and arms 114;
verger 201 chariot 115; miniature 116. Build
Verona, St Nicholas, paintings dedi ings: temples 119; treasuries 122;
cated there 238; crutches 224 7 colonnades 124 altars 125 divine
;
;
verse formulae 334 ; dedication for statues 125. Act or process 129;
healing 232 groups 130 reliefs 133 pictures 134.
; ;
Vesta, so-called temple of, at Rome General s statue, limits of dedication

38 135; warrior statues 139; personifi
victims on reliefs 23 cations 142; allegory 144; tripods
Victoire, Notre Dame de la 122 145
Victoria quadrigam in sublime rapiens wardrobe of goddesses 344
174 war-gods, Greek 95
Victorious Aphrodite 233 warrior figures 140, 361
victors crowns of leaves 40 8 washerman s tithe 59
victor s statue or picture 167 washermen dedicate a relief to the
Victory alone a war-dedication 142 ;
Nymphs 88
a customary offering at Olbia 142 s ; watchwords in battle 96 4
possibly late as a dedication for the watersnakes in group 144 9

games 185 Victory and thank-
;
wayfarer saved 230
offering combined 27 Victory and
;
wayside Hermes 46 l
2
trophy on a relief 133 ; image of Weapons as prizes 150, 151
2
Victory in the Asclepieum 212 ; in weight inscribed on votive offering
groups 131 in chariot 164, 361 ; in
;
15, 16, 146
5
267, 343; standard
,
relief 133, 177, 180; offers a wreath

weights kept in temples 272 3
133 9 ; on coins 118 5 ; on pana- sacred 13
wells,
thenaic vases 155 ; on tripod base wheel as attribute of Nemesis 234
181; sacrificing before a trophy 99 5 ; willow of Samos, sacred 40
scenic victory on reliefs 179 ; as
Winged Nemesis 234 throne 294 ; ;
attribute 305; Victory a title of

Victory 143
Athena 276; temple of Wingless Wingless Victory 120, 143
120
winnings dedicated 366; see also prize
vinedresser s lawsuit 235
winnowing-tithe offered to the Nymphs
vintage 49, 81; firstfruits 44 4y
Virgin, church dedicated to, in a woman dedicates spool of thread to
town which once worshipt Athena Athena 73; loom- weights 72
13 4 ; feasts of the Virgin 235 f .
; women as dedicators 250
Virgin in votive painting 238 ; women and men in the Asclepieum
heart-model dedicated to her 226 ; 206
Virgin Mary replaces Athena, Ar women s tithe 56, 59
temis, Demeter 37, 38 Wooden Horse, copies of 130
vision 314 wooden statues 264, sec Rhexibius
visitation of the sick on reliefs 216 workwoman s tithe 59 13
Voni, figures from 289 ; Apollo figures worn garments 277, 369
305
worshippers 133, 217, 220, 291, 294,
vote of thanks 34, 266, 267 295, 363 ; figures of 16 on reliefs 22, ;
votes of honour and fines 315 23, 83, 85, 219, 223, 231, 251, 256,
votive offerings bought from proceeds
292; on hero relief 19; on tomb
reliefs 35 portrait-statue of wor

;
dedicated to him by Jovianus 122 2 ;
shipper 209 worshippers alone on

;
colossal figures 123, 126; Zeus re
reliefs 223 placed by St Theodore 37
wreath as attribute 132, 133 9 289, ,
Dedications and dedicators: agri
295; of victor 170; held in the culture and breeding 45, 75; altar
hand 287, 288 ; on reliefs 19, 29, 125 Amalthea s horn 145 arms and
; ;
177, 180 armour 104 ff athlete figure 167

.
; ;
wrestlers 173, 183; tripod as prize of axe 92, 250, 388; bangle 74; bird-
wrestling 15
l model 299 brooch 74 brood-mare
; ;
wrestler s statue 169 67 10 75; bull-modei 76, 299; chariot

,
and model 162, 164 chest of Cypse- ;
Xanthe, wife of Asclepius 194 lus 226; cock-model 299; corselet

Xenocrates dedicates his calculations 103; cow-model 299; devotee s figure
to Apollo on Mount Olympus 65; 255, 286, 287; discus 160, 161;
statue of 98 disease and peril 191, 225, 226, 230 ;
Xenocritus, priest of Asclepius 207 divine figure 123, 126, 308 female ;
Xenophantus the flotist 155 figure 255, 286 fines 311, 314, 316,
;
Xenophon s men
dedicate their staves 317; flotist figure 287; games 156,
70; his tithe 50, 120; his victory 160, 161, 162, 167, 173, 265; girdle
116 255 ; goat-model 299 groups of ;
Xerxes appeases the Hellespont 311, figures 130 ff ; hair 241 ; helmet
.
10
355 ;
throne of Xerxes 117, 356 104; horse-model 67, 67 75; horse- ,
xoanon type 305 trappings 74, 162; hunting 69, 75;

huntsman s figure 78 jockey figure ;
Zanes 312, 317 166; knife 74; lamp 301; lance 106;
Zenoposeidon 273
6 limb models 215; literary works 64;
Zerinthian cave 46 l dogs sacrificed ;
man milking cow 75; mare, see
298 tf
brood-mare marriage 246 mirror
; ;
Zeus. Titles: Anthaleus 45; Areios 73, 74 ;

ox-model 299 pig-model ;
96 4; Asclepius 188
7 Averter of ;
299 ; pin 74 puberty 241, 243 quoit-
; ;
Flies 188; Catachthonios 188; thrower s figure 173 ram-model 299 ; ;
Chthonios 14, 28 ; Eleutherios 125 ; relief 34,295; rider figure 167;

Endendros 44 ; Epicarpios 44 10 ;
10
ring-dance 287; ritual figure 286;
Eubouleus 188 7 251 god of Flight , ;
runner s figure 173 ; sheep-model
314; the Highest 215; Meilichios 299; shield 113, 114; slaves 336;
14, 188, 296 ; Naios 280 ; Olympics spoils 103 ff.; spurs 74; stag and
314;
10
Oporeus 44 ; Ourios 230; hounds 69; stallion 76; stlengis277;
a
Panhellenian 191; Philios 295; table 278; temple 119 ff., 122 ;
Poliouchos 328; Phratrios 316; throne 320 ; tithe 102, etc. of con ;
Soter 96, 121, 188, 265, 328; Tal- fiscations 317 ; tortoise ? 299 ; tripod
laios 12 2 Tropaios 96,
; 119; 145 ff.; trophy 99, 100; vases 281,
Xenios 328; Zeus armed 139; as 301 Victory 142 war 96, 101-104,
; ;
god of marriage 246; as saviour 230; 108, 109, 114, 119-123, 126, 127,
giver of fruits 328 invoked in war ; 130, 137, 145; warrior figure 140;
126 ; worshipt on mountains 13;
4
weight 160, 162; wheel 390
Zeus in the Anthology 48 1 temple ;
CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY J. 4 C. P. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

Rouse - Greek Votive Offerings

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GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS

EonDon: C. J. CLAY AND SONS,

[All Rights reserved.}

WILLIAM HENRY DENHAM ROUSE, M.A.,

ancient times Polemon wrote an account of the votive

and another of those inalso Lacedaemon 2 ;

met with scant attention there is no general work dealing ;

with it, and I know only of Tomasino s book 4 on Roman

the articles in the Dictionaries of Smith, of Darernberg and

Saglio, and in Pauly s Realencydopiidie (Donarium, Donaria).

presentation of facts. I have not wittingly used the work of

my collections were made before I met with the books and

Pawanias, which has been of great help in revising my

-n-epi TUV ev Aa/ceSat/xoyt avad-q^aruv. P. Kunz, Sacra et Profana

In the present essay I have attempted first to set forth

as the evidence displayed itself, I saw them

of my own suggestions will be, whether future discoveries will

ruption which finally brought it to nought. In this history

and, in general, there is little to interest in dedications which

&quot;been done. When we have a Corpus of Reliefs, and more exact

after all, one might have waited

It is something to have the available facts collected, which

them, I shall be the first to welcome it. The only criticism

to include modern and therefore I have described at

some length the practices which now hold in the Levant.

line, not beneath, where it is found on the stone. Where it is

anything like a clear arrangement. For one thing, there is its

classification, and in each section to fill in such heads as were

the way most convenient, and to leave the general scheme to

develop itself in the final survey.The former plan would have

that the theories of explanation are not assumed, but evolve

the Heraeum and M. Haussoullier also was so good as to send

me a copy of some inscriptions found by him at Branchidae.

proofs; to the Council of the Anthropological Institute,

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

Note on the Modern Representatives of Ancient Shrines . 37

II. Tithes, Firstfruits, and Kindred Offerings .... 39

IV. Games and Contests 149

V. Disease and Calamity .187

VII. Memorials of Honour and Office 259

VIII. Memorials of Feasts and Ceremonials ..... 274

IX. Propitiation 310

X. Rarities and Valuables . . . . . . . .318

XII. Later Uses of the Votive Formula ..... 355

XIII. Disposal of the Offerings . . . . . . .342

I. Athens Treasure of Athena and the other Gods 394

III. Athens : Artemis Brauronia , 396

VI, VII. Treasure at Delos .

VIII. Amphiaraum, Cabirium, and other Theban shrines . . 403

IX. Plataea 403

X. Temple of Hera at Samos 404

XI. Treasure of Apollo at Branchidae ..... 404

XII. Fragment of list from Aegina ...... 405

XIII. Dedications in the Anthology ...... 405

Hero from Patrae 20

Tablet with 0eofria of the Dioscuri (Tarentum) .... 31

7. Votive pyramid of terra-cotta, from South Italy .....65 62

8. Bronzes from the Cave of Mount Ida, Crete . . . .

"been done. When we have a Corpus of Reliefs, and more exact