Scribd
Upload
78 views3 pages

Key Notes: Chapter-6 Application of Derivatives

1) The document discusses key concepts related to derivatives including the rate of change of one variable with respect to another, the chain rule, increasing and decreasing functions, equations of tangents and normals to curves, and tests for local maxima and minima. 2) It also outlines the working rule for finding absolute maxima and minima which involves finding critical points, end points, evaluating the function at those points, and identifying the maximum and minimum values. 3) The document provides formulas and explanations for derivatives, tangents, normals, and the first and second derivative tests to determine local extrema.

Uploaded by

nalin mahala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
78 views3 pages

Key Notes: Chapter-6 Application of Derivatives

1) The document discusses key concepts related to derivatives including the rate of change of one variable with respect to another, the chain rule, increasing and decreasing functions, equations of tangents and normals to curves, and tests for local maxima and minima. 2) It also outlines the working rule for finding absolute maxima and minima which involves finding critical points, end points, evaluating the function at those points, and identifying the maximum and minimum values. 3) The document provides formulas and explanations for derivatives, tangents, normals, and the first and second derivative tests to determine local extrema.

Uploaded by

nalin mahala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Key Notes

Chapter-6

Application of Derivatives

dx
If a quantity y varies with another quantity x, satisfying some rule ( ) y f x = ,then (or f '(x)
dy
dy
represents the rate of change of y with respect to x and (or f '(x 0 ) represents the rate
dx x = x 0

of change of y with respect to x at0 x x = .

If two variables x and y are varying with respect to another variable t, i.e., if
x= f ( t ) and y =g ( t ) then by Chain Rule

dy
dy dx
= dt , if 0
dx dx dt
dt

(a) A function f is said to be increasing on an interval (a, b) if

x1 < x2 in ( a, b ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) for all x1 , x2 ( a, b ) .

Alternatively, if f ( x ) 0 for each x in ( a, b )

(b) decreasing on (a,b) if

x1 < x2 in ( a, b ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) for all x1, x2 ( a, b ) .

Alternatively, if f ( x ) 0 for each x in (a, b)

The equation of the tangent at ( x0, y0 ) to the curve y = f (x) is given by


dy
y yo = (x x o )
dx ( x 0,y )
0

dy
If does not exist at the point ( x0 ,y0 ) , then the tangent at this point is parallel to the y-
dx
axis and its equation is x = x0 .

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in


Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
Key Notes
dy
If tangent to a curve y = f ( x ) at x = x0 is parallel to x-axis, then
dx x = x 0

Equation of the normal to the curve y = f (x) at a point ( xo ,yo ) is given by

1
y yo = (x x 0 )
dy
dx ( x 0,y )
0

dy
If at the point ( xo ,yo ) is zero, then equation of the normal is x = x o .
dx

dy
If at the point ( xo ,yo ) does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x-axis and its
dx
equation is y = y0 .

Let y = f (x), x be a small increment in x and y be the increment in y corresponding to the


dx
increment in x, i.e., y = f (x + x) f (x). Then dy given by dy f'( x) dx or dy= x is a good
dx
approximation of y when dx x = is relatively small and we denote it by dy y.

A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f (c) = 0 or f is not differentiable is


called a critical point of f.

First Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Let f be continuous at
a critical point c in I. Then,

If f (x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through c, i.e., if f (x) > 0
at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f (x) < 0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local maxima.

If f (x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, i.e., if f (x) < 0
at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f (x) > 0 at every point
sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local minima.

If f (x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point of local
maxima nor a point of local minima. In fact, such a point is called point of inflexion.

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in


Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
Key Notes
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I. Let f be twice
differentiable at c. Then, x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0

The values f (c) is local maximum value of f.

(i) x = c is a point of local minima if f (c) = 0 and f (c) > 0

In this case, f (c) is local minimum value of f.

(ii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f (c) = 0.

In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of
maxima, minima or a point of inflexion.

Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/or absolute minima

Step 1: Find all critical points of f in the interval, i.e., find points x where either f (x) = 0 or f is
not differentiable.

Step 2: Take the end points of the interval.

Step 3: At all these points (listed in Step 1 and 2), calculate the values of f.

Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of the values calculated in Step

This maximum value will be the absolute maximum value of f and the minimum value will be
the absolute minimum value of f .

Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in


Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks

You might also like