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Javascript

- ECMAScript is another name for JavaScript, which is an object-oriented scripting language used to make web pages interactive. It supports various looping structures, functions, and object creation. - Common JavaScript types include numbers, strings, Booleans, functions, objects, null, and undefined. Functions like parseInt() and isNaN() are used to convert between types. - The this keyword refers to the current object in JavaScript. Variables are used to store values, arrays can be appended to using arr[arr.length], and objects have properties that can be assigned and accessed.

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rkkota
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14K views

Javascript

- ECMAScript is another name for JavaScript, which is an object-oriented scripting language used to make web pages interactive. It supports various looping structures, functions, and object creation. - Common JavaScript types include numbers, strings, Booleans, functions, objects, null, and undefined. Functions like parseInt() and isNaN() are used to convert between types. - The this keyword refers to the current object in JavaScript. Variables are used to store values, arrays can be appended to using arr[arr.length], and objects have properties that can be assigned and accessed.

Uploaded by

rkkota
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. What’s relationship between JavaScript and ECMAScript?

- ECMAScript is yet another


name for JavaScript (other names include LiveScript). The current JavaScript that you see
supported in browsers is ECMAScript revision 3.
2. What are JavaScript types? - Number, String, Boolean, Function, Object, Null, Undefined.
3. How do you convert numbers between different bases in JavaScript? - Use the
parseInt() function, that takes a string as the first parameter, and the base as a second parameter.
So to convert hexadecimal 3F to decimal, use parseInt ("3F", 16);
4. What does isNaN function do? - Return true if the argument is not a number.
5. What is negative infinity? - It’s a number in JavaScript, derived by dividing negative number by
zero.
6. What boolean operators does JavaScript support? - &&, || and !
7. What does "1"+2+4 evaluate to? - Since 1 is a string, everything is a string, so the result is 124.
8. How about 2+5+"8"? - Since 2 and 5 are integers, this is number arithmetic, since 8 is a string,
it’s concatenation, so 78 is the result.
9. What looping structures are there in JavaScript? - for, while, do-while loops, but no
foreach.
10. How do you create a new object in JavaScript? - var obj = new Object(); or var obj = {};
11. How do you assign object properties? - obj["age"] = 17 or obj.age = 17.
12. What’s a way to append a value to an array? - arr[arr.length] = value;
13. What is this keyword? - It refers to the current object.
1. Why so JavaScript and Java have similar name?
A. JavaScript is a stripped-down version of Java
B. JavaScript's syntax is loosely based on Java's
C. They both originated on the island of Java
D. None of the above

2. When a user views a page containing a JavaScript program, which machine actually executes the script?
A. The User's machine running a Web browser
B. The Web server
C. A central machine deep within Netscape's corporate offices
D. None of the above

3. ______ JavaScript is also called client-side JavaScript.


A. Microsoft
B. Navigator
C. LiveWire
D. Native

4. __________ JavaScript is also called server-side JavaScript.


A. Microsoft
B. Navigator
C. LiveWire
D. Native

5. What are variables used for in JavaScript Programs?


A. Storing numbers, dates, or other values
B. Varying randomly
C. Causing high-school algebra flashbacks
D. None of the above

6. _____ JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML page can respond to user events such as mouse-
clicks, form input, and page navigation.
A. Client-side
B. Server-side
C. Local
D. Native

7. What should appear at the very end of your JavaScript?


The <script LANGUAGE="JavaScript">tag
A. The </script>
B. The <script>
C. The END statement
D. None of the above
8. Which of the following can't be done with client-side JavaScript?
A. Validating a form
B. Sending a form's contents by email
C. Storing the form's contents to a database file on the server
D. None of the above

9. Which of the following are capabilities of functions in JavaScript?


A. Return a value
B. Accept parameters and Return a value
C. Accept parameters
D. None of the above

10. Which of the following is not a valid JavaScript variable name?


A. 2names
B. _first_and_last_names
C. FirstAndLast
D. None of the above

11. ______ tag is an extension to HTML that can enclose any number of JavaScript statements.
A. <SCRIPT>
B. <BODY>
C. <HEAD>
D. <TITLE>

12. How does JavaScript store dates in a date object?


A. The number of milliseconds since January 1st, 1970
B. The number of days since January 1st, 1900
C. The number of seconds since Netscape's public stock offering.
D. None of the above

13. Which of the following attribute can hold the JavaScript version?
A. LANGUAGE
B. SCRIPT
C. VERSION
D. None of the above

14. What is the correct JavaScript syntax to write "Hello World"?


A. System.out.println("Hello World")
B. println ("Hello World")
C. document.write("Hello World")
D. response.write("Hello World")

15. Which of the following way can be used to indicate the LANGUAGE attribute?
A. <LANGUAGE="JavaScriptVersion">
B. <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScriptVersion">
C. <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScriptVersion"> JavaScript statements…</SCRIPT>
D. <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScriptVersion"!> JavaScript statements…</SCRIPT>
16. Inside which HTML element do we put the JavaScript?
A. <js>
B. <scripting>
C. <script>
D. <javascript>

17. What is the correct syntax for referring to an external script called " abc.js"?
A. <script href=" abc.js">
B. <script name=" abc.js">
C. <script src=" abc.js">
D. None of the above

18. Which types of image maps can be used with JavaScript?


A. Server-side image maps
B. Client-side image maps
C. Server-side image maps and Client-side image maps
D. None of the above

19. Which of the following navigator object properties is the same in both Netscape and IE?
A. navigator.appCodeName
B. navigator.appName
C. navigator.appVersion
D. None of the above

20. Which is the correct way to write a JavaScript array?


A. var txt = new Array(1:"tim",2:"kim",3:"jim")
B. var txt = new Array:1=("tim")2=("kim")3=("jim")
C. var txt = new Array("tim","kim","jim")
D. var txt = new Array="tim","kim","jim"

21. What does the <noscript> tag do?


A. Enclose text to be displayed by non-JavaScript browsers.
B. Prevents scripts on the page from executing.
C. Describes certain low-budget movies.
D. None of the above

22. If para1 is the DOM object for a paragraph, what is the correct syntax to change the text within the
paragraph?
A. "New Text"?
B. para1.value="New Text";
C. para1.firstChild.nodeValue= "New Text";
D. para1.nodeValue="New Text";

23. JavaScript entities start with _______ and end with _________.
A. Semicolon, colon
B. Semicolon, Ampersand
C. Ampersand, colon
D. Ampersand, semicolon
24. Which of the following best describes JavaScript?
A. a low-level programming language.
B. a scripting language precompiled in the browser.
C. a compiled scripting language.
D. an object-oriented scripting language.

25. Choose the server-side JavaScript object?


A. FileUpLoad
B. Function
C. File
D. Date

26. Choose the client-side JavaScript object?


A. Database
B. Cursor
C. Client
D. FileUpLoad

27. Which of the following is not considered a JavaScript operator?


A. new
B. this
C. delete
D. typeof

28. ______method evaluates a string of JavaScript code in the context of the specified object.
A. Eval
B. ParseInt
C. ParseFloat
D. Efloat

29. Which of the following event fires when the form element loses the focus: <button>, <input>, <label>,
<select>, <textarea>?
A. onfocus
B. onblur
C. onclick
D. ondblclick

30. The syntax of Eval is ________________


A. [objectName.]eval(numeric)
B. [objectName.]eval(string)
C. [EvalName.]eval(string)
D. [EvalName.]eval(numeric)

31. JavaScript is interpreted by _________


A. Client
B. Server
C. Object
D. None of the above

32. Using _______ statement is how you test for a specific condition.
A. Select
B. If
C. Switch
D. For

33. Which of the following is the structure of an if statement?


A. if (conditional expression is true) thenexecute this codeend if
B. if (conditional expression is true)execute this codeend if
C. if (conditional expression is true) {then execute this code>->}
D. if (conditional expression is true) then {execute this code}

34. How to create a Date object in JavaScript?


A. dateObjectName = new Date([parameters])
B. dateObjectName.new Date([parameters])
C. dateObjectName := new Date([parameters])
D. dateObjectName Date([parameters])

35. The _______ method of an Array object adds and/or removes elements from an array.
A. Reverse
B. Shift
C. Slice
D. Splice

36. To set up the window to capture all Click events, we use which of the following statement?
A. window.captureEvents(Event.CLICK);
B. window.handleEvents (Event.CLICK);
C. window.routeEvents(Event.CLICK );
D. window.raiseEvents(Event.CLICK );

37. Which tag(s) can handle mouse events in Netscape?


A. <IMG>
B. <A>
C. <BR>
D. None of the above

38. ____________ is the tainted property of a window object.


A. Pathname
B. Protocol
C. Defaultstatus
D. Host

39. To enable data tainting, the end user sets the _________ environment variable.
A. ENABLE_TAINT
B. MS_ENABLE_TAINT
C. NS_ENABLE_TAINT
D. ENABLE_TAINT_NS

40. In JavaScript, _________ is an object of the target language data type that encloses an object of the
source language.
A. a wrapper
B. a link
C. a cursor
D. a form

41. When a JavaScript object is sent to Java, the runtime engine creates a Java wrapper of type
___________
A. ScriptObject
B. JSObject
C. JavaObject
D. Jobject

42. _______ class provides an interface for invoking JavaScript methods and examining JavaScript
properties.
A. ScriptObject
B. JSObject
C. JavaObject
D. Jobject

43. _________ is a wrapped Java array, accessed from within JavaScript code.
A. JavaArray
B. JavaClass
C. JavaObject
D. JavaPackage

44. A ________ object is a reference to one of the classes in a Java package, such as netscape.javascript .
A. JavaArray
B. JavaClass
C. JavaObject
D. JavaPackage

45. The JavaScript exception is available to the Java code as an instance of __________
A. netscape.javascript.JSObject
B. netscape.javascript.JSException
C. netscape.plugin.JSException
D. None of the above

46. To automatically open the console when a JavaScript error occurs which of the following is added to
prefs.js?
A. user_pref(" javascript.console.open_on_error", false);
B. user_pref("javascript.console.open_error ", true);
C. user_pref("javascript.console.open_error ", false);
D. user_pref("javascript.console.open_on_error", true);

47. To open a dialog box each time an error occurs, which of the following is added to prefs.js?
A. user_pref("javascript.classic.error_alerts", true);
B. user_pref("javascript.classic.error_alerts ", false);
C. user_pref("javascript.console.open_on_error ", true);
D. user_pref("javascript.console.open_on_error ", false);

48. The syntax of a blur method in a button object is ______________


A. Blur()
B. Blur(contrast)
C. Blur(value)
D. Blur(depth)

49. The syntax of capture events method for document object is ______________
A. captureEvents()
B. captureEvents(args eventType)
C. captureEvents(eventType)
D. captureEvents(eventVal)

50. The syntax of close method for document object is ______________


A. Close(doc)
B. Close(object)
C. Close(val)
D. Close()
What is JavaScript?
A1: JavaScript is a general-purpose programming language designed to let
programmers of all skill levels control the behavior of software objects. The
language is used most widely today in Web browsers whose software objects
tend to represent a variety of HTML elements in a document and the document
itself. But the language can be--and is--used with other kinds of objects in other
environments. For example, Adobe Acrobat Forms uses JavaScript as its
underlying scripting language to glue together objects that are unique to the
forms generated by Adobe Acrobat. Therefore, it is important to distinguish
JavaScript, the language, from the objects it can communicate with in any
particular environment. When used for Web documents, the scripts go directly
inside the HTML documents and are downloaded to the browser with the rest of
the HTML tags and content.

A2:JavaScript is a platform-independent,event-driven, interpreted client-side


scripting and programming language developed by Netscape Communications
Corp. and Sun Microsystems.

How is JavaScript different from Java?


JavaScript was developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape; Java was developed at
Sun Microsystems. While the two languages share some common syntax, they
were developed independently of each other and for different audiences. Java is
a full-fledged programming language tailored for network computing; it includes
hundreds of its own objects, including objects for creating user interfaces that
appear in Java applets (in Web browsers) or standalone Java applications. In
contrast, JavaScript relies on whatever environment it's operating in for the user
interface, such as a Web document's form elements.
JavaScript was initially called LiveScript at Netscape while it was under
development. A licensing deal between Netscape and Sun at the last minute let
Netscape plug the "Java" name into the name of its scripting language.
Programmers use entirely different tools for Java and JavaScript. It is also not
uncommon for a programmer of one language to be ignorant of the other. The
two languages don't rely on each other and are intended for different purposes.
In some ways, the "Java" name on JavaScript has confused the world's
understanding of the differences between the two. On the other hand, JavaScript
is much easier to learn than Java and can offer a gentle introduction for
newcomers who want to graduate to Java and the kinds of applications you can
develop with it.

What’s relationship between JavaScript and ECMAScript?


ECMAScript is yet another name for JavaScript (other names include LiveScript).
The current JavaScript that you see supported in browsers is ECMAScript revision
3.

How do you submit a form using Javascript?


Use document.forms[0].submit();
(0 refers to the index of the form – if you have more than one form in a page,
then the first one has the index 0, second has index 1 and so on).

How do we get JavaScript onto a web page?


You can use several different methods of placing javascript in you pages.
You can directly add a script element inside the body of page.
1. For example, to add the "last updated line" to your pages, In your page text,
add the following:
<p>blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.</p>
<script type="text/javascript" >
<!-- Hiding from old browsers
document.write("Last Updated:" +
document.lastModified);
document.close();
// -->
</script>
<p>yada, yada, yada.</p>

(Note: the first comment, "<--" hides the content of the script from browsers that
don't understand javascript. The "// -->" finishes the comment. The "//" tells
javascript that this is a comment so javascript doesn't try to interpret the "-->". If
your audience has much older browsers, you should put this comments inside
your javascript. If most of your audience has newer browsers, the comments can
be omitted. For brevity, in most examples here the comments are not shown. )
The above code will look like this on Javascript enabled browsers,
2. Javascript can be placed inside the <head> element
Functions and global variables typically reside inside the <head> element.
<head>
<title>Default Test Page</title>
<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
var myVar = "";
function timer(){setTimeout('restart()',10);}
document.onload=timer();
</script>
</head>

Javascript can be referenced from a separate file


Javascript may also a placed in a separate file on the server and referenced from
an HTML page. (Don't use the shorthand ending "<script ... />). These are
typically placed in the <head> element.
<script type="text/javascript" SRC="myStuff.js"></script>

How to read and write a file using javascript?


I/O operations like reading or writing a file is not possible with client-side
javascript. However , this can be done by coding a Java applet that reads files for
the script.

How to detect the operating system on the client machine?


In order to detect the operating system on the client machine, the
navigator.appVersion
string (property) should be used.

How can JavaScript make a Web site easier to use? That is, are there certain
JavaScript techniques that make it easier for people to use a Web site?
JavaScript's greatest potential gift to a Web site is that scripts can make the page
more immediately interactive, that is, interactive without having to submit every
little thing to the server for a server program to re-render the page and send it
back to the client. For example, consider a top-level navigation panel that has,
say, six primary image map links into subsections of the Web site. With only a
little bit of scripting, each map area can be instructed to pop up a more detailed
list of links to the contents within a subsection whenever the user rolls the cursor
atop a map area. With the help of that popup list of links, the user with a
scriptable browser can bypass one intermediate menu page. The user without a
scriptable browser (or who has disabled JavaScript) will have to drill down
through a more traditional and time-consuming path to the desired content

How can JavaScript be used to improve the "look and feel" of a Web site? By
the same token, how can JavaScript be used to improve the user interface?
On their own, Web pages tend to be lifeless and flat unless you add animated
images or more bandwidth-intensive content such as Java applets or other
content requiring plug-ins to operate (ShockWave and Flash, for example).
Embedding JavaScript into an HTML page can bring the page to life in any
number of ways. Perhaps the most visible features built into pages recently with
the help of JavaScript are the so-called image rollovers: roll the cursor atop a
graphic image and its appearance changes to a highlighted version as a
feedback mechanism to let you know precisely what you're about to click on. But
there are less visible yet more powerful enhancements to pages that JavaScript
offers.
Interactive forms validation is an extremely useful application of JavaScript. While
a user is entering data into form fields, scripts can examine the validity of the
data--did the user type any letters into a phone number field?, for instance.
Without scripting, the user has to submit the form and let a server program (CGI)
check the field entry and then report back to the user. This is usually done in a
batch mode (the entire form at once), and the extra transactions take a lot of
time and server processing power. Interactive validation scripts can check each
form field immediately after the user has entered the data, while the information
is fresh in the mind.
Another helpful example is embedding small data collections into a document
that scripts can look up without having to do all the server programming for
database access. For instance, a small company could put its entire employee
directory on a page that has its own search facility built into the script. You can
cram a lot of text data into scripts no larger than an average image file, so it's
not like the user has to wait forever for the data to be downloaded.
Other examples abound, such as interactive tree-structure tables of contents.
More modern scriptable browsers can be scripted to pre-cache images during the
page's initial download to make them appear lickety-split when needed for image
swapping. I've even written some multi-screen interactive applications that run
entirely on the client, and never talk to the server once everything is
downloaded.

What are JavaScript types?


Number, String, Boolean, Function, Object, Null, Undefined.

How do you convert numbers between different bases in JavaScript?


Use the parseInt() function, that takes a string as the first parameter, and the
base as a second parameter. So to convert hexadecimal 3F to decimal, use
parseInt ("3F", 16);

How to create arrays in JavaScript?


We can declare an array like this
var scripts = new Array();
We can add elements to this array like this

scripts[0] = "PHP";
scripts[1] = "ASP";
scripts[2] = "JavaScript";
scripts[3] = "HTML";

Now our array scrips has 4 elements inside it and we can print or access them by
using their index number. Note that index number starts from 0. To get the third
element of the array we have to use the index number 2 . Here is the way to get
the third element of an array.
document.write(scripts[2]);
We also can create an array like this
var no_array = new Array(21, 22, 23, 24, 25);

How do you target a specific frame from a hyperlink?


Include the name of the frame in the target attribute of the hyperlink. <a
href=”mypage.htm” target=”myframe”>>My Page</a>

What is a fixed-width table and its advantages?

Fixed width tables are rendered by the browser based on the widths of the
columns in the first row, resulting in a faster display in case of large tables. Use
the CSS style table-layout:fixed to specify a fixed width table.
If the table is not specified to be of fixed width, the browser has to wait till all
data is downloaded and then infer the best width for each of the columns. This
process can be very slow for large tables.

Example of using Regular Expressions for syntax checking in JavaScript

...
var re = new RegExp("^(&[A-Za-z_0-9]{1,}=[A-Za-z_0-9]{1,})*$");
var text = myWidget.value;
var OK = re.test(text);
if( ! OK ) {
alert("The extra parameters need some work.\r\n Should be something
like: \"&a=1&c=4\"");
}

Where are cookies actually stored on the hard disk?


This depends on the user's browser and OS.
In the case of Netscape with Windows OS,all the cookies are stored in a single file
called

cookies.txt
c:\Program Files\Netscape\Users\username\cookies.txt
In the case of IE,each cookie is stored in a separate file namely
[email protected].
c:\Windows\Cookies\[email protected]
How to add Buttons in JavaScript?
The most basic and ancient use of buttons are the "submit" and "clear", which
appear slightly before the Pleistocene period. Notice when the "GO!" button is
pressed it submits itself to itself and appends the name in the URL.
<form action="" name="buttonsGalore" method="get">
Your Name: <input type="text" name="mytext" />
<br />
<input type="submit" value="GO!" />
<input type="reset" value="Clear All" />
</form>

Another useful approach is to set the "type" to "button" and use the "onclick"
event.
<script type="text/javascript">
function displayHero(button) {
alert("Your hero is \""+button.value+"\".");
}
</script>

<form action="" name="buttonsGalore" method="get">


<fieldset style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;">
<legend>Select a Hero</legend>
<input type="button" value="Agamemnon" onclick="displayHero(this)" />
<input type="button" value="Achilles" onclick="displayHero(this)" />
<input type="button" value="Hector" onclick="displayHero(this)" />
<div style="height: 1em;" />
</fieldset>
</form>

What can javascript programs do?


Generation of HTML pages on-the-fly without accessing the Web server. The user
can be given control over the browser like User input validation Simple
computations can be performed on the client's machine The user's browser, OS,
screen size, etc. can be detected Date and Time Handling

How to set a HTML document's background color?


document.bgcolor property can be set to any appropriate color.

How can JavaScript be used to personalize or tailor a Web site to fit


individual users?
JavaScript allows a Web page to perform "if-then" kinds of decisions based on
browser version, operating system, user input, and, in more recent browsers,
details about the screen size in which the browser is running. While a server CGI
program can make some of those same kinds of decisions, not everyone has
access to or the expertise to create CGI programs. For example, an experienced
CGI programmer can examine information about the browser whenever a request
for a page is made; thus a server so equipped might serve up one page for
Navigator users and a different page for Internet Explorer users. Beyond browser
and operating system version, a CGI program can't know more about the
environment. But a JavaScript-enhanced page can instruct the browser to render
only certain content based on the browser, operating system, and even the
screen size.
Scripting can even go further if the page author desires. For example, the author
may include a preference screen that lets the user determine the desired
background and text color combination. A script can save this information on the
client in a well-regulated local file called a cookie. The next time the user comes
to the site, scripts in its pages look to the cookie info and render the page in the
color combination selected previously. The server is none the wiser, nor does it
have to store any visitor-specific information.

Are you concerned that older browsers don't support JavaScript and thus
exclude a set of Web users? individual users?
Fragmentation of the installed base of browsers will only get worse. By definition,
it can never improve unless absolutely everyone on the planet threw away their
old browsers and upgraded to the latest gee-whiz versions. But even then, there
are plenty of discrepancies between the scriptability of the latest Netscape
Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer.
The situation makes scripting a challenge, especially for newcomers who may not
be aware of the limitations of earlier browsers. A lot of effort in my books and
ancillary material goes toward helping scripters know what features work in
which browsers and how to either workaround limitations in earlier browsers or
raise the compatibility common denominator.
Designing scripts for a Web site requires making some hard decisions about if,
when, and how to implement the advantages scripting offers a page to your
audience. For public Web sites, I recommend using scripting in an additive way:
let sufficient content stand on its own, but let scriptable browser users receive an
enhanced experience, preferably with the same HTML document.

What does isNaN function do?


Return true if the argument is not a number.

What is negative infinity?


It’s a number in JavaScript, derived by dividing negative number by zero.

In a pop-up browser window, how do you refer to the main browser window
that opened it?
Use window.opener to refer to the main window from pop-ups.

What is the data type of variables of in JavaScript?


All variables are of object type in JavaScript.

Methods GET and POST in HTML forms - what's the difference?


GET: Parameters are passed in the querystring. Maximum amount of data that
can be sent via the GET method is limited to about 2kb.
POST: Parameters are passed in the request body. There is no limit to the
amount of data that can be transferred using POST. However, there are limits on
the maximum amount of data that can be transferred in one name/value pair.

How to write a script for "Select" lists using javascript


1. To remove an item from a list set it to null
mySelectObject.options[3] = null;
2. To truncate a list set its length to the maximum size you desire
mySelectObject.length = 2;
3. To delete all options in a select object set the length to 0.
mySelectObject.leng

Text From Your Clipboard?


It is true, text you last copied for pasting (copy & paste) can be stolen when you
visit web sites using a combination of JavaScript and ASP (or PHP, or CGI) to write
your possible sensitive data to a database on another server.

What does the "Access is Denied" IE error mean?


The "Access Denied" error in any browser is due to the following reason.
A javascript in one window or frame is tries to access another window or frame
whose document's domain is different from the document containing the script.

Is a javascript script faster than an ASP script?


Yes.Since javascript is a client-side script it does require the web server's help for
its
computation,so it is always faster than any server-side script like ASP,PHP,etc..

Are Java and JavaScript the Same?


No.java and javascript are two different languages.
Java is a powerful object - oriented programming language like C++,C whereas
Javascript is a client-side scripting language with some limitations.

How to embed javascript in a web page?


javascript code can be embedded in a web page between <script
langugage="javascript"></script> tags

What and where are the best JavaScript resources on the Web?
The Web has several FAQ areas on JavaScript. The best place to start is
something called the meta-FAQ [14-Jan-2001 Editor's Note: I can't point to it
anymore, it is broken!], which provides a high-level overview of the JavaScript
help available on the Net. As for fact-filled FAQs, I recommend one maintained by
Martin Webb and a mini-FAQ that I maintain.
For interactive help with specific problems, nothing beats the primary JavaScript
Usenet newsgroup, comp.lang.javascript. Depending on my work backlog, I
answer questions posted there from time to time. Netscape and Microsoft also
have vendor-specific developer discussion groups as well as detailed
documentation for the scripting and object model implementations.

What are the problems associated with using JavaScript, and are there
JavaScript techniques that you discourage?
Browser version incompatibility is the biggest problem. It requires knowing how
each scriptable browser version implements its object model. You see, the
incompatibility rarely has to do with the core JavaScript language (although there
have been improvements to the language over time); the bulk of incompatibility
issues have to do with the object models that each browser version implements.
For example, scripters who started out with Navigator 3 implemented the image
rollover because it looked cool. But they were dismayed to find out that the
image object wasn't scriptable in Internet Explorer 3 or Navigator 2. While there
are easy workarounds to make this feature work on newer browsers without
disturbing older ones, it was a painful learning experience for many.
The second biggest can of worms is scripting connections between multiple
windows. A lot of scripters like to have little windows pop up with navigation bars
or some such gizmos. But the object models, especially in the older browser
versions, don't make it easy to work with these windows the minute you put a
user in front of them--users who can manually close windows or change their
stacking order. More recently, a glitch in some uninstall routines for Windows 95
applications can disturb vital parts of the system Registry that Internet Explorer 4
requires for managing multiple windows. A scripter can't work around this
problem, because it's not possible to detect the problem in a user's machine. I
tend to avoid multiple windows that interact with each other. I think a lot of
inexperienced Web surfers can also get confused by them.

What Boolean operators does JavaScript support?


&&, || and !

What does "1"+2+4 evaluate to?


Since 1 is a string, everything is a string, so the result is 124.

What is the difference between a web-garden and a web-farm?


Web-garden - An IIS6.0 feature where you can configure an application pool as a
web-garden and also specify the number of worker processes for that pool. It can
help improve performance in some cases.
Web-farm - a general term referring to a cluster of physically separate machines,
each running a web-server for scalability and performance (contrast this with
web-garden which refers to multiple processes on one single physical machine).

How to get the contents of an input box using Javascript?


Use the "value" property.
var myValue = window.document.getElementById("MyTextBox").value;

How to determine the state of a checkbox using Javascript?


var checkedP = window.document.getElementById("myCheckBox").checked;

How to set the focus in an element using Javascript?


<script> function setFocus() { if(focusElement != null)
{ document.forms[0].elements["myelementname"].focus(); } } </script>

How to access an external javascript file that is stored externally and not
embedded?
This can be achieved by using the following tag between head tags or between
body tags.
<script src="abc.js"></script>How to access an external javascript file that is
stored externally and not embedded? where abc.js is the external javscript file to
be accessed.

What is the difference between an alert box and a confirmation box?


An alert box displays only one button which is the OK button whereas the
Confirm box displays two buttons namely OK and cancel.
What is a prompt box?
A prompt box allows the user to enter input by providing a text box.

Can javascript code be broken in different lines?


Breaking is possible within a string statement by using a backslash \ at the end
but not within any other javascript statement.
that is ,
document.write("Hello \ world");
is possible but not document.write \
("hello world");

Taking a developer’s perspective, do you think that that JavaScript is easy


to learn and use?
One of the reasons JavaScript has the word "script" in it is that as a programming
language, the vocabulary of the core language is compact compared to full-
fledged programming languages. If you already program in Java or C, you
actually have to unlearn some concepts that had been beaten into you. For
example, JavaScript is a loosely typed language, which means that a variable
doesn't care if it's holding a string, a number, or a reference to an object; the
same variable can even change what type of data it holds while a script runs.
The other part of JavaScript implementation in browsers that makes it easier to
learn is that most of the objects you script are pre-defined for the author, and
they largely represent physical things you can see on a page: a text box, an
image, and so on. It's easier to say, "OK, these are the things I'm working with
and I'll use scripting to make them do such and such," instead of having to
dream up the user interface, conceive of and code objects, and handle the
interaction between objects and users. With scripting, you tend to write a _lot_
less code.

What Web sites do you feel use JavaScript most effectively (i.e., best-in-
class examples)? The worst?
The best sites are the ones that use JavaScript so transparently, that I'm not
aware that there is any scripting on the page. The worst sites are those that try
to impress me with how much scripting is on the page.

How about 2+5+"8"?


Since 2 and 5 are integers, this is number arithmetic, since 8 is a string, it’s
concatenation, so 78 is the result.

What is the difference between SessionState and ViewState?


ViewState is specific to a page in a session. Session state refers to user specific
data that can be accessed across all pages in the web application.

What does the EnableViewStateMac setting in an aspx page do?


Setting EnableViewStateMac=true is a security measure that allows ASP.NET to
ensure that the viewstate for a page has not been tampered with. If on Postback,
the ASP.NET framework detects that there has been a change in the value of
viewstate that was sent to the browser, it raises an error - Validation of viewstate
MAC failed.
Use <%@ Page EnableViewStateMac="true"%> to set it to true (the default
value, if this attribute is not specified is also true) in an aspx page
How to Accessing Elements using javascript?
To do something interesting with HTML elements, we must first be able to
uniquely identify which element we want. In the example
<body>
<form action="">
<input type="button" id="useless" name="mybutton" value="doNothing" />
</form>
</body>

We can use the "getElementById" method (which is generally preferred)


document.getElementById("useless").style.color = "red";
or we can use the older hierarchical navigation method,
document.forms[0].mybutton.style.color = "blue";
Notice that this uses the "name" attribute of the element to locate it.
# Example of Accessing Elements in a DOM.

<script type="text/javascript" >


function showStatus() {
var selectWidget = document.forms.beerForm.elements["beer"];
var myValue = selectWidget.options[selectWidget.selectedIndex].value;
alert('You drank a \"'+ myValue +"\"");
return true;
}
</script>

<form name="beerForm" action="">


<select name="beer">
<option selected="selected">Select Beer</option>
<option>Heineken</option>
<option>Amstel Light</option>
<option>Corona</option>
<option>Corona Light</option>
<option>Tecate</option>
</select>

<input type="button" name="submitbutton" value="Drink"


onclick="showStatus()" />
</form>

What looping structures are there in JavaScript?


for, while, do-while loops, but no foreach.

To put a "close window" link on a page ?


<a href='javascript:window.close()' class='mainnav'> Close </a>

How to hide javascript code from old browsers that dont run it?
Use the below specified style of comments <script language=javascript> <!--
javascript code goes here // --> or Use the <NOSCRIPT>some html code
</NOSCRIPT> tags and code the display html statements between these and this
will appear on the page if the browser does not support javascript
How to comment javascript code?
Use // for line comments and
/*

*/ for block comments

Name the numeric constants representing max,min values


Number.MAX_VALUE
Number.MIN_VALUE

What does javascript null mean?


The null value is a unique value representing no value or no object.
It implies no object,or null string,no valid boolean value,no number and no array
object.

How do you create a new object in JavaScript?


var obj = new Object(); or var obj = {};

How do you assign object properties?


obj["age"] = 17 or obj.age = 17.

What’s a way to append a value to an array?


arr[arr.length] = value;

What is this keyword?


It refers to the current object.

What does the term sticky session mean in a web-farm scenario? Why
would you use a sticky session? What is the potential disadvantage of using
a sticky session?
Sticky session refers to the feature of many commercial load balancing solutions
for web-farms to route the requests for a particular session to the same physical
machine that serviced the first request for that session. This is mainly used to
ensure that a in-proc session is not lost as a result of requests for a session being
routed to different servers. Since requests for a user are always routed to the
same machine that first served the request for that session, sticky sessions can
cause uneven load distribution across servers.

You have an ASP.NET web application running on a web-farm that does not
use sticky sessions - so the requests for a session are not guaranteed to be
served the same machine. Occasionally, the users get error message
Validation of viewstate MAC failed. What could be one reason that is causing
this error?
The most common reason for this error is that the machinekey value in
machine.config is different for each server. As a result, viewstate encoded by one
machine cannot be decoded by another. To rectify this, edit the machine.config
file on each server in the web-farm to have the same value for machinekey.

To set all checkboxes to true using JavaScript?


//select all input tags
function SelectAll() {
var checkboxes = document.getElementsByTagName("input");
for(i=0;i<checkboxes.length;i++) {
if(checkboxes.item(i).attributes["type"].value == "checkbox") {
checkboxes.item(i).checked = true;
}
}
}

How to select an element by id and swapping an image ? ...


<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" >
function setBeerIcon() {

var beerIcon = document.getElementById("beerIcon");


beerIcon.src = "images/"+getSelectValue("beer")+".jpg";
}
</script>

...

<img border="0" src="" id="brandIcon" alt="brand" />

<select name="beer" id="beer" onChange="setButton();setBeerIcon();">


<option value="--Select--">Select beer</option>
<option value="heineken">heineken</option>
<option value="sol">sol</option>
<option value="amstellight">amstellight</option>
<option value="coronalight">coronalight</option>
<option value="coronaextra">coronaextra</option>
<option value=""></option>
</select>

What does undefined value mean in javascript?


Undefined value means the variable used in the code doesn't exist or is not
assigned any value or the property doesn't exist.

What is the difference between undefined value and null value?


(i)Undefined value cannot be explicitly stated that is there is no keyword called
undefined whereas null value has keyword called null
(ii)typeof undefined variable or property returns undefined whereas typeof null
value returns object

What is variable typing in javascript?


It is perfectly legal to assign a number to a variable and then assign a string to
the same variable as follows
example
i = 10;
i = "string";
This is called variable typing
Does javascript have the concept level scope?
No. JavaScript does not have block level scope, all the variables declared inside a
function possess the same level of scope unlike c,c++,java.

What are undefined and undeclared variables?


Undeclared variables are those that are not declared in the program (do not exist
at all),trying to read their values gives runtime error.But if undeclared variables
are assigned then implicit declaration is done .
Undefined variables are those that are not assigned any value but are declared in
the program.Trying to read such variables gives special value called undefined
value.

What is === operator ?


==== is strict equality operator ,it returns true only when the two operands are
having the same value without any type conversion.

How to find the selected radio button immediately using the 'this' variable?
<script>
function favAnimal(button) {
alert('You like '+button.value+'s.');
}
</script>
<input type="radio" name="marsupial" value="kangaroo"
onchange="favAnimal(this)">Kangaroo
<br /><input type="radio" name="marsupial" value="Opossum"
onchange="favAnimal(this)">Opossum
<br /><input type="radio" name="marsupial" value="Tasmanian Tiger"
onchange="favAnimal(this)">Tasmanian Tiger

How to find radio button selection when a form is submitted?


<script type="text/javascript">
function findButton() {
var myForm = document.forms.animalForm;
var i;
for(i=0;i<myForm.marsupial.length; i++) {
if(myForm.marsupial[i].checked) {
break;
}
}
alert("You selected \""+myForm.marsupial[i].value+"\".");
}
</script>
<form name="animalForm" action="">
<input type="radio" name="marsupial" value="kangaroo" />Kangaroo
<br /><input type="radio" name="marsupial" value="Opossum" />Opossum
<br /><input type="radio" name="marsupial" value="Tasmanian Tiger"
/>Tasmanian Tiger

<input type="button" name="GO" value="GO" onclick="findButton()" />


How to disable an HTML object ?
document.getElementById("myObject").disabled = true;

To write messages to the screen without using "document.write()" ?


Changing the contents of an element is a much better solution. When the method
showStatus is invoked it will change the content of the span.
...
function showStatus(message) {
var element = document.getElementById("mystatus");
element.textContent = message; //for Firefox
element.innerHTML = message; //for IE (why can't we all just get along?)
return true;
}
...
<span id="mystatus">Test. </span>
...

How to Add new elements dynamically ?


<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<title>t1</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function addNode() {
var newP = document.createElement("p");
var textNode = document.createTextNode(" I'm a new text node");
newP.appendChild(textNode);
document.getElementById("firstP").appendChild(newP);
}
</script>
</head>

<body onload="addNode();" style=" background: url('../images/Sand-1280.jpg');


background-color: yellow;">

<p id="firstP">firstP<p>

</body>
</html>

How to have an element invoke a javascript on selection, instead of going to


a new URL: ?
<script type="text/javascript">
function pseudoHitMe() {
alert("Ouch!");
}
</script>
<a href="javascript:pseudoHitMe()">hit me</a>

How to have the status line update when the mouse goes over a link (The
support of the status line is sporadic)?
<a href="javascript.shtml"
onmouseover="window.status='Hi There!';return true"
onmouseout="window.status='';return true">Look at the Status bar</a>
Look at the Status bar as your cursor goes over the link.

How to create a popup warning box


alert('Warning: Please enter an integer between 0 and 100.');

How to create a confirmation box?


confirm("Do you really want to launch the missile?");

How to create an input box?


prompt("What is your temperature?");

How to setting a cookie with the contents of a textbox ?


Values stored in cookies may not have semicolons, commas, or spaces. You
should use the handy "escape()" function to encode the values, and "unescape()"
to retrieve them.

//Sets cookie of current value for myTextBox


function TextBoxOnchange() {
var myBox = window.document.getElementById(myTextBox");
document.cookie = "myTextBox="+ escape(myBox.value) +
getExpirationString();
}
//return a string like ";expires=Thu, 5 Jan 2006 16:07:52 UTC"
function getExpirationString() {
var exp = new Date();
var threemonths = exp.getTime()+(120*24*60*60*1000);
exp.setTime(threemonths);
return ";expires="+exp.toGMTString();
}
This is called from the event handler in the HTML.

<input name="myTextBox" type="text" id="myTextBox"


onchange="javascript:TextBoxOnchange()" />

How to getting values from cookies to set widgets?


function getCookieData(labelName) {
//from Danny Goodman
var labelLen = labelName.length;
// read cookie property only once for speed
var cookieData = document.cookie;
var cLen = cookieData.length;
var i = 0;
var cEnd;
while (i < cLen) {
var j = i + labelLen;
if (cookieData.substring(i,j) == labelName) {
cEnd = cookieData.indexOf(";",j);
if (cEnd == -1) {
cEnd = cookieData.length;
}
return unescape(cookieData.substring(j+1, cEnd));
}
i++;
}
return "";
}
//init() is called from the body tag onload function.
function init() {
setValueFromCookie("brand");
setValueFromCookie("market");
setValueFromCookie("measure");
}
function setValueFromCookie(widget) {
if( getCookieData(widget) != "") {
document.getElementById(widget).value = getCookieData(widget);
}
}
//if you name your cookies the widget ID, you can use the following helper
function
function setCookie(widget) {
document.cookie = widget + "=" +
escape(document.getElementById(widget).value) + getExpirationString();
}
How to change style on an element?
Between CSS and javascript is a weird symmetry. CSS style rules are layed on
top of the DOM. The CSS property names like "font-weight" are transliterated into
"myElement.style.fontWeight". The class of an element can be swapped out. For
example:
document.getElementById("myText").style.color = "green";
document.getElementById("myText").style.fontSize = "20";
-or-
document.getElementById("myText").className = "regular";

How to Handle Event Handlers?


You can add an event handler in the HTML definition of the element like this,
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
function hitme() {
alert("I've been hit!");
}
// -->
</script>
<input type="button" id="hitme" name="hitme" value="hit me"
onclick="hitme()"
Or, interestingly enough you can just assign the event's name on the object
directly with a reference to the method you want to assign.

<input type="button" id="hitme2" name="hitme2" value="hit me2"/>


<script type="text/javascript"><!--
function hitme2() {
alert("I've been hit too!");
}
document.getElementById("hitme2").onclick = hitme2;
// -->
</script>

You can also use an anonymous method like this:

document.getElementById("hitme3").onclick = function () { alert("howdy!"); }

You can also use the W3C addEvventListener() method, but it does not work in IE
yet:

<input type="button" id="hitme4" name="hitme4" value="hit me4"/>


<script type="text/javascript"><!--
function hitme4() {
alert("I've been hit four!");
}
if(document.getElementById("hitme4").addEventListener) {
document.getElementById("hitme4").addEventListener("click", hitme4, false);
}
// -->
</script>

How to remove the event listener: ?


<script type="text/javascript"><!--
document.getElementById("hitme4").removeEventListener("click", hitme4, false);
// -->
</script>

Key Events

"onkeydown", "onkeypress", "onkeyup" events are supported both in ie and


standards-based browsers.

<script type="text/javascript">
function setStatus(name,evt) {
evt = (evt) ? evt : ((event) ? event : null); /* ie or standard? */
var charCode = evt.charCode;
var status = document.getElementById("keyteststatus");
var text = name +": "+evt.keyCode;
status.innerHTML = text;
status.textContent = text;
}
</script>
<form action="">
<input type="text" name="keytest" size="1" value=""
onkeyup="setStatus('keyup',event)"
onkeydown="setStatus('keydown',event)"
/>
<p id="keyteststatus">status</p>
</form>

How to make elements invisible ?


Change the "visibility" attribute of the style object associated with your element.
Remember that a hidden element still takes up space, use "display" to make the
space disappear as well.

if ( x == y) {
myElement.style.visibility = 'visible';
} else {
myElement.style.visibility = 'hidden';
}

How to set the cursor to wait ?


In theory, we should cache the current state of the cursor and then put it back to
its original state.
document.body.style.cursor = 'wait';
//do something interesting and time consuming
document.body.style.cursor = 'auto';

How to reload the current page ?


window.location.reload(true);

how to force a page to go to another page using JavaScript ?


<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" ><!--
location.href="http://newhost/newpath/newfile.html"; //--></script>

How to convert a string to a number using JavaScript?


You can use the parseInt() and parseFloat() methods. Notice that extra letters
following a valid number are ignored, which is kinda wierd but convenient at
times.
parseInt("100") ==> 100
parseFloat("98.6") ==> 98.6
parseFloat("98.6 is a common temperature.") ==> 98.6
parseInt("aa") ==> Nan //Not a Number
parseInt("aa",16) ==> 170 //you can supply a radix or base

How to convert numbers to strings using JavaScript?


You can prepend the number with an empty string
var mystring = ""+myinteger;
or
var mystring = myinteger.toString();
You can specify a base for the conversion,
var myinteger = 14;
var mystring = myinteger.toString(16);

mystring will be "e".

How to test for bad numbers using JavaScript?


the global method, "isNaN()" can tell if a number has gone bad.
var temperature = parseFloat(myTemperatureWidget.value);
if(!isNaN(temperature)) {
alert("Please enter a valid temperature.");
}
What's Math Constants and Functions using JavaScript?
The Math object contains useful constants such as Math.PI, Math.E
Math also has a zillion helpful functions.
Math.abs(value); //absolute value
Math.max(value1, value2); //find the largest
Math.random() //generate a decimal number between 0 and 1
Math.floor(Math.random()*101) //generate a decimal number between 0 and 100

What's the Date object using JavaScript?


Time inside a date object is stored as milliseconds since Jan 1, 1970.
new Date(06,01,02) // produces "Fri Feb 02 1906 00:00:00 GMT-0600 (Central
Standard Time)"
new Date(06,01,02).toLocaleString() // produces "Friday, February 02, 1906
00:00:00"
new Date(06,01,02) - new Date(06,01,01) // produces "86400000"

What does the delete operator do?


The delete operator is used to delete all the variables and objects used in the
program ,but it does not delete variables declared with var keyword.

How tp create Arrays using JavaScript ?


<script type="text/javascript">
var days = new Array();
days[0] = "Sunday"
days[1] = "Monday"
days[2] = "Tuesday"
days[3] = "Wednesday"
days[4] = "Thursday"
days[5] = "Friday"
days[6] = "Saturday"

document.write("first day is "+days[0])


</script>

This produces

first day is Sunday

A more compact way of creating an array is the literal notation:


<script type="text/javascript">
var days = ["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday",
"Thursday","Friday","Saturday"];
document.write("first day is "+days[0]) </script>
This produces
first day is Sunday

How to delete an entry using JavaScript?


The "delete" operator removes an array element, but oddly does not change the
size of the array.
<script type="text/javascript">
var days = ["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday",
"Thursday","Friday","Saturday"];
document.write("Number of days:"+days.length); delete days[4];
document.write("<br />Number of days:"+days.length);
</script>
This produces
Number of days:7
Number of days:7

How to use strings as array indexes using JavaScript?


Javascript does not have a true hashtable object, but through its wierdness, you
can use the array as a hashtable.

<script type="text/javascript">
var days = ["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday",
"Thursday","Friday","Saturday"];

for(var i=0; i < days.length; i++) {


days[days[i]] = days[i];
}
document.write("days[\"Monday\"]:"+days["Monday"]);
</script>
This produces
days["Monday"]:Monday

How to use "join()" to create a string from an array using JavaScript?


"join" concatenates the array elements with a specified seperator between them.

<script type="text/javascript">
var days = ["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday",
"Thursday","Friday","Saturday"];
document.write("days:"+days.join(","));
</script>
This produces
days:Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday

How to make a array as a stack using JavaScript?


The pop() and push() functions turn a harmless array into a stack

<script type="text/javascript">
var numbers = ["one", "two", "three", "four"];
numbers.push("five");
numbers.push("six");
document.write(numbers.pop());
document.write(numbers.pop());
document.write(numbers.pop());
</script>
This produces
sixfivefour

How to shift and unshift using JavaScript?


<script type="text/javascript">
var numbers = ["one", "two", "three", "four"];
numbers.unshift("zero");
document.write(" "+numbers.shift());
document.write(" "+numbers.shift());
document.write(" "+numbers.shift());
</script>
This produces
zero one two
shift, unshift, push, and pop may be used on the same array. Queues are easily
implemented using combinations.

How to create an object using JavaScript?


Objects can be created in many ways. One way is to create the object and add
the fields directly.

<script type="text/javascript">
var myMovie = new Object();
myMovie.title = "Aliens";
myMovie.director = "James Cameron";
document.write("movie: title is \""+myMovie.title+"\"");
<
This produces
movie: title is "Aliens"
To create an object you write a method with the name of your object and invoke
the method with "new".
<script type="text/javascript">
function movie(title, director) {
this.title = title;
this.director = director;
}
var aliens = new movie("Aliens","Cameron");
document.write("aliens:"+aliens.toString());
</script>
This produces
aliens:[object Object]

You can also use an abbreviated format for creating fields using a ":" to separate
the name of the field from its value. This is equivalent to the above code using
"this.".
<script type="text/javascript">
function movie(title, director) {
title : title;
director : director;
}
var aliens = new movie("Aliens","Cameron");
document.write("aliens:"+aliens.toString());
</script>
This produces
aliens:[object Object]

How to associate functions with objects using JavaScript?


Let's now create a custom "toString()" method for our movie object. We can
embed the function directly in the object like this.

<script type="text/javascript">
function movie(title, director) {
this.title = title;
this.director = director;
this.toString = function movieToString() {
return("title: "+this.title+" director: "+this.director);
}
}
var narnia = new movie("Narni","Andrew Adamson");
document.write(narnia.toString());
</script>
This produces
title: Narni director: Andrew Adamson

Or we can use a previously defined function and assign it to a variable. Note that
the name of the function is not followed by parenthesis, otherwise it would just
execute the function and stuff the returned value into the variable.

<script type="text/javascript">
function movieToString() {
return("title: "+this.title+" director: "+this.director);
}
function movie(title, director) {
this.title = title;
this.director = director;
this.toString = movieToString; //assign function to this method pointer
}
var aliens = new movie("Aliens","Cameron");
document.write(aliens.toString());
</script>
This produces
title: Aliens director: Cameron

eval()?
The eval() method is incredibly powerful allowing you to execute snippets of code
during execution.
<script type="text/javascript">
var USA_Texas_Austin = "521,289";
document.write("Population is "+eval("USA_"+"Texas_"+"Austin"));
</script>
This produces
Population is 521,289

What does break and continue statements do?


Continue statement continues the current loop (if label not specified) in a new
iteration whereas break statement exits the current loop.

How to create a function using function constructor?


The following example illustrates this
It creates a function called square with argument x and returns x multiplied by
itself.
var square = new Function ("x","return x*x");

What's Prototypes for JavaScript?


Objects have "prototypes" from which they may inherit fields and functions.
<script type="text/javascript">
function movieToString() {
return("title: "+this.title+" director: "+this.director);
}
function movie(title, director) {
this.title = title;
this.director = director || "unknown"; //if null assign to "unknown"
this.toString = movieToString; //assign function to this method pointer
}
movie.prototype.isComedy = false; //add a field to the movie's prototype
var officeSpace = new movie("OfficeSpace");
var narnia = new movie("Narni","Andrew Adamson");
document.write(narnia.toString());
document.write("
Narnia a comedy? "+narnia.isComedy);
officeSpace.isComedy = true; //override the default just for this object
document.write("
Office Space a comedy? "+officeSpace.isComedy);
</script>

unescape(), escape()
These are similar to the decodeURI() and encodeURI(), but escape() is used for
only portions of a URI.

<script type="text/javascript">
var myvalue = "Sir Walter Scott";
document.write("Original myvalue: "+myvalue);
document.write("<br />escaped: "+escape(myvalue));
document.write("<br />uri part: \"&author="+escape(myvalue)+"\"");
</script>

If you use escape() for the whole URI... well bad things happen.
<script type="text/javascript">
var uri = "http://www.google.com/search?q=sonofusion Taleyarkhan"
document.write("Original uri: "+uri);
document.write("
escaped: "+escape(uri));
v/script>

decodeURI(), encodeURI()
Many characters cannot be sent in a URL, but must be converted to their hex
encoding. These functions are used to convert an entire URI (a superset of URL)
to and from a format that can be sent via a URI.
<script type="text/javascript">
var uri = "http://www.google.com/search?q=sonofusion Taleyarkhan"
document.write("Original uri: "+uri);
document.write("<br />encoded: "+encodeURI(uri));
</script>

What Are Undefined And Undeclared Variables?


Undeclared variables are those that are not declared in the program (do not exist at all),trying to
read their values gives runtime error.But if undeclared variables are assigned then implicit
declaration is done .

Undefined variables are those that are not assigned any value but are declared in the
program.Trying to read such variables gives special value called undefined value.

How To Change Style On An Element?


Between CSS and javascript is a weird symmetry. CSS style rules are layed on top of the DOM. The
CSS property names like "font-weight" are transliterated into "myElement.style.fontWeight". The
class of an element can be swapped out. For example:
document.getElementById("myText").style.color = "green";
document.getElementById("myText").style.fontSize = "20";
-or-
document.getElementById("myText").className = "regular";

How To Set The Cursor To Wait ?


In theory, we should cache the current state of the cursor and then put it back to its original state.
document.body.style.cursor = 'wait';
//do something interesting and time consuming
document.body.style.cursor = 'auto';

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