Summary of Quran

What this project is: This Ramadan, rekindle your spirituality and relationship with God by
reading the Quran in a language you understand! To facilitate those who find reading the Quran
for the first time daunting, we, at Quranalyze It, will be posting short chapter summaries to get
you acquainted with the basic theme and content of a particular chapter.

It is important to note, however, that these summaries are no substitute to reading the Quran, and
should be used as a bridge towards the Quran, or as an additional tool.

A Short Summary of Al-Fatiha (Chapter 1)

Chapter 1 (Fatiha) is possibly the most read chapter of the Quran. It is an integral part of Muslim
prayers and is repeated tens of times in a day. Yet, we must ask ourselves,what purpose does it
serve? Why is it the very first chapter of the Quran?

I think the answers to those questions lie in Ch2 V2: Quran, as a revealed message, will only
serve as a guide for the Muttaqeen (those who are conscious of God). This is because everyone
else wouldnt embrace the message holistically to allow it to have a meaningful and drastic
impact in their life.

So, to me, Chapter 1 demonstrates the attributes of a person who has figuratively awoken from
sleep, suddenly becoming conscious of God (Muttaqi). These 6 verses could be considered as
universal truths of a spiritual awakening, regardless of the faith one subscribes to. They
immediately grab the attention of the reader, and go onto demonstrate Islam in a nutshell.

(Note: I am not referring to the bismillah as verse 1.)

Summary

Verses 1-4 deal with the symptoms of a spiritual awakening. What are they?

1st symptom: An immense feeling of praise and gratefulness for God, who is:

The Nourisher-Sustainer of the universe.

The Almighty (Rahman), and at the same time, The Merciful (Raheem).

Since both of the above words come from Rahm (literally: womb), these attributes outline the
protective and evolusionizing aspect of The Beloved. The Muttaqi has experienced these
attributes on a personal level. (V1-2)
2nd symptom: The realization of being dependent on a Higher Being (Maalik), and the fact that
he is accountable for his actions. Therefore, it is only Him that he would seek to serve
and only His aid that he would seek. (V3-4)

V5-6 is the prayer of the Muttaqi. What does he ask for?

He only implores God for guidance towards the straight path: A path on which there is positivity
(favor and blessings); not a path involving negativity (wrath) and misguided people.

This, again, signifies the utmost importance given to God, while moving away from human
authorities (idols). Furthermore, Islam is defined:

It is a straight path (without contradictions)

It is path on which you encounter positivity

It is a path devoid of negativity and misguidance

This short chapter includes much repeated key words in the Quran such as deen, ibadah, rabb and
includes major themes of the Quran such as:

Being grateful.

The oneness and other predominant attributes of God.

Accountability for our actions.

Dependence on a higher power.

Avoiding Shirk (Association).

Seeking guidance and aid.

What Islam is as a system.

Conclusion

A grandeur introduction, isnt it? So rich with detail, despite its briefness! Needless to say, I am
completely awed!

At the risk of repeating myself, I would say that Chapter 1 is the Quran in a nutshell! If your
Quran reading can be considered a spiritual workout, then Fatiha is the nutrient-dense pre-
workout snack.
A Short Summary & Chapter Notes of
Chapter 2 (Al-Baqarah)
I believe Chapter 2 and 3 are complimentary. While Chapter 2 is a very action-oriented and a
practical chapter outlining the system of Islam, Chapter 3 is more about its implementation and
preparing the reader for the on the ground situations and resistance that is bound to come.

In a nutshell, Baqarah is geared towards creating paradise on earth and within

ourselves. This can only be achieved when human beings undergo a major character and
paradigm change. Hence, it contains numerous ordinances on a variety of topics for the social
life of the community. If we adhere to these laws, we will create a garden on earth, so to speak.

Furthermore, it repeatedly emphasizes on spending in the way of Allah, which tells us how
important this aspect is to create a flourishing society.

Narrates the account of: Musa, Ibrahim, Sulaiman, and Dawood. (Peace be upon them all!).

Passage Breakdowns:

Verse 1-20:

Behavior traits of Muttaqeen (God-conscious), disbelievers & hypocrites.

21-29:

First call to mankind Service to Allah (shows our foremost duty).

Our inability to produce a chapter similar to the Quran.
Allah does not shy away from speaking in parables and metaphors [only those who are
inactive in engaging with the message (Fasiq) are misguided by these).
Behavior traits of Fasiqun.

30-39:

The fall and redemption of Adam.

40-48:

Summary of the calls to Bani Israel which are expounded later in 49-103.

49-103:

Detailed narration of the struggles of Bani Israel the privileges they receive, and how
they abuse them. Thus illustrating, again, the general story of man (Adam).

104-123:

First call to believers do not ask to be shepherded (discouraging blind following).

Others might get jealous of your firm faith.
Heaven and bliss is open to anyone who seeks God and not a specific religion.
God not in the distant heavens but wherever you turn your gaze.

124-141:

Ibrahim and Ismail purify the house of Allah and raise its foundations.
Individual accountability.
We are to follow the faith of Ibrahim who was a monotheist, not a Hood or Nasara.
Never make distinction between messengers.

142-152:

The Direction of belief of those who come to believe in this message changes.
Believers are expected to know the Quran as they know their children.
Focus on doing good, God will unite you with like-minded folks.
We are to focus on Masjid Al-Haraam wherever we are.
Passage ends by asking the reader to be grateful and not ungrateful.

153-167:

Second call to believers be patient and establish connection with God!

 God will try you by short-term tribulations
There are some disgraceful people who deliberately conceal Allahs signs/verses.
Reader is told to ponder over the universe.
People take idols (Prophets/scholars/things) and love them as they should love God
alone. However, they will regret this.

168-171:

Third call to believers Consume good things and do not follow Shaitan who invites
towards evil, injustice/immorality and that you speak about God what you do not know.
When people are asked to believe in what God has revealed, alas, they reply by saying
we follow what our forefathers followed, however misguided they were. These people
do not employ critical thinking.

172-177:

Fourth Call to believers Ordinances on food.

The people who conceal signs/verses for a meager benefit inflict self-injury on their soul.
Righteousness does not consist of formalities, but in faith, kindness, charity,
connection with God, purity, staying true to ones pledge, and patience under suffering.

178-182:

Fifth Call to believers Ordinances on RetributionFinancial compensation of an eye

for an eye and so on, and dispensation of property.

183-207:

Six Call to believers Ordinances on Fasting.

Do not devour the resources of others in a wrong manner, nor bribe the officialsto get
what is not yours.
Ordinances on fighting (No transgression & only self-defense) and Hajj/Umrah.
Do not be impressed by the dazzling speech of leaders who spread corruption.

208-253:
 Seventh Call to believers Be wholesome and do not follow Shaitan.
Mankind were one single community, their selfishness divided them.
Be prepared to face challenges in the way of life you have adopted, but Gods help will
eventually come.
Ordinances on spending on the poor, fighting in self defense.
Intoxicants and gambling forbidden.
Ordinances on marriage, orphans, menstruation, oaths & divorce.
The struggle of Bani Israel against Jaloot.
Allah raises some messengers in degrees, but we are not to make any distinction among
them. All have an equal right to be respected the same way.

254-263:

Eighth call to believers: Spend in the way of God lest you become an oppressor.
Verse of the Throne
No compulsion in religion
God brings people towards light, but false authorities drag them towards darkness.
Narration about Ibrahim.
Similes on spending.

264-266:

Ninth call to believers: Do not cancel your charities by constant reminders or hurting the
generosity of others.
More similes on spending in the way of God.

267-277:

Tenth call to believers: Spend in the way of God and dont give something youll not
like to receive.
Avoid Riba (usually translated as usury).

278-281:

Eleventh, and last, call to believers: Give up the Riba you have.
Be charitable.
282-283:

Ordinances on conducting business transactions.

284-286:

A summation of the mindset required to carry out this program.

Ends beautifully by outlining that Allah does not burden any soul beyond its capacity.
Summary of Chapter 3 (Imraan)
Chapter 2 starts with defining the behavior traits of Muttaqeen (Those who take guard) and
declaring them as Muflihoon (Successful) in 2:5. Very interestingly, Chapter 3 ends with the idea
of achieving this state of Falah (success). Therefore, both chapters seem to be complimentary.

While chapter 2 mainly dealt with the theoretical aspect of Islam, Chapter 3 is more interested
with the on the ground realities. It talks about the implementation of Islam and prepares the
reader for the resistance that is bound to come.

There are some general themes in the chapter that are often repeated:

Zoom in and look at the bigger picture. Material things are temporary and are bound to
perish, while what lies with God is everlasting.
Some of the people who possess the book will try their best to deviate you from your
path. So be wary of this, and remain attendant by not taking protectors outside of your
ranks. However, not all are wicked, so avoid generalizations.
Unity is encouraged throughout the chapter, while division is discouraged. Unity is key to
success.
Fight those who fight you, and dont seek to appease your enemies who only seek your
downfall.
Some people seek to distort the book, claiming what they say is from it, while most
certainly it is not. Therefore, dont invent ordinances in the name of God.

Narrates the accounts of: Maryam, Eesa, and Zakaria. (Verse 33-63)

Unique aspect of this chapter:

The only chapter to categorize verses as Muhkamat (Ordinances) and Mutashabihat

(Historical accounts & Allegories). Muhkamat verses are the mother of the book,
meaning these clear-cut verses should give birth/guide our way to understanding the
Mutashabihat. Only God knows the true meanings of Mutashabihat, therefore there is
no correct interpretation of these verses. Key to understanding these verses is to be
humble, and sincere. (3:7)

Calls to People who possess the book (V64-99):

Resolve differences between each other and come to a common word: Not to serve
anyone except God, and not to set authorities with Him.
Dont dispute on things you have no knowledge of.
Why do you conceal signs that youve witnessed on a personal level?
 Why do you mix truth with falsehood, fully aware of what youre doing?
Dont hinder people from path of God by making it seem crooked.

Calls to Believers (100-200):

If you obey some of the people who possess the book, they will misguide you from the
path of God.
Be conscious of God.
Dont divide yourselves.
Be a community that advocates all that is good, and discourages all that is bad.
Seek purity.
Pay allegiance to God, not Mohammad. He will die, while God is ever living.
Dont take protectors outside your ranks because those people only seek your downfall.
Dont consume Riba (usually translated as usury).
Seek protection from sins and spend in the way of God
If you commit an error, immediately become mindful and seek forgiveness.
Short-term trials will come, but dont lose heart. If you are truly believers, you will
succeed
The chapter ends beautifully by asking the believers to exhort patience and support each
other so that they may become successful.
Summary of Chapter 4 (Nisaa)
The theme of Chapter 4 seems to be about socio-economics, with an emphasis on following the
messenger to attain these goals. Establishing justice is also emphasized, and is another prevalent
theme of the chapter.

To me, the first four passages (1-42) of chapter 4 seem to resemble Ch 2 as they contains
numerous ordinances, this time geared towards socio-economics: rights of men, women, and
orphans. The last ten passages (43-176) seem to resemble Ch 3 as they urge the reader to fight
for the oppressed, constantly reminding the reader to not take protectors outside his ranks and to
be wary of the threats proposed by the enemies.

Here are some interesting thoughts on Chapter 4 from the book Introduction to Quran: An
Existential Reading by Farouk Peru:

1. Ch 4 is one of two chapters in Quran starting with oh people (ya ayyuha an-naas). The other
is Ch 22, Al-hajj. This may be due to the fact both chapters are giving humankind specific paths
to achieve the utopian ideal.

2. Ch 4 has its first section (4/1-18) address mankind to establish a just and organic society in
terms of dependency. This happens when we take care of those who are alone with no one to
care for them (al-yateem).

3. Ch 4 then has 3 sections with calls to believers (4/19-28; 4/29-42 ; 4/43-57). These three
sections give consequent answers to the first call to mankind. It gives specific instructions on
formation of that society. There are 3 aspects with are social relations, trade and preparation of
the self.

4. Ch 4 has a unique call which is to those given the book (alladhina ootu al-kitab in 4/47-58).
These are the people given the system of God (idealised in 4/1) after following the steps
mentioned above. This is not found anywhere else in Quran and could show us the overarching
theme of Ch 4.

5. Ch 4 includes the story of *musa* and the people of his system (ahl al-kitab). The lesson of
the sabt is that there are phases of growth and rest in the course of building society (4/153-154).

6. Ch 4 also mentions the oppression of those who prefer comfort, alladhina haadoo (4/160-161).
These people were lenient about establishing the system of God and were content about riba, the
fruits of oppressive economics. For that, Allah sanctioned them from the good things.

7. Ch 4 has a final call to mankind (4/174) mentions the word burhaan which is translated as
proof. This call is placed here because the proof of Islams system is self-evident when Islam is
established, it is proof for everyone to see. Not coincidentally, the purpose of hajj in Ch 22
(which starts with the call to mankind like this chapter, Ch 4), is for people to see the system for
themselves (22/27-28).
Passage Breakdowns:

Passage 1 (1-18)

First call to mankind: Attain Taqwa of your Rab (be conscious of your Sustainer)
Dont consume the resources of orphans unlawfully and be just with them. Release their
property to them when they become mentally mature to handle it.
The infamous polygamy verse.
Provide marital gifts to your wives when you marry.
Inheritance laws: Both men and women get a share (These are detailed in the passage). Also
encourages providing for the needy out of the inheritance.
Those who corrupt the ordinances laid above, four witnesses must be gathered and legal action
taken.
Forgiveness only for those who commit evil in ignorance, and dont repeat their mistakes.

Passage 2 (19-28)

First call to believers: Forced marriage forbidden and cordial relationships between man and
woman encouraged.
In case of marrying for the second time, you must not take back the marital gift you had given to
your former wife.
Ordinances on whom you cant marry.
Passage ends by reminding the reader that God seeks ease for you.

Passage 3 (29-42)

Second call to believers: Do not consume one anothers wealth wrongfully. This will destroy
your nafs (soul).
Avoid the grave sins, and your minor sins will be forgiven.
In financial matters, dont be jealous of others. Both men and women have full rights over what
they earn, the inheritance left behind by their parents, and the marital gifts received by the
women.
Obey God and dont set up authorities with Him. Be good to your parents, and be charitable
with the needy.
Dont be stingy, and dont spend to show-off.

Passage 4 (43-46)

Third call to believers: Dont approach Salat unless you know what youre saying (Understand
what you read or what is recited to you). Further ordinances on purity pre-Salat.
Seek to embrace the book holistically.

Passage 5 (47-58)
 First and only call to those who have been given the book: Believe in what was revealed that
confirms what you already possess and avoid setting authorities with God.
Dont claim purity for yourself. In other words, dont be pompous. Also, never invent ordinances
in the name of God.
Embrace the book holistically and dont follow false authorities.
Establish Justice.

Passage 6 (59-70)

Fourth call to believers: Obey God, the messenger, and those entrusted with authority. If you
differ somewhere, refer to the book.
Again, avoid following false authorities.
Be dedicated to the cause youre fighting for.

Passage 7 (71-93)

Fifth Call to believers: Remain attendant against threats.

Fight for those who are oppressed in the land.
The source of everything good is God, while evil comes because of your decisions.
Ponder over the Quran, if you find therein inconsistencies, it is not from God.
Verify rumors.
Whoever rallies to a good cause will have a share in it, and whoever rallies to a bad cause will
have a share in it.
When greeted with a greeting, respond by an equal or better greeting.
Beware of hypocrites.
Ordinances on the recompense of killing a believer.

Passage 8 (94-134)

Sixth call to believers: Avoid Takfir (excommunication)

Those who fight for a noble cause are superior to those who dont.
If you are oppressed, migrate if you can.
When travelling, you may shorten your salat.
Avoid secret meetings, unless for a noble cause.
Shaitan will mislead and entice you, and will order you to change the creation of God. But what
shaitan promises to you is but delusion.
Best Deen is to surrender yourself to God, excel in goodness, and follow the example of Ibrahim.
Ordinances on wives and orphans repeated.

Passage 9 (135)

Seventh call to believers: Stand up firmly for justice, with no discrimination.

Passage 10 (136-143)

Eighth Call to believers: Believe in God, the messenger, and the book.
Dont seek protectors outside your ranks.
 If someone mocks the revelations of God, simply walk away.

Passage 11 (144-169)

Ninth Call to believers: Dont seek protectors outside your ranks.

Hypocrites deemed the worst.
Impolite speech not allowed, unless by someone who was wronged.
Dont cause distinction between messengers.
People will ask you to display miracles.
Jesus was not crucified.
None can be from the Ahl Kitab unless they believe in Alkitab.

Passage 12 (170)

Second call to mankind: Truth has come to you from your Lord. If you believe it, it is only better
for you.

Passage 13 (171-173)

First call to people who possess the book: Do not commit excess in your deen, and dont speak
falsehood about God. Eesa served God and was a messenger. Dont set up authorities with Him.
God is one, not one of three.

Passage 14 (174-176)

Third, and last call to mankind: There has come to you Burhan (Convincing proof) from your
Lord, as a beacon of light.
If you believe in God, He will guide you towards a straight path.
Ends with the summation of inheritance laws.
Summary of Chapter 5 (Maidah)
The chapter theme seems like an amalgamation of the themes expressed in Ch2-4. However, this
time, with a focus on the messenger and his relationship with the believers and disbelievers. All
in all, Ch 2-5 details the core of Islam, with pretty much identical themes and content within
them. The call Oh you believed appears 43 times between Ch2-5, showing the practical
overtones of these chapters.

Beginning with an appeal to believers to fulfill all obligations as sacred, it puts forward
ordinances about food, cleanliness, impartial justice, and pluralism. Murdering an innocent soul,
stealing, false oaths, intoxication, gambling, superstitions of all kinds, hunting within the
forbidden months, and inventing lies about God are condemned.

Here are some excellent thoughts on Chapter 5 from the book Introduction to the Quran: An
Existential Reading by Farouk Peru:

1. Ch 5 is the only chapter which mentions the perfection of the islamic system (deeni kamil) in
5/3. During this perfection of system, many negative things are sanctioned from us and those
who seek to oppress will give up in doing so.

2. Ch 5 has two calls to the messenger (5/41 and 5/67). This is not present in any other chapter.
This shows the centrality of the messenger in this chapter and his role in leading the system.
After each of these calls to the messenger, there are successive calls to believers (in 5/51, 5/54,
5/57 followed by calls after the second call to the messenger in 5/87, 5/90, 5/94, 5/95, 5/101,
5/105, 5/106). These calls represent stages or aspects of action in order to realise the system of
the messenger in two successive stages (those of 5/41 and 5/67).

3. Ch 5 ends with the story of *isa* and the table (the word maidah refers to a state in which
capacities are peaked). This symbolizes the system of Allah which is perfected in 5/3. In this
perfection, the needs for self-actualization of all human beings are met and he is on course for
the right judgment from Allah.

Passage Breakdowns:

Passage 1 (1-5)

First call to believers: Fulfill your obligations.

Second call to believers: Ordinances on lawful and unlawful food, and marriage.

Passage 2 (6-7)
 Third call to believers: Guidelines on ablution before Salat.

Passage 3 (8-10)

Fourth call to believers: Stand up for justice, and be not partial.

Passage 4 (11-14)

God made a covenant with Bani Israel and the Nasara but they breached it. This
caused them to be arrogant, and misrepresent the Message.

Passage 5 (15-18)

First call to People who possess the book: There has come to you an illuminating book
that guides to *paths* of peace (Islam). Paths being in plural signifies no approach
towards the Quran has a monopoly on truth.
Further outlines the shortcomings of some Hood and Nasara.

Passage 6 (19-34)

Second call to People who possess the book: Messenger has come to you who clarifies
matters, lest you say no warner came to us.
Narration about Musa and his people, his people signifying the lack of devotion to fight
in the cause of God.
Narration about two sons of *Adam*, leading up to the commandment that murdering an
innocent soul is like murdering the entire mankind, and saving a soul is like saving the
whole mankind. This, so that people do not forget the pivotal commandment of only
killing in self-defense.
The natural consequence of those who wage a war against Allah and His Messenger is
that they are humiliated in one way or the other.

Passage 7 (35-40)

Fifth call to believers: Attain Taqwa of God, and journey towards Him, if you seek to be
successful in the long run (This was a central theme in Ch 2 and 3). This is better than
acquiring all the material possessions in the world.
Those who steal, cut off their capacities. However, if they sincerely repent, God will
forgive them.

Passage 8 (41-50)

First call to the messenger: Beware of hypocrites.

Judge by Altaurat which contains guidance and light. Prophets, in plural, judged in
accordance with it.
 A vital lesson on pluralism: God could have made you one Ummah, but he gave you
different understandings of the same truth. Instead of fighting over this, hasten to do
good.

Passage 9 (51-53)

Sixth call to believers: Do not take protectors outside your ranks.

Seventh call to believers: Do not turn back on your heels, because of the difficulties you
suffer. Your real friends are God, His messenger, and those who establish connection and
contribute to purification and are humble.
Eighth call to believers: Do not take those who take your Deen as mockery and play as
protectors. This, because these folks have no intentions of connecting with God.

Passage 10 (59-66)

Say to the people who possess the book: Why do you blame us, when all weve done is
that weve believed in God and embrace the book holistically? This sort of behavior is
termed as very immature and unevolved. Those who are guilty of the trait mentioned
above are labeled hypocrites and their scholars questioned over why they dont
reprimand them.
Some Yahood say that Gods hands are tied down while they themselves are extremely
stingy. God works through human beings, and since God repeatedly commands charity, is
the hands of the people that are tied down that leads to poverty. *Very important
distinction made here, a query most atheists put forward.*

Passage 11 (67-86)

Second call to messenger: Make known all that is revealed to you. God will protect you
from the aggressors.
Criterion to heaven is not a specific religion, but some core beliefs: Belief in God,
accountability, and reformation.
Do not set up authorities with God.
Both Eesa and his mother consumed food, and were like every other mortal. This is
termed as a sign, for those who will give thought.
Say to people who possess the book: Dont commit excess in your Deen, and dont
follow erroneous views.

Passage 12 (87-89)

Dont forbid yourselves of the things God has made lawful for you.
Oaths without deliberate intentions are not accountable. Oaths with deliberate intentions
accountable. Expiation of these oaths outlined.

Passage 13 (90-93)
 Ninth call to believers: Intoxication, games of chance forbidden. Shaitan causes enmity
and hatred between humans through these things.
Obey God and the messenger. The messengers duty is to deliver the message to you,
whether you follow it or not, is up to you.

Passage 14 (94-100)

Ordinances on hunting during the forbidden months.

Passage 15 (101-109)

Tenth call to believers: Dont ask about things you have no knowledge of. However, if
you ask these things while the Quran is being revealed to you, you will get the answers
eventually. The negation of this commandment has lead many towards disbelief.
When it is said to people to believe what God has revealed, they respond by saying that
we will, on the contrary, follow what our forefathers followed.
Eleventh call to believers: Individual accountability.
Twelfth and last call to believers: Two people should witness the will you write before
death.

Passage 16 (110-120)

The chapter ends with the narration about Eesa, with a central focus on the Maaidah
which I take it to mean abundance and a feast for those involved in the project of Ch2-5.
Summary of Chapter 6 (Anaam)
Ch 6 is an awe-inspiring chapter, and certainly one of my favorites. The chapter starts with Al
hamdu lillah (a feeling of praise for God), and mentions sirat ul mustaqeem (The straight path) 5
times! This shows that it is complimentary to Chapter 1.

Unlike Chapters 2-5 (which were more informative), Chapter 6 adopts a persuasive style and is
very spiritual in nature. A good part of the chapter is devoted to God and how he works in the
universe, showing a divergence from earlier chapters which focused on ordinances. This is the
first chapter to mention as many as 18 different messengers/prophets.

Furthermore, the chapter outlines the shortcomings of people in approaching God: They ask for
supernatural miracles. To these people, the answer is that even if God were to perform these
supernatural miracles, you would still not detest and continue arguing. Instead, attain conviction
by reasoning.

Despite my best efforts, I really cant do any justice to this chapter. It is a chapter that needs to
be read and enjoyed. However, here are the more prominent interests of the chapter:

Monotheism: Come back to the source (God), and dont set up authorities with Him. All
spiritual practices should be for God, not earthly entities.
Chapter primarily concerned with atheists and hardline religionists.
Individual accountability, no intercession.
Freedom of belief. Do not insult the gods of others.
Every prophet had enemies who ascribed sayings to him he never uttered.
Book is fully detailed.
Only chapter to mention 18 personalities and linking them all to Alkitab (The book).
Do not obey the majority. Majority does not equate to truth.
Advocates reasoning in religious matters. How can god have a son without a partner?
Not the God can will whatever mantra most religionists like to use.
Enlightenment and ignorance not equal. How can they deserve the same treatment?
Degrees according to deeds, not beliefs.
Ordinance on food.
Fatalism shunned.
Division discouraged.
Different understandings of the same truth given so that he could test you in your
individual capacities. Therefore, Islam was never supposed to be a monolith.

Narrates the account of Ibrahim: His own spiritual journey, and how he challenged the
prevalent religion of his times. (6:74-83)
Advocates one of the strongest arguments for Quranism (6:112-117):

Remember, We have appointed to every Prophet enemies. The rebellious among the urban and
the rural populations rose in opposition, (since the Message struck at their personal interests.)
They plotted and inspired each other with fancy words. If your Sustainer willed, they would not
do that. Disregard them and whatever they fabricate.

Those who love quick gains and neglect the long-term benefits and the Hereafter, are parties to
such fabrications. Let them delight in it and let them earn from it what they may.

Shall I seek for Judge and Ruler someone other than God? He is the One Who has revealed this
Book, well expounded in detail for you? Those whom We have given the Book know that this is
revealed in truth from your Sustainer. Be not among those who argue for the sake of argument.

Perfected is the Word of your Sustainer in truth and Justice. None can change His words and His
laws. And He is the Profound Hearer, the Knower.

(People will confront you with what the majority is doing.) Now if you pay heed to, or get
intimidated by majority of those who live on earth, they will lead you astray from Gods way.
Most of the people follow nothing but conjecture and they only live by guesswork.

Only your Sustainer (shows the right path and) knows best those who stray and those who are
rightly guided.

The Nine commandments of Islam, so to speak (6:151-152):

You shall not set up idols besides Him.

You shall honor your parents.

You shall not kill your children from fear of poverty we provide for you and for them.

You shall not commit immoralities and injustices, obvious or hidden.

You shall not kill God has made life sacred except in the course of justice.

You shall not touch the orphans money except in the most righteous manner, until they reach
maturity.

You shall give full weight and full measure when you trade, equitably. We do not burden any
soul beyond its means.

You shall be absolutely just when you bear witness, even against your relatives.
You shall fulfill your covenant with God.

Here are some very useful notes on Chapter 6 from Introduction to the Quran: An Existential
Reading by Farouk Peru:

1. Ch 6 is like Ch 1 as it also starts with the feeling of joy and thankfulness (hamd) for Allah who
created the heavens and the earth, darkness and light. However, those who reject or cover up this
feeling will make others equal to Allah. This sets the tone for the chapter which is about attaining
the direct connection with Allah.

2. Ch 6 has a long section talking about mans relationship with Allah and how we can relate to
him. This is from Vs 1-73. This is the first long metaphysical treatise in Quran and helps us to
understand how we can build such a relationship with Allah.

3. Ch 6 mentions *ibrahim* and his reaction to the sun, moon and planets (7/74-83). This shows
our contemplative route towards Allah where we see the source of power and light fade before
turning to Allah himself. This process can be seen as an actual experience of 6/1-73.

4. Ch 6 mentions 18 personalities, linking them to the book, governance and prophecies (6/83-
89). These personalities should be understood as means for us to achieve the straight and
establishing path. (siratin mustaqeem).

5. Ch 6 has the means of attaining the detailing of Gods judgment, 6/114. This is represented by
the Quran and opposite to flowery sayings (6/112-113) which alienate us from the path
(shaitaan). From this judgement of 6/114, we are to attain the fulfillment of the words of our lord
in truth and justice (6/115).

6. Ch 6 has the detailing of the straight path (6/151-153) and immediately after that, Allah
mentions *musa* and the book as well as the Quran (6/155)

7. Ch 6 ends with ibrahim who is the model of the perfect deen. Ibrahims philosophy of life is
linked to his level of deen.
Summary of Chapter 7 (Aaraaf)
Adam, because of his selfish desires, fell from the heaven that the earth once was. This
chapter, quite uniquely, has 4 calls to Bani Adam (those who seek to attain that state once again)
and by example of previous communities, shows how messengers brought a reformation
program but the political and religious heads completely rejected them, again because of their
own selfish desires.

Some additional notes:

The emphasis in this chapter is not on individuals, but communities (Ummahs).

Emphasis on reformation (Islah).
It repeatedly warns the reader not to take Shaitan as an ally.
Advocates reasoning in all matters. Those who blindly follow are deemed as cattle.
First chapter to have a lengthy discourse on Musa and his people.
First chapter to mention Nooh, Hood, Salih, Loot, Shoaib each outlining a segment of
the society that these messengers went to reform.
Second chapter to expound on Adam after Ch 2.
Seems to echo chapter 11 (same theme).

Here are some excellent thoughts on Chapter 5 from the book Introduction to the Quran: An
Existential Reading by Farouk Peru:

1. Ch 7 focuses on the state of *adam* and uniquely has calls to bani *adam*. It uses the stories
of the messengers as a means for us o understand how to attain this state. It then closes with the
use of revelation to attain this knowledge.

2. Ch 7 is the only chapter with calls of oh children of *adam*. This call is for people who seek
to achieve the status of *adam* before he fell , to be in the garden. Ch 7 has four calls to the
children of *adam* (7/26, 7/27, 7/31 and 7/35) which should give a strong indication of its
theme.

3. Ch 7 has a second phase of adams story from 7/172. Therefore adams story brackets almost
the entire chapter. It would therefore be good to read these stories of quranic personalities from
the perspective of adam.

4. Ch 7 Vs 199-206 ends with our daily struggle with shaitan or forces of alienation and our
interaction with revelation. This shows the place to start this project is to engage with revelation.
Vs 203-204 echo 6/105-107 which talk about attaining insight from the Lord.

Passage Breakdowns:
Passage 1 (1-10)

You must not harbor doubts about the book, for it needs conviction (attained by
reasoning, nonetheless!) to implement it. Obey what is revealed to you, and dont take
others as protectors.
Immediately introduces the reader to the annihilation of previous communities because of
their oppression. Those who do good attract good, and vice versa. This should set the
tone for the chapter.
Outlines the ungratefulness of human beings: how God made us vicegerents of this earth,
and how we pay back by initiating oppressive systems.

Passage 2 (11-26)

The narration of how Adam fell is introduced to outline how every problem on this earth
stems from arrogance and selfishness (Shaitan).

Passage 3 (27-36)

First call to Bani Adam: God has revealed to you Libaas (usually translated as
garments) that covers you from evil and as a source of elegance and protection. So, adopt
the Libaas of Taqwa (taking guarding against evil). That is best for you (Libaas, of
course, being a metaphor for your spiritual outlook.)
Second call to Bani Adam: Let not Shaitan tempt you as he tempted your Father, Adam.
He stripped them off of their Libaas by creating false desires in him. So, be wary of
Shaitan. (This is the most defining verse of the chapter which includes the overall theme
of it!)

God never commands people to commit injustice/immoralities. On the contrary, he

commands justice. In addition, he commands you to devote yourself at every institution
that submits to Gods laws (Masjid) and that you remain dedicated to Him alone in Deen.
Third call to Bani Adam: You are allowed to take your Zeenat (means of comfortable
living, perhaps?) from every Masjid. Just dont be extravagant.
There are some who might forbid you from taking this Zeenat, however God allows it.
What God forbids is that you commit injustices/immoralities, other evils, and that you
associate authorities with God.
Fourth call to Bani Adam: There has come to you a messenger from yourselves,
clarifying Gods signs to you. If you believe and reform yourself, you will live a life of
bliss (attain that garden on Earth).

Passage 4 (37-53)

Details the result of the communities that failed to build paradise on Earth.

Passage 5 (54-58)

Call to your Lord being humble. He does not like the transgressors.
 Do not spread corruption on the land after it has been reformed.
Communities can revive if they adhere to Gods laws.

Passage 6 (59-64)

Narrates the fall of the community of Nooh because of their transgression.

Passage 7 (65-72)

Narrates the fall of the community of Hood because of their transgression.

Passage 8 (73-79)

Narrates the fall of the community of Salih because of their transgression.

Passage 9 (80-84)

Narrates the fall of the community of Loot because of their transgression.

Passage 10 (85-102)

Narrates the fall of the community of Shoaib because of their transgression.

Passage 11 (103-171)

Narrates the fall of the community of Musa because of their transgression.

Passage 12 (172-206)

You will not be questioned what others used to do. Individual accountability.
Do not follow Shaitan.
Whoever chooses to guide himself is for his own benefit and vice versa.
Those who do not reason are like cattle, and even further astray!
Some communities who choose to guide themselves will uphold justice. The
communities that belie our revelations will eventually destroy themselves in time.
The Prophet did not know what will happen in the future.
Do not set up authorities with God.
God is a protector to those who reform.
Pardon those who differ, and uphold justice.
Do not seek miracles, attain conviction by reasoning.
Be humble when you call upon God, and pay heed to the Quran in order to attain mercy.
Do not be proud to serve God. Instead, work in harmony with the universe and submit to
His laws.
Short Summary of Chapter 8 (Anfaal)
This chapter is one of the most misunderstood chapters in the Quran. In popular opinion, this
chapter is what fuels Jihadists to wage war against the infidels. But in my opinion, this chapter
seeks to fight these very people who act as agents of God seeming to make His path crooked
(8:47), and initiating great chaos in the land (8:73). A pivotal commandment of this chapter is to
fight until there are no tribulations in the Deen of Islam (8:39): this is to fight the Jihadist groups
who misrepresent Islam all over the world and fuel Muslimophobia!

Until verse 52 (75% of the chapter), the fighting seems to be verbal (debate) because of the
context. For example, they wont reason for themselves, God will reveal to you a criterion to
judge between right and wrong, and the backlash from traditionalist folks that their deen has
deluded them etc. If these dialogues fail, then the subsequent command is to fight a war against
the people who create havoc in the land (V 52 onwards). However, if they incline to peace, then
you incline to peace too!

Chapter Notes:

Ch 8, like Ch2-5, is very practical and hands on.

It has 6 calls to believers and 2 calls to the Nabi.

Defines who Momineen are (8:2 and 8:74)

Out of anything you acquire as a bonus (not restricted to war booty), 20% is to be spent in a
charitable cause.

The chapter theme is entirely about fighting in the cause of God, and spending resources in His
way to eliminate chaos from the land.

It repeatedly enjoins unity; for without unity, you cannot fight the aggressors who will always
be in greater numbers.

The chapter makes a very vital point: God does not change the condition of a nation until they
change themselves. All the time spent in supplications should rather be utilized in initiating
practical change.

Passage Breakdowns:

Passage 1 (V1-14) Who are the Momineen and how God helps them.
 Anfaal (surplus) is for God and the messenger (to ensure a stable society). This helps in
attaining Taqwa, and improving relationships between one another.
Momineen are defined: 1) They are those whose skins shiver when they witness Gods
signs. 2) When Gods signs are rehearsed to them, their faith increases. 3) They trust God
(Have faith in His laws) 4) They establish a connection with God. 5) They spend in
charity.
These folks receive protection from God and an honorable provision, as God takes them
out from their false systems. Some of the Momineen, however, are reluctant to make
such a big change. These people argue after the truth has been clearly conveyed to them,
as if they were staring at death.
Do not be afraid of large groups of resistance. Truth prevails.
God helps the Momineen by descending thousands of Malaika (a multitude of positive
reinforcing emotions). A sense of peace prevails in the hearts of Momineen and God
sends down revelation (maa) that washes away the whisperings of Shaitan and firms your
resolve.

Passage 2 (V15-30) 5 call to believers

First call to believers: Turning your backs when you meet the aggressors in opposition is
strongly condemned.
Second call to believers: Obey God and His messenger, and do not turn away while you
know it is the truth. The worst creatures in the sign of God are those who do not reason.
Third call to believers: Respond to God and His messenger (by engaging with the
message). This will give you life (spiritually) and your heart will attain peace.
No matter how few you are, if you fight for a just cause, God will strengthen you.
Fourth call to believers: Never betray God, His messenger and people who trust you.
Your wealth and family are, but trails (Never forget to look at the bigger picture).
Fifth call to believers: If you revere God, he will reveal to you a criterion to judge
between right and wrong, and will protect you.

Passage 3 (V31-44) Defines the people we are supposed to fight.

When you meet those in opposition, they say: We can fabricate a message like this, it is
nothing but mythology of ancient people.
These people hinder you from Masjid al Haraam, although they are not its guardians. Its
guardians can only be the Muttaqeen (Saud family, anyone?).
And their connection with the system of Islam is nothing but vanities and amusement.
These folks spend to hinder people from the path of God.
Say to these people: If you seek a ceasefire, your sins will be forgiven. Otherwise, you
will be destroyed like the nations of old.
Fight these people until there are no tribulations in Deen (as these folks distort Deen for
ex. Jihadist groups)
Out of anything you receive (Anfaal), 20% is to be spent in charity, if you believe in God.
If you remain united, the opposition will appear fewer in number.

Passage 5 (V45-51) Sixth call to believers and the allegations by hypocrites

 Sixth call to believers: Whenever you meet people in opposition, remain united and obey
God (His verses) to emerge successful. Do not be like those who only seek to show off
and hinder people from the path of God.
The hypocrites will say to the Momineen: Their Deen has deluded them.

Passage 6 (V52-63) Guidelines on Fighting

Those who belie Gods Signs are equated with the nation of Firaun who conceal Gods
signs for material gains. These are termed the worst of creatures who never honor their
oaths and treaties.
God never changes the condition of a nation until they first change themselves (What you
do is what you will get Impartial divine law)
When you go to war with them, set an example for the proceeding generations to take
lessons from.
Whatever resources you can muster to fight these oppressive folks, muster.
However, if they incline to peace, you incline to peace too!
If resorting to peace is their strategy to deceive you, then God will help you. What you
need to do is always remain united.

Passage 7 (V64-69) First call to Nabi

First call to the Nabi: God is sufficient for you and the believers.
Urge your followers to fight the oppressive people. Because of your unity, you will
overcome armies much larger your size.
It is beyond the dignity of a Nabi to hold captives except in warfare. Dont let material
gains hinder you from doing right. Otherwise, you will face retribution.
On the contrary, consume what is good and lawful.

Passage 8 (V70-75) Second call to Nabi

Second call to Nabi: Convey to the captives in your possession If your intentions are
pure, God will provide you something far better than what has been taken from you.
However, if your intentions are treacherous, then you will receive no help from God.
Those who believe, migrate, strive with their wealth and their selves, and those who
support this cause practically are protectors of one another. These people are the real
Momineen.
And those who are ungrateful are protectors of one another. Unless you fight them, there
will be great chaos in the land.
Short Summary of Chapter 10 (Younus)
With chapter 10 starts the A.L.R series that continues until chapter 15. These chapters are very
spiritual and persuasive in nature, having similar themes. I would recommend reading these short
5 chapters in one go!

Theme:

1. The theme of Chapter 10 very much resembles the theme of chapter 6 and is primarily
focused over monotheism vs polytheism, with numerous arguments to convince the
reader to avoid dogmas and come towards the source (God).
2. Another theme is the Quran: how people reject it without truly investigating it, its divine
origins because it confirms your conscience, how people demand the messenger to
change it, and being patient while it is being revealed.
3. Outlines the many shortcomings of man in approaching God: asking for supernatural
miracles, being ungrateful, and insincerity.
4. Critical thinking and reasoning for yourselves is also another prevalent theme
5. Shows two realms, the physical realm and the spiritual realm. Those who seek to attain
only material possessions ignore their soul, and thus eliminate any chance to attain bliss.

Chapter Notes:

1. Ch 10 mentions Quran for the second time by explaining how we can compare the
guidance of Quran to other discourses claiming to guide people to a higher truth (10/31-
42). Only Quran truly encapsulates the human condition. This is the first passage
detailing Qurans proof (From Introduction to the Quran: An Existential Reading by
Farouk Peru)
2. Has two calls to mankind.
3. Freedom of belief is strongly advocated in this chapter.
4. Narrates the account of Musa, Nooh and Younus (briefly).
5. Urges people to ponder over the universe and within themselves to attain signs, instead of
asking for supernatural miracles.

Passage breakdowns:

Passage 1 (1-10)

The chapter starts off by questioning the reader: Why is it an astonishing thing that
a messenger has come to you from amongst yourselves? Jealousy is an enemy of
truth.
How God operates in the universe is outlined.
Only those who dont expect accountability and are satisfied with the worldly glamor are
heedless of Gods signs. These people will never truly attain bliss.
 While those who acknowledge Gods signs and continuously reform themselves will
make themselves worthy of bliss, continuously thanking and praising God for it.

Passage 2 (11-25)

It is Gods mercy that His Law of Requital does not grasp the oppressors instantly.
He gives them time to mend their ways.
When affliction falls upon humans, they immediately turn to God. However, when that
affliction is removed, they become ungrateful and plot against Gods commandments as
if they had never called God.
When Gods signs/verses are conveyed to those who dont expect to be held
accountable, they ask you to alter the Quran to conform to their desires, or that you
bring a new book altogether! However, the messenger is not allowed to do this.
These folks serve those who bring neither harm nor benefit, and expect them to be
intercessors. However, all this is in vain.

Mankind was united, but they differed. If it were not for freewill, God would have
judged their disputes immediately!
And they ask the Messenger to come forth with signs, while all the Signs belong to God!
(Signs are what you witness within yourself, not externally)
First call to mankind: Your rebellion is against yourself! Enjoyment of the worldly life
with disregard of Eternity, is but a fleeting delight.
Metaphors on how the worldly life is so temporary.
God calls you towards the abode of peace! And he guides those who will to be guided to
the straight path.

Passage 3 (26-56)

Those who do good will attract more goodness (law of attraction). No trace of misery or
humiliation will fall upon them.
While those who do commit evil will live a life of misery and humiliation.
On the day of accountability, the idols people had worshiped would disapprove of their
service!
God controls everything, not the idols people serve. How, then, are you so deluded?
The majority of people follow nothing but conjecture. And it is Gods law that those
who drift away from reason will never acknowledge.

This Quran is not something that can be fabricated as it confirms what you already
possess (your conscience). Therefore, there is no doubt that it from the Sustainer of the
Universe.
If you can, produce 10 chapters in similitude of Quran to challenge its divine authenticity.
But people reject the Quran, before even investigating it sincerely.
 If they reject you, simply part ways. You are not accountable for them.
Those who do not reason can never be guided.

God does not oppress people, but people oppress themselves (freewill).
For every Ummah is a messenger who judged things in justice and never oppressed.
Every community determines its own rise and fall. When the time comes, they can
neither delay, nor hasten the requital

Passage 3 (57-71)

Second call to mankind: There has now come to you Enlightenment from your
Sustainer, and a healing for all that troubles your hearts; and guidance and grace to
all who embrace it. This guidance is better than acquiring material possessions.
Do not invent lies about God, saying this food is lawful and that is unlawful when no
such ordinance has been passed.
Whatever good or evil you do is recorded.
Let not their utterances grieve you. God will honor you.
And they say God has taken a son/favorite.

Passage 4 (72-74)

Briefly mentions the account of Nooh and how his people rejected him

Passage 5 (75-93)

Narrates the account of Musa and how Firaun rejected him. However, at the time of
death, Firaun suddenly seemed to acknowledged Musas system but that was too late! As
a sign, his body was saved (currently in the Cairo Museum).

Passage 6 (94-103)

If you have some doubts pertinent to the book, you are encouraged to ask folks who
seem to have more knowledge than you.
The community of Younus was an exception, in the sense that they adopted belief
holistically which benefited them.
If God had willed, every human would have believed. How, then, can you force
people into accepting your faith?
He places confusions in the minds of those who do not reason.
If you want signs, ponder over the universe.

Passage 7 (104-109) A summation of the entire chapter.

You have been commanded to set your purpose towards Deen as a monotheist and
never associate others with God.
 Whoever guides himself guides for his own benefit and vice versa.
Obey what is revealed to you and be patient until Gods judgment comes towards
you.
Short Summary of Chapter 11 (Hud)
Chapter theme:

The theme is based upon the fact that oppressive systems based on corruption are bound
to perish. The messengers warned their respective communities, however they were not
to listen. Eventually, their oppressive systems collapsed.
It describes different aspects of societies that were corrupt but the chiefs among them
resisted change, perhaps because they could not exploit people under the system which
the messengers brought.

A very short summary of the chapter can be found in the following verses:

Among the generations before your time, only a few were virtuous enough to discourage
disorder in the land. We saved those few, whereas those who continued to violate human rights
only pursued material riches. And they were guilty of stealing the fruit of others labor (and they
were requited). V116

Your Sustainer never unjustly destroys a community (for wrong beliefs alone) as long as its
people are reformers, setting right their own, and one anothers condition. V117

Chapter Notes:

The chapter starts and ends with urging the reader to serve God.
More than half of the chapter narrates the account of Nooh, Hud, Salih, Ibrahim, Loot,
Shoaib, and Musa. This is the second chapter after Ch 7 to follow such a pattern.
Many commandments resemble those found in Ch 10.
While chapter 10 was theoretical, Ch 11 outlines the onground reality when you preach
Gods system.
The chapter starts off by asking the reader not to turn away (Tawalla) and ends with
asking him to establish connection (Salat). This shows that Tawallao and Salat are
opposites, also confirmed in 75:31-32
Noohs son was not noble, and thus Nooh could not save him from the punishment. Luts
wife was not noble, and this Lut could not save her from the punishment. How on earth
can we expect prophets to intercede on our behalf then?

Passage Breakdowns:

Passage 1 (1-24)
 The chapter starts off by reminding the reader to not serve anyone besides God. This sets
the tone for the chapter.

Since every creature on this Earth depends on God for sustenance, It can provide
abundantly for everyone if we implement Its laws. However, we must be honest in our
approach because God knows our innermost thoughts. We must not profess belief, rather
apply it.

It is Gods mercy that His Law of Requital does not grasp the oppressors instantly: He
gives them time to mend their ways. However, the oppressors deem this delay as a sign
that they are not going to be held accountable for their actions, and thus oppress people to
gain power. Furthermore, they complicate Gods system by changing it to their benefit,
giving them an additional tool to oppress people though religion, and thus disregard their
souls.

Moreover, they wonder why the messenger does not possess treasures or show them
angels. That is where the fundamental problem lies: They equate spiritual abundance to
accumulation of material possessions.

The attitude of these people is that if a trial comes to them, they abandon all hope in god
and reject it. However, if that trial is removed, they are boastful about it as if they
themselves were the ones to remove it. This shows their very self-centered approach to
life!

Passage ends by asking: Can the blind and seeing be equal? Or can the deaf and listener
be equal? Then how could they receive similar treatment?

Passage 2 (25-49)

Narration of the account of Nooh: How he tried to reform his community but was met
with rejection.
Passage 3 (50-60)

Narration of the account of Hood: How he tried to reform his community (Aad) but was
met with rejection.
I believe, Aad represents the religious part of a society that invents dogmas and exploits
people for their own benefit.

Passage 4 (61-68)

Narration of the account of Salih: How he tried to reform his community (Thamud) but
was met with rejection.
Unique aspect is the she camel metaphorically used to represent the poor working class
people. It focuses upon the exploitation of these people in a society by restricting them
land and its produce which should be available to every citizen.
Thamud seem to have placed great hopes in Salih which means that he was a respectable
and honored person among them. However, that was quickly to change after he preached
against their oppressive system.

Passage 5 (V69-83)

Narration of the account of Ibrahim and Loot: How Loot tried to reform his community
but was met with rejection.

Passage 6 (V84-95)

Narration of the account of Shoaib: How he tried to reform his community but was met
with rejection.
This focuses on trading justly and equitably. Systems that cheat others eventually
collapse.

Passage 7 (V96-100)

Narration of the account of Musa: How he tried to reform his community but was met
with rejection.
Firaun represents a tyrant dictator who exploits people. Musas encounter with Firaun is
the ultimate and holistic challenge against an unjust society.

Passage 8 (101-124)
 God did not wrong these communities, but they were wronging themselves! Ultimately,
they collapsed.
Gods law of requital never fails.
Do not follow your forefathers blindly!
Had God willed, He would have made you one community. Do not divide yourselves
over the interpretations of the Quran, like Musas people did.
Stand firm as you are commanded, and be moderate in all your actions.
Do not be intimidated by the oppressors.
Establish connection with God (Salat)
The accounts of messengers are given to firm your resolve.
Labor in Gods cause, and disregard others.
Serve and put your trust in Him alone.