Syllabus: Cambridge O Level Chemistry

Syllabus
Cambridge O Level
Chemistry
5070
For examination in June and November 2017, 2018 and 2019
Cambridge Secondary 2 Version 2

Changes to syllabus for 2017, 2018 and 2019
The following learning outcomes have been removed:

2.2 (g)state that some isotopes are radioactive
2.4 (d)deduce the formulae of other ionic compounds from diagrams of their lattice structures,
limited to binary compounds
The test for sulfur dioxide has been removed from the Qualitative Analysis Notes. The test will no
longer be used in the Practical Test though is still present in section 1.3 (c) of the Syllabus content.
This syllabus has been updated. Significant changes to the syllabus are indicated by black vertical
lines either side of the text.
You are advised to read the whole syllabus before planning your teaching programme.
Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are
permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission
to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a
Centre.
IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Why choose Cambridge?
1.2 Why choose Cambridge O Level?
1.3 Why choose Cambridge O Level Chemistry?
1.4 How can I find out more?
2. Teacher support............................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Support materials
2.2 Endorsed resources
2.3 Training
3. Assessment at a glance.................................................................................................. 6
4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives...................................................................... 8

4.1 Syllabus aims
4.2 Assessment objectives
4.3 Weighting of assessment objectives
4.4 Nomenclature, units and significant figures
5. Syllabus content............................................................................................................ 11
6. Practical assessment..................................................................................................... 26
6.1 Paper 3: Practical Test
6.2 Paper 4: Alternative to Practical
6.3 Practical techniques
6.4 Apparatus
6.5 Reagents list
6.6 Guidance for the preparation of reagents
7. Appendix........................................................................................................................ 31
7.1 Qualitative Analysis Notes
7.2 The Periodic Table of Elements
7.3 Glossary of terms used in science papers
8. Other information.......................................................................................................... 36
Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Why choose Cambridge?

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge. We prepare school students
for life, helping them develop an informed curiosity and a lasting passion for learning. Our international
qualifications are recognised by the worlds best universities and employers, giving students a wide range of
options in their education and career. As a not-for-profit organisation, we devote our resources to delivering
high-quality educational programmes that can unlock learners potential.
Our programmes set the global standard for international education. They are created by subject experts,
are rooted in academic rigour, and provide a strong platform for progression. Over 10000 schools in 160
countries work with us to prepare nearly a million learners for their future with an international education
from Cambridge.
Cambridge learners
Cambridge programmes and qualifications develop not only subject knowledge but also skills. We
encourage Cambridge learners to be:
confident in working with information and ideas their own and those of others
responsible for themselves, responsive to and respectful of others
reflective as learners, developing their ability to learn
innovative and equipped for new and future challenges
engaged intellectually and socially, ready to make a difference.
Recognition
Cambridge O Level is internationally recognised by schools, universities and employers as equivalent in
demand to Cambridge IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education). There are over
700000 entries a year in nearly 70 countries. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/recognition
Support for teachers

A wide range of materials and resources is available to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools.
Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts. Through subject discussion
forums and training, teachers can access the expert advice they need for teaching our qualifications. More
details can be found in Section 2 of this syllabus and at www.cie.org.uk/teachers
Support for exams officers

Exams officers can trust in reliable, efficient administration of exams entries and excellent personal support
from our customer services. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/examsofficers
Our systems for managing the provision of international qualifications and education programmes
for learners aged 5 to 19 are certified as meeting the internationally recognised standard for quality
management, ISO 9001:2008. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/ISO9001
2 Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070. Syllabus for examination in 2017, 2018 and 2019.
Introduction
1.2 Why choose Cambridge O Level?

Cambridge O Levels have been designed for an international audience and are sensitive to the needs of
different countries. These qualifications are designed for learners whose first language may not be English
and this is acknowledged throughout the examination process. The Cambridge O Level syllabus also allows
teaching to be placed in a localised context, making it relevant in varying regions.
Our aim is to balance knowledge, understanding and skills in our programmes and qualifications to enable
students to become effective learners and to provide a solid foundation for their continuing educational
journey.
Through our professional development courses and our support materials for Cambridge O Levels, we
provide the tools to enable teachers to prepare learners to the best of their ability and work with us in the
pursuit of excellence in education.
Cambridge O Levels are considered to be an excellent preparation for Cambridge International

ASand A Levels, the Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Group Award,
Cambridge Pre-U, and other education programmes, such as the US Advanced Placement program
and the International Baccalaureate Diploma programme. Learn more about Cambridge O Levels at
www.cie.org.uk/cambridgesecondary2
Guided learning hours

Cambridge O Level syllabuses are designed on the assumption that learners have about 130 guided
learning hours per subject over the duration of the course, but this is for guidance only. The number of
hours required to gain the qualification may vary according to local curricular practice and the learners prior
experience of the subject.
1.3 Why choose Cambridge O Level Chemistry?

Cambridge O Levels are established qualifications that keep pace with educational developments and
trends. The Cambridge O Level curriculum places emphasis on broad and balanced study across a wide
range of subject areas. The curriculum is structured so that students attain both practical skills and
theoretical knowledge.
Cambridge O Level Chemistry is recognised by universities and employers throughout the world as proof
of knowledge and understanding. Successful Cambridge O Level Chemistry candidates gain lifelong skills,
including:
a better understanding of the technological world in which they live, and take an informed interest in
science and scientific developments
knowledge of the basic principles of chemistry through a mix of theoretical and practical studies
an understanding of the scientific skills essential for further study at Cambridge International A Level,
and skills which are useful in everyday life
how science is studied and practised, and an awareness that the results of scientific research can have
both good and bad effects on individuals, communities and the environment.
Candidates may also study for a Cambridge O Level in a number of other science subjects including physics
and biology. In addition to Cambridge O Levels, Cambridge also offers Cambridge IGCSE and Cambridge
International AS & A Levels for further study in both chemistry as well as other science subjects. See
www.cie.org.uk for a full list of the qualifications you can take.
Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070. Syllabus for examination in 2017, 2018 and 2019. 3
Introduction
Prior learning
We recommend that candidates who are beginning this course should have previously studied a science
curriculum such as that of the Cambridge Lower Secondary Programme or equivalent national educational
frameworks. Candidates should also have adequate mathematical skills for the content contained in this
syllabus.
Progression
Cambridge O Levels are general qualifications that enable candidates to progress either directly to
employment, or to proceed to further qualifications.
Candidates who are awarded grades C to A* in Cambridge O Level Chemistry are well prepared to follow
courses leading to Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry, or the equivalent.
1.4 How can I find out more?

If you are already a Cambridge school
You can make entries for this qualification through your usual channels. If you have any questions, please
contact us at [email protected]
If you are not yet a Cambridge school

Learn about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge school at www.cie.org.uk/startcambridge. Email us at
[email protected] to find out how your organisation can register to become a Cambridge school.
Teacher support
2. Teacher support
2.1 Support materials

We send Cambridge syllabuses, past question papers and examiner reports to cover the last examination
series to all Cambridge schools.
You can also go to our public website at www.cie.org.uk/olevel to download current and future syllabuses
together with specimen papers or past question papers and examiner reports from one series.
For teachers at registered Cambridge schools a range of additional support materials for specific
syllabuses is available online from Teacher Support, our secure online support for Cambridge teachers.
Go to http://teachers.cie.org.uk (username and password required).
2.2 Endorsed resources

We work with publishers providing a range of resources for our syllabuses including print and digital
materials. Resources endorsed by Cambridge go through a detailed quality assurance process to ensure
they provide a high level of support for teachers and learners.
We have resource lists which can be filtered to show all resources, or just those which are endorsed by
Cambridge. The resource lists include further suggestions for resources to support teaching.
2.3 Training
We offer a range of support activities for teachers to ensure they have the relevant knowledge and skills to
deliver our qualifications. See www.cie.org.uk/events for further information.
Assessment at a glance
3. Assessment at a glance
For the Cambridge O Level in chemistry, candidates take three components: Paper 1 and Paper 2 and
either Paper 3 or Paper 4.
Paper 1: Multiple Choice 1 hour
40 compulsory multiple-choice questions. A copy of the Periodic Table is provided as part of this
paper (see Appendix).
40 marks
Paper 2: Theory 1 hour 30 minutes
This paper has two sections.

Section A has compulsory, structured questions of variable mark value. 45 marks in total are available
for this section.
Section B has four questions to choose from and candidates must answer three. Each question is
worth 10 marks.
A copy of the Periodic Table is provided as part of this paper (see Appendix).
75 marks
Paper 3: Practical Test 1 hour 30 minutes Paper 4: Alternative to Practical 1 hour
Details of the syllabus and requirements for A written paper of compulsory short-answer
this paper are given in section 6. and structured questions designed to test
Candidates may not refer to notebooks, familiarity with laboratory practical procedures.
textbooks or any other information during the Further details are given in section 6.
practical examination.
Qualitative Analysis Notes are provided. Qualitative Analysis Notes are not provided.
40 marks scaled to a mark out of 30 60 marks scaled to a mark out of 30
Availability
This syllabus is examined in the June and November examination series.
This syllabus is available to private candidates. However, it is expected that private candidates learn in an
environment where practical work is an integral part of the course. Candidates will not be able to perform
well in this assessment or progress successfully to further study without this necessary and important
aspect of science education.
Detailed timetables are available from www.cie.org.uk/examsofficers
Cambridge O Levels are available to Centres in Administrative Zones 3, 4 and 5. Centres in Administrative
Zones 1, 2 or 6 wishing to enter candidates for Cambridge O Level examinations should contact Cambridge
Customer Services.
Assessment at a glance
Combining this with other syllabuses

Candidates can combine this syllabus in an examination series with any other Cambridge syllabus, except:
syllabuses with the same title at the same level
0652 Cambridge IGCSE Physical Science
0653 Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science
0654 Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences (Double)
5129 Cambridge O Level Combined Science
Please note that Cambridge O Level, Cambridge IGCSE and Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2
Certificate syllabuses are at the same level.
Syllabus aims and assessment objectives
4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives
4.1 Syllabus aims

The aims of the syllabus, which are not listed in order of priority, are to:
1. provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical chemistry, a worthwhile
educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level
and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to
1.1become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an informed interest in
matters of scientific import;
1.2recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in
other disciplines and in everyday life;
1.3be suitably prepared for studies beyond Cambridge O Level in pure sciences, in applied sciences or
in science-dependent vocational courses.
2. develop abilities and skills that:
2.1 are relevant to the study and practice of science;
2.2 are useful in everyday life;
2.3 encourage efficient and safe practice;
2.4 encourage effective communication.
3. develop attitudes relevant to science such as:
3.1 concern for accuracy and precision;
3.2objectivity;
3.3integrity;
3.4enquiry;
3.5initiative;
3.6inventiveness.
4. stimulate interest in and care for the local and global environment.
5. promote an awareness that:
5.1the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to
social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations;
5.2the applications of sciences may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community
and the environment.
4.2 Assessment objectives

The assessment objectives describe the knowledge, skills and abilities that candidates are expected to
demonstrate at the end of the course. They reflect those aspects of the aims that are assessed.
AO1 Knowledge with understanding

Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to:
1. scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts and theories
2. scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions (including symbols, quantities and units)
3. scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety
4. scientific quantities and their determination
5. scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.
Syllabus content defines the factual material that candidates may be required to recall and explain.
Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe,
explain or outline (see the glossary of terms in section 7.3).
AO2 Handling information and solving problems

Candidates should be able, in words or using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation, to:
1. locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources
2. translate information from one form to another
3. manipulate numerical and other data
4. use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences
5. present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships
6. make predictions and hypotheses
7. solve problems.
These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the syllabus content because questions
testing such skills may be based on information that is unfamiliar to the candidate. In answering such
questions, candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply
them in a logical, deductive or reasoned manner to a new situation. Questions testing these skills will often
begin with one of the following words: predict, suggest, calculate or determine (see the glossary of terms in
section 7.3).
AO3 Experimental skills and investigations

Candidates should be able to:
1. follow a sequence of instructions
2. use techniques, apparatus and materials
3. make and record observations, measurements and estimates
4. interpret, evaluate and report upon observations and experimental results
5. design/plan an investigation, select techniques, apparatus and materials
6. evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.
The apparatus and techniques that candidates should be familiar with are given in part 1 of the syllabus
content and in the section on practical assessment. See also Appendix.
4.3 Weighting of assessment objectives

Theory papers (Papers 1 and 2)
AO1 K
nowledge with understanding is weighted at approximately 65% of the marks for each paper, with
approximately half allocated to recall.
AO2 Handling information and solving problems is weighted at approximately 35% of the marks for each
paper.
Practical assessment (Papers 3 and 4)

This is designed to test appropriate skills in assessment objective AO3 and carries approximately 20% of
the marks for the qualification.
4.4 Nomenclature, units and significant figures

Nomenclature
The proposals in Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The Association for Science Education Companion to
1619 Science) will generally be adopted, although the traditional names sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite,
sulfurous and nitrous acids will be used in question papers. Sulfur (and all compounds of sulfur) will be spelt
with f, not ph.
To avoid difficulties arising out of the use of l as the symbol for litre, use of dm3 in place of l or litre will be
made.
In accordance with current ASE convention, decimal markers in examination papers will be a single dot on
the line. Candidates are expected to follow this convention in their answers.
Units, significant figures

In practical work, candidates will be expected to use SI units or, where appropriate, units approved by the
BIPM for use with the SI (e.g. minute). A list of SI units and units approved for use with the SI may be found
in the SI brochure at http://www.bipm.org. The use of imperial/customary units such as the inch and
degree Fahrenheit is not acceptable and should be discouraged. In all examinations, where data is supplied
for use in questions, candidates will be expected to use units that are consistent with the units supplied,
and should not attempt conversion to other systems of units unless this is a requirement of the question.
Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures, i.e. failure to quote units where
necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting answers to an inappropriate
number of significant figures, is liable to be penalised.
Syllabus content
5. Syllabus content
Most of the objectives specified below relate to AO1, although some indication has been given as to where
the skills of AO2 may be developed. Teachers are reminded that, in the written papers, some of the marks
are allocated to these higher thinking skills. In almost every section, candidates should be given practice at
dealing with unfamiliar situations so that these higher thinking skills can be developed.
It is important that, throughout the course, attention should be drawn to:

(i) the finite life of the worlds resources and economic and environmental issues relating to recycling,
renewable energy and conservation;
(ii) economic considerations in the chemical industry, such as the availability and cost of raw materials and
energy;
(iii) the social, environmental, health and safety issues relating to the use of chemicals in the laboratory, in
the home and in industry;
(iv) the importance of chemicals in industry and in everyday life.
Syllabus content
1 Experimental chemistry
Content
1.1 Experimental design
1.2 Methods of purification and analysis
1.3 Identification of ions and gases
It is expected that any course in chemistry will be based on experimental work. Teachers are encouraged
to develop appropriate practical work for candidates to facilitate a greater understanding of the subject.
Candidates should be aware of the hazards and appropriate safety precautions to follow when handling the
reagents mentioned in this section.
Learning outcomes
1.1 Experimental design
(a) name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including
burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes
(b) suggest suitable apparatus, given relevant information, for a variety of simple experiments, including
collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction
1.2 Methods of purification and analysis
(a) describe methods of purification by the use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallisation,
distillation and fractional distillation, with particular references to the fractional distillation of crude oil,
liquid air and fermented liquor
(b) suggest suitable methods of purification, given information about the substances involved
(c) describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms including comparison with known
samples and the use of Rf values
(d) explain the need to use locating agents in the chromatography of colourless compounds
(e) deduce from the given melting point and boiling point the identities of substances and their purity
(f) explain that the measurement of purity in substances used in everyday life, e.g. foodstuffs and
drugs, is important
1.3 Identification of ions and gases
(a) describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the following
aqueous cations: aluminium, ammonium, calcium, chromium(III), copper(II), iron(II), iron(III) and zinc
(formulae of complex ions are not required)
(b) describe tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by the addition of dilute acid and
subsequent use of limewater); chloride (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and
aqueous silver nitrate); iodide (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous
silver nitrate); nitrate (by reduction with aluminium and aqueous sodium hydroxide to ammonia and
subsequent use of litmus paper), sulfate (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and
aqueous barium nitrate), and sulfite (by warming with dilute acid)
(c) describe tests to identify the following gases: ammonia (using damp red litmus paper); carbon
dioxide (using limewater); chlorine (using damp litmus paper); hydrogen (using a burning splint);
oxygen (using a glowing splint) and sulfur dioxide (using acidified potassium manganate(VII))
(d) describe a chemical test for water
Syllabus content
2 The particulate nature of matter

Content
2.1 Kinetic particle theory
2.2 Atomic structure
2.3 Structure and properties of materials
2.4 Ionic bonding
2.5 Covalent bonding
2.6 Metallic bonding
Learning outcomes
2.1 Kinetic particle theory
(a) describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of
the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved
(b) describe and explain evidence for the movement of particles in liquids and gases (the treatment of
Brownian motion is not required)
(c) explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles, e.g. the spread of perfumes and cooking
aromas; tea and coffee grains in water
(d) state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion and explain the dependence
of rate of diffusion on temperature
(e) state qualitatively and explain the effects of temperature and pressure on the volumes of gases
2.2 Atomic structure
(a) state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron
(b) describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as containing protons and neutrons
(nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels) (no knowledge of s, p, d
and f classification will be expected; a copy of the Periodic Table will be available in Papers 1 and 2)
(c) define proton number and nucleon number
12
(d) interpret and use symbols such as 6 C
(e) define the term isotopes
(f) deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions from proton and nucleon
numbers
2.3 Structure and properties of materials
(a) describe the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures
(b) compare the structure of simple molecular substances, e.g. methane, iodine, with those of giant
covalent substances, e.g. sand, diamond, graphite in order to deduce their properties
(c) compare the bonding and structures of diamond and graphite in order to deduce properties such
as electrical conductivity, lubricating or cutting action (candidates will not be required to draw the
structures)
(d) deduce the physical and chemical properties of substances from their structures and bonding and
vice versa
Syllabus content
2.4 Ionic bonding

(a) describe the formation of ions by electron loss/gain in order to obtain the electronic configuration of
an inert gas
(b) describe the formation of ionic bonds between metals and non-metals, e.g. NaCl; MgCl2
(c) state that ionic materials contain a giant lattice in which the ions are held by electrostatic attraction,
e.g. NaCl (candidates will not be required to draw diagrams of ionic lattices)
(d) relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of ionic compounds to their lattice
structure
2.5 Covalent bonding
(a) describe the formation of a covalent bond by the sharing of a pair of electrons in order to gain the
electronic configuration of an inert gas
(b) describe, using dot-and-cross diagrams, the formation of covalent bonds between non-metallic
elements, e.g. H2; Cl2; O2; HCl; N2; H2O; CH4; C2H4; CO2
(c) deduce the arrangement of electrons in other covalent molecules
(d) relate the physical properties (including electrical properties) of covalent compounds to their
structure and bonding
2.6 Metallic bonding
(a) describe metallic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between positive ions in a lattice and a sea
of electrons
(b) relate the malleability of metals to their structure and the electrical conductivity of metals to the
mobility of the electrons in the structure
Syllabus content
3 Formulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept

(a) state the symbols of the elements and formulae of the compounds mentioned in the syllabus
(b) deduce the formulae of simple compounds from the relative numbers of atoms present and vice versa
(c) deduce the formulae of ionic compounds from the charges on the ions present and vice versa
(d) interpret and construct chemical equations, with state symbols, including ionic equations
(e) define relative atomic mass, Ar
(f) define relative molecular mass, Mr, and calculate relative molecular mass (and relative formula mass) as
the sum of relative atomic masses
(g) calculate the percentage mass of an element in a compound when given appropriate information
(h) calculate empirical and molecular formulae from relevant data
(i) calculate stoichiometric reacting masses; use Avogadros law in calculations involving gas volume (one
mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure); calculations involving the idea of
limiting reactants may be set (questions on the gas laws and the calculations of gaseous volumes at
different temperatures and pressures will not be set)
(j) apply the concept of solution concentration (in mol/dm3 or g/dm3) to process the results of volumetric
experiments and to solve simple problems (appropriate guidance will be provided where unfamiliar
reactions are involved)
(k) calculate % yield and % purity
4 Electrolysis
(a) describe electrolysis as the conduction of electricity by an ionic compound (an electrolyte), when molten
or dissolved in water, leading to the decomposition of the electrolyte
(b) describe electrolysis as evidence for the existence of ions which are held in a lattice when solid but
which are free to move when molten or in solution
(c) describe, in terms of the mobility of ions present and the electrode products, the electrolysis of molten
lead bromide, using inert electrodes
(d) predict the likely products of the electrolysis of a molten compound
(e) apply the idea of selective discharge (linked to the reactivity series for cations, see 9.2) to deduce the
electrolysis products of aqueous solutions; describe the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride, aqueous copper(II) sulfate and dilute sulfuric acid using inert electrodes
(f) predict the likely products of the electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte, given relevant information
(g) construct equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode (anode and cathode) during electrolysis
(h) describe the electrolysis of purified aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite as the method of
extraction of aluminium (see 9.5(a))
(i) describe the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate with copper electrodes as a means of purifying copper
(j) describe the electroplating of metals, including copper plating, and recall one use of electroplating
(k) describe the production of electrical energy from simple cells (i.e. two electrodes in an electrolyte) linked
to the reactivity series (see 9.2)
Syllabus content
5 Energy from chemicals

(a) describe the meaning of enthalpy change in terms of exothermic (H negative) and endothermic
(Hpositive) reactions
(b) represent energy changes by energy profile diagrams, including reaction enthalpy changes and activation
energies (see 6.1(c))
(c) describe bond breaking as an endothermic process and bond making as an exothermic process
(d) explain overall enthalpy changes in terms of the energy changes associated with the breaking and
making of covalent bonds
(e) describe combustion of fuels as exothermic, e.g. wood, coal, oil, natural gas and hydrogen
(f) describe hydrogen, derived from water or hydrocarbons, as a potential fuel for use in future, reacting
with oxygen to generate electricity directly in a fuel cell (details of the construction and operation of a
fuel cell are not required) and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this
(g) name natural gas, mainly methane, and petroleum (crude oil) as sources of energy
(h) describe petroleum (crude oil) as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by
fractional distillation
(i) name the following fractions and state their uses
(i) petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars
(ii) naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry
(iii) paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines
(iv) diesel as a fuel for diesel engines
(v) lubricating oils as lubricants and as a source of polishes and waxes
(vi) bitumen for making road surfaces
(j)
describe photosynthesis as the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
chlorophyll, using sunlight (energy) to produce glucose and explain how this can provide a renewable
energy source.
Syllabus content
6 Chemical reactions
Content
6.1 Rate of reaction
6.2Redox
6.3 Reversible reactions
Learning outcomes
6.1 Rate of reaction
(a) describe the effect of concentration, pressure, particle size and temperature on the rates of
reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles
(b) define the term catalyst and describe the effect of catalysts (including enzymes) on the rates of
reactions
(c) explain how pathways with lower activation energies account for the increase in rates of reactions
(d) state that transition elements and their compounds act as catalysts (see 8.3) in a range of industrial
processes and that enzymes are biological catalysts
(e) suggest a suitable method for investigating the effect of a given variable on the rate of a reaction
(f) interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with rate of reaction
6.2 Redox
(a) define oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss
(b) define redox in terms of electron transfer
(c) identify redox reactions in terms of oxygen/hydrogen, and/or electron, gain/loss (calculation of
oxidation numbers is not required)
(d) describe the use of aqueous potassium iodide in testing for oxidising agents and acidified potassium
manganate(VII) in testing for reducing agents from the resulting colour changes
6.3 Reversible reactions
(a) describe the idea that some chemical reactions can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions
(b) describe the idea that some reversible reactions can reach dynamic equilibrium and predict and
explain the effect of changing the conditions (see 7.3(b) and 7.3(c))
Syllabus content
7 The chemistry and uses of acids, bases and salts

Content
7.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases
7.2 Preparation of salts
7.3 Properties and uses of ammonia
7.4 Sulfuric acid
Learning outcomes
7.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases
(a) describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they contain or produce in
aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator paper
(b) describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator
paper and the pH scale
(c) describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates
(d) describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of
dissociation
(e) describe neutralisation as a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce
water, H+ + OH H2O
(f) describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using
calcium hydroxide
(g) describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts
(h) classify oxides as acidic, basic or amphoteric, based on metallic/non-metallic character
7.2 Preparation of salts
(a) describe the techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of salts as examples of
some of the techniques specified in Section 1.2(a)
(methods for preparation should include precipitation and titration together with reactions of acids
with metals, insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates)
(b) describe the general rules of solubility for common salts to include nitrates, chlorides (including silver
and lead), sulfates (including barium, calcium and lead), carbonates, hydroxides, Group I cations and
ammonium salts
(c) suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials, given appropriate
information
(d) describe the meanings of the terms hydrated, anhydrous and water of crystallisation
7.3 Properties and uses of ammonia
(a) describe the use of nitrogen, from air, and hydrogen, from cracking hydrocarbons, in the
manufacture of ammonia
(b) state that some chemical reactions are reversible (e.g. manufacture of ammonia)
(c) describe and explain the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
(d) describe the use of nitrogenous fertilisers in promoting plant growth and crop yield
(e) compare nitrogen content of salts used for fertilisers by calculating percentage masses
(f) describe eutrophication and water pollution problems caused by nitrates leaching from farm land and
explain why the high solubility of nitrates increases these problems
(g) describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts and explain why adding calcium hydroxide to
soil can cause the loss of nitrogen from added nitrogenous fertiliser
Syllabus content
7.4 Sulfuric acid

(a) describe the manufacture of sulfuric acid from the raw materials sulfur, air and water in the contact
process
(b) state the use of sulfur dioxide as a bleach, in the manufacture of wood pulp for paper and as a food
preservative (by killing bacteria)
(c) state the uses of sulfuric acid in the manufacture of detergents and fertilisers, and as a battery acid
Syllabus content
8 The Periodic Table

Content
8.1 Periodic trends
8.2 Group properties
8.3 Transition elements
Learning outcomes
8.1 Periodic trends
(a) describe the Periodic Table as an arrangement of the elements in the order of increasing proton
(atomic) number
(b) describe how the position of an element in the Periodic Table is related to proton number and
electronic configuration
(c) describe the relationship between group number and the ionic charge of an element
(d) explain the similarities between the elements in the same group of the Periodic Table in terms of
their electronic configuration
(e) describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character from left to right across a period of the
Periodic Table
(f) describe the relationship between group number, number of valency electrons and metallic/
nonmetallic character
(g) predict the properties of elements in Group I, VII and the transition elements using the Periodic
Table
8.2 Group properties
(a) describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I (the alkali metals) as a collection of relatively soft,
low-density metals showing a trend in melting point and in their reaction with water
(b) describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII (the halogens) as a collection of diatomic
nonmetals showing a trend in colour, state and their displacement reactions with solutions of other
halide ions
(c) describe the elements in Group VIII (the noble gases, also known as Group 0) as a collection of
monatomic elements that are chemically unreactive and hence important in providing an inert
atmosphere, e.g. argon and neon in light bulbs; helium in balloons; argon in the manufacture of steel
(d) describe the lack of reactivity of the noble gases in terms of their electronic structures
8.3 Transition elements
(a) describe the central block of elements (transition metals) as metals having high melting points, high
density, variable oxidation state and forming coloured compounds
(b) state the use of these elements and/or their compounds as catalysts, e.g. iron in the Haber process;
vanadium(V) oxide in the contact process; nickel in the hydrogenation of alkenes, and how catalysts
are used in industry to lower energy demands and hence are economically advantageous and help
conserve energy sources
Syllabus content
9 Metals
Content
9.1 Properties of metals
9.2 Reactivity series
9.3 Extraction of metals
9.4Iron
9.5Aluminium
Learning outcomes
9.1 Properties of metals
(a) describe the general physical properties of metals (as solids having high melting and boiling points;
malleable; good conductors of heat and electricity) in terms of their structure
(b) describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element, e.g. brass; stainless steel
(c) identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures
(d) explain why alloys have different physical properties from their constituent elements
9.2 Reactivity series
(a) place in order of reactivity: aluminium (see also 9.5(b)) calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron, lead,
magnesium, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc by reference to
(i) the reactions, if any, of the metals with water, oxygen, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid,
(ii) the reduction, if any, of their oxides by carbon and/or by hydrogen
(b) d
escribe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a metal to form its positive ion, illustrated
by its reaction with
(i) the aqueous ions of the other listed metals
(ii) the oxides of the other listed metals
(c) deduce the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results
(d)
describe the action of heat on the carbonates of the listed metals and relate thermal stability to the
reactivity series
9.3 Extraction of metals
(a) describe the ease of obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to their positions in
the reactivity series
(b) describe metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals
(c) discuss the social, economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of recycling metals,
e.g. aluminium and copper
Syllabus content
9.4 Iron
(a) describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of iron using haematite, limestone and
coke in the blast furnace
(b) describe steels as alloys which are a mixture of iron with carbon or other metals and how controlled
use of these additives changes the properties of the iron, e.g. high carbon steels are strong but
brittle whereas low carbon steels are softer and more easily shaped
(c) state the uses of mild steel (e.g. car bodies; machinery) and stainless steel (e.g. chemical plant;
cutlery; surgical instruments)
(d) describe the essential conditions for the corrosion (rusting) of iron as the presence of oxygen and
water; prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal (e.g. painting;
greasing; plastic coating; galvanising)
(e) describe the sacrificial protection of iron by a more reactive metal in terms of the reactivity series
where the more reactive metal corrodes preferentially (e.g. underwater pipes have a piece of
magnesium attached to them)
9.5 Aluminium
(a) outline the manufacture of aluminium from pure aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite (starting
materials and essential conditions, including identity of electrodes should be given together with
equations for the electrode reactions but no technical details or diagrams are required)
(b) explain the apparent lack of reactivity of aluminium
(c) state the uses of aluminium and relate the uses to the properties of this metal and its alloys, e.g. the
manufacture of aircraft; food containers; electrical cables
10 Atmosphere and environment

Content
10.1Air
10.2Water
Learning outcomes
10.1 Air
(a) d
escribe the volume composition of gases present in dry air as 78%nitrogen, 21%oxygen and the
remainder being noble gases (with argon as the main constituent) and carbon dioxide
(b) describe the separation of oxygen, nitrogen and the noble gases from liquid air by fractional
distillation
(c) state the uses of oxygen (e.g. in making steel; oxygen tents in hospitals; in welding)
(d) n
ame some common atmospheric pollutants (e.g. carbon monoxide; methane; nitrogen oxides
(NOand NO2); ozone; sulfur dioxide; unburned hydrocarbons)
(e) state the sources of these pollutants as
(i) carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances
(ii) methane from bacterial decay of vegetable matter
(iii) nitrogen oxides from lightning activity and internal combustion engines
(iv) ozone from photochemical reactions responsible for the formation of photochemical smog
(v) sulfur dioxide from volcanoes and combustion of fossil fuels
(vi) unburned hydrocarbons from internal combustion engines
Syllabus content
(f) d
escribe the reactions used in possible solutions to the problems arising from some of the pollutants
named in (d)
(i) the redox reactions in catalytic converters to remove combustion pollutants
(ii) the use of calcium carbonate to reduce the effect of acid rain and in flue gas desulfurisation
(g) discuss some of the effects of these pollutants on health and on the environment
(i) the poisonous nature of carbon monoxide
(ii) the role of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the formation of acid rain and its effects on
organisms and buildings
(h) discuss the importance of the ozone layer and the problems involved with the depletion of ozone by
reaction with chlorine-containing compounds, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
(i) describe the carbon cycle in simple terms, to include
(i) the processes of combustion, respiration and photosynthesis
(ii) how the carbon cycle regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
(j) state that carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases and may contribute to global warming,
give the sources of these gases and discuss the possible consequences of an increase in global
warming
10.2 Water
(a) state that water from natural sources contains a variety of dissolved substances
(i) naturally occurring (mineral salts; oxygen; organic matter)
(ii) pollutant (metal compounds; sewage; nitrates from fertilisers; phosphates from fertilisers and
detergents; harmful microbes)
(b) discuss the environmental effects of the dissolved substances named in (a)
(i) beneficial, e.g. oxygen and mineral salts for aquatic life
(ii) pollutant, e.g. hazards to health; eutrophication
(c) outline the purification of the water supply in terms of
(i) filtration to remove solids
(ii) use of carbon to remove tastes and odours
(iii) chlorination to disinfect the water
(d) describe how seawater can be converted into drinkable water by desalination
Syllabus content
11 Organic chemistry
Content
11.1Alkanes
11.2Alkenes
11.3Alcohols
11.4 Carboxylic acids
11.5Macromolecules
*The use of molecular models is recommended to enable students to appreciate the three-dimensional
structures of molecules.
Learning outcomes
(a) state that the naphtha fraction from petroleum (crude oil) is the main source of hydrocarbons used as
the feedstock for the production of a wide range of organic compounds
(b) describe the issues relating to the competing uses of oil as an energy source and as a chemical
feedstock
11.1 Alkanes
(a) describe a homologous series as a group of compounds with a general formula, similar chemical
properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size and mass
of the molecules, e.g. melting and boiling points; viscosity
(b) describe the alkanes as a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general
formula CnH2n+2
(c) draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkanes, C1 to C4, and name the unbranched
alkanes, methane to butane
(d) define isomerism and identify isomers
(e) describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive except in
terms of burning and substitution by chlorine
11.2 Alkenes
(a) describe the alkenes as a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general
formula CnH2n
(b) draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkenes, C2 to C4, and name the unbranched
alkenes, ethene to butene
(c) describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by cracking hydrocarbons and recognise that
cracking is essential to match the demand for fractions containing smaller molecules from the
refinery process
(d) describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from their structures and
by using aqueous bromine
(e) describe the properties of alkenes in terms of combustion, polymerisation and their addition
reactions with bromine, steam and hydrogen
(f) state the meaning of polyunsaturated when applied to food products
(g) describe the manufacture of margarine by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils to
form a solid product
Syllabus content
11.3 Alcohols
(a) describe the alcohols as a homologous series containing the OH group
(b) draw the structures of alcohols, C1 to C4, and name the unbranched alcohols, methanol to butanol
(c) describe the properties of alcohols in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids
(d) describe the formation of ethanol by the catalysed addition of steam to ethene and by fermentation
of glucose
(e) state some uses of ethanol, e.g. as a solvent; as a renewable fuel; as a constituent of alcoholic
beverages
11.4 Carboxylic acids
(a) describe the carboxylic acids as a homologous series containing the CO2H group
(b) draw the structures of carboxylic acids, methanoic acid to butanoic acid, and name the unbranched
acids, methanoic to butanoic acids
(c) describe the carboxylic acids as weak acids, reacting with carbonates, bases and some metals
(d) describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or
acidified potassium manganate(VII)
(e) describe the reaction of carboxylic acids from C1 to C4 with alcohols from C1 to C4 to form esters
(f) draw the structures of and name the esters formed from carboxylic acids (see 11.4 (b)) and alcohols
(see 11.3 (b))
(g) state some commercial uses of esters, e.g. perfumes; flavourings; solvents
11.5 Polymers
(a) describe polymers as large molecules made from many small units called monomers, different
polymers having different units and/or different linkages
(b) describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of ethene as the
monomer
(c) state some uses of poly(ethene) as a typical plastic, e.g. plastic bags; clingfilm
(d) describe nylon, a polyamide, and Terylene, a polyester, as condensation polymers, the partial
structure of nylon being represented as
O O O O
C CN NC CN N
H H H H

and the partial structure of Terylene as
O O O O
C CO OC CO O
(details of manufacture and mechanisms of these polymerisations are not required)
(e) state some typical uses of synthetic fibres such as nylon and Terylene, e.g. clothing; curtain
materials; fishing line; parachutes; sleeping bags
(f) deduce the partial structure of the polymer product from a given monomer and vice versa
(g) describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics
(h) identify proteins and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides, e.g. starch) as natural polymers
(i) describe proteins as possessing the same amide linkages as nylon but with different monomer units
(j) describe fats as esters possessing the same linkages as Terylene but with different monomer units
(k) describe the hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides, e.g.
starch) to simple sugars
Practical assessment
6. Practical assessment
Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. So it is important that an assessment of a candidates
knowledge and understanding of chemistry should contain a component relating to practical work and
experimental skills. Two alternative means of assessment are provided:
Paper 3 Practical Test
Paper 4 Alternative to Practical (written paper).
Both papers assess the skills outlined in Assessment Objective AO3.
6.1 Paper 3: Practical Test

The questions in the practical paper may include:
(a) a volumetric analysis problem, based on one set of titrations.
Knowledge of acid/alkali titrations using methyl orange or screened methyl orange will be assumed.
Simple titrations involving other reagents may be set but full instructions and other necessary
information will be given.
(b) an experiment that may involve the determination of some quantity, e.g. a temperature change or the
rate of a reaction. Such experiments will depend on the use of usual laboratory apparatus.
(c) an observational problem in which the candidate will be asked to investigate, by specified experiments,
an unknown substance or mixture. The exercise may include simple chromatography, tests for oxidising
and reducing agents and filtration.
Systematic analysis will not be required but it will be assumed that candidates will be familiar with the
reactions of the following cations with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia (aluminium,
ammonium, calcium, chromium(III), copper(II), iron(II), iron(III) and zinc), and with the tests for the anions
(carbonate, chloride, iodide, nitrate and sulfate) and gases (ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen,
oxygen and sulfur dioxide) as detailed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes, which will be included with the
question paper and are reproduced in this appendix.
Exercises involving organic substances and ions not on the list above may be set but candidates will only be
required to record observations and to draw general conclusions.
Candidates may also be required to carry out simple calculations as detailed in the theory syllabus.
Candidates are not allowed to refer to note books, text books or any other information in the Practical Test.
Supervisors are reminded of their responsibilities for supplying the examiners with the information specified
in the instructions. Failure to supply such information may cause candidates to be unavoidably penalised.
Please refer to the section on science syllabuses in the Cambridge Handbook, which includes information
about arrangements for practical examinations.
6.2 Paper 4: Alternative to Practical

This paper is designed for those Centres for whom the preparation and execution of the Practical Test
is impracticable. The best preparation for this paper is a thorough course in experimental chemistry.
Candidates are unlikely to demonstrate their full potential on this paper unless they have become fully
familiar with the techniques and apparatus involved by doing experiments for themselves. The examiners
expect the same degree of detail as for Paper 3 and candidates should be taught to adopt practices which
satisfy the same general marking points.
Questions may be set requiring candidates to:

record readings from diagrams of apparatus;
describe, explain, comment on or suggest experimental arrangements, techniques and procedures;
complete tables of data and/or plot graphs;
interpret, draw conclusions from and evaluate observations and experimental (including graphical) data;
describe tests for gases, ions, oxidising and reducing agents and/or draw conclusions from such tests.
Candidates may also be required to perform simple calculations.
The Qualitative Analysis Notes are not provided.
6.3 Practical techniques

The following notes are intended to give schools and candidates an indication of the accuracy that is
expected in quantitative exercises and general instructions for qualitative exercises.
(a) Candidates should normally record burette readings to the nearest 0.1cm3 and they should ensure that
they have carried out a sufficient number of titrations, e.g. in an experiment with a good end-point, two
titres within 0.2cm3.
(b) Candidates should normally record: temperature readings to the nearest 0.5C and times to the nearest
second.
(c) In qualitative exercises candidates should use approximately 1cm depth of a solution (12cm3) for each
test and add reagents slowly, ensuring good mixing, until no further change is seen. Candidates should
indicate at what stage a change occurs.
Answers should include details of colour changes and precipitates formed and the names and chemical
tests for any gases evolved. Equations are not required and marks for deductions or conclusions can
only be gained if the appropriate observations are recorded.
6.4 Apparatus
This list given below has been drawn up in order to give guidance to schools concerning the apparatus that
is expected to be generally available for examination purposes. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, in
particular, items (such as Bunsen burners, tripods) that are commonly regarded as standard equipment in a
chemical laboratory are not included. The rate of allocation is per candidate.
one burette, 50 cm3
one pipette, 25 cm3
a pipette filler
two conical flasks within the range 150 cm3 to 250 cm3
measuring cylinders, 25 cm3 and 10cm3
a filter funnel
a beaker, squat form with lip: 250 cm3
a thermometer, 10 C to +110 C at 1 C intervals
a polystyrene, or other plastic beaker of approximate capacity 150 cm3
clocks (or wall clock) to measure to an accuracy of 1s (where clocks are specified candidates may use
their own wristwatch if they prefer)
wash bottle
test-tubes (some of which should be Pyrex or hard glass), approximately 125 mm 16 mm
boiling-tubes, approximately 150 mm 25 mm
stirring rod
teat/dropping pipettes
spatula
6.5 Reagents list

This list given below has been drawn up in order to give guidance to schools concerning the standard
reagents that are expected to be generally available for examination purposes. The list is not intended to be
exhaustive and the Instructions to Supervisors issued several weeks in advance of the examination will give
a full list of all the reagents that are required for each practical examination. These instructions also contain
advice about colour-blind candidates.
aqueous sodium hydroxide (approximately 1.0 mol dm3)
aqueous ammonia (approximately 1.0 mol dm3)
hydrochloric acid (approximately 1.0 mol dm3)
nitric acid (approximately 1.0 mol dm3)
sulfuric acid (approximately 0.5 mol dm3)
aqueous silver nitrate (approximately 0.05 mol dm3)
aqueous barium nitrate or aqueous barium chloride (approximately 0.2 mol dm3)
limewater (a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide)
acidified aqueous potassium manganate (VII) (approximately 0.01 mol dm3 in 0.5 mol dm3 sulfuric acid)
aqueous potassium manganate(VII) (approximately 0.02 mol dm3)
aqueous potassium iodide (approximately 0.1 mol dm3)
aluminium foil
red and blue litmus paper or Universal Indicator paper
methyl orange or screened methyl orange indicator
starch solution
Detailed guidance on preparing standard bench reagents and indicators will not be given in the Confidential
Instructions. The Confidential Instructions will refer Supervisors to the guidance notes in section 6.6 of this
syllabus document.
The following hazard codes are used where relevant and are in accordance with information provided by
CLEAPSS* at the time of publication of this syllabus. Centres should be aware that the United Nations
Global Harmonised System for hazard classification and compatible labelling (2015) is in the process of being
implemented and therefore Centres are advised to make full use of the Safety Data Sheets supplied with
chemicals for current hazard information. The attention of Centres is also drawn to any local regulations
relating to safety, first-aid and disposal of chemicals.
C = corrosive
MH = moderate hazard
HH = health hazard
T = acutely toxic
F = flammable
O = oxidising
N = hazardous to the aquatic environment
* An advisory service providing support in practical science and technology for schools and colleges,
www.cleapss.org.uk
6.6 Guidance for the preparation of reagents

Hazard Label Identity Instructions
dilute hydrochloric 1.0moldm3 HCl Dilute 85cm3 of concentrated (3537%;
acid approximately 11moldm3) hydrochloric acid
[C] [MH] to 1 dm3.
[C] dilute nitric acid 1.0moldm3 HNO3 Dilute 64cm3 of concentrated (70% w/v) nitric
acid [C] [O] to 1dm3.
[MH] dilute sulfuric acid 0.5moldm3 H2SO4 Cautiously pour 28cm3 of concentrated (98%)
sulfuric acid [C] into 500cm3 of distilled water
with continuous stirring.
Make the solution up to 1dm3 with distilled
water.
Care: concentrated H2SO4 is very corrosive.
3
[MH] aqueous ammonia 1.0moldm NH3 Dilute 66cm3 of concentrated (35%) ammonia
[C] [MH] [N] to 1dm3.
[C] aqueous sodium 1.0moldm3 NaOH Dissolve 40.0g of NaOH [C] in each dm3 of
hydroxide solution.
Care: the process of solution is exothermic
and any concentrated solution is very
corrosive.
[MH] 0.1moldm3 barium 0.1moldm3 barium Dissolve 24.4g of BaCl2. 2H2O [T] in each
chloride chloride dm3 of solution
or or or
0.1moldm3 barium 0.1moldm3 barium dissolve 26.1g of Ba(NO3)2 [MH] [O] in each
nitrate nitrate dm3 of solution.
0.05moldm3 silver 0.05moldm3 silver Dissolve 8.5g of AgNO3 [C] [N] [O] in each
nitrate nitrate dm3 of solution.
[MH] limewater saturated aqueous Prepare fresh limewater by leaving
calcium hydroxide, distilled water to stand over solid calcium
Ca(OH)2 hydroxide [C] [MH] for several days, shaking
occasionally. Decant or filter the solution.
0.1moldm3 0.1moldm3 KI Dissolve 16.6g of KI in each dm3 of solution.
potassium iodide
0.02moldm3 0.02moldm3 KMnO4 Dissolve 3.16g of KMnO4 [O] [C] [MH] [N] in
potassium each dm3 of solution.
manganate(VII)
[MH] acidified aqueous 0.01moldm3 KMnO4 Mix equal volumes of 0.02moldm3 KMnO4
potassium 0.5moldm3 sulfuric and 1.0moldm3 H2SO4 [MH].
manganate(VII) acid
[F] [HH] methyl orange methyl orange Use commercially produced solution or
indicator indicator (pH range dissolve 0.4g of solid indicator [T] in 200cm3
2.9 to 4.6) of ethanol (IDA) [F] [MH] [HH] and make up
to 1dm3 with distilled water.
starch indicator freshly prepared Mix 2g of soluble starch with a little cold
aqueous starch water until a smooth paste is obtained.
indicator (approx 2% Add 100cm3 boiling water and stir. Boil until a
solution w/v) clear solution is obtained (about 5 minutes).
Appendix
7. Appendix
7.1 Qualitative Analysis Notes

Tests for anions
anion test test result
carbonate (CO32) add dilute acid effervescence,
carbon dioxide produced
chloride (Cl ) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
iodide (I ) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate (NO3) add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
[in solution] add aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate (SO42) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt., insoluble in excess dilute
[in solution] aqueous barium nitrate nitric acid
Tests for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
aluminium (Al 3+) white ppt., soluble in excess giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
ammonium (NH4+) ammonia produced on warming
2+
calcium (Ca ) white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt.
chromium(III) (Cr3+) green ppt., soluble in excess, giving a green ppt., insoluble in excess
green solution
copper(II) (Cu2+) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a dark blue solution
iron(II) (Fe2+) green ppt., insoluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
3+
iron(III) (Fe ) red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
zinc (Zn2+) white ppt., soluble in excess, white ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a colourless solution giving a colourless solution
Appendix
Tests for gases

gas test and test result
ammonia (NH3) turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide (CO2) turns limewater milky
chlorine (Cl2) bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen (H2) pops with a lighted splint
oxygen (O2) relights a glowing splint
7.2 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 5771 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
232 231 238
Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070. Syllabus for examination in 2017, 2018 and 2019.
The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
33
Appendix
Appendix
7.3 Glossary of terms used in science papers

It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to chemistry subjects) will prove helpful to candidates as
a guide, i.e. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with
respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should
appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context.
1.
Define (the term(s)) is intended literally, only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase being
required.
2.
What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s)) normally implies that a definition should be
given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned,
especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary
comment intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
3.
State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can
be obtained by inspection.
4.
List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a given
number of points is specified, this should not be exceeded.
5. Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
6.
Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of
the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments.
In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual)
observations associated with the phenomena.
In other contexts, describe and give an account of should be interpreted more generally, i.e. the
candidate has greater discretion about the nature and the organisation of the material to be included in
the answer. Describe and explain may be coupled in a similar way to state and explain.
7. Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
8. Outline implies brevity, i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials.
9.
Predict or deduce implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall
but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be
wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted in an early part of the question.
10. Comment is intended as an open-ended instruction, inviting candidates to recall or infer points of
interest relevant to the context of the question, taking account of the number of marks available.
11. Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer (e.g. in
chemistry, two or more substances may satisfy the given conditions describing an unknown), or to
imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a novel situation, one that may
be formally not in the syllabus.
12. Find is a general term that may variously be interpreted as calculate, measure, determine, etc.
13. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown, especially
where two or more steps are involved.
14. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring
instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
15. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained
by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard
formula, e.g. relative molecular mass.
16. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned,
making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about points of principle and about the
values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
Appendix
17. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be
qualitatively correct, but candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative
aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote or
discontinuity at a particular value.
In diagrams, sketch implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable: nevertheless, care should be
taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.
18. Construct is often used in relation to chemical equations where a candidate is expected to write a
balanced equation, not by factual recall but by analogy or by using information in the question.
Special Note
Units, significant figures. Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures,
e.g. failure to quote units where necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting
answers to an inappropriate number of significant figures, is liable to be penalised.
Other information
8. Other information
Equality and inclusion

Cambridge International Examinations has taken great care in the preparation of this syllabus and
assessment materials to avoid bias of any kind. To comply with the UK Equality Act (2010), Cambridge has
designed this qualification with the aim of avoiding direct and indirect discrimination.
The standard assessment arrangements may present unnecessary barriers for candidates with disabilities
or learning difficulties. Arrangements can be put in place for these candidates to enable them to access the
assessments and receive recognition of their attainment. Access arrangements will not be agreed if they
give candidates an unfair advantage over others or if they compromise the standards being assessed.
Candidates who are unable to access the assessment of any component may be eligible to receive an
award based on the parts of the assessment they have taken.
Information on access arrangements is found in the Cambridge Handbook which can be downloaded from
the website www.cie.org.uk/examsofficers
Language
This syllabus and the associated assessment materials are available in English only.
Grading and reporting

Cambridge O Level results are shown by one of the grades A*, A, B, C, D or E, indicating the standard
achieved, A* being the highest and E the lowest. Ungraded indicates that the candidates performance fell
short of the standard required for grade E. Ungraded will be reported on the statement of results but not
on the certificate. The letters Q (result pending), X (no results) and Y (to be issued) may also appear on the
statement of results but not on the certificate.
Entry codes
To maintain the security of our examinations, we produce question papers for different areas of the world,
known as administrative zones. Where the component entry code has two digits, the first digit is the
component number given in the syllabus. The second digit is the location code, specific to an administrative
zone. Information about entry codes can be found in the Cambridge Guide to Making Entries.
Cambridge International Examinations
1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1223 553554 Fax: +44 (0)1223 553558
Email: [email protected] www.cie.org.uk
IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Examinations February 2015
*3640287243*

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Syllabus

Cambridge Secondary 2 Version 2

The following learning outcomes have been removed:

IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International Examinations 2015

4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives...................................................................... 8

1.1 Why choose Cambridge?

Support for teachers

Support for exams officers

1.2 Why choose Cambridge O Level?

Cambridge O Levels are considered to be an excellent preparation for Cambridge International

Guided learning hours

1.3 Why choose Cambridge O Level Chemistry?

1.4 How can I find out more?

If you are not yet a Cambridge school

2.1 Support materials

2.2 Endorsed resources

Paper 1: Multiple Choice 1 hour

Paper 2: Theory 1 hour 30 minutes

This paper has two sections.

Paper 3: Practical Test 1 hour 30 minutes Paper 4: Alternative to Practical 1 hour

Detailed timetables are available from www.cie.org.uk/examsofficers

Combining this with other syllabuses

4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives

4.1 Syllabus aims

4.2 Assessment objectives

AO1 Knowledge with understanding

AO2 Handling information and solving problems

AO3 Experimental skills and investigations

4.3 Weighting of assessment objectives

Practical assessment (Papers 3 and 4)

4.4 Nomenclature, units and significant figures

Units, significant figures

It is important that, throughout the course, attention should be drawn to:

2 The particulate nature of matter

2.4 Ionic bonding

3 Formulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept

5 Energy from chemicals

7 The chemistry and uses of acids, bases and salts

7.4 Sulfuric acid

8 The Periodic Table

10 Atmosphere and environment

(details of manufacture and mechanisms of these polymerisations are not required)

Both papers assess the skills outlined in Assessment Objective AO3.

6.1 Paper 3: Practical Test

6.2 Paper 4: Alternative to Practical

Questions may be set requiring candidates to:

Candidates may also be required to perform simple calculations.

The Qualitative Analysis Notes are not provided.

6.3 Practical techniques

6.5 Reagents list

6.6 Guidance for the preparation of reagents

7.1 Qualitative Analysis Notes

Tests for aqueous cations

Tests for gases

7.3 Glossary of terms used in science papers

Equality and inclusion

Grading and reporting

Cambridge International Examinations February 2015

6.6 Guidance for the preparation of reagents