PMT

PH5

SECTION A

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1 (a) (i) 84.6 10-9 [C] [for 4.7 nF] (1)

73.8 10-9 [C][and 73.8 nC or clearly stated same for other 8.2 nF] (1) 2

(ii) = 12 2 or other equation used correctly or C total = 8.8 nF (1)

Answer = 1.43 10-6 [J] ecf on Q but not V (1) 2

(b) (i) Points taken from the curve e.g. Q0 = 85 nC and (50 ms, 6 nC)
(or 85 nC/e = 31 nC) (1)
0.05
Values substituted correctly e.g. 6 = 85 or CR = 18 ms (1)

Answer R = 3.8 106 [] (1)

Q
Award 1 mark for use of t or 11 M 3
t

Alternative:
Tangent (1) Current (1) R = 3.8 10-6 [] (1)

(ii) = used or tangent drawn at t = 0 (1)

2
Answer = 4.7 10-6 [A] ecf (1)

(iii) After 41 1 ms 10% charge left [or 90% discharged]

Or other valid method e.g. taking logs and getting time (1)

83 10-3 [s] (first step can be implied) ecf (1) 2

Question 1 Total [11]

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2 (a) (i) 0 1

(ii) = 2 (1)

Answer = 4.32 10-5 [Wb] (1) 2

(b) Change in flux or Faraday's law gives emf (1)

Complete circuit or accept emf gives current (1) 2

Award 1 mark only for:
Current due to Faraday's law

(c) Force / current / emf opposes the change (1)

Force on PQ opposite to SR or the force is clockwise (1) 2

(d) =

used (1)

2
= 4
32 ( 106 ) i.e. r2 used (1)

= used (1)

=
used (1)

Answer = 0.19 [A] ecf on and 2 (1) 5

Question 2 Total [12]

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3 (a) Low A numbers do fusion (or arrow / label used) (1)

High A numbers do fission (or arrow / label used) (1)

Moving toward high BE/nucleon (around Fe-56) or Fe-56 is the most

stable
(or low PE/nucleon or accept work done by strong nuclear force) (1)

Higher BE/nucleon is more stable

(or low PE/nucleon more stable or more work done more stable) (1) 4

(b) 1.1 0.1 MeV identified from graph for 21H (1)

2 = 2.2 [MeV] ecf (1) 2

(c) 7.6 0.2, 8.4 0.2, 8.7 0.2 (1)

Correct multipliers for each i.e. 235 7.6, 137 8.4, 96 8.7 (1)

RHS LHS or reverse (1)

Correct answer e.g. 201 MeV UNIT mark (1)

[dependent on BE/A approximations] 4

Question 3 Total [10]

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4 (a) 360 10 [minutes] 1

(b) No [significant] drop after paper [no ] (1)

[Small drop after aluminium] so small amount of being absorbed /

most passes through i.e. could be but some would be absorbed ok
Or accept drop could be attributable to randomness of decay (1)

present because something gets through 3 mm Al

or present because bigger drop after 10 cm Pb [than 3 mm Al] or
present because only absorbed by the Pb (1)
3

(c) 450
Activity = = 75 000 (1)
0.006
ln2
Activity = N or 1 =
used (1)
2

N = 2.34 109 (1)

Mass = 99 1.66 10-27 2.34 109 = 3.84 10-16 kg UNIT mark (1) 4
ecf on A and 1 and N
2

Question 4 Total [8]

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5 (a) =
12 000
(1)
1.8

2
= 0 = 0.019 [T] (1)

(b) (i) Either = 2 = 2 (1)

= = 2 quoted (1)

Clear algebra (if not immediately understandable then not clear) (1) 3

(ii) = 3.361.61019 (1)

2121.661027

2
Answer = 25.3 106 [Hz] (1)

(iii) 6 14.5 kV 24 [= 2.09 MeV] (1)

Conversion to J i.e. look out for 1.6 10-19 (1)

1 1
Equating some related energy to 2 e.g. 2 =14 500 (1)
2 2

Answer = 5.8 106 [m s-1] (1)

(ecf on these values only 2.4 106 and 4.1 106 which correspond to 4
q =1e and 12 kicks respectively)

Question 5 Total [11]

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6 (a)

(i) +ve correct 1

(ii) voltmeter correct 1

V

(b) = or = (1)

= quoted or = 5 103 (1)

Answer = 6.3 10-6 [V] (1) 3

(c) Electrons do not move in the direction of the Hall field 1

(or accept in the direction of the Hall voltage)

(d) Correct use of I = nAve or =

(or equiv equation) (1)

2
Answer = 0.30 10-3 [A] (1)

Question 6 Total [8]

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SECTION B

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7
(a) KE given to water (1)

Air resistance (1) 2

Award 2 marks for:

Water runs out before pressure drops to 1 atm

Accept PE given to water [even though water runs out in 1.6 m]

Accept viscosity [or friction] of water

Accept KE given to bottle [only 1/10th of mass of ball]

Don't accept heat or sound

(b) 5.9
= 20ln (1 1.5 0.175) (1)
2
= 23.3 [m s-1] (1)

(c) kg s-1, m2, kg m-3 and m s-1

(0 or 1 unit correct 0 marks)
(2 or 3 units correct 1 mark)
(All 4 correct 2 marks) 2
If all 4 units correct but algebra is incorrect then deduct 1 mark

(d)

Rearranging i.e. = 2
(1)
2
Answer = 25 [m s-1] (1)

(e) Any 3 (1) from:

Rocket equation assumes constant u

Volume increasing so pressure decreasing

Pressure is decreasing so u is decreasing

Thrust is decreasing 3

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(f) = 6.8 105 [Pa] (1)

26.8105
= 1000
= 36.9 [m s-1] (1) 2

(g) mg - weight or gravitational force and 0.0107 2 - air resistance /

drag accept skin / air friction (1)

Weight decreases (1)

Air resistance increases (1) 3

(h) Squaring equation 6 or rearranging equation 5 (1)

Convincing algebra (1) 2

(i) I Fast process or no time for heat to flow or equivalent 1

II The gas does work so internal energy decreases

1
Or =

Question 7 Total [20]

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SECTION C

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8 (a) (i) = 1 = 2
1
(1)

1 1
= or = (1)
20.02215109 20.02290109
3
8 761 [Hz] and 3 577 [Hz] (1)

(ii) 2 1
=
= (1)

Correct matching of f and R or R and C (1)

61 (1)

10 (1) 4

(b) 1 2
= ( ) + 2 used (1)

3.2
= i.e. = used (1)

1.7 [mA] (1) 3

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8 (c) (i) 0.20

Current /
0.18
A
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000
Frequency / Hz

Shapes similar and asymptotic to original (1)

20 with higher peak and 50 with lower (implied if not labelled)

(1)

20 with peak current of 160 mA (1)

4
50 with peak current of 64 mA (1)

(ii) increases (wrt f) or 4000

graph (1) 3500
3000
1 2500
decreases (wrt f) (1)
2000
1500
low frequency behaviour
1000
explained
e.g. XC very large, Z 500
large at low freq (1) 0
-2 3 8
high frequency behaviour
explained e.g. XL very large, Z large at high freq (1)
1
= 0 at resonance making Z a minimum (1)

1
or equivalent equation etc. (1) 6

Question 8 Total [20]

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9 (a) (i) Diagram showing either angle (accept ) or baseline (1)

Attempt to use b = r and indication that must be in radians,

Or attempt to use b/2 = r tan (/2) or equiv. Or by implication. (1)

r = 1.96 106 [km] or 1.92 106 [km] or convincing answer. (1) 3

(ii) Showed comet (far) beyond Moon. (1)

But according to Aristotle nothing changes beyond Moon [yet comet
was new and went away]. (1) 2

(b) (i) Diagram showing relevant areas (1)

rP, rA, vPt, vAt marked on diagram or meanings otherwise shown
(1) 3
( 12 )rPvPt = ( 12 )rAvAt or equivalent (1)

(ii) vP rA
Use of [= 1.10] or by implication (1) 2
vA rP
10 % [increase] (1)

mv 2
(iii) Explicit use of (1)
r
vP rA F r2
used convincingly to give P 2A or equiv. (1)
vA rP FA r P 2

(c) (i) Towards S or equivalent 1

(ii) Any 3 of ...

Sun at S, planets path ABCDEF...
If time interval is shrunk, path becomes smooth
Equal areas swept out in equal times
Showed that for an elliptical path ...
... force had to vary as inverse square of Sun-planet distance 3

(iii) Planets swirled in whirlpool (vortex) around the Sun (1)

Any 2 of . (2)
easy to understand
gave a mechanism
Newton didnt say what caused gravitation

Descartes vortex theory cant be made to account for actual orbits

[that is for Keplers laws] or Newtons theory accounted for so many 4
phenomena so economically [or similar point] (1)

Question 9 Total [20]

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10 (a) (i) Strong (covalent) bonds between ions in structure. Accept molecules
arranged irregularly or amorphous structure present (1)
[No dislocations present] so no slip (accept no movement of
2
dislocations). Accept different sized atoms seize up the structure (1)
Do not accept untangle.

(ii) Scratches (on surface) weaken material or break surface bonds.

Scratches have stress concentrations at their tips- can be awarded 2
from diagram.
Cracks propagate through material.
Correct direction of bending is to open the crack [ANY 2]
(credit well annotated diagrams)
[Local] stress cannot be relieved by slip / plastic flow/ dislocation
movement.

(iii) Compression (1]) [Do not accept stress]

More difficult for cracks to develop/ widen/ propagate (1) 2

(b) (i) 800x106

Gradient shown = 80 GPa e.g. seen. 1
0.01
(ii) Area under graph = [ 0.01 800 106 + 0.08 100 106 +
0.08 800 106] = 72 [MJ m-3] (1)
Volume = (1.25 10-3)2 2.5 = 12.3 10-6 [m3] (1) 3
Work done = 72 106 12.3 10-6 = 884 [J] (1) (ecf on both area
and volume).
(iii) Initial straight line of same gradient. (1)
Yield point at 1 000 MPa. (1)
Linear plastic region of small slope (accept zero slope) stopping at 3
5% strain. (1)

(iv) (I) Creep: [Gradual/slow/Over time] AND

[extension/stretching/deformity or increase in strain] (1) (under a
constant load). 2
Necking: Localised (or reference to section or region) thinning
(of structure/material before breaking- accept diagram) (1)

(II) Same shaped curve but steeper gradient (1)

Stopped at 15% and t < 400 hrs (approx.) (1) 2

(v) Repeated bending, stretching or hammering of metal alloy (1)

Dislocations become tangled / traffic jam effect or new dislocations
created (1)
Stopping each other from moving (or inhibiting plastic deformation 3
or collect at grain boundaries) (1)

Question 10 Total [20]

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11 (a) (i) A/B/D 1
(ii) C 1
(iii) A 1

hc
(b) V (must rearrange) (1)
e
2
6.2 104 V (must have valid unit) (1)

Reduces scattering/ spreading accept ensures (X-rays) are all

(c)
parallel / perpendicular [to the patient] (1)
2
[leading to] sharper image / better resolution (1)

(d) (i) Radio (waves) 1

(ii) Cause Hydrogen atoms to resonate (1)

2
Flip alignment producing a magnetic field (1)

(iii) Not good for dense objects/bone/ Uncomfortable/

1
Claustrophobic/cannot be used with pacemakers/ expensive

(e) (i) Depolarization of ventricles/ repolarisation of atria (1)

Contraction of ventricles (1) 2

(ii) Repolarization of ventricles (1)

Relaxation of ventricles/ ventricles return to normal (1) Do NOT
2
accept ventricles expand

(f) (i) Doppler

1
(ii) 1500
0.4 = 2v (1)
500 2
v = 0.6 [m s-1] allow 1 mark only for 1.2 m s-1 (1)

(g) (i) Gamma / 1

(ii) Very expensive/need a cyclotron / particle accelerator 1

Ignore any reference to radiation dose
Question 11 Total [20]

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12 (a) Any 3 of:

More than one isotope of uranium

Only U-235 fissile / U-238 unsuitable for fission

Need higher concentration of U-235

3
Get rid of U-238 since neutron absorber/'sink'

(b) More fissile nuclei obtained (1)

U-238 captures neutrons or decays to plutonium 239 via beta (1) 2

(c) Any 2 of:

More easily controllable or no chain reaction

Hydrogen & deuterium more plentiful / more easily sourced / can

be extracted from sea water

No [long term] radioactive products.

2
More energy released per fusion

(d) (i) Overcome electrostatic repulsion /forces (1)

Needs high / enough (K)E (or velocity, speed) of deuterium/tritium

(1)

KE proportional to temperature or only tail end of distribution (1)

with high enough energy 3

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3.51028
= 0.9120000000 (1)
(ii)
Multiplying by 2.5 1.67 10-27 (1)

Answer = 1.35 10-6 [kg m-3] (1) 3

(e) 9 1016 (1)

2= 18 1016 [J] (1) 2

(f) Coal - any 2 of: acid rain, CO2, non-renewable, lasts hundreds of
years, increase asthma, damage to buildings/trees/etc, global
warming (1)

Natural gas - any 2 of: less acid rain, CO2, non-renewable lasts
tens or hundreds of years, global warming (1)

Biomass - any 2 of: acid rain, CO2 neutral (roughly),

renewable/lasts millions of years, increase asthma, damage to
buildings/trees/etc, (roughly) no global warming, large land area
needed (1)

Uranium-235 any 2 of: no acid rain, no CO2, lasts thousands of

years, no increase asthma, no damage to buildings/trees/etc, (little
or ) no global warming, leak or explosion risk, disposal of waste,
hazardous waste, large energy output per kg of fuel (1)

Wind any 2 of: no acid rain, no CO2, renewable/lasts millions of

years, no increase asthma, no damage to buildings/trees/etc, no
global warming, low power, weather dependent/unreliable, large
area (1)
(ugly/kills birds/noisy/disrupts TV signals OK but only 1 point max 5
for these)

NOTE: No marks for cheap/expensive - eliminated in stem!!

Question 12 Total [20]

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