Kanthal Handbook PDF

KANTHAL HANDBOOK
Heating Alloys for
KANTHAL HEATING ALLOYS Handbook

Electric Household Appliances
KANTHAL AB
Box 502, SE-734 27 Hallstahammar, Sweden
www.kanthal.com
Tel +46 220 210 00
Fax +46 220 211 66
A Sandvik Company
Copyright by Kanthal AB.
May be reproduced only with proper
acknowledgement of the source.
Catalogue 1-A-4-3
Production: ReklamCenter 03057.
Printed in Sweden by Primatryck, 2003-02.3000
This information, which may be subject to change, is offered solely
for your consideration and should not be taken as warranty or repre-
sentation for which we assume legal responsibility. It is not to be
understood as permission or recommendation to practice a pat-
ented invention without a license and the user should determine
weather relevant patent exist.
KANTHAL, NIKROTHAL, ALKROTHAL, SUPERTHAL,
FIBROTHAL and CUPROTHAL are Registered
Trademarks of Kanthal Group companies in Sweden and other
countries.
NIFETHAL, ECOTHAL
Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook 1
Kanthal is never far away!
This handbook contains basic technical and product data for our
resistance and resistance heating alloys for the appliance industry.
We have also included design-, calculation- and application guide-
lines, in order to make it easier to select the right alloy and to design
the right element.
More information is given on www.kanthal.com. There you can find
product news and other Kanthal product information and handbooks
ready to be downloaded as well as information on the Kanthal Group
and the nearest Kanthal office.
Kanthal alloys are also produced in a range for industrial furnaces
and as ready-to-install elements and systems and as precision wire in
very small sizes. Ask for the special handbooks covering those areas.
We have substantial technical and commercial resources at all our
offices around the world and we are glad to help you in different
technical questions, or to try out completely new solutions at our
R & D facilities.
Kanthal is never far away!
Hallstahammar, February 2003
KANTHAL AB
www.kanthal.com
Tel +46 220 210 00
Fax +46 220 211 66
2 Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook
Contents Page
1. Resistance Heating Alloys 4
NiFe
NIFETHAL 70, NIFETHAL 52 4
Austenitic Alloys (NiCr, NiCrFe)
NIKROTHAL 80, NIKROTHAL 70, NIKROTHAL 60, NIKROTHAL 40,
NIKROTHAL 20 5
Ferritic Alloys (FeCrAl)
KANTHAL APM, A-1, A, AF, AE, D, ALKROTHAL 5
Comparison between KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL
KANTHAL advantages 6
NIKROTHAL advantages 7
Summary 8
Copper Nickel Alloys
CUPROTHAL 49, MANGANINA 43, (CUPROTHAL 30, 15, 10 and 05) 9
Product varieties 11
2. Physical and Mechanical Properties 12

Table KANTHAL alloys 11
Table ALKROTHAL, NIKROTHAL and NIFETHAL alloys 13
Table CUPROTHAL and MANGANINA alloys 14
3. Stranded Resistance Heating Wire 15

Strand diameter 15
Standard stocked material 16
Flexible terminations 16
4. Thin Wide Strip 18
5. Design factors 20
Operating life 20
Oxidation properties 20
Corrosion resistance 21
Maximum temperature per wire size 22
6. Element types and heating applications 23

Description 23
Embedded elements 24
Supported elements 30
Suspended elements 36
Page
7. Standard Tolerances 42
Electrical resistance 42
Diameter of wire 42
Dimensions of cold rolled ribbon 42 1
8. Delivery forms 43
Resistance heating alloys 43
Resistance alloys 45
2
9. Tables 47
KANTHAL A-1, APM, wire 48 3
KANTHAL A, AF, AE, wire 49
KANTHAL A, AF, AE, ribbon 50
KANTHAL D, wire 52
KANTHAL D, DT, ribbon 53 4
ALKROTHAL, wire 55
ALKROTHAL, ribbon 56
NIKROTHAL 80, 70, wire 58
NIKROTHAL 60, wire 59
5
NIKROTHAL 40, 20, wire 60
NIKROTHAL 80, 60, 40, ribbon 61
NIFETHAL 70, 52, wire 63 6
CUPROTHAL 49, MANGANINA 43, CUPROTHAL 30, 15, 10 and 05, wire 64
CUPROTHAL 49, ribbon 66
10. Appendix 68 7
List of symbols 68
Formulas and definitions 69
Formulas for values in chapter 9, Tables 73
Relationship between metric and imperial units 76 8
Design calculations for heating elements 77
Wire gauge conversion table 82
Temperature conversion table 83 9
Miscellaneous conversion factors 86
11. The complete Kanthal product range 90

10
11
1. Resistance Heating Alloys

The resistance heating alloys can be NiFe
divided into two main groups.
The FeCrAl (KANTHAL) and the NiCr Up to 600 C 1110 F:
(NIKROTHAL) based alloys. For lower NIFETHAL 70 and 52
temperature applications CuNi and NiFe are alloys with low resistivity and high
based alloys are also used. The different temperature coefficient of resistance. The
positive temperature coefficient allows
alloys are described below as well as a
heating elements to reduce power as
comparison of some of the properties of the temperature increases. Typical applications
KANTHAL and the NIKROTHAL alloys. are in low temperature tubular elements with
self regulating features.
Spools and Pail Pack.

Austenitic Alloys (NiCr, NiCrFe) Ferritic Alloys (FeCrAl)

Up to 1200 C 2190 F: NIKROTHAL 80 Up to 1425 C 2560 F: KANTHAL APM 1
is the austenitic alloy with the highest nickel (Normally used in furnace applications).
content. Because of its good workability and
high-temperature strength, NIKROTHAL Up to 1400 C 2550 F: KANTHAL A-1
80 is widely used for demanding applications (Normally used in furnace applications).
in the electric appliance industry.
Up to 1350 C 2460 F: KANTHAL A
Up to 1250 C 2280 F: NIKROTHAL 70 is used for appliances, where its high
(Normally used in furnace applications). resistivity and good oxidation resistance are
particularly important.
Up to 1150 C 2100 F: NIKROTHAL 60
has good corrosion resistance, good Up to 1300 C 2370 F: KANTHAL AF
oxidation properties and very good form has improved hot strength and oxidation
stability. The corrosion stability is good properties and is especially recommended
except in sulphur containing atmospheres. where good form stability properties in
Typical applications for NIKROTHAL 60 combination with high temperature is
are in tubular heating elements and as required.
suspended coils.
Up to 1300 C 2370 F: KANTHAL AE
Up to 1100 C 2010 F: NIKROTHAL 40 is developed to meet the extreme demands in
is used as electric heating element material in fast response elements in glass top hobs and
domestic appliances and other electric heat- quartz tube heaters. It has exceptional form
ing equipment at operating temperatures up stability and life in spirals with large coil to
to 1100 C 2010 F. wire diameter ratio.
Up to 1050 C 1920 F: NIKROTHAL 20 Up to 1300 C 2370 F: KANTHAL D

(Produced on volume based request.) Employed chiefly in appliances, its high
resistivity and low density, combined with
better heat resistance than austenitic alloys,
make it suitable for most applications.
Up to 1100 C 2010 F: ALKROTHAL

is typically specified for rheostats, braking
resistors, etc. It is also used as a heating wire
for lower temperatures, such as heating
cables.
KANTHAL Advantages
Higher maximum temperature in air Lower density
KANTHAL A-1 has a maximum tempera- The density of the KANTHAL alloys is
ture of 1400 C 2550 F; lower than that of the NIKROTHAL
NIKROTHAL 80 has a maximum tempera- alloys. This means that a greater number of
ture of 1200 C 2190 F. equivalent elements can be made from the
same weight material.
Longer life
KANTHAL elements have a life 2-4 times Higher resistivity
the life of NIKROTHAL when operated in The higher resistivity of KANTHAL alloys
air at the same temperature. makes it possible to choose a material with
larger cross-section, which improves the life
Higher surface load of the element. This is particularly important
Higher maximum temperature and longer for thin wire. When the same cross-section
life allow a higher surface load to be applied can be used, considerable weight savings
on KANTHAL elements. are obtained. Further, the resistivity of
KANTHAL alloys is less affected by cold-
Better oxidation properties working and heat treatment than is the case
The aluminium oxide (Al2O3) formed on for NIKROTHAL 80.
KANTHAL alloys adheres better and is
therefore less contaminating. It is also a Higher yield strength
better diffusion barrier, better electrical The higher yield strength of KANTHAL
insulator and more resistant to carburizing alloys means less change in cross-section
atmospheres than the chromium when coiling wires.
oxide (Cr2O3) formed on NIKROTHAL
alloys.
NIKROTHAL Advantages
Better resistance to sulphur Higher hot and creep strength 1

In atmospheres contaminated with sulphuric NIKROTHAL alloys have higher hot and
compounds and in the presence of contami- creep strength than KANTHAL alloys.
nations containing sulphur on the wire sur- KANTHAL APM, AF and AE are better in
face, KANTHAL alloys have better corrosion this respect than the other KANTHAL
resistance in hot state. NiCr alloys are heavily grades and have a very good form stability,
attacked under such conditions. however, not as good as that of NIKRO-
THAL.
Weight savings with KANTHAL alloys
The lower density and higher resistivity of Better ductility after use
KANTHAL alloys means that for a given NIKROTHAL alloys remain ductile after
power, less material is needed when using long use.
KANTHAL instead of NIKROTHAL alloys.
The result is that in a great number of appli- Higher emissivity
cations, substantial savings in weight and Fully oxidized NIKROTHAL alloys have a
element costs can be achieved. higher emissivity than KANTHAL alloys.
In converting from NiCr to KANTHAL Thus, at the same surface load the element
alloys, either the wire diameter can be kept temperature of NIKROTHAL is somewhat
constant while changing the surface load, or lower.
the surface load can be held constant while
changing the wire diameter. In both cases, Non-magnetic
the KANTHAL alloy will weigh less than In certain low-temperature applications a
the NiCr alloy. non-magnetic material is preferred.
NIKROTHAL alloys are non-magnetic (ex-
cept NIKROTHAL 60 at low temperatures).
KANTHAL alloys are non-magnetic above
600 C 1100 F.
Better wet corrosion resistance

NIKROTHAL alloys generally have better
corrosion resistance at room temperature
than nonoxidized KANTHAL alloys.
(Exceptions: atmospheres containing sulphur
and certain controlled atmospheres.)
KANTHAL Resistance Heating Alloys Summary

C F
1600 2912
2560 F
1425 C 2550 F
1400 C 2460 F
1400 1350 C 2370 F 2370 F 2370 F
2552
1300 C 1300 C 1300 C 2280 F
2190 F 1250 C
1200 C 2100 F
1200 1150 C 2192
2010 F 2010 F
1100 C 1100 C 1920 F
1050 C
1000 1832
800 1472
600 1112
400 752
200 392
0 -17.8
APM A-1 A D AF AE ALKRO- 80 70 60 40 20
KANTHAL THAL NIKROTHAL
Fig. 1 - Maximum operating temperature per alloy
Resistivity ( mm2 m-1) /cmf

1.600 960
1.500 900
KANTHAL A-1/APM
KANTHAL A/AE/AF
1.400 840
KANTHAL D
1.300 780
NIKROTHAL 40
NIKROTHAL 70
1.200 720
NIKROTHAL 60
NIKROTHAL 80
1.100 660
NIKROTHAL 20
1.000 600
0.900 540
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 C
0 392 752 1112 1472 1832 2192 2552 F
Temperature
Fig. 2 - Resistivity vs. Temperature.
Copper-Nickel Alloys
CUPROTHAL 49 MANGANINA 43 1
(universally known as Constantan) is manu- has been developed to satisfy many precision
factured under close control from electrolytic and high stability requirements at, or close
Copper and pure Nickel. to, room temperature.
CUPROTHAL 49 has a number of special In some applications it is essential that the
characteristics some electrical, some resistance of the electronic components does
mechanical which make it a remarkably not change either with age or with such
versatile alloy. For certain applications, its changes of temperature as may be encoun-
high specific resistance and negligible tem- tered in normal use. These requirements are
perature coefficient of resistance are its most fulfilled perfectly by MANGANINA 43.
important attributes. For others, the fact that The resistance of MANGANINA 43 in-
CUPROTHAL 49 offers good ductility, is creases very slightly from 15 C to approxi-
easily soldered and welded and has good mately 25 C. Above 25 C the resistance
resistance to atmospheric corrosion is more decreases so that the resistance at 35 C is
significant. about the same as at 15 C. The maximum
Although the range of applications of change in resistance to be expected is less
CUPROTHAL 49 is so wide, its uses fall into than 15 parts per million per degree centi-
four principal categories: grade. Therefore, for an instrument, which is
An ideal alloy for winding heavy-duty in- calibrated at 25 C, the change in resistance
dustrial rheostats and electric motor starter over the temperature range from 15-35 C is
resistance. High specific resistance, together negligible, except in instances where the
with good ductility and resistance to corro- work is of very high precision.
sion are all important requirements in this Artificial ageing of assembled coils has
category, and CUPROTHAL 49 satisfies been found necessary to avoid a slow de-
the most demanding specifications. crease in resistance with time. Baking at a
CUPROTHAL 49 is widely used in wire- temperature between 120 C and 140 C
wound precision resistors, temperature-sta- for a period of 24 to 72 hours commonly
ble potentiometers, volume control devices does this.
and strain gauges. (See the Precision Wire The higher temperature limit must not be
Handbook). In the resistor field, its high exceeded if damage to enamel or fabric insu-
resistance and negligible temperature coef- lation is to be avoided. Regarding E.M.F.
ficient of resistance are its main attractions. versus copper, MANGANINA 43 generates
The third main category of application not more than 0.003 mV/C between 0 and
exploits another characteristic of 100 C.
CUPROTHAL 49. This is the fact that it The main application is in shunts.
develops a high thermal E.M.F. against
certain other metals. CUPROTHAL 49 is
therefore commonly used as a thermo-
couple alloy.
Low temperature resistance heating
applications, such as heating cables.
Copper-Nickel alloys with medium and low resistivity

KANTHAL produces Copper-Nickel CUPROTHAL 30
alloys with resistivities lower than those of resistivity 30 microhmcm
CUPROTHAL 49 and MANGANINA 43. CUPROTHAL 15
The main applications are in high current resistivity 15 microhmcm
electrical resistances, heating cables, electric CUPROTHAL 10
blankets, fuses, resistors but they are also resistivity 10 microhmcm
used in many other applications. CUPROTHAL 05
resistivity 5 microhmcm
Different resistors and potentiometers using KANTHAL alloys.

Product Varieties
1
Thin
wide Welded Extruded Straightened
Rod Wire Strip Ribbon Strip tubes tubes wire
KANTHAL
KANTHAL APM
KANTHAL A-1
KANTHAL A
KANTHAL D, DT
KANTHAL AF
KANTHAL AE
ALKROTHAL
NIKROTHAL
NIKROTHAL 80
NIKROTHAL 70
NIKROTHAL 60
NIKROTHAL 40
NIKROTHAL 20
KANTHAL/NiFe
NIFETHAL 70
NIFETHAL 52
Copper-Nickel
CUPROTHAL 49
MANGANINA
CUPROTHAL 30
CUPROTHAL 15
CUPROTHAL 10
CUPROTHAL 05
2. Physical and Mechanical properties

KANTHAL
APM A-1 A AF AE
Max continuous operating temperature
(element temperature in air), C 1425 1400 1350 1300 1300
F 2600 2550 2460 2370 2370
Nominal composition, % Cr 22 22 22 22 22
Al 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.3
Fe Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance
Ni
Density, g/cm3 7.10 7.10 7.15 7.15 7.15
Ib/in3 0.256 0.256 0.258 0.258 0.258
Resistivity at 20 C, mm2m-1 1.45 1.45 1.39 1.39 1.39
at 68 F /cmf 872 872 836 836 836
Temperature factor of the resistivity, Ct
250 C 480 F 1,00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01
500 C 930 F 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.03
800 C 1470 F 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.05
1000 C 1830 F 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.06
1200 C 2190 F 1.05 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.06
Coefficient of thermal expansion, K-1
20-100 C 68-210 F
20-250 C 68-480 F 1110-6 1110-6 1110-6 1110-6 1110-6
20-500 C 68-930 F 1210-6 1210-6 1210-6 1210-6 1210-6
20-750 C 68-1380 F 1410-6 1410-6 1410-6 1410-6 1410-6
20-1000 C 68-1840 F 1510-6 1510-6 1510-6 1510-6 1510-6
Thermal conductivity at 50 C W m-1K-1 11 11 11 11 11
at 122 F Btu in ft-2h-1 F-1 76 76 76 76 76
Specific heat capacity, kJ kg-1K-1, 20 C 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
Btu lb-1 F-1, 68 F 0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110
Melting point (approx.), C 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
F 2730 2730 2730 2730 2730
Mechanical properties* (approx.)
Tensile strength, N mm-2 680 680 725 700 720
psi 98600** 110200 105200 101500 104400
Yield point, N mm-2 470 545 550 500 520
psi 68200** 79000 79800 72500 74500
Hardness, Hv 230 240 230 230 230
Elongation at rupture, % 20** 20 22 23 20
Tensile strength at 900 C, N mm -2
40 34 34 37 34
at 1650 F, psi 5800 4900 4900 5400 4900
Creep strength ***
at 800 C, N mm-2 8.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
at 1470 F, psi 1190 70 70 170
at 1000 C, N mm-2 0.5 0.5
at 1830 F, psi 70 70
at 1100 C, N mm-2 0.7
at 2010 F, psi 100
at 1200 C, N mm-2 0.3
at 2190 F, psi 40
1 1 1 1 1
Magnetic properties ) ) ) ) )
Emissivity, fully oxidized condition 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
* The values given apply for sizes of approx. 1.0 mm diameter 0.04 in.
** 4.0 mm 0.16 in. Thinner gauges have higher strength and hardness values while the corresponding values are lower for
thicker gauge.
*** Calculated from observed elongation in a Kanthal standard furnace test. 1 % elongation after 1000 hours.
NIKROTHAL NIFETHAL
D ALKROTHAL N 80 N 70 N 60 N40 N20 70 52
1300 1100 1200 1250 1150 1100 1050 600 600

2370 2010 2190 2280 2100 2010 1920 1110 1110
22 15 20 30 15 20 24
4.8 4.3
Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance
80 70 60 35 20 72 52 2
7.25 7.28 8.30 8.10 8.20 7.90 7.80 8.45 8.20
0.262 0.263 0.300 0.293 0.296 0.285 0.281 0.305 0.296
1.35 1.25 1.09 1.18 1.11 1.04 0.95 0.20 0.436)
812 744 655 709 668 626 572 120 220
1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 2.19 1.93

1.03 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.08 1.15 1.21 3.66 2.77
1.06 1.10 1.04 1.04 1.10 1.21 1.28
1.07 1.11 1.05 1.05 1.11 1.23 1.32
1.08 1.07 1.06
1010-6
1110-6 1110-6 1510-6 1410-6 1610-6 1610-6 1610-6
1210-6 1210-6 1610-6 1510-6 1710-6 1710-6 1710-6 1310-6
1410-6 1410-6 1710-6 1610-6 1810-6 1810-6 1810-6
1510-6 1510-6 1810-6 1710-6 1810-6 1910-6 1910-6 1510-6
11 16 15 14 14 13 13 17 17
76 110 104 97 97 90 90 120 120
0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.50
0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110 0.119 0.119 0.120 0.120
1500 1500 1400 1380 1390 1390 1380 1430 1435
2730 2730 2550 2515 2535 2535 2515 2610 2620
670 630 810 820 730 675 675 640 610

97200 91400 117500 118900 105900 97900 97900 92800 88500
485 455 420 430 370 340 335 340 340
70300 66000 60900 62400 53700 49300 48600 49300 49300
230 220 180 185 180 180 160
22 22 30 30 35 35 30 30
34 30 100 120 100 120 120
4900 4300 14500 17400 14500 17400 17400
1.2 1.2 15 15 20 20
170 170 2160 2160 2900 2900
0.5 1 4 4 4 4
70 140 580 580 580 580

1 1 2 2 3 2 2 4 5
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
0.70 0.70 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
1
) Magnetic (Curie point approx. 600 C 1100 F) 4
) Magnetic up to C/F (Curie point) 610/1130
2
) Non-magnetic 5
) Magnetic up to C/F (Curie point) 530/990
3
) Slightly magnetic 6
) 10 %
CUPRO- MANGA- CUPROTHAL

THAL 49 NINA 43 30 15 10 05
Nominal composition, % Ni 44 4 23 11 6 2
Cu Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance
Fe +
Other 1 Mn 11 Mn 1.5 Mn
Density, g/cm3 8.9 8.4 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9
Ib/in3 0.321 0.3+2 0.321 0.321 0.321 0.321
Resistivity at 20 C, mm2m-1 0.49 0.43 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.05
at 68 F /cmf 295 259 180 90 60 30
Temperature coefficient of resistance,
Km x 10-6/C 20/60 15 250 400 700 1300
Temperatur range, C -55-150 15-35 20-105 20-105 20-105 20-105
Linear expansion coefficient
Coefficient x 10-6/C 14 18 16 16 16 16.5
Temperatur range, C 20-100 20-100 20-100 20-100 20-100 20-100
Thermal conductivity at 50 C, Wm-1K-1 21 22 35 60 90 130
at 122 F Btu in ft-2h-1 F-1 146 153 243 460 624 901
Specific heat capacity, kJ kg-1K-1, 20 C 0.41 0.41 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38
Btu lb-1F-1, 68 F 0.098 0.098 0.088 0.091 0.091 0.091
Melting point (approx.), C 1280 1020 1150 1100 1095 1090
F 2336 1868 2102 2012 2003 1994
Mechanical properties* (approx.)
Tensile strength, N mm-2, min. 420 290 340 250 230 220
psi, min. 60900 42050 49300 36200 33350 31900
N mm-2, max. 690 640 690 540 680 440
psi, max. 100100 92800 100100 78300 98600 63800
Elongation at rupture, % 30 30 30 30 30 30
Magnetic properties Non-magnetic
3. Stranded Resistance Heating Wire

Recognising the need for more preciesly
controlled stranded wire within the cable
industry and working closely with our
cable customers, Kanthal have developed
a range of stranded resistance wires in
the well known NIKROTHAL,
KANTHAL and Nickel alloys.
These alloys possess the optimum
properties for high performance at 3
elevated temperatures and in other
adverse conditions where reliability and
quality is of paramount consideration.
Alloy Nominal composition, % Resistivity at 20C Max. temp *)

Ni Cr Fe Al Oth. mm2 m -1 C
NIKROTHAL 80 80 20 1.09 1200
NIKROTHAL 60 60 16 Bal. 1.11 1150
KANTHAL D 22 Bal. 4.8 1.35 1300
KANTHAL AF 22 Bal. 5.3 1.39 1300
NICKEL 99.2 0.09
Ni Mn2% 98 2 Mn 0.11
) Values given apply for sizes approx. 1.0 mm
Strand diameter Size range

Up to 37 wires (ends) of diameter
Nominal diameter to be determined from between 0.20-0.85 mm.
single-end wire diameters, which have to
meet resistance requirements.
Resistance generally takes priority over
diameter. The calculation is:
Strand normal diameter = single-end
diameter x F
F=3 for 7-strand True Concentric

F=5 for 19-strand true concentric Successive layers have different lay directions
F=7 for 37-strand true concentric and lay length.
Standard Stocked Material

Strand size Alloy Strand diameter Strand resistance Meter per Kilo
mm nominal, mm /m (approx.)
19 x 0.544 NIKROTHAL 80 0.2344-0.2579 26
19 x 0.523 NIKROTHAL 80 2.67 0.2886 max. 30
KW 0.574
37 x 0.385 NIKROTHAL 80 2.76 0.276 max. 26
KW 0.45
19 x 0.574 NIKROTHAL 80 2.87 25
19 x 0.523 NIKROTHAL 60 0.297 max. 30
KW 0.574
19 x 0.574 Nickel 2.87 0.0243 max. 21
19 x 0.574 Ni Mn2% 0.0247 max. 22
19 x 0.610 Ni Mn2% 0.0208 max. 19
KW 0.71
KW = King Wire
The Kanthal plant and head office in Hallstahammar, Sweden

Flexible Terminations for Industrial Applications

Flex Size
V. Small Small Medium Large X. Large
Flex , mm 2.3 3.75 4.2 6.7 9.3
CSA, mm2 3.18 8.40 10.78 21.65 38.48
Strands 7 x 0.76 mm 19 x 0.75 mm 19 x 0.85 mm 49 x 0.75 mm 49 x 1.00 mm
Weight, gram/m 26.24 70 86 184 325
Current, A 7 15 22 44 77
(low temp. <400 C)
Current, A 5 15 20 30 45
(high temp. >400 C)
/m, cold 0.347 0.106 0.102 0.050 0.028
3
CSA = Cross Sectional Area
18 Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook.
4. Thin Wide Strip
Wide and very thin strip has been intro- The alloys available in this product form are
duced as an alternative to flattened wire, primarily the high performing FeCrAl types,
ribbon, to offer a wider choice of widths like KANTHAL AF, as specified in the tech-
than what can be offered via wire flatten- nical section of this handbook.
For a material with very high surface to
ing.
volume ratio such as this thin strip, no
Kanthal has the ability to supply thin wide standard guidelines for maximum tempera-
resistance strip in the thickness range 0,04 ture and lifetime are applicable because of
to 0,1 mm in widths up to 275 mm the big influence from the chosen design.
produced through rolling and slitting to We advice that everyone considering using
dimension. this product form should contact Kanthal
for in depth discussions before finalising
dimensions and design of an application.
Kanthal offers advice and technical support
regarding choice of dimensions etc.
Thin strip vertically applied.

Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook. 19
Thin strip heating elements for glass

top hot plates.
5. Design Factors
Operating Life Oxidation properties
The life of the resistance heating alloy is When heated, resistance-heating alloys form
dependent on a number of factors, among an oxide layer on their surface, which slows
the most important are: down further oxidation of the material. To
Temperature accomplish this function the oxide layer
Temperature cycling must be dense and resist the diffusion of
Contamination gases as well as metal ions. It must also be
Alloy composition thin and adhere to the metal under tempera-
Trace elements and impurities ture fluctuations.
Wire diameter The protective oxide layer on KANTHAL
Surface condition alloys formed at temperatures above 1000 C
Atmosphere 1830 F consists mainly of alumina (Al2O3).
Mechanical stress The colour is light grey, while at lower tem-
Method of regulation peratures (under 1000 C, 1830 F) the
oxide colour becomes darker. The alumina
Since these are unique for each applica- layer has excellent electrical insulating prop-
tion it is difficult to give general guidelines erties and good chemical resistance to most
of life expectations. Recommendations on compounds.
some of the important design factors are The oxide formed on NIKROTHAL
given below. alloys consists mainly of chromium oxide
(Cr2O3). The colour is dark and the electrical
insulating properties inferior to those of
Table 1
alumina.
Relative Durability Values in %,
The oxide layer on NIKROTHAL alloys
KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL Alloys
spalls and evaporates more easily than the
(ASTM-test wire 0.7 mm 0.028 in)
tighter oxide layer that is formed on the
1100 C 1200 C 1300 C KANTHAL alloys.
2010 F 2190 F 2370 F
Results of several life tests according to
KANTHAL A-1 340 100 30
KANTHAL AF 465 120 30
ASTM B 78 (modified) are given in Table 1
KANTHAL AE 550 120 30 for KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL alloys.
KANTHAL D 250 75 25 In the table, the durability of KANTHAL
NIKROTHAL 80 120 25 - A-1 wire at 1200 C 2190 F is set at 100 %,
NIKROTHAL 60 95 25 - and the durability of the other alloys is re-
NIKROTHAL 40 40 15 - lated to that figure.
Corrosion Resistance
Corrosive or potentially corrosive consti- Ceramic support material

tuents can considerably shorten wire life. Special attention must be paid to the ceramic
Perspiring hands, mounting or supporting supports that come in direct contact with the
materials or contamination can cause corro- heating wire. Firebricks for wire support
sion. should have an alumina content of at least
45 %. In high-temperature applications, the
Steam use of sillimanite and high-alumina firebricks
Steam shortens the wire life. This effect is is often recommended. The free silica (un-
more pronounced on NIKROTHAL alloys combined quartz) content should be held low.
than on KANTHAL alloys. Iron oxide lowers the melting point of the
Halogens ceramics. Water glass as a binder in cements
Halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine and must be avoided.
iodine) severely attack all high-temperature Embedding compounds
alloys at fairly low temperatures. Most embedding compounds including
ceramic fibres are suitable for KANTHAL 5
Sulphur
In sulphurous atmospheres KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL if composed of alumina,
alloys have considerably better durability alumina-silicate, magnesia or zirconia.
than nickel-base alloys. KANTHAL is
particularly stable in oxidising gases contain-
ing sulphur, while reducing gases with a
sulphur content diminish its service life.
NIKROTHAL alloys are sensitive to
sulphur.
Salts and oxides
The salts of alkaline metals, boron com-
pounds, etc. in high concentrations and are
harmful to heating alloys.
Metals
Some molten metals, such as zinc, brass,
aluminium and copper, react with the resist-
ance alloys. The elements should therefore
be protected from splashes of molten metals.
Maximum Temperature per Wire Size
The table below gives maximum wire tem-

peratures as a function of wire diameter
when operating in air.
Table 2
Maximum Permissible Temperature as a Function of Wire Size
Diameter, mm (in):
0.15-0.4 0.41-0.95 1.0-3.0 >3.0
(0.0059-0.0157) (0.0061-0.0374) (0.039-0.118) (>0.118)
C C C C
F F F F
KANTHAL AF 900-1100 1100-1225 1225-1275 1300
1650-2010 2010-2240 2240-2330 2370
KANTHAL A 925-1050 1050-1175 1175-1250 1350
1700-1920 1920-2150 2150-2300 2460
KANTHAL AE 950-1150 1150-1225 1225-1250 1300
1740-2100 2100-2240 2240-2300 2370
KANTHAL D 925-1025 1025-1100 1100-1200 1300
1700-1880 1880-2010 2010-2190 2370
NIKROTHAL 80 925-1000 1000-1075 1075-1150 1200
1700-1830 1830-1970 1970-2100 2190
NIKROTHAL 60 900-950 950-1000 1000-1075 1150
1650-1740 1740-1830 1830-1970 2100
NIKROTHAL 40 900-950 950-1000 1000-1050 1100
1650-1740 1740-1830 1830-1920 2010
6. Element types and heating applications

The Embedded The Supported
Element Type Element Type
The wire in the embedded element type is The wire, normally in spiral form, is situated
completely surrounded by solid or granular on the surface, in a groove or a hole of the
insulating material. electrical insulating material.
KANTHAL AE, KANTHAL AF and
Metal Sheathed Tubular NIKROTHAL 80 are generally the best
Elements materials.
KANTHAL D is generally the best heating In order to avoid deformations on horizontal
wire for tube temperatures below 700 C coils, the wire temperature should not ex-
1290 F and NIKROTHAL 80 for tempera- ceed the values given in Figure 3.
tures above.
To use KANTHAL instead of NiCr gives the The Suspended
following advantages: Element Type
Lower wire weight by some 20-30 % at
the same wire dimension The wire is suspended freely between insu-
More even temperature along the element lated points and is exposed to the mechani-
and lower maximum wire temperature. cal stress caused by its own weight, its own
This means that the element can be spring force and in some cases also from the 6
charged higher for a short time - impor- forces of an external spring.
tant when there is a risk of dry boiling NIKROTHAL 80, NIKROTHAL 60,
Closer tolerances of rating. Rating and KANTHAL D and KANTHAL AF are the
temperature remains more constant since best materials.
the resistivity in hot state does not change
as much as for NiCr
C F
Longer life at high surface loads. The ele- 1200 2190
ment life is also easier forecasted KANTHAL AE
KANTHAL is easier to manufacture
1100 2010
when high resistance per length is needed,
since a thicker wire can be used
Less sensitive to corrosion attacks 1000 1830
KANTHAL D
900 1650
800 1470
5 10 15 20
D/d ratio
Figure 3. Permissible D/d ratios as a function of

wire temperature in supported spiral elements.
Embedded Elements
Metal Sheathed Tubular Elements
Characteristics
The heating coil is insulated from the encasing metallic tube by granular material (MgO).
The tube is compressed to a round, oval or triangular shape. Terminals may be at either end
or at one end of the element (cartridge type).
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D in elements with sheath temperature <700C <1290F.
NIKROTHAL 80 in elements with sheath temperature >700C >1290F.
Surface load
Wire: Normally 2-4 times the element surface load (wire surface load is not so critical in this
element type).
Element: 2-25 W/cm2 13-161 W/in2
Typical applications
Very common element, for example: Cooking: Hot plates,
domestic ovens, grills, toaster ovens, frying pans, deep fryers,
rice cookers.
Water and beverage: Boilers, immersion heaters, water kettles,
coffee makers, dish washers, washing machines.
Space heating: Radiators, storage heaters.
Others: Irons, air heaters, oil heaters, glow plugs, sauna heaters.
Embedded Elements
Elements Embedded in Ceramics
Characteristics 6
Heating coil is embedded in green ceramics (subsequently fired), or cemented in grooves in
ceramic bodies.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL A for high temperature firing.
KANTHAL D for other applications.
Surface load
Wire: 5-10 W/cm2 30-60 W/in2
Panel heaters, IR heaters, warming plates, irons, ceramic pots.

Embedded Elements
Coils in grooved Metal Plates
Characteristics
Heating coil and insulating powder are pressed into grooves of a metal plate.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D
Surface load
Wire:
4-20 W/cm2 25-130 W/in2
Cast iron plates; also, irons, warming plates, kettles,

domestic ovens.
Embedded Elements
Cartridge Elements, Powder filled
Characteristics 6
Straight wire or coil is wound on a threaded ceramic body and insulated by granular
insulating material (MgO) from enveloping metal tube. Terminals are at one end of the
element. Elements are compressed when high-loaded.
Recommended alloy
NIKROTHAL 80 in straight wire elements.

KANTHAL D in coiled wire elements.
Surface load
On tube:
10-25 W/cm2 65-160W/in2 for elements with straight wire.
Other types: about 5 W/cm2 30 W/in2.
Metal dies, plates, etc., refrigerators.
Embedded Elements
Heating Cables and Rope Heaters
Characteristics
Wire is wound on a fibreglass core and insulated by PVC or silicone rubber (higher
temperatures). Fiberglass insulation permits even higher temperatures. Heating cables
with straight or stranded wires, sometimes enclosed in aluminium tube, also occur.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D CUPROTHAL 30
NIKROTHAL 40 CUPROTHAL 10
NIKROTHAL 80 CUPROTHAL 49
Surface load
Wire:
<1 W/cm2 <6W/in2 on wire for PVC and silicone rubber.
2-5 W/cm2 13-30 W/in2 for fibreglass insulation.
Defrosting and de-icing elements,

electric blankets and pads, car seats, baseboard heaters,
floor heating.
Embedded Elements
Mica Elements
Characteristics 6
Resistance ribbon or wire is wound on mica sheet or tube and insulated by mica. Elements
are often encapsulated in steel sheaths.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D
NIKROTHAL 80
Surface load
Wire:
2-10 W/cm2 13-65 W/in2
Irons, ironing machines, water heaters, plastic moulding
dies, soldering irons.
Supported Elements
Ceramic Cartridge Elements
Characteristics
Most common design consists of round ceramic bodies with longitudinal holes or grooves
for heating coil. Elements are often in metallic tube with terminals at one end.
Often provisions are made to avoid excessive sagging of the coil when the element is
operating vertically.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL A or D for horizontally operating coils.

NIKROTHAL 80 (usually) for long vertically situated coils when sagging is a problem.
Surface load
Wire:
3-6 W/cm2 20-40 W/in2
Element:
2-5 W/cm2 13-32 W/in2
Liquid heating, storage heaters.
Supported Elements
Other ceramic elements
Characteristics 6
Coiled and straight wire is located on smooth ceramic tube or in grooves or holes of ceramic
bodies of various shapes (plates, tubes, rods, cylinders, etc.).
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL A, AF and D.
NIKROTHAL 80 (for pencil bars).
Surface load
Wire:
3-9 W/cm2 20-60 W/in2
Boiling plates, air guns, hobby kilns, radiators.

Supported Elements
Quartz Tube Heaters
Characteristics
Heating coil is placed inside quartz tube (or tube of glass ceramic). When the element is
operating vertically or at an angle, the coil should be tight-wound and pre-oxidized.
For horizontal use, the relative pitch is 1.2-2.0.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL AE, AF, A and D.
Surface load
Wire:
2-8 W/cm2 13-52 W/in2
Element:
4-8W/cm2 26-52 W/in2
Space heating, toasters, toaster ovens, grills, industrial

infrared dryers etc.
Supported Elements
Elements on moulded ceramic fibre
Characteristics 6
Heating coil rests on moulded ceramic fibre plate, with or without grooves. Coils are
cemented or stapled at intervals, or pressed into ribs on this surface.
Thin wide strip, normally in corrugated shape, is more and more common as an
alternative to coiled wire. Ribbon has also been used.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL AE or AF.
Surface load
Wire:
<10 W/cm2 < 65 W/in2
Ribbon:
4-6 W/cm2 25-40 W/in2
Boiling plates with ceramic hobs (glass top hot plates).

Supported Elements
Bead insulated coils

or stranded wire
Characteristics
Heating coil, or stranded wire, is insulated by ceramic beads. With beads having two holes
heating mats are made.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D, NIKROTHAL 80 (for panel heaters).
Surface load
Wire:
1-8 W/cm2 6.5-52 W/in2
Mats for in-situ annealing of welded parts, panel heaters,
waffle irons, domestic ovens, water heater.
Supported Elements
String Elements
Characteristics 6
Heating wire wound on insulated steel wire (approx. 2 mm 0.008 in) or fibre glass cord.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D.
Surface load
Wire:
<10 W/cm2 <65 W/in2
Stationary hair dryers.
Suspended Elements
Suspended coils
Characteristics
Wire coil is supported at intervals, e.g. by ceramic holders. Fibreglass cord is often placed
inside coil to prevent the coil from falling down in case of element failure.
Recommended alloy
NIKROTHAL 80 and NIKROTHAL 60

KANTHAL D and AF (mainly for wire temperatures below 600C 1110F, where
sagging is no problem).
Surface load
Wire:
7-8 W/cm2 45-50 W/in2 in forced air;
3-4 W/cm2 20-25 W/in2 in natural convection.
Air heaters such as:
laundry dryers, hair dryers, fan heaters, land dryers.
Suspended Elements
Suspended straight
wires and ribbons
Characteristics 6
Wire or ribbon may have elastic or fixed suspension.
Elastic: Wire kept straight by springs when heated.
Fixed: Operating temperature is lower and low thermal expansion is advantageous.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL A and AF (low thermal expansion)

NIKROTHAL 80
Surface load
Wire:
4-12 W/cm2 25-77 W/in2
Radiators, toasters, convection heaters, hair dryers.
Suspended Elements
Open Mica Elements
Characteristics
Straight or corrugated heating wire is wound on one or both sides of a mica sheet or
separated mica strips. Ribbons are frequently used in this application.
Recommended alloy
NIKROTHAL 80, NIKROTHAL 60, KANTHAL D and AF.
Surface load
Wire:
4-7 W/cm2 25-45 W/in2
For toasters:
< 13 W/cm2 <26-52 W/in2 for wire-wound elements
Toasters; also, convection heating, low-watt aquarium heaters.
Suspended Elements
Zig-zag Elements
Characteristics 6
Deep-corrugated ribbon is supported by mica sheets. Also radial shape.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D, AF and NIKROTHAL 40
Surface load
Wire:
9 W/cm2 60 W/in2
Fan heaters, convection heating.

Suspended Elements
Porcupine Elements
Characteristics
Heating conductor consists of hairpin- shaped wire bends protruding in all directions, with
hole in centre. Element is supported by central insulated rod or insulating tube around its
circumference.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D, AF
NIKROTHAL 80
Surface load
Wire:
4W/cm2 25 W/in2 in natural convection,
<12 W/cm2 75 W/in2 in forced convection.
Hot air guns, radiators, convectors, tumble dryers, domestic ovens with forced convection.
Suspended Elements
Coils immersed
in water
Characteristics 6
Wire coils operating directly in water.
Recommended alloy
KANTHAL D and AF NIKROTHAL 80.
Surface load
Wire:
Depending on water velocity, 20-60 W/cm2 130-390 W/in2 (even higher figures occur.)
Instantaneous tap water and shower heaters, steam generators.

7. Standard Tolerances
Standard tolerances for wire and ribbon

are given below. Size tolerances do not
apply to material manufactured to
resistance tolerances and vice-versa.
Tolerances on electrical
resistance
Resistance of wire at 20 C Resistance of ribbon

Diameter 0.127 mm 0.0048 in 8 %. For cold rolled strips and ribbon, all widths
All dimensions >0.127 mm 0.0048 in 5 %. and thickness 5%.
Tolerances on dimensions
Tolerances on diameter of wire according to the EN 10 218-2 T4 standard

Max deviation Max deviation
from nominal from nominal
Wire size, value, Max ovality, Wire size, value, Max ovality,
mm mm mm In in in
d Tol = 0.015d Tol = 0.015d d Tol = 0.002975d Tol = 0.002975d
Max ovality = a b b
Tolerances on dimensions of cold rolled ribbon
Ribbon is normally specified with a resistance tolerance.

If requested, dimension tolerance on width can be applied as below.
Width Thickness
mm mm
in in
0.07-0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5-0.8
0.0028-0.008 0.008-0.020 0.020-0.031
0.5-1.5 +0.02 -0.04 +0.01 -0.03
0.020-0.059 +0.0001 -0.0016 +0.0004 -0.0012
1.5-2.5 +0.04 -0.07 +0.03 -0.04 +0.02 -0.04
0.059-0.098 +0.0016 -0.0028 +0.0012 -0.0016 +0.0001 -0.0016
2.5-4.0 0.08 +0.12
0.098-0.159 0.0031 +0.0047
8. Delivery Forms
In order to avoid transport damage all

goods are carefully packed in card board
boxes or wooden cases, with suitable inter-
nal protection.
Resistance Heating alloys (KANTHAL, ALKROTHAL,

NIKROTHAL, NIFETHAL 70 and 52)
Wire
Wire of 1.63 mm is delivered on spools, supplied in round Pail Packs (drums) such as
such as shown in the figure. Only one shown in the table below. Wire sizes
length of wire is wound on each spool. Wire >1.65 mm is normally supplied in coils with
sizes between 0.40 and 1.63 mm can be an inner diameter of approx. 500-600 mm.
L5
615
D d d1 60
l
L D, inner
D, outer
Types of Wire Spools

8
Spool Tare Spool measurements, mm Wire dia. Capacity
No. g D d l d1 L mm approx. kg
B1 100 75 40 100 16 120 0.10-0.19 1
B2 115 90 40 100 16 120 0.20-0.24 2
B4 180 120 50 100 16 120 0.25-1.00 4
K 200 600 200 125 160 36 200 0.16-1.20 10
K 250 1050 250 160 160 36 200 0.30-1.63 20
K 355 1850 355 224 160 36 200 0.50-1.63 40
Types of Wire Pails (Drum Pack)

Pail Tare Pail measurements, mm Wire dia. Capacity
No. g D, outer D, inner height Material mm approx. kg
P50 2600 508 330 150 Plastic 0.40-1.63 33
P100 3500 508 330 250 Plastic 0.40-1.63 50
P200 8500 500 300 520 Cardboard 0.80-1.63 160-240
P350 10000 500 300 820 Cardboard 0.80-1.63 250-400
Thin wide strip Ribbon

Standard delivery is in coil form on inner Ribbon is normally supplied on K 125
core. spools. Sizes of section 0.3mm2 are wound
For full width material the core is a re- on K 100 spools. If requested, the smallest
cyclable steel tube with inner diameter sizes can be supplied on K 80 spools.
400 mm.
For narrow slit widths the core is made of Rods
hard paper or plastic with inner diameter Availabel shaved or un-shaved depending on
200-400 mm depending on strip width and the alloy.
request.
On special demand, narrow slit strip up to
10 mm can be delivered pitch wound on a
special spool.
Coil weight or strip lengths are subject to
special agreements.
Types of Ribbon Spools
Spool Tare Spool measurements, mm Capacity, kg

No. g D d l d1 L KANTHAL NIKROTHAL
K 80 70 80 50 64 16 80 0.7 0.8
K 100 125 100 63 80 16 100 1.5 1.9
K 125 200 125 80 100 16 125 3 3.5
K 200 600 200 125 160 36 200 10 11
Resistance alloys
(CUPROTHAL 49, 30, 15, 10, 5 and MANGANINA 43)
The wire is normally packed as shown below. Wire
Wire and ribbon can also be specially packed Wire up to 1.40 mm is available on spools.
to individual requirements. To provide addi- At the request of the customer, wire can also
tional protection to the materials, spools are be supplied in annular drums as detailed
wrapped with plastic film or closed in plastic below. The figure shows the drum without
boxes. handles.
Wire dimensions from 1.40 to 8.0 are
available in coils. The inner diameter of the
coil is 350 to 650 mm depending on the
alloy type and the diameter.
Wire from 2.00 mm up to 8.0 mm can
be straightened in random or fixed lengths.
Straight lengths are supplied in bundles.
Types of wire Spools
Wire Nominal wire
Spool diameter weight D d1 d2 L I Tare
No. mm kg mm mm mm mm mm g
K 500 0.80 - 1.40 90 500 315 36 250 189 8000
K 355 0.40 - 1.40 50 355 224 36 200 160 1850
K 250 0.25 - 1.00 20 250 160 36 200 160 1050
K 200 0.25 - 0.80 14 200 125 22 200 160 600
K 160 0.20 - 0.80 7 160 100 22 160 128 350
K 125 0.15 - 0.80 3 125 80 16 125 100 200
K 100 0.127 - 0.25 1.5 100 63 16 100 80 125
K 80 0.127 - 0.25 0.5 80 50 16 80 64 70
d
h
Fig. 3 - Drum dimensions
Types of Drums
Wire Nominal wire
Drum diameter weight D d h Tare
No. mm kg mm mm mm g
050 A 0.50 - 2.30 55 508 330 250 3500
020 B 0.50 - 1.63 36 508 330 150 2600
Types of Ribbon Spools
Spool Tare Spool measurements, mm Capacity, kg

No. g D d l d1 L KANTHAL NIKROTHAL
K 80 70 80 50 64 16 80 0.7 0.8
K 100 125 100 63 80 16 100 1.5 1.9
K 125 200 125 80 100 16 125 3 3.5
K 200 600 200 125 160 36 200 10 11
Rods
Available shaved or not shaved depending on the
alloy.
In order to avoid transport damage all goods
are carefully packed in cardboard boxes or
wooden cases, with suitable internal protection.
9. Tables
The tables show metric values for wire and
ribbon. There are other editions of this
handbook for Imperial values (SWG and
B&S).
For dimensions in the range 0.12-0.010 mm are standard stock items or not. Standard
0.0047-0.0004 in, we recommend the stock items may be changed without notice.
Kanthal Precision Technology Handbook. Please ask Kanthal for the latest updated
The larger dimensions and different elements stock list. Standard stock items are normally
are described more in detail in the Kanthal supplied directly on order, while non-stand-
Handbook Resistance Heating Alloys and ard dimensions may take a bit longer.
Systems for Industrial Furnaces. Kanthal can supply any dimension on
For each table is indicated whether there request, provided the volume is large enough.
9
Standard Diameter range Resistivity Density

KANTHAL A-1, APM stock items Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
KANTHAL A-1 10.0-0.050 1.45 7.10
Wire KANTHAL APM 10.0-0.20 1.45 7.10
To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table:
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05
Cross Cross
Diameter Resistance Surface sectional Diameter Resistance Surface sectional
mm at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area mm at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area
A-1 APM /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2 A-1 APM /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2
10.0 10.0 0.0185 17017 558 314 78.5 3.0 3.0 0.205 459 50.2 94.2 7.07
9.5 9.5 0.0205 14590 503 298 70.9 2.95 0.212 437 48.5 92.7 6.83
9.27 0.0215 13555 479 291 67.5 2.9 2.9 0.220 415 46.9 91.1 6.61
8.25 8.25 0.0271 9555 380 259 53.5 2.8 2.8 0.235 374 43.7 88.0 6.16
8.0 8.0 0.0288 8713 357 251 50.3 2.65 0.263 317 39.2 83.3 5.52
7.35 7.35 0.0342 6757 301 231 42.4 2.6 2.6 0.273 299 37.7 81.7 5.31
7.0 7.0 0.0377 5837 273 220 38.5 2.5 2.5 0.295 266 34.9 78.5 4.91
6.54 0.0432 4760 239 205 33.6 2.4 0.321 235 32.1 75.4 4.52
6.5 6.5 0.0437 4673 236 204 33.2 2.34 0.337 218 30.5 73.5 4.30
6.0 6.0 0.0513 3676 201 188 28.3 2.3 2.3 0.349 207 29.5 72.3 4.15
5.83 0.0543 3372 190 183 26.7 2.25 0.365 194 28.2 70.7 3.98
5.5 5.5 0.0610 2831 169 173 23.8 2.2 2.2 0.381 181 27.0 69.1 3.80
5.0 5.0 0.0738 2127 139 157 19.6 2.05 0.439 147 23.4 64.4 3.30
4.75 4.75 0.0818 1824 126 149 17.7 2.03 0.448 142 23.0 63.8 3.24
4.62 0.0865 1678 119 145 16.8 2.0 2.0 0.462 136 22.3 62.8 3.14
4.5 4.5 0.0912 1551 113 141 15.9 1.83 0.551 104 18.7 57.5 2.63
4.25 4.25 0.102 1306 101 134 14.2 1.8 1.8 0.570 99 18.1 56.5 2.54
4.11 0.109 1181 94.2 129 13.3 1.7 1.7 0.639 83.6 16.1 53.4 2.27
4.06 0.112 1139 91.9 128 12.9 1.6 0.695 73.7 14.8 51.2 2.09
4.0 4.0 0.115 1089 89.2 126 12.6 1.6 0.721 69.7 14.3 50.3 2.01
3.75 3.75 0.131 897 78.4 118 11.0 1.5 1.5 0.821 57.4 12.5 47.1 1.77
3.65 0.139 827 74.3 115 10.5 1.4 0.942 46.7 10.9 44.0 1.54
3.5 3.5 0.151 730 68.3 110 9.62 1.3 1.09 37.4 9.42 40.8 1.33
3.35 0.165 640 62.6 105 8.81 1.2 1.2 1.28 29.4 8.03 37.7 1.13
3.25 3.25 0.175 584 58.9 102 8.30 1.1 1.53 22.6 6.75 34.6 0.950
3.2 0.180 558 57.1 101 8.04 1.0 1.0 1.85 17.0 5.58 31.4 0.785
1)
cm2/ = I2 Ct /p (I = Current, Ct = temperature factor, p = surface load W/cm2)

KANTHAL A, AF, AE stock items Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
KANTHAL A 10.0-0.05 1.39 7.15
Wire KANTHAL AF 10.0-0.10 1.39 7.15
KANTHAL AE 10.0-0.20 1.39 7.15
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
Cross Cross
Diameter Resistance Surface sectional Diameter Resistance Surface sectional
mm at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area mm at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area
A AF /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2 A AF /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2
10 10.0 0.0177 17751 562 314 78. 2.25 0.350 202 28.4 70.7 3.98
8.25 0.0260 9968 382 259 53.5 2.2 0.366 189 27.2 69.1 3.80
8.0 0.0277 9089 359 251 50.3 2.0 0.442 142 22.5 62.8 3.14
7.5 0.0315 7489 316 236 44.2 1.8 0.546 104 18.2 56.5 2.54
7.35 0.0328 7048 303 231 42.4 1.7 0.612 87.2 16.2 53.4 2.27
7.0 0.0361 6089 275 220 38.5 1.65 0.650 79.7 15.3 51.8 2.14
6.54 0.0414 4965 240 205 33.6 1.6 0.691 72.7 14.4 50.3 2.01
6.5 0.0419 4875 237 204 33.2 1.5 0.787 59.9 12.6 47.1 1.77
6.0 0.0492 3834 202 188 28.3 1.4 0.903 48.7 11.0 44.0 1.54
5.83 0.0521 3517 191 183 26.7 1.3 1.05 39.0 9.49 40.8 1.33
5.5 0.0585 2953 170 173 23.8 1.2 1.23 30.7 8.09 37.7 1.13
5.2 0.0655 2496 152 163 21.2 1.1 1.46 23.6 6.79 34.6 0.950
5.0 0.0708 2219 140 157 19.6 1.0 1.77 17.8 5.62 31.4 0.785
4.75 0.0784 1902 127 149 17.7 0.95 1.96 15.2 5.07 29.8 0.709
4.62 0.0829 1750 120 145 16.8 0.90 0.90 2.18 12.9 4.55 28.3 0.636
4.5 0.0874 1618 114 141 15.9 0.85 0.85 2.45 10.9 4.06 26.7 0.567
4.25 0.0980 1363 101 134 14.2 0.80 0.80 2.77 9.09 3.59 25.1 0.503
4.11 0.105 1232 94.9 129 13.3 0.75 0.75 3.15 7.49 3.16 23.6 0.442
4.0 0.111 1136 89.8 126 12.6 0.70 0.70 3.61 6.09 2.75 22.0 0.385
3.75 0.126 936 79.0 118 11.0 0.65 0.65 4.19 4.87 2.37 20.4 0.332
3.65 0.133 863 74.8 115 10.5 0.60 0.60 4.92 3.83 2.02 18.8 0.283
3.5 0.144 761 68.8 110 9.62 0.55 0.55 5.85 2.95 1.70 17.3 0.238
3.25 0.168 609 59.3 102 8.30 0.50 0.50 7.08 2.22 1.40 15.7 0.196
3.2 0.173 582 57.5 101 8.04 0.45 0.45 8.74 1.62 1.14 14.1 0.159
3.0 0.197 479 50.5 94.2 7.07 0.40 0.40 11.1 1.14 0.898 12.6 0.126
2.9 0.210 433 47.2 91.1 6.61 0.35 0.35 14.4 0.761 0.688 11.0 0.0962
2.8 0.226 390 44.0 88.0 6.16 0.30 0.30 19.7 0.479 0.505 9.42 0.0707
2.6 0.262 312 38.0 81.7 5.31 0.25 28.3 0.277 0.351 7.85 0.0491
2.5 0.283 277 35.1 78.5 4.91 0.20 44.2 0.142 0.225 6.28 0.0314
2.4 0.307 245 32.3 75.4 4.52 0.15 78.7 0.0599 0.126 4.71 0.0177 9
2.3 0.335 216 29.7 72.3 4.15
1)
Resistivity Density
KANTHAL A, AF, AE Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
KANTHAL A, AF, AE 1.39 7.15
Ribbon
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
Resis- Cross Resis- Cross

Thick- tance Surface sectional Thick- tance Surface sectional
Width ness at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area Width ness at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area
mm mm /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2 mm mm /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2
4 1.0 0.378 265 26.3 100 3.68 2.0 0.10 7.55 5.56 1.32 42.0 0.184
0.90 0.420 234 23.7 98.0 3.31 1.8 1.0 0.839 66.7 11.8 56.0 1.66
0.80 0.472 203 21.0 96.0 2.94 0.90 0.933 57.9 10.7 54.0 1.49
0.70 0.540 174 18.4 94.0 2.58 0.80 1.05 49.6 9.47 52.0 1.32
0.60 0.630 146 15.8 92.0 2.21 0.70 1.20 41.7 8.29 50.0 1.16
0.50 0.755 119 13.2 90.0 1.84 0.60 1.40 34.3 7.10 48.0 0.994
0.40 0.944 93.2 10.5 88.0 1.47 0.50 1.68 27.4 5.92 46.0 0.828
0.30 1.26 68.3 7.89 86.0 1.10 0.40 2.10 21.0 4.74 44.0 0.662
0.20 1.89 44.5 5.26 84.0 0.736 0.30 2.80 15.0 3.55 42.0 0.497
0.15 2.52 33.0 3.95 83.0 0.552 0.20 4.20 9.53 2.37 40.0 0.331
0.10 3.78 21.7 2.63 82.0 0.368 0.15 5.60 6.97 1.78 39.0 0.248
3 1.0 0.504 159 19.7 80.0 2.76 0.10 8.39 4.53 1.18 38.0 0.166
0.90 0.560 139 17.8 78.0 2.48 1.5 1.0 1.01 49.6 9.87 50.0 1.38
0.80 0.630 121 15.8 76.0 2.21 0.90 1.12 42.9 8.88 48.0 1.24
0.70 0.719 103 13.8 74.0 1.93 0.80 1.26 36.5 7.89 46.0 1.10
0.60 0.839 85.8 11.8 72.0 1.66 0.70 1.44 30.6 6.91 44.0 0.966
0.50 1.01 69.5 9.87 70.0 1.38 0.60 1.68 25.0 5.92 42.0 0.828
0.40 1.26 54.0 7.89 68.0 1.10 0.50 2.01 19.9 4.93 40.0 0.690
0.30 1.68 39.3 5.92 66.0 0.828 0.40 2.52 15.1 3.95 38.0 0.552
0.20 2.52 25.4 3.95 64.0 0.552 0.30 3.36 10.7 2.96 36.0 0.414
0.15 3.36 18.8 2.96 63.0 0.414 0.20 5.04 6.75 1.97 34.0 0.276
0.10 5.04 12.3 1.97 62.0 0.276 0.15 6.71 4.91 1.48 33.0 0.207
2.5 1.0 0.604 116 16.4 70.0 2.30 0.10 10.1 3.18 0.987 32.0 0.138
0.90 0.671 101 14.8 68.0 2.07 0.090 11.2 2.84 0.888 31.8 0.124
0.80 0.755 87.4 13.2 66.0 1.84 0.080 12.6 2.51 0.789 31.6 0.110
0.70 0.863 74.1 11.5 64.0 1.61 1.2 0.80 1.57 25.4 6.31 40.0 0.883
0.60 1.01 61.6 9.87 62.0 1.38 0.70 1.80 21.1 5.53 38.0 0.773
0.50 1.21 49.6 8.22 60.0 1.15 0.60 2.10 17.2 4.74 36.0 0.662
0.40 1.51 38.4 6.58 58.0 0.920 0.50 2.52 13.5 3.95 34.0 0.552
0.30 2.01 27.8 4.93 56.0 0.690 0.40 3.15 10.2 3.16 32.0 0.442
0.20 3.02 17.9 3.29 54.0 0.460 0.30 4.20 7.15 2.37 30.0 0.331
0.15 4.03 13.2 2.47 53.0 0.345 0.20 6.30 4.45 1.58 28.0 0.221
0.10 6.04 8.60 1.64 52.0 0.230 0.15 8.39 3.22 1.18 27.0 0.166
2.0 1.0 0.755 79.4 13.2 60.0 1.84 0.10 12.6 2.07 0.789 26.0 0.110
0.90 0.839 69.1 11.8 58.0 1.66 0.090 14.0 1.84 0.710 25.8 0.0994
0.80 0.944 59.3 10.5 56.0 1.47 0.080 15.7 1.63 0.631 25.6 0.0883
0.70 1.08 50.0 9.21 54.0 1.29 0.070 18.0 1.41 0.553 25.4 0.0773
0.60 1.26 41.3 7.89 52.0 1.10 1.0 0.80 1.89 19.1 5.26 36.0 0.736
0.50 1.51 33.1 6.58 50.0 0.920 0.70 2.16 15.8 4.60 34.0 0.644
0.40 1.89 25.4 5.26 48.0 0.736 0.60 2.52 12.7 3.95 32.0 0.552
0.30 2.52 18.3 3.95 46.0 0.552 0.50 3.02 9.93 3.29 30.0 0.460
0.20 3.78 11.6 2.63 44.0 0.368 0.40 3.78 7.41 2.63 28.0 0.368
0.15 5.04 8.54 1.97 43.0 0.276 0.30 5.04 5.16 1.97 26.0 0.276
1)
cm2/ = I2 Ct /p (I = Current, Ct = temperature factor, p = surface load W/cm2) (cont.)
(cont.)
Resistivity Density
KANTHAL A, AF, AE Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
KANTHAL A, AF, AE 1.39 7.15
Ribbon
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06

Width ness at 20 C 2
cm / 1)
Weight area area Width ness at 20 C 2
cm / 1)
Weight area area
0.20 7.55 3.18 1.32 24.0 0.184 0.7 0.070 30.8 0.499 0.322 15.4 0.0451
0.15 10.1 2.28 0.987 23.0 0.138 0.060 36.0 0.423 0.276 15.2 0.0386
1.0 0.10 15.1 1.46 0.658 22.0 0.0920 0.050 43.2 0.347 0.230 15.0 0.0322
0.090 16.8 1.30 0.592 21.8 0.0828 0.6 0.50 5.0 4.37 1.97 22.0 0.276
0.080 18.9 1.14 0.526 21.6 0.0736 0.40 6.3 3.18 1.58 20.0 0.221
0.070 21.6 0.991 0.460 21.4 0.0644 0.30 8.4 2.14 1.18 18.0 0.166
0.060 25.2 0.842 0.395 21.2 0.0552 0.20 12.6 1.27 0.789 16.0 0.110
0.050 30.2 0.695 0.329 21.0 0.0460 0.15 16.8 0.894 0.592 15.0 0.0828
0.9 0.70 2.40 13.3 4.14 32.0 0.580 0.10 25.2 0.556 0.395 14.0 0.0552
0.60 2.80 10.7 3.55 30.0 0.497 0.090 28.0 0.493 0.355 13.8 0.0497
0.50 3.36 8.34 2.96 28.0 0.414 0.080 31.5 0.432 0.316 13.6 0.0442
0.40 4.20 6.20 2.37 26.0 0.331 0.070 36.0 0.373 0.276 13.4 0.0386
0.30 5.60 4.29 1.78 24.0 0.248 0.060 42.0 0.315 0.237 13.2 0.0331
0.20 8.39 2.62 1.18 22.0 0.166 0.050 50.4 0.258 0.197 13.0 0.0276
0.15 11.2 1.88 0.888 21.0 0.124 0.040 63.0 0.203 0.158 12.8 0.0221
0.10 16.8 1.19 0.592 20.0 0.0828 0.5 0.30 10.1 1.59 0.987 16.0 0.138
0.090 18.7 1.06 0.533 19.8 0.0745 0.20 15.1 0.927 0.658 14.0 0.0920
0.080 21.0 0.934 0.474 19.6 0.0662 0.15 20.1 0.645 0.493 13.0 0.0690
0.070 24.0 0.809 0.414 19.4 0.0580 0.10 30.2 0.397 0.329 12.0 0.0460
0.060 28.0 0.686 0.355 19.2 0.0497 0.090 33.6 0.351 0.296 11.8 0.0414
0.050 33.6 0.566 0.296 19.0 0.0414 0.080 37.8 0.307 0.263 11.6 0.0368
0.8 0.70 2.70 11.1 3.68 30.0 0.515 0.070 43.2 0.264 0.230 11.4 0.0322
0.60 3.15 8.90 3.16 28.0 0.442 0.060 50.4 0.222 0.197 11.2 0.0276
0.50 3.78 6.88 2.63 26.0 0.368 0.050 60.4 0.182 0.164 11.0 0.0230
0.40 4.72 5.08 2.10 24.0 0.294 0.040 75.5 0.143 0.132 10.8 0.0184
0.30 6.30 3.49 1.58 22.0 0.221 0.4 0.30 12.6 1.11 0.789 14.0 0.110
0.20 9.44 2.12 1.05 20.0 0.147 0.20 18.9 0.635 0.526 12.0 0.0736
0.15 12.6 1.51 0.789 19.0 0.110 0.15 25.2 0.437 0.395 11.0 0.0552
0.10 18.9 0.953 0.526 18.0 0.0736 0.10 37.8 0.265 0.263 10.0 0.0368
0.090 21.0 0.848 0.474 17.8 0.0662 0.090 42.0 0.234 0.237 9.80 0.0331
0.080 23.6 0.746 0.421 17.6 0.0589 0.080 47.2 0.203 0.210 9.60 0.0294 9
0.070 27.0 0.645 0.368 17.4 0.0515 0.070 54.0 0.174 0.184 9.40 0.0258
0.060 31.5 0.546 0.316 17.2 0.0442 0.060 63.0 0.146 0.158 9.20 0.0221
0.050 37.8 0.450 0.263 17.0 0.0368 0.050 75.5 0.119 0.132 9.00 0.0184
0.7 0.60 3.60 7.23 2.76 26.0 0.386 0.3 0.20 25.2 0.397 0.395 10.0 0.0552
0.50 4.32 5.56 2.30 24.0 0.322 0.15 33.6 0.268 0.296 9.00 0.0414
0.40 5.40 4.08 1.84 22.0 0.258 0.10 50.4 0.159 0.197 8.00 0.0276
0.30 7.19 2.78 1.38 20.0 0.193 0.090 56.0 0.139 0.178 7.80 0.0248
0.20 10.8 1.67 0.921 18.0 0.129 0.080 63.0 0.121 0.158 7.60 0.0221
0.15 14.4 1.18 0.691 17.0 0.097 0.070 71.9 0.103 0.138 7.40 0.0193
0.10 21.6 0.741 0.460 16.0 0.0644 0.060 83.9 0.0858 0.118 7.20 0.0166
0.090 24.0 0.659 0.414 15.8 0.0580 0.050 101 0.0695 0.0987 7.00 0.0138
0.080 27.0 0.578 0.368 15.6 0.0515
1)

KANTHAL D stock items Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
D 8.0-0.020 1.35 7.25
Wire
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08
Cross Cross
Dia- Resistance Surface sectional Dia- Resistance Surface sectional
meter at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area meter at 20 C cm2/1) Weight area area
mm /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2 mm /m at 20 C g/m cm2/m mm2
8.0 0.0269 9358 364 251 50.3 1.0 1.72 18.3 5.69 31.4 0.785
6.5 0.0407 5019 241 204 33.2 0.95 1.90 15.7 5.14 29.8 0.709
6.0 0.0477 3948 205 188 28.3 0.90 2.12 13.3 4.61 28.3 0.636
5.5 0.0568 3041 172 173 23.8 0.85 2.38 11.2 4.11 26.7 0.567
5.0 0.0688 2285 142 157 19.6 0.80 2.69 9.36 3.64 25.1 0.503
4.75 0.0762 1959 128 149 17.7 0.75 3.06 7.71 3.20 23.6 0.442
4.5 0.0849 1666 115 141 15.9 0.70 3.51 6.27 2.79 22.0 0.385
4.25 0.0952 1403 103 134 14.2 0.65 4.07 5.02 2.41 20.4 0.332
4.06 0.104 1223 93.9 128 12.9 0.60 4.77 3.95 2.05 18.8 0.283
4.0 0.107 1170 91.1 126 12.6 0.55 5.68 3.04 1.72 17.3 0.238
3.75 0.122 964 80.1 118 11.0 0.50 6.88 2.28 1.42 15.7 0.196
3.65 0.129 889 75.9 115 10.5 0.45 8.49 1.67 1.15 14.1 0.159
3.5 0.140 784 69.8 110 9.62 0.42 9.74 1.35 1.00 13.2 0.139
3.25 0.163 627 60.1 102 8.30 0.40 10.7 1.17 0.911 12.6 0.126
3.0 0.191 493 51.2 94.2 7.07 0.35 14.0 0.784 0.698 11.0 0.0962
2.95 0.198 469 49.6 92.7 6.8 0.32 16.8 0.599 0.583 10.1 0.0804
2.8 0.219 401 44.6 88.0 6.16 0.30 19.1 0.493 0.512 9.42 0.0707
2.65 0.245 340 40.0 83.3 5.5 0.28 21.9 0.401 0.446 8.80 0.061
2.5 0.275 286 35.6 78.5 4.91 0.25 27.5 0.286 0.356 7.85 0.0491
2.0 0.430 146 22.8 62.8 3.14 0.22 35.5 0.195 0.276 6.91 0.0380
1.8 0.531 107 18.4 56.5 2.54 0.20 43.0 0.146 0.228 6.28 0.0314
1.7 0.595 89.8 16.5 53.4 2.27 0.19 47.6 0.125 0.206 5.97 0.0284
1.6 0.671 74.9 14.6 50.3 2.01 0.18 53.1 0.107 0.184 5.65 0.0254
1.5 0.764 61.7 12.8 47.1 1.77 0.17 59.5 0.0898 0.165 5.34 0.0227
1.4 0.877 50.2 11.2 44.0 1.54 0.16 67.1 0.0749 0.146 5.03 0.0201
1.3 1.02 40.2 9.62 40.8 1.33 0.15 76.4 0.0617 0.128 4.71 0.0177
1.2 1.19 31.6 8.20 37.7 1.13 0.14 87.7 0.0502 0.112 4.40 0.0154
1.1 1.42 24.3 6.89 34.6 0.950 0.13 102 0.0402 0.0962 4.08 0.0133
1)
Resistivity Density
KANTHAL D, DT Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
KANTHAL D 1.39 7.25
Ribbon KANTAHL DT 1.37 7.25
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08

4 1.0 0.367 273 26.7 100 3.68 2,25 0.15 4.35 11.0 2.25 48.0 0.311
0.90 0.408 240 24.0 98.0 3.31 0.10 6.52 7.21 1.50 47.0 0.207
0.80 0.459 209 21.3 96.0 2.94 2.0 1.0 0.734 81.8 13.3 60.0 1.84
0.70 0.524 179 18.7 94.0 2.58 0.90 0.815 71.1 12.0 58.0 1.66
0.60 0.611 150 16.0 92.0 2.21 0.80 0.917 61.1 10.7 56.0 1.47
0.50 0.734 123 13.3 90.0 1.84 0.70 1.05 51.5 9.34 54.0 1.29
0.40 0.917 96.0 10.7 88.0 1.47 0.60 1.22 42.5 8.00 52.0 1.10
0.30 1.22 70.3 8.00 86.0 1.10 0.50 1.47 34.1 6.67 50.0 0.920
0.20 1.83 45.8 5.34 84.0 0.736 0.40 1.83 26.2 5.34 48.0 0.736
0.15 2.45 33.9 4.00 83.0 0.552 0.30 2.45 18.8 4.00 46.0 0.552
0.10 3.67 22.4 2.67 82.0 0.368 0.20 3.67 12.0 2.67 44.0 0.368
3 1.0 0.489 164 20.0 80.0 2.76 0.15 4.89 8.79 2.00 43.0 0.276
0.90 0.543 144 18.0 78.0 2.48 0.10 7.34 5.72 1.33 42.0 0.184
0.80 0.611 124 16.0 76.0 2.21 1.75 1.0 0.839 65.6 11.7 55.0 1.61
0.70 0.699 106 14.0 74.0 1.93 0.90 0.932 56.9 10.5 53.0 1.45
0.60 0.815 88.3 12.0 72.0 1.66 0.80 1.05 48.7 9.34 51.0 1.29
0.50 0.978 71.6 10.0 70.0 1.38 0.70 1.20 40.9 8.17 49.0 1.13
0.40 1.22 55.6 8.0 68.0 1.10 0.60 1.40 33.6 7.00 47.0 0.966
0.30 1.63 40.5 6.0 66.0 0.828 0.50 1.68 26.8 5.84 45.0 0.805
0.20 2.45 26.2 4.0 64.0 0.552 0.40 2.10 20.5 4.67 43.0 0.644
0.15 3.26 19.3 3.0 63.0 0.414 0.30 2.80 14.7 3.50 41.0 0.483
0.10 4.89 12.7 2.0 62.0 0.276 0.20 4.19 9.30 2.33 39.0 0.322
2.5 1.0 0.587 119 16.7 70.0 2.30 0.15 5.59 6.80 1.75 38.0 0.242
0.90 0.652 104 15.0 68.0 2.07 0.10 8.39 4.41 1.17 37.0 0.161
0.80 0.734 90.0 13.3 66.0 1.84 1.5 0.70 1.40 31.5 7.00 44.0 0.966
0.70 0.839 76.3 11.7 64.0 1.61 0.60 1.63 25.8 6.00 42.0 0.828
0.60 0.978 63.4 10.0 62.0 1.38 0.50 1.96 20.4 5.00 40.0 0.690
0.50 1.17 51.1 8.34 60.0 1.15 0.40 2.45 15.5 4.00 38.0 0.552
0.40 1.47 39.5 6.67 58.0 0.920 0.30 3.26 11.0 3.00 36.0 0.414
0.30 1.96 28.6 5.00 56.0 0.690 0.20
0.15
4.89
6.52
6.95
5.06
2.00
1.50
34.0
33.0
0.276
0.207
9
0.20 2.93 18.4 3.34 54.0 0.460
0.15 3.91 13.5 2.50 53.0 0.345 0.10 9.78 3.27 1.00 32.0 0.138
0.10 5.87 8.86 1.67 52.0 0.230 0.090 10.9 2.93 0.900 31.8 0.124
2.25 1.0 0.652 99.7 15.0 65.0 2.07 0.080 12.2 2.58 0.800 31.6 0.110
0.90 0.725 86.9 13.5 63.0 1.86 1.25 0.60 1.96 18.9 5.00 37.0 0.690
0.80 0.815 74.8 12.0 61.0 1.66 0.50 2.35 14.9 4.17 35.0 0.575
0.70 0.932 63.3 10.5 59.0 1.45 0.40 2.93 11.2 3.34 33.0 0.460
0.60 1.09 52.4 9.00 57.0 1.24 0.30 3.91 7.92 2.50 31.0 0.345
0.50 1.30 42.2 7.50 55.0 1.04 0.20 5.87 4.94 1.67 29.0 0.230
0.40 1.63 32.5 6.00 53.0 0.828 0.15 7.83 3.58 1.25 28.0 0.173
0.30 2.17 23.5 4.50 51.0 0.621 0.10 11.7 2.30 0.834 27.0 0.115
0.20 3.26 15.0 3.00 49.0 0.414 0.090 13.0 2.05 0.750 26.8 0.104
1)
(cont.)
Resistivity Density
KANTHAL D, DT Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
KANTHAL D 1.39 7.25
Ribbon KANTAHL DT 1.37 7.25
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08

1.25 0.080 14.7 1.81 0.667 26.6 0.0920 0.7 0.080 26.2 0.595 0.374 15.6 0.0515
0.070 16.8 1.57 0.584 26.4 0.0805 0.070 29.9 0.514 0.327 15.4 0.0451
1.0 0.60 2.45 13.1 4.00 32.0 0.552 0.060 34.9 0.435 0.280 15.2 0.0386
0.50 2.93 10.2 3.34 30.0 0.460 0.050 41.9 0.358 0.233 15.0 0.0322
0.40 3.67 7.63 2.67 28.0 0.368 0.6 0.40 6.11 3.27 1.60 20.0 0.221
0.30 4.89 5.32 2.00 26.0 0.276 0.30 8.15 2.21 1.20 18.0 0.166
0.20 7.34 3.27 1.33 24.0 0.184 0.20 12.2 1.31 0.800 16.0 0.110
0.15 9.78 2.35 1.00 23.0 0.138 0.15 16.3 0.920 0.600 15.0 0.0828
0.10 14.7 1.50 0.667 22.0 0.0920 0.10 24.5 0.572 0.400 14.0 0.0552
0.090 16.3 1.34 0.600 21.8 0.0828 0.090 27.2 0.508 0.360 13.8 0.0497
0.080 18.3 1.18 0.534 21.6 0.0736 0.080 30.6 0.445 0.320 13.6 0.0442
0.070 21.0 1.02 0.467 21.4 0.0644 0.070 34.9 0.384 0.280 13.4 0.0386
0.060 24.5 0.867 0.400 21.2 0.0552 0.060 40.8 0.324 0.240 13.2 0.0331
0.050 29.3 0.716 0.334 21.0 0.0460 0.050 48.9 0.266 0.200 13.0 0.0276
0.9 0.50 3.26 8.59 3.00 28.0 0.414 0.040 61.1 0.209 0.160 12.8 0.0221
0.40 4.08 6.38 2.40 26.0 0.331 0.5 0.30 9.78 1.64 1.00 16.0 0.138
0.30 5.43 4.42 1.80 24.0 0.248 0.20 14.7 0.954 0.667 14.0 0.0920
0.20 8.15 2.70 1.20 22.0 0.166 0.15 19.6 0.664 0.500 13.0 0.0690
0.15 10.9 1.93 0.900 21.0 0.124 0.10 29.3 0.409 0.334 12.0 0.0460
0.10 16.3 1.23 0.600 20.0 0.0828 0.090 32.6 0.362 0.300 11.8 0.0414
0.090 18.1 1.09 0.540 19.8 0.0745 0.080 36.7 0.316 0.267 11.6 0.0368
0.080 20.4 0.962 0.480 19.6 0.0662 0.070 41.9 0.272 0.233 11.4 0.0322
0.070 23.3 0.833 0.420 19.4 0.0580 0.060 48.9 0.229 0.200 11.2 0.0276
0.060 27.2 0.707 0.360 19.2 0.0497 0.050 58.7 0.187 0.167 11.0 0.0230
0.050 32.6 0.583 0.300 19.0 0.0414 0.040 73.4 0.147 0.133 10.8 0.0184
0.8 0.50 3.67 7.09 2.67 26.0 0.368 0.4 0.30 12.2 1.14 0.800 14.0 0.110
0.40 4.59 5.23 2.13 24.0 0.294 0.20 18.3 0.654 0.534 12.0 0.0736
0.30 6.11 3.60 1.60 22.0 0.221 0.15 24.5 0.450 0.400 11.0 0.0552
0.20 9.17 2.18 1.07 20.0 0.147 0.10 36.7 0.273 0.267 10.0 0.0368
0.15 12.2 1.55 0.800 19.0 0.110 0.090 40.8 0.240 0.240 9.80 0.0331
0.10 18.3 0.981 0.534 18.0 0.0736 0.080 45.9 0.209 0.213 9.60 0.0294
0.090 20.4 0.873 0.480 17.8 0.0662 0.070 52.4 0.179 0.187 9.40 0.0258
0.080 22.9 0.768 0.427 17.6 0.0589 0.060 61.1 0.150 0.160 9.20 0.0221
0.070 26.2 0.664 0.374 17.4 0.0515 0.050 73.4 0.123 0.133 9.00 0.0184
0.060 30.6 0.563 0.320 17.2 0.0442 0.3 0.20 24.5 0.409 0.400 10.0 0.0552
0.050 36.7 0.463 0.267 17.0 0.0368 0.15 32.6 0.276 0.300 9.00 0.0414
0.7 0.40 5.24 4.20 1.87 22.0 0.258 0.10 48.9 0.164 0.200 8.00 0.0276
0.30 6.99 2.86 1.40 20.0 0.193 0.090 54.3 0.144 0.180 7.80 0.0248
0.20 10.5 1.72 0.934 18.0 0.129 0.080 61.1 0.124 0.160 7.60 0.0221
0.15 14.0 1.22 0.700 17.0 0.097 0.070 69.9 0.106 0.140 7.40 0.0193
0.10 21.0 0.763 0.467 16.0 0.0644 0.060 81.5 0.0883 0.120 7.20 0.0166
0.090 23.3 0.678 0.420 15.8 0.0580 0.050 97.8 0.0716 0.100 7.00 0.0138
1)
Diameter range Resistivity Density

ALKROTHAL Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
ALKROTHAL 6.5-0.10 1.25 7.28
Wire
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12
Cross Cross
6.5 0.0377 5421 242 204 33.2 0.80 2.49 10.1 3.66 25.1 0.503
6.0 0.0442 4264 206 188 28.3 0.75 2.83 8.33 3.22 23.6 0.442
5.5 0.0526 3284 173 173 23.8 0.70 3.25 6.77 2.80 22.0 0.385
5.0 0.0637 2467 143 157 19.6 0.65 3.77 5.42 2.42 20.4 0.332
4.75 0.0705 2115 129 149 17.7 0.60 4.42 4.26 2.06 18.8 0.283
4.5 0.0786 1799 116 141 15.9 0.55 5.26 3.28 1.73 17.3 0.238
4.25 0.0881 1515 103 134 14.2 0.50 6.37 2.47 1.43 15.7 0.196
4.0 0.0995 1263 91.5 126 12.6 0.475 7.05 2.12 1.29 14.9 0.177
3.75 0.113 1041 80.4 118 11.0 0.45 7.86 1.80 1.16 14.1 0.159
3.5 0.130 846 70.0 110 9.62 0.425 8.81 1.52 1.03 13.4 0.142
3.25 0.151 678 60.4 102 8.30 0.40 9.95 1.26 0.915 12.6 0.126
3.0 0.177 533 51.5 94.2 7.07 0.375 11.3 1.04 0.804 11.8 0.110
2.8 0.203 433 44.8 88.0 6.16 0.35 13.0 0.846 0.700 11.0 0.0962
2.6 0.235 347 38.7 81.7 5.31 0.32 15.5 0.647 0.585 10.1 0.0804
2.5 0.255 308 35.7 78.5 4.91 0.30 17.7 0.533 0.515 9.42 0.0707
2.2 0.329 210 27.7 69.1 3.80 0.28 20.3 0.433 0.448 8.80 0.0616
2.0 0.398 158 22.9 62.8 3.14 0.26 23.5 0.347 0.387 8.17 0.0531
1.9 0.441 135 20.6 59.7 2.84 0.25 25.5 0.308 0.357 7.85 0.0491
1.8 0.491 115 18.5 56.5 2.54 0.24 27.6 0.273 0.329 7.54 0.0452
1.7 0.551 97.0 16.5 53.4 2.27 0.23 30.1 0.240 0.302 7.23 0.0415
1.6 0.622 80.9 14.6 50.3 2.01 0.22 32.9 0.210 0.277 6.91 0.0380
1.5 0.707 66.6 12.9 47.1 1.77 0.21 36.1 0.183 0.252 6.60 0.0346
1.4 0.812 54.2 11.2 44.0 1.54 0.20 39.8 0.158 0.229 6.28 0.0314
1.3 0.942 43.4 9.66 40.8 1.33 0.19 44.1 0.135 0.206 5.97 0.0284
1.2 1.11 34.1 8.23 37.7 1.13 0.18 49.1 0.115 0.185 5.65 0.0254
1.1 1.32 26.3 6.92 34.6 0.95 0.17 55.1 0.0970 0.165 5.34 0.0227
1.0 1.59 19.7 5.72 31.4 0.785 0.16 62.2 0.0809 0.146 5.03 0.0201
0.95 1.76 16.9 5.16 29.8 0.709 0.15 70.7 0.0666 0.129 4.71 0.0177
0.90 1.96 14.4 4.63 28.3 0.636 0.14 81.2 0.0542 0.112 4.40 0.0154
0.85 2.20 12.1 4.13 26.7 0.567 0.13 94.2 0.0434 0.0966 4.08 0.0133
9
1)
Resistivity Density
ALKROTHAL Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
ALKROTHAL 1.25 7.28
Ribbon
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12

4 1.0 0.340 294 26.8 100 3.68 2.25 0.15 4.026 11.9 2.3 48.0 0.311
0.90 0.377 260 24.1 98.0 3.31 0.10 6.52 7.21 1.5 47.0 0.207
0.80 0.425 226 21.4 96.0 2.94 2.0 1.0 0.679 88.3 13.4 60.0 1.84
0.70 0.485 194 18.8 94.0 2.58 0.90 0.755 76.8 12.1 58.0 1.66
0.60 0.566 163 16.1 92.0 2.21 0.80 0.849 65.9 10.7 56.0 1.47
0.50 0.679 132 13.4 90.0 1.84 0.70 0.970 55.6 9.4 54.0 1.29
0.40 0.849 103.6 10.7 88.0 1.47 0.60 1.13 45.9 8.04 52.0 1.10
0.30 1.13 76.0 8.04 86.0 1.10 0.50 1.36 36.8 6.70 50.0 0.920
0.20 1.70 49.5 5.36 84.0 0.736 0.40 1.70 28.3 5.36 48.0 0.736
0.15 2.26 36.7 4.02 83.0 0.552 0.30 2.26 20.3 4.02 46.0 0.552
0.10 3.40 24.1 2.67 82.0 0.368 0.20 3.40 13.0 2.68 44.0 0.368
3 1.0 0.453 177 20.1 80.0 2.76 0.15 4.53 9.5 2.01 43.0 0.276
0.90 0.503 155 18.1 78.0 2.48 0.10 7.34 5.72 1.34 42.0 0.184
0.80 0.566 134 16.1 76.0 2.21 1.75 1.0 0.776 70.8 11.7 55.0 1.61
0.70 0.647 114 14.1 74.0 1.93 0.90 0.863 61.4 10.5 53.0 1.45
0.60 0.755 95.4 12.1 72.0 1.66 0.80 0.970 52.6 9.4 51.0 1.29
0.50 0.906 77.3 10.0 70.0 1.38 0.70 1.11 44.2 8.20 49.0 1.13
0.40 1.13 60.1 8.0 68.0 1.10 0.60 1.29 36.3 7.03 47.0 0.966
0.30 1.51 43.7 6.0 66.0 0.828 0.50 1.55 29.0 5.86 45.0 0.805
0.20 2.26 28.3 4.0 64.0 0.552 0.40 1.94 22.2 4.69 43.0 0.644
0.15 3.02 20.9 3.0 63.0 0.414 0.30 2.59 15.8 3.52 41.0 0.483
0.10 4.53 13.7 2.0 62.0 0.276 0.20 3.88 10.0 2.34 39.0 0.322
2.5 1.0 0.543 129 16.7 70.0 2.30 0.15 5.18 7.34 1.76 38.0 0.242
0.90 0.604 113 15.1 68.0 2.07 0.10 8.39 4.41 1.17 37.0 0.161
0.80 0.679 97.2 13.4 66.0 1.84 1.5 0.70 1.29 34.0 7.04 44.0 0.966
0.70 0.776 82.4 11.7 64.0 1.61 0.60 1.51 27.8 6.03 42.0 0.828
0.60 0.906 68.4 10.0 62.0 1.38 0.50 1.81 22.1 5.03 40.0 0.690
0.50 1.09 55.2 8.37 60.0 1.15 0.40 2.26 16.8 4.02 38.0 0.552
0.40 1.36 42.7 6.70 58.0 0.920 0.30 3.02 11.9 3.02 36.0 0.414
0.30 1.81 30.9 5.02 56.0 0.690 0.20 4.53 7.51 2.01 34.0 0.276
0.20 2.72 19.9 3.35 54.0 0.460 0.15 6.04 5.46 1.51 33.0 0.207
0.15 3.62 14.6 2.51 53.0 0.345 0.10 9.06 3.53 1.01 32.0 0.138
0.10 5.43 9.57 1.67 52.0 0.230 0.090 10.1 3.16 0.905 31.8 0.124
2.25 1.0 0.604 107.6 15.1 65.0 2.07 0.080 11.3 2.79 0.805 31.6 0.110
0.90 0.671 93.9 13.6 63.0 1.86 1.25 0.60 1.81 20.4 5.02 37.0 0.690
0.80 0.755 80.8 12.1 61.0 1.66 0.50 2.17 16.1 4.19 35.0 0.575
0.70 0.863 68.4 10.5 59.0 1.45 0.40 2.72 12.1 3.35 33.0 0.460
0.60 1.006 56.6 9.0 57.0 1.24 0.30 3.62 8.56 2.51 31.0 0.345
0.50 1.208 45.5 7.5 55.0 1.04 0.20 5.43 5.34 1.67 29.0 0.230
0.40 1.510 35.1 6.0 53.0 0.828 0.15 7.25 3.86 1.26 28.0 0.173
0.30 2.013 25.3 4.5 51.0 0.621 0.10 10.9 2.48 0.837 27.0 0.115
0.20 3.019 16.2 3.0 49.0 0.414 0.090 12.1 2.22 0.753 26.8 0.104
1)
(cont.)
Resistivity Density
ALKROTHAL Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
ALKROTHAL 1.25 7.28
Ribbon
C 20To obtain
100 resistance
200 at working
300 400 temperature,
500 600 multiply
700 by800
the factor
900 Ct in the following
1000 1100 table:
Ct 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12

1.25 0.080 13.6 1.96 0.670 26.6 0.0920 0.7 0.080 24.3 0.643 0.375 15.6 0.0515
0.070 15.5 1.70 0.586 26.4 0.0805 0.070 27.7 0.555 0.328 15.4 0.0451
1.0 0.60 2.26 14.1 4.02 32.0 0.552 0.060 32.3 0.470 0.281 15.2 0.0386
0.50 2.72 11.0 3.35 30.0 0.460 0.050 38.8 0.386 0.234 15.0 0.0322
0.40 3.40 8.24 2.68 28.0 0.368 0.6 0.40 5.66 3.53 1.61 20.0 0.221
0.30 4.53 5.74 2.01 26.0 0.276 0.30 7.55 2.38 1.21 18.0 0.166
0.20 6.79 3.53 1.34 24.0 0.184 0.20 11.3 1.41 0.804 16.0 0.110
0.15 9.06 2.54 1.00 23.0 0.138 0.15 15.1 0.994 0.603 15.0 0.0828
0.10 13.6 1.62 0.670 22.0 0.0920 0.10 22.6 0.618 0.402 14.0 0.0552
0.090 15.1 1.44 0.603 21.8 0.0828 0.090 25.2 0.548 0.362 13.8 0.0497
0.080 17.0 1.27 0.536 21.6 0.0736 0.080 28.3 0.480 0.321 13.6 0.0442
0.070 19.4 1.10 0.469 21.4 0.0644 0.070 32.3 0.414 0.281 13.4 0.0386
0.060 22.6 0.936 0.402 21.2 0.0552 0.060 37.7 0.350 0.241 13.2 0.0331
0.050 29.3 0.716 0.335 21.0 0.0460 0.050 45.3 0.287 0.201 13.0 0.0276
0.9 0.50 3.02 9.27 3.01 28.0 0.414 0.040 56.6 0.226 0.161 12.8 0.0221
0.40 3.77 6.89 2.41 26.0 0.331 0.5 0.30 9.06 1.77 1.00 16.0 0.138
0.30 5.03 4.77 1.81 24.0 0.248 0.20 13.6 1.030 0.670 14.0 0.0920
0.20 7.55 2.91 1.21 22.0 0.166 0.15 18.1 0.718 0.502 13.0 0.0690
0.15 10.1 2.09 0.904 21.0 0.124 0.10 27.2 0.442 0.335 12.0 0.0460
0.10 15.1 1.32 0.603 20.0 0.0828 0.090 30.2 0.391 0.301 11.8 0.0414
0.090 16.8 1.18 0.543 19.8 0.0745 0.080 34.0 0.342 0.268 11.6 0.0368
0.080 18.9 1.039 0.482 19.6 0.0662 0.070 38.8 0.294 0.234 11.4 0.0322
0.070 21.6 0.900 0.422 19.4 0.0580 0.060 45.3 0.247 0.201 11.2 0.0276
0.060 25.2 0.763 0.362 19.2 0.0497 0.050 54.3 0.202 0.167 11.0 0.0230
0.050 30.2 0.629 0.301 19.0 0.0414 0.040 67.9 0.159 0.134 10.8 0.0184
0.8 0.50 3.40 7.65 2.68 26.0 0.368 0.4 0.30 11.3 1.24 0.804 14.0 0.110
0.40 4.25 5.65 2.14 24.0 0.294 0.20 17.0 0.707 0.536 12.0 0.0736
0.30 5.66 3.89 1.61 22.0 0.221 0.15 22.6 0.486 0.402 11.0 0.0552
0.20 8.49 2.36 1.07 20.0 0.147 0.10 34.0 0.294 0.268 10.0 0.0368
0.15 11.3 1.68 0.804 19.0 0.110 0.090 37.7 0.260 0.241 9.80 0.0331
0.10 17.0 1.060 0.536 18.0 0.0736 0.080 42.5 0.226 0.214 9.60 0.0294 9
0.090 18.9 0.943 0.482 17.8 0.0662 0.070 48.5 0.194 0.188 9.40 0.0258
0.080 21.2 0.829 0.429 17.6 0.0589 0.060 56.6 0.163 0.161 9.20 0.0221
0.070 24.3 0.717 0.375 17.4 0.0515 0.050 73.4 0.123 0.134 9.00 0.0184
0.060 28.3 0.608 0.321 17.2 0.0442 0.3 0.20 22.6 0.442 0.402 10.0 0.0552
0.050 34.0 0.500 0.268 17.0 0.0368 0.15 30.2 0.298 0.301 9.00 0.0414
0.7 0.40 4.85 4.53 1.88 22.0 0.258 0.10 45.3 0.177 0.201 8.00 0.0276
0.30 6.47 3.09 1.41 20.0 0.193 0.090 50.3 0.155 0.181 7.80 0.0248
0.20 9.7 1.85 0.938 18.0 0.129 0.080 56.6 0.134 0.161 7.60 0.0221
0.15 12.9 1.31 0.703 17.0 0.097 0.070 64.7 0.114 0.141 7.40 0.0193
0.10 19.4 0.824 0.469 16.0 0.0644 0.060 75.5 0.0954 0.121 7.20 0.0166
0.090 21.6 0.733 0.422 15.8 0.0580 0.050 90.6 0.0773 0.100 7.00 0.0138
1)

NIKROTHAL 80, 70 stock items Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
NIKROTHAL 80 8.0-0.020 1.09 8.30
Wire NIKROTHAL 70 10.0-0.50 1.18 8.10
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
N 80 Ct 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07
N 70 Ct 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06
To get NIKROTHAL 70, multiply the figures in the table with:

Resistance
at 20 C cm2/ Weight
/m at 20 C g/m
1.083 0.924 0.976
Cross Cross
10 0.0139 22637 652 314 78.5 1.3 0.821 49.7 11.0 40.8 1.33
9.5 0.0154 19408 588 298 70.9 1.2 0.964 39.1 9.39 37.7 1.13
9.0 0.0171 16502 528 283 63.6 1.0 1.39 22.6 6.52 31.4 0.785
8.25 0.0204 12711 444 259 53.5 0.95 1.54 19.4 5.88 29.8 0.709
8.0 0.0217 11590 417 251 50.3 0.90 1.71 16.5 5.28 28.3 0.636
7.5 0.0247 9550 367 236 44.2 0.85 1.92 13.9 4.71 26.7 0.567
7.0 0.0283 7764 319 220 38.5 0.80 2.17 11.6 4.17 25.1 0.503
6.5 0.0328 6217 275 204 33.2 0.75 2.47 9.55 3.67 23.6 0.442
6.0 0.0386 4890 235 188 28.3 0.70 2.83 7.76 3.19 22.0 0.385
5.83 0.0408 4486 222 183 26.7 0.65 3.28 6.22 2.75 20.4 0.332
5.5 0.0459 3766 197 173 23.8 0.60 3.86 4.89 2.35 18.8 0.283
5.0 0.0555 2830 163 157 19.6 0.55 4.59 3.77 1.97 17.3 0.238
4.75 0.0615 2426 147 149 17.7 0.50 5.55 2.83 1.63 15.7 0.196
4.5 0.0685 2063 132 141 15.9 0.45 6.85 2.06 1.32 14.1 0.159
4.25 0.0768 1738 118 134 14.2 0.40 8.67 1.45 1.04 12.6 0.126
4.0 0.0867 1449 104 126 12.6 0.35 11.3 0.971 0.799 11.0 0.0962
3.75 0.0987 1194 91.7 118 11.0 0.32 13.6 0.742 0.668 10.1 0.0804
3.65 0.104 1101 86.8 115 10.5 0.30 15.4 0.611 0.587 9.42 0.0707
3.5 0.113 971 79.9 110 9.62 0.28 17.7 0.497 0.511 8.80 0.0616
3.25 0.131 777 68.9 102 8.30 0.25 22.2 0.354 0.407 7.85 0.0491
3.0 0.154 611 58.7 94.2 7.07 0.22 28.7 0.241 0.316 6.91 0.0380
2.8 0.177 497 51.1 88.0 6.16 0.20 34.7 0.181 0.261 6.28 0.0314
2.6 0.205 398 44.1 81.7 5.31 0.19 38.4 0.155 0.235 5.97 0.0284
2.5 0.222 354 40.7 78.5 4.91 0.18 42.8 0.132 0.211 5.65 0.0254
2.3 0.262 275 34.5 72.3 4.15 0.17 48.0 0.111 0.188 5.34 0.0227
2.0 0.347 181 26.1 62.8 3.14 0.16 54.2 0.0927 0.167 5.03 0.0201
1.8 0.428 132 21.1 56.5 2.54 0.15 61.7 0.0764 0.147 4.71 0.0177
1.6 0.542 92.7 16.7 50.3 2.01 0.14 70.8 0.0621 0.128 4.40 0.0154
1.5 0.617 76.4 14.7 47.1 1.77 0.13 82.1 0.0497 0.110 4.08 0.0133
1.4 0.708 62.1 12.8 44.0 1.54
1)

NIKROTHAL 60 Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
NIKROTHAL 60 6.0-0.015 1.11 8.20
Wire
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Ct 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13
Cross Cross
6.0 0.0393 4801 232 188 28.3 0.75 2.51 9.38 3.62 23.6 0.442
5.5 0.0467 3698 195 173 23.8 0.70 2.88 7.62 3.16 22.0 0.385
5.0 0.0565 2779 161 157 19.6 0.65 3.35 6.10 2.72 20.4 0.332
4.75 0.0626 2382 145 149 17.7 0.60 3.93 4.80 2.32 18.8 0.283
4.5 0.0698 2026 130 141 15.9 0.55 4.67 3.70 1.95 17.3 0.238
4.25 0.0782 1706 116 134 14.2 0.50 5.65 2.78 1.61 15.7 0.196
4.0 0.0883 1423 103 126 12.6 0.475 6.26 2.38 1.45 14.9 0.177
3.75 0.101 1172 90.6 118 11.0 0.45 6.98 2.03 1.30 14.1 0.159
3.5 0.115 953 78.9 110 9.62 0.425 7.82 1.71 1.16 13.4 0.142
3.25 0.134 763 68.0 102 8.30 0.40 8.83 1.42 1.03 12.6 0.126
3.0 0.157 600 58.0 94.2 7.07 0.375 10.1 1.17 0.906 11.8
2.8 0.180 488 50.5 88.0 6.16 0.35 11.5 0.953 0.789 11.0
2.6 0.209 391 43.5 81.7 5.31 0.32 13.8 0.728 0.659 10.1
2.5 0.226 347 40.3 78.5 4.91 0.30 15.7 0.600 0.580 9.42
2.2 0.292 237 31.2 69.1 3.80 0.28 18.0 0.488 0.505 8.80
2.0 0.353 178 25.8 62.8 3.14 0.26 20.9 0.391 0.435 8.17
1.9 0.391 152 23.2 59.7 2.84 0.25 22.6 0.347 0.403 7.85
1.8 0.436 130 20.9 56.5 2.54 0.24 24.5 0.307 0.371 7.54
1.7 0.489 109 18.6 53.4 2.27 0.23 26.7 0.270 0.341 7.23
1.6 0.552 91.0 16.5 50.3 2.01 0.22 29.2 0.237 0.312 6.91
1.5 0.628 75.0 14.5 47.1 1.77 0.21 32.0 0.206 0.284 6.60
1.4 0.721 61.0 12.6 44.0 1.54 0.20 35.3 0.178 0.258 6.28
1.3 0.836 48.8 10.9 40.8 1.33 0.19 39.1 0.152 0.232 5.97
1.2 0.981 38.4 9.27 37.7 1.13 0.18 43.6 0.130 0.209 5.65
1.1 1.17 29.6 7.79 34.6 0.950 0.17 48.9 0.109 0.186 5.34
1.0 1.41 22.2 6.44 31.4 0.785 0.16 55.2 0.0910 0.165 5.03
0.95 1.57 19.1 5.81 29.8 0.709 0.15 62.8 0.0750 0.145 4.71
0.90 1.74 16.2 5.22 28.3 0.636 0.14 72.1 0.0610 0.126 4.40
0.85 1.96 13.7 4.65 26.7 0.567 0.13 83.6 0.0488 0.109 4.08
0.80 2.21 11.4 4.12 25.1 0.503 9
1)

NIKROTHAL 40, 20 Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
NIKROTHAL 40 6.0-0.10 1.04 7.90
Wire NIKROTHAL 20 6.0-0.10 0.95 7.80
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
N40 Ct 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24
N20 Ct 1.00 1.04 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.12 1.16 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34
To get NIKROTHAL 20, multiply the figures in the table with:

Resistance
at 20 C cm2/ Weight
/m at 20 C g/m
0.913 1.095 0.987
Cross Cross
6.0 0.0368 5125 223 188 28.3 0.75 2.35 10.01 3.49 23.6 0.442
5.5 0.0438 3947 188 173 23.8 0.70 2.70 8.14 3.04 22.0 0.385
5.0 0.0530 2966 155 157 19.6 0.65 3.13 6.52 2.62 20.4 0.332
4.75 0.0587 2543 140 149 17.7 0.60 3.68 5.12 2.23 18.8 0.283
4.5 0.0654 2162 126 141 15.9 0.55 4.38 3.95 1.88 17.3 0.238
4.25 0.0733 1821 112 134 14.2 0.50 5.30 2.97 1.55 15.7 0.196
4.0 0.0828 1518 99.3 126 12.6 0.475 5.87 2.54 1.40 14.9 0.177
3.75 0.094 1251 87.3 118 11.0 0.45 6.54 2.16 1.26 14.1 0.159
3.5 0.108 1017 76.0 110 9.62 0.425 7.33 1.82 1.12 13.4 0.142
3.25 0.125 814 65.5 102 8.30 0.40 8.28 1.52 0.993 12.6 0.126
3.0 0.147 641 55.8 94.2 7.07 0.375 9.4 1.25 0.873 11.8 0.110
2.8 0.169 521 48.6 88.0 6.16 0.35 10.8 1.017 0.760 11.0 0.0962
2.6 0.196 417 41.9 81.7 5.31 0.32 12.9 0.777 0.635 10.1 0.0804
2.5 0.212 371 38.8 78.5 4.91 0.30 14.7 0.641 0.558 9.42 0.0707
2.2 0.274 253 30.0 69.1 3.80 0.28 16.9 0.521 0.486 8.80 0.0616
2.0 0.331 190 24.8 62.8 3.14 0.26 19.6 0.417 0.419 8.17 0.0531
1.9 0.367 163 22.4 59.7 2.84 0.25 21.2 0.371 0.388 7.85 0.0491
1.8 0.409 138 20.1 56.5 2.54 0.24 23.0 0.328 0.357 7.54 0.0452
1.7 0.458 117 17.9 53.4 2.27 0.23 25.0 0.289 0.328 7.23 0.0415
1.6 0.517 97.2 15.9 50.3 2.01 0.22 27.4 0.253 0.300 6.91 0.0380
1.5 0.589 80.1 14.0 47.1 1.77 0.21 30.0 0.220 0.274 6.60 0.0346
1.4 0.676 65.1 12.2 44.0 1.54 0.20 33.1 0.190 0.248 6.28 0.0314
1.3 0.784 52.1 10.5 40.8 1.33 0.19 36.7 0.163 0.224 5.97 0.0284
1.2 0.920 41.0 8.93 37.7 1.13 0.18 40.9 0.138 0.201 5.65 0.0254
1.1 1.09 31.6 7.51 34.6 0.950 0.17 45.8 0.117 0.179 5.34 0.0227
1.0 1.32 23.7 6.20 31.4 0.785 0.16 51.7 0.0972 0.159 5.03 0.0201
0.95 1.47 20.3 5.60 29.8 0.709 0.15 58.9 0.0801 0.140 4.71 0.0177
0.90 1.63 17.3 5.03 28.3 0.636 0.14 67.6 0.0651 0.122 4.40 0.0154
0.85 1.83 14.6 4.48 26.7 0.567 0.13 78.4 0.0521 0.105 4.08 0.0133
0.80 2.07 12.1 3.97 25.1 0.503
1)
Resistivity Density
NIKROTHAL 80, 60, 40 Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
NIKROTHAL 80 1.09 8.30
Ribbon NIKROTHAL 60 1.11 8.20
NIKROTHAL 40 1.04 7.90
C 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
N80 Ct 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07
N60 Ct 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13
N40 Ct 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24
To get N60 or N40, multiply the figures in the table with:
Resistance
at 20 C cm2/ Weight
/m at 20 C g/m
N60 1.018 0.982 0.988
N40 0.954 1.048 0.952

4 1.0 0.296 338 30.5 100 3.68 2.0 0.70 0.846 63.8 10.7 54.0 1.29
0.90 0.329 298 27.5 98.0 3.31 0.60 0.987 52.7 9.16 52.0 1.10
0.80 0.370 259 24.4 96.0 2.94 0.50 1.18 42.2 7.64 50.0 0.920
0.70 0.423 222 21.4 94.0 2.58 0.40 1.48 32.4 6.11 48.0 0.736
0.60 0.494 186 18.3 92.0 2.21 0.30 1.97 23.3 4.58 46.0 0.552
0.50 0.592 152 15.3 90.0 1.84 0.20 2.96 14.9 3.05 44.0 0.368
0.40 0.740 119 12.2 88.0 1.47 0.15 3.95 10.9 2.29 43.0 0.276
0.30 0.987 87.1 9.16 86.0 1.10 0.10 5.92 7.09 1.53 42.0 0.184
0.20 1.48 56.7 6.11 84.0 0.736 1.8 1.0 0.658 85.1 13.7 56.0 1.66
0.15 1.97 42.0 4.58 83.0 0.552 0.90 0.731 73.8 12.4 54.0 1.49
0.10 2.96 27.7 3.05 82.0 0.368 0.80 0.823 63.2 11.0 52.0 1.32
3 1.0 0.395 203 22.9 80.0 2.76 0.70 0.940 53.2 9.62 50.0 1.16
0.90 0.439 178 20.6 78.0 2.48 0.60 1.10 43.8 8.25 48.0 0.994
0.80 0.494 154 18.3 76.0 2.21 0.50 1.32 34.9 6.87 46.0 0.828
0.70 0.564 131 16.0 74.0 1.93 0.40 1.65 26.7 5.50 44.0 0.662
0.60 0.658 109 13.7 72.0 1.66 0.30 2.19 19.1 4.12 42.0 0.497
0.50 0.790 88.6 11.5 70.0 1.38 0.20 3.29 12.2 2.75 40.0 0.331
0.40 0.987 68.9 9.16 68.0 1.10 0.15 4.39 8.89 2.06 39.0 0.248
0.30 1.32 50.1 6.87 66.0 0.828 0.10 6.58 5.77 1.37 38.0 0.166
0.20 1.97 32.4 4.58 64.0 0.552 1.5 1.0 0.790 63.3 11.5 50.0 1.38
0.15 2.63 23.9 3.44 63.0 0.414 0.90 0.878 54.7 10.3 48.0 1.24
2.5
0.10
1.0
3.95
0.474
15.7
148
2.29
19.1
62.0
70.0
0.276
2.30
0.80
0.70
0.987
1.13
46.6
39.0
9.16
8.02
46.0
44.0
1.10
0.966
9
0.90 0.527 129 17.2 68.0 2.07 0.60 1.32 31.9 6.87 42.0 0.828
0.80 0.592 111 15.3 66.0 1.84 0.50 1.58 25.3 5.73 40.0 0.690
0.70 0.677 94.5 13.4 64.0 1.61 0.40 1.97 19.2 4.58 38.0 0.552
0.60 0.790 78.5 11.5 62.0 1.38 0.30 2.63 13.7 3.44 36.0 0.414
0.50 0.948 63.3 9.55 60.0 1.15 0.20 3.95 8.61 2.29 34.0 0.276
0.40 1.18 49.0 7.64 58.0 0.920 0.15 5.27 6.27 1.72 33.0 0.207
0.30 1.58 35.4 5.73 56.0 0.690 0.10 7.90 4.05 1.15 32.0 0.138
0.20 2.37 22.8 3.82 54.0 0.460 0.090 8.78 3.62 1.03 31.8 0.124
0.15 3.16 16.8 2.86 53.0 0.345 0.080 9.87 3.20 0.916 31.6 0.110
0.10 4.74 11.0 1.91 52.0 0.230 1.2 0.80 1.23 32.4 7.33 40.0 0.883
2.0 1.0 0.592 101 15.3 60.0 1.84 0.70 1.41 26.9 6.41 38.0 0.773
0.90 0.658 88.1 13.7 58.0 1.66 0.60 1.65 21.9 5.50 36.0 0.662
0.80 0.740 75.6 12.2 56.0 1.47 0.50 1.97 17.2 4.58 34.0 0.552
11)
(cont.)
Resistivity Density
NIKROTHAL 80, 60, 40 Alloy
NIKROTHAL 80
mm2m-1
1.09
gcm-3
8.30
Ribbon NIKROTHAL 60
NIKROTHAL 40
1.11
1.04
8.20
7.90

cm / 1)
cm / 1)
Weight area area
0.40 2.47 13.0 3.67 32.0 0.442 0.7 0.40 4.23 5.20 2.14 22.0 0.258
0.30 3.29 9.12 2.75 30.0 0.331 0.30 5.64 3.54 1.60 20.0 0.193
0.20 4.94 5.67 1.83 28.0 0.221 0.20 8.46 2.13 1.07 18.0 0.129
0.15 6.58 4.10 1.37 27.0 0.166 0.15 11.3 1.51 0.802 17.0 0.097
0.10 9.87 2.63 0.916 26.0 0.110 0.10 16.9 0.945 0.535 16.0 0.0644
0.090 11.0 2.35 0.825 25.8 0.099 0.090 18.8 0.840 0.481 15.8 0.0580
0.080 12.3 2.07 0.733 25.6 0.088 0.080 21.2 0.737 0.428 15.6 0.0515
0.070 14.1 1.80 0.641 25.4 0.077 0.070 24.2 0.637 0.374 15.4 0.0451
1.0 0.80 1.48 24.3 6.11 36.0 0.736 0.060 28.2 0.539 0.321 15.2 0.0386
0.70 1.69 20.1 5.35 34.0 0.644 0.050 33.9 0.443 0.267 15.0 0.0322
0.60 1.97 16.2 4.58 32.0 0.552 0.6 0.50 3.95 5.57 2.29 22.0 0.276
0.50 2.37 12.7 3.82 30.0 0.460 0.40 4.94 4.05 1.83 20.0 0.221
0.40 2.96 9.45 3.05 28.0 0.368 0.30 6.58 2.73 1.37 18.0 0.166
0.30 3.95 6.58 2.29 26.0 0.276 0.20 9.87 1.62 0.916 16.0 0.110
0.20 5.92 4.05 1.53 24.0 0.184 0.15 13.2 1.14 0.687 15.0 0.0828
0.15 7.90 2.91 1.15 23.0 0.138 0.10 19.7 0.709 0.458 14.0 0.0552
0.10 11.8 1.86 0.764 22.0 0.0920 0.090 21.9 0.629 0.412 13.8 0.0497
0.090 13.2 1.66 0.687 21.8 0.0828 0.080 24.7 0.551 0.367 13.6 0.0442
0.080 14.8 1.46 0.611 21.6 0.0736 0.070 28.2 0.475 0.321 13.4 0.0386
0.070 16.9 1.26 0.535 21.4 0.0644 0.060 32.9 0.401 0.275 13.2 0.0331
0.060 19.7 1.07 0.458 21.2 0.0552 0.050 39.5 0.329 0.229 13.0 0.0276
0.050 23.7 0.886 0.382 21.0 0.0460 0.040 49.4 0.259 0.183 12.8 0.0221
0.9 0.70 1.88 17.0 4.81 32.0 0.580 0.5 0.30 7.90 2.03 1.15 16.0 0.138
0.60 2.19 13.7 4.12 30.0 0.497 0.20 11.8 1.18 0.764 14.0 0.0920
0.50 2.63 10.6 3.44 28.0 0.414 0.15 15.8 0.823 0.573 13.0 0.0690
0.40 3.29 7.90 2.75 26.0 0.331 0.10 23.7 0.506 0.382 12.0 0.0460
0.30 4.39 5.47 2.06 24.0 0.248 0.090 26.3 0.448 0.344 11.8 0.0414
0.20 6.58 3.34 1.37 22.0 0.166 0.080 29.6 0.392 0.305 11.6 0.0368
0.15 8.78 2.39 1.03 21.0 0.124 0.070 33.9 0.337 0.267 11.4 0.0322
0.10 13.2 1.52 0.687 20.0 0.0828 0.060 39.5 0.284 0.229 11.2 0.0276
0.090 14.6 1.35 0.619 19.8 0.0745 0.050 47.4 0.232 0.191 11.0 0.0230
0.080 16.5 1.19 0.550 19.6 0.0662 0.040 59.2 0.182 0.153 10.8 0.0184
0.070 18.8 1.03 0.481 19.4 0.0580 0.4 0.30 9.87 1.42 0.916 14.0 0.110
0.060 21.9 0.875 0.412 19.2 0.0497 0.20 14.8 0.810 0.611 12.0 0.0736
0.050 26.3 0.722 0.344 19.0 0.0414 0.15 19.7 0.557 0.458 11.0 0.0552
0.8 0.70 2.12 14.2 4.28 30.0 0.515 0.10 29.6 0.338 0.305 10.0 0.0368
0.60 2.47 11.3 3.67 28.0 0.442 0.090 32.9 0.298 0.275 9.80 0.0331
0.50 2.96 8.78 3.05 26.0 0.368 0.080 37.0 0.259 0.244 9.60 0.0294
0.40 3.70 6.48 2.44 24.0 0.294 0.070 42.3 0.222 0.214 9.40 0.0258
0.30 4.94 4.46 1.83 22.0 0.221 0.060 49.4 0.186 0.183 9.20 0.0221
0.20 7.40 2.70 1.22 20.0 0.147 0.050 59.2 0.152 0.153 9.00 0.0184
0.15 9.87 1.92 0.916 19.0 0.110 0.3 0.20 19.7 0.506 0.458 10.0 0.0552
0.10 14.8 1.22 0.611 18.0 0.0736 0.15 26.3 0.342 0.344 9.00 0.0414
0.090 16.5 1.08 0.550 17.8 0.0662 0.10 39.5 0.203 0.229 8.00 0.0276
0.080 18.5 0.951 0.489 17.6 0.0589 0.090 43.9 0.178 0.206 7.80 0.0248
0.070 21.2 0.822 0.428 17.4 0.0515 0.080 49.4 0.154 0.183 7.60 0.0221
0.060 24.7 0.697 0.367 17.2 0.0442 0.070 56.4 0.131 0.160 7.40 0.0193
0.050 29.6 0.574 0.305 17.0 0.0368 0.060 65.8 0.109 0.137 7.20 0.0166
0.7 0.60 2.82 9.22 3.21 26.0 0.386 0.050 79.0 0.0886 0.115 7.00 0.0138
0.50 3.39 7.09 2.67 24.0 0.322
1)

NIFETHAL 70 and 52 Alloy mm mm2m-1 gcm-3
NIFETHAL 70 4.0-0.10 0.20 8.45
Wire NIFETHAL 52 4.0-0.10 0.43 8.20
C 20 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
NIFETHAL 70 Ct 1.00 1.42 1.68 1.91 2.19 2.47 2.75 3.03 3.34 3.66
NIFETHAL 52 Ct 1.00 1.33 1.53 1.73 1.93 2.13 2.32 2.49 2.64 2.77
NIFETHAL 70 Cross NIFETHAL 52 Cross

1.8 0.0786 719 21.5 56.5 2.54 1.8 0.169 335 20.9 56.5 2.54
1.7 0.0881 606 19.2 53.4 2.27 1.7 0.189 282 18.6 53.4 2.27
1.6 0.0995 505 17.0 50.3 2.01 1.6 0.214 235 16.5 50.3 2.01
1.5 0.113 416 14.9 47.1 1.77 1.5 0.243 194 14.5 47.1 1.77
1.4 0.130 339 13.0 44.0 1.54 1.4 0.279 157 12.6 44.0 1.54
1.3 0.151 271 11.2 40.8 1.33 1.3 0.324 126 10.9 40.8 1.33
1.2 0.177 213 9.56 37.7 1.13 1.2 0.380 99.2 9.27 37.7 1.13
1.1 0.210 164 8.03 34.6 0.950 1.1 0.452 76.4 7.79 34.6 0.950
1.0 0.255 123 6.64 31.4 0.785 1.0 0.547 57.4 6.44 31.4 0.785
0.95 0.282 106 5.99 29.8 0.709 0.95 0.607 49.2 5.81 29.8 0.709
0.90 0.314 89.9 5.38 28.3 0.636 0.90 0.676 41.8 5.22 28.3 0.636
0.85 0.352 75.8 4.79 26.7 0.567 0.85 0.758 35.2 4.65 26.7 0.567
0.80 0.398 63.2 4.25 25.1 0.503 0.80 0.855 29.4 4.12 25.1 0.503
0.75 0.453 52.0 3.73 23.6 0.442 0.75 0.973 24.2 3.62 23.6 0.442
0.70 0.520 42.3 3.25 22.0 0.385 0.70 1.12 19.7 3.16 22.0 0.385
0.65 0.603 33.9 2.80 20.4 0.332 0.65 1.30 15.8 2.72 20.4 0.332
0.60 0.707 26.6 2.39 18.8 0.283 0.60 1.52 12.4 2.32 18.8 0.283
0.55 0.842 20.5 2.01 17.3 0.238 0.55 1.81 9.55 1.95 17.3 0.238
0.50 1.02 15.4 1.66 15.7 0.196 0.50 2.19 7.17 1.61 15.7 0.196
0.475 1.13 13.2 1.50 14.9 0.177 0.475 2.43 6.15 1.45 14.9 0.177
0.45 1.26 11.2 1.34 14.1 0.159 0.45 2.70 5.23 1.30 14.1 0.159
0.425 1.41 9.47 1.20 13.4 0.142 0.425 3.03 4.40 1.16 13.4 0.142
0.40 1.59 7.90 1.06 12.6 0.126 0.40 3.42 3.67 1.030 12.6 0.126
0.375 1.81 6.51 0.933 11.8 0.110 0.375 3.89 3.03 0.906 11.8 0.110
0.35 2.08 5.29 0.813 11.0 0.0962 0.35 4.47 2.46 0.789 11.0 0.0962
0.32 2.49 4.04 0.680 10.1 0.0804 0.32 5.35 1.88 0.659 10.1 0.0804
0.30 2.83 3.33 0.597 9.42 0.0707 0.30 6.08 1.55 0.580 9.42 0.0707
0.28 3.25 2.71 0.520 8.80 0.0616 0.28 6.98 1.26 0.505 8.80 0.0616
0.26 3.77 2.17 0.449 8.17 0.0531 0.26 8.10 1.01 0.435 8.17 0.0531
0.25
0.24
4.07
4.42
1.93
1.71
0.415
0.382
7.85
7.54
0.0491
0.0452
0.25 8.76 0.897 0.403 7.85 0.0491 9
0.24 9.51 0.793 0.371 7.54 0.0452
0.23 4.81 1.50 0.351 7.23 0.0415 0.23 10.3 0.698 0.341 7.23 0.0415
0.22 5.26 1.31 0.321 6.91 0.0380 0.22 11.3 0.611 0.312 6.91 0.0380
0.21 5.77 1.14 0.293 6.60 0.0346 0.21 12.4 0.531 0.284 6.60 0.0346
0.20 6.37 0.987 0.265 6.28 0.0314 0.20 13.7 0.459 0.258 6.28 0.0314
0.19 7.05 0.846 0.240 5.97 0.0284 0.19 15.2 0.394 0.232 5.97 0.0284
0.18 7.86 0.719 0.215 5.65 0.0254 0.18 16.9 0.335 0.209 5.65 0.0254
0.17 8.81 0.606 0.192 5.34 0.0227 0.17 18.9 0.282 0.186 5.34 0.0227
0.16 9.95 0.505 0.170 5.03 0.0201 0.16 21.4 0.235 0.165 5.03 0.0201
0.15 11.3 0.416 0.149 4.71 0.0177 0.15 24.3 0.194 0.145 4.71 0.0177
0.14 13.0 0.339 0.130 4.40 0.0154 0.14 27.9 0.157 0.126 4.40 0.0154
0.13 15.1 0.271 0.112 4.08 0.0133 0.13 32.4 0.126 0.1088 4.08 0.0133
0.12 17.7 0.213 0.0956 3.77 0.0113 0.12 38.0 0.0992 0.0927 3.77 0.0113
0.11 21.0 0.164 0.0803 3.46 0.00950 0.11 45.2 0.0764 0.0779 3.46 0.00950
0.10 25.5 0.123 0.0664 3.14 0.00785 0.10 54.7 0.0574 0.0644 3.14 0.00785
1)

mm2m-1
Copper-Nickel Alloy
CUPROTHAL 49
mm
4.0-0.10 0.49
gcm-3
8.90
MANGANINA 43 8.0-0.10 0.43 8.40
Wire CUPROTHAL 30 4.0-0.10 0.30 8.90
CUPROTHAL 15 4.0-0.10 0.15 8.90
CUPROTHAL 10 4.0-0.10 0.10 8.90
CUPROTHAL 05 4.0-0.10 0.05 8.90
Alloy 20 C 100 C 200 C 300 C 400 v 500 C 600 C
CUPROTHAL 49 1.000 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.005 1.017 1.037
MANGANINA 43* - - - - - - -
CUPROTHAL 30 1.000 1.020 1.030 1.040 1.060 - -
CUPROTHAL 15 1.000 1.035 1.070 1.110 1.150 - -
CUPROTHAL 10 1.000 1.060 1.110 1.190 - - -
CUPROTHAL 05 1.000 1.110 1.250 1.400 - - -
* The use of this alloy is limited to the range 15-35 C.
Multiply the figures in the table with:

Resistance
at 20 C cm2/ Weight
/m at 20 C g/m
1.0 1.0 1.0 CUPROTHAL 49
0.877 1.15 0.94 MANGANINA 43
0.612 1.63 1.0 CUPROTHAL 30
0.306 3.29 1.0 CUPROTHAL 15
0.204 4.93 1.0 CUPROTHAL 10
0.102 9.86 1.0 CUPROTHAL 05
Cross Cross
10 0.0062 50355 699 314 78.5 1.7 0.216 247 20.2 53.4 2.27
9.5 0.0069 43173 631 298 70.9 1.6 0.244 206 17.9 50.3 2.01
9.0 0.0077 36709 566 283 63.6 1.5 0.277 170 15.7 47.1 1.77
8.25 0.0092 28275 476 259 53.5 1.4 0.318 138 13.7 44.0 1.54
8.0 0.0097 25782 447 251 50.3 1.3 0.369 111 11.8 40.8 1.33
7.5 0.0111 21244 393 236 44.2 1.2 0.433 87.0 10.1 37.7 1.13
7.35 0.0115 19994 378 231 42.4 1.1 0.516 67.0 8.46 34.6 0.950
7.0 0.0127 17272 343 220 38.5 1.0 0.624 50.4 6.99 31.4 0.785
6.5 0.0148 13829 295 204 33.2 0.95 0.691 43.2 6.31 29.8 0.709
6.0 0.0173 10877 252 188 28.3 0.90 0.770 36.7 5.66 28.3 0.636
5.5 0.0206 8378 211 173 23.8 0.85 0.864 30.9 5.05 26.7 0.567
5.0 0.0250 6294 175 157 19.6 0.80 0.975 25.8 4.47 25.1 0.503
4.75 0.0277 5397 158 149 17.7 0.75 1.11 21.2 3.93 23.6 0.442
4.5 0.0308 4589 142 141 15.9 0.70 1.27 17.3 3.43 22.0 0.385
4.25 0.0345 3866 126 134 14.2 0.65 1.48 13.8 2.95 20.4 0.332
4.0 0.0390 3223 112 126 12.6 0.60 1.73 10.9 2.52 18.8 0.283
3.75 0.0444 2655 98.3 118 11.0 0.55 2.06 8.38 2.11 17.3 0.238
3.5 0.0509 2159 85.6 110 9.62 0.50 2.50 6.29 1.75 15.7 0.196
3.25 0.0591 1729 73.8 102 8.30 0.475 2.77 5.40 1.58 14.9 0.177
3.0 0.0693 1360 62.9 94.2 7.07 0.45 3.08 4.59 1.42 14.1 0.159
2.8 0.0796 1105 54.8 88.0 6.16 0.425 3.45 3.87 1.26 13.4 0.142
2.6 0.0923 885 47.3 81.7 5.31 0.40 3.90 3.22 1.12 12.6 0.126
2.5 0.100 787 43.7 78.5 4.91 0.375 4.44 2.66 0.983 11.8
2.2 0.129 536 33.8 69.1 3.80 0.35 5.09 2.16 0.856 11.0
2.0 0.156 403 28.0 62.8 3.14 0.32 6.09 1.65 0.716 10.1
1.9 0.173 345 25.2 59.7 2.84 0.30 6.93 1.36 0.629 9.42
1.8 0.193 294 22.6 56.5 2.54 0.28 7.96 1.11 0.548 8.80
1)
(cont.)
Copper-Nickel Alloy
CUPROTHAL 49
mm
4,0-0.10
mm2m-1
0.49
gcm-3
8.90
Wire MANGANINA 43
CUPROTHAL 30
8.0-0.10
4.0-0.10
0.43
0.30
8.40
8.90
CUPROTHAL 15 4.0-0.10 0.15 8.90
CUPROTHAL 10 4.0-0.10 0.10 8.90
CUPROTHAL 05 4.0-0.10 0.05 8.90
Alloy 20 C 100 C 200 C 300 C 400 v 500 C 600 C
CUPROTHAL 49 1.000 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.005 1.017 1.037
MANGANINA 43* - - - - - - -
CUPROTHAL 30 1.000 1.020 1.030 1.040 1.060 - -
CUPROTHAL 15 1.000 1.035 1.070 1.110 1.150 - -
CUPROTHAL 10 1.000 1.060 1.110 1.190 - - -
CUPROTHAL 05 1.000 1.110 1.250 1.400 - - -
* The use of this alloy is limited to the range 15-35 C.
Multiply the figures in the table with:

Resistance
at 20 C cm2/ Weight
/m at 20 C g/m
1.0 1.0 1.0 CUPROTHAL 49
0.877 1.15 0.94 MANGANINA 43
0.612 1.63 1.0 CUPROTHAL 30
0.306 3.29 1.0 CUPROTHAL 15
0.204 4.93 1.0 CUPROTHAL 10
0.102 9.86 1.0 CUPROTHAL 05
Cross Cross
0.26 9.23 0.885 0.473 8.17 0.19 17.3 0.345 0.252 5.97
0.25 10.0 0.787 0.437 7.85 0.18 19.3 0.294 0.226 5.65
0.24 10.8 0.696 0.403 7.54 0.17 21.6 0.247 0.202 5.34
0.23 11.8 0.613 0.370 7.23 0.16 24.4 0.2063 0.179 5.03
0.22 12.9 0.536 0.338 6.91 0.15 27.7 0.1699 0.157 4.71
0.21 14.1 0.466 0.308 6.60 0.14 31.8 0.1382 0.137 4.40
0.20 15.6 0.403 0.280 6.28 0.13 36.9 0.1106 0.118 4.08
1)
Resistivity Density
Copper-Nickel Alloy mm2m-1 gcm-3
CUPROTHAL 49 0.49 8.90
Ribbon
Alloy 20 C 100 C 200 C 300 C 400 C 500 C 600 C
CUPROTHAL 49 1.000 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.005 1.017 1.037

cm / 1)
cm / 1)
Weight area area
4 1.0 0.133 751 32.8 100 3.68 1.8 1.0 0.296 189 14.7 56.0 1.66
0.90 0.148 662 29.5 98.0 3.31 0.90 0.329 164 13.3 54.0 1.49
0.80 0.166 577 26.2 96.0 2.94 0.80 0.370 141 11.8 52.0 1.32
0.70 0.190 494 22.9 94.0 2.58 0.70 0.423 118 10.3 50.0 1.16
0.60 0.222 415 19.7 92.0 2.21 0.60 0.493 97.3 8.84 48.0 0.994
0.50 0.266 338 16.4 90.0 1.84 0.50 0.592 77.7 7.37 46.0 0.828
0.40 0.333 264 13.1 88.0 1.47 0.40 0.740 59.5 5.90 44.0 0.662
0.30 0.444 193.8 9.83 86.0 1.10 0.30 0.986 42.6 4.42 42.0 0.497
0.20 0.666 126.2 6.55 84.0 0.736 0.20 1.48 27.0 2.95 40.0 0.331
0.15 0.888 93.5 4.91 83.0 0.552 0.15 1.97 19.77 2.21 39.0 0.248
0.10 1.33 61.6 3.28 82.0 0.368 0.10 2.96 12.84 1.47 38.0 0.166
3 1.0 0.178 451 24.6 80.0 2.76 1.5 1.0 0.355 141 12.3 50.0 1.38
0.90 0.197 395 22.1 78.0 2.48 0.90 0.395 122 11.1 48.0 1.24
0.80 0.222 342 19.7 76.0 2.21 0.80 0.444 104 9.83 46.0 1.10
0.70 0.254 292 17.2 74.0 1.93 0.70 0.507 86.7 8.60 44.0 0.966
0.60 0.296 243 14.7 72.0 1.66 0.60 0.592 71.0 7.37 42.0 0.828
0.50 0.355 197 12.3 70.0 1.38 0.50 0.710 56.3 6.14 40.0 0.690
0.40 0.444 153 9.83 68.0 1.10 0.40 0.888 42.8 4.91 38.0 0.552
0.30 0.592 112 7.37 66.0 0.828 0.30 1.18 30.4 3.68 36.0 0.414
0.20 0.888 72.1 4.91 64.0 0.552 0.20 1.78 19.2 2.46 34.0 0.276
0.15 1.18 53.2 3.68 63.0 0.414 0.15 2.37 13.9 1.84 33.0 0.207
0.10 1.78 34.9 2.46 62.0 0.276 0.10 3.55 9.01 1.23 32.0 0.138
2.5 1.0 0.213 329 20.5 70.0 2.30 0.090 3.95 8.06 1.11 31.8 0.124
0.90 0.237 287 18.4 68.0 2.07 0.080 4.44 7.12 0.983 31.6 0.110
0.80 0.266 248 16.4 66.0 1.84 1.2 0.80 0.555 72.1 7.86 40.0 0.883
0.70 0.304 210 14.3 64.0 1.61 0.70 0.634 59.9 6.88 38.0 0.773
0.60 0.355 175 12.3 62.0 1.38 0.60 0.740 48.7 5.90 36.0 0.662
0.50 0.426 141 10.2 60.0 1.15 0.50 0.888 38.3 4.91 34.0 0.552
0.40 0.533 109 8.19 58.0 0.920 0.40 1.11 28.8 3.93 32.0 0.442
0.30 0.710 78.9 6.14 56.0 0.690 0.30 1.48 20.3 2.95 30.0 0.331
0.20 1.07 50.7 4.09 54.0 0.460 0.20 2.22 12.6 1.97 28.0 0.221
0.15 1.42 37.3 3.07 53.0 0.345 0.15 2.96 9.12 1.47 27.0 0.166
0.10 2.13 24.4 2.05 52.0 0.230 0.10 4.44 5.86 0.983 26.0 0.110
2.0 1.0 0.266 225 16.4 60.0 1.84 0.090 4.93 5.23 0.884 25.8 0.099
0.90 0.296 196.0 14.7 58.0 1.66 0.080 5.55 4.61 0.786 25.6 0.088
0.80 0.333 168 13.1 56.0 1.47 0.070 6.34 4.01 0.688 25.4 0.077
0.70 0.380 142 11.5 54.0 1.29 1.0 0.80 0.67 54.1 6.55 36.0 0.736
0.60 0.444 117 9.83 52.0 1.10 0.70 0.76 44.7 5.73 34.0 0.644
0.50 0.533 93.9 8.19 50.0 0.920 0.60 0.89 36.0 4.91 32.0 0.552
0.40 0.666 72.1 6.55 48.0 0.736 0.50 1.1 28.2 4.09 30.0 0.460
0.30 0.888 51.8 4.91 46.0 0.552 0.40 1.3 21.0 3.28 28.0 0.368
0.20 1.33 33.0 3.28 44.0 0.368 0.30 1.8 14.6 2.46 26.0 0.276
0.15 1.78 24.2 2.46 43.0 0.276 0.20 2.7 9.01 1.64 24.0 0.184
0.10 2.66 15.77 1.64 42.0 0.184 0.15 3.6 6.48 1.23 23.0 0.138
1)
(cont.)
Copper-Nickel Alloy
Resistivity
mm2m-1
Density
gcm-3
CUPROTHAL 49 0.49 8.90
Ribbon
Alloy 20 C 100 C 200 C 300 C 400 C 500 C 600 C
CUPROTHAL 49 1.000 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.005 1.017 1.037

cm / 1)
cm / 1)
Weight area area
1.0 0.10 5.3 4.13 0.819 22.0 0.0920 0.7 0.060 12.7 1.20 0.344 15.2 0.0386
0.090 5.9 3.68 0.737 21.8 0.0828 0.050 15.2 0.986 0.287 15.0 0.0322
0.080 6.7 3.24 0.655 21.6 0.0736 0.6 0.50 1.78 12.4 2.46 22.0 0.276
0.070 7.6 2.81 0.573 21.4 0.0644 0.40 2.22 9.01 1.97 20.0 0.221
0.060 8.9 2.39 0.491 21.2 0.0552 0.30 2.96 6.08 1.47 18.0 0.166
0.050 10.7 1.97 0.409 21.0 0.0460 0.20 4.44 3.60 0.983 16.0 0.110
0.9 0.70 0.85 37.9 5.16 32.0 0.580 0.15 5.92 2.53 0.737 15.0 0.0828
0.60 0.99 30.4 4.42 30.0 0.497 0.10 8.88 1.58 0.491 14.0 0.0552
0.50 1.2 23.7 3.68 28.0 0.414 0.090 9.86 1.40 0.442 13.8 0.0497
0.40 1.5 17.6 2.95 26.0 0.331 0.080 11.1 1.23 0.393 13.6 0.0442
0.30 2.0 12.2 2.21 24.0 0.248 0.070 12.7 1.06 0.344 13.4 0.0386
0.20 3.0 7.44 1.47 22.0 0.166 0.060 14.8 0.892 0.295 13.2 0.0331
0.15 3.9 5.32 1.11 21.0 0.124 0.050 17.8 0.732 0.246 13.0 0.0276
0.10 5.9 3.38 0.737 20.0 0.0828 0.040 22.2 0.577 0.197 12.8 0.0221
0.090 6.6 3.01 0.663 19.8 0.0745 0.5 0.30 3.55 4.51 1.23 16.0 0.138
0.080 7.4 2.65 0.590 19.6 0.0662 0.20 5.33 2.63 0.819 14.0 0.0920
0.070 8.5 2.29 0.516 19.4 0.0580 0.15 7.10 1.83 0.614 13.0 0.0690
0.060 9.9 1.95 0.442 19.2 0.0497 0.10 10.7 1.13 0.409 12.0 0.0460
0.050 11.8 1.61 0.368 19.0 0.0414 0.090 11.8 0.997 0.368 11.8 0.0414
0.8 0.70 0.951 31.5 4.59 30.0 0.515 0.080 13.3 0.871 0.328 11.6 0.0368
0.60 1.11 25.2 3.93 28.0 0.442 0.070 15.2 0.749 0.287 11.4 0.0322
0.50 1.33 19.53 3.28 26.0 0.368 0.060 17.8 0.631 0.246 11.2 0.0276
0.40 1.66 14.42 2.62 24.0 0.294 0.050 21.3 0.516 0.205 11.0 0.0230
0.30 2.22 9.91 1.97 22.0 0.221 0.040 26.6 0.406 0.164 10.8 0.0184
0.20 3.33 6.01 1.31 20.0 0.147 0.4 0.30 4.44 3.15 0.983 14.0 0.110
0.15 4.44 4.28 0.983 19.0 0.110 0.20 6.66 1.80 0.655 12.0 0.0736
0.10 6.66 2.70 0.655 18.0 0.0736 0.15 8.88 1.24 0.491 11.0 0.0552
0.090 7.40 2.41 0.590 17.8 0.0662 0.10 13.3 0.751 0.328 10.0 0.0368
0.080 8.32 2.11 0.524 17.6 0.0589 0.090 14.8 0.662 0.295 9.80 0.0331
0.070 9.51 1.83 0.459 17.4 0.0515 0.080 16.6 0.577 0.262 9.60 0.0294
0.060 11.1 1.55 0.393 17.2 0.0442 0.070 19.0 0.494 0.229 9.40 0.0258
0.050 13.3 1.28 0.328 17.0 0.0368 0.060 22.2 0.415 0.197 9.20 0.0221 9
0.7 0.60 1.27 20.50 3.44 26.0 0.386 0.050 26.6 0.338 0.164 9.00 0.0184
0.50 1.52 15.77 2.87 24.0 0.322 0.3 0.20 8.88 1.13 0.491 10.0 0.0552
0.40 1.90 11.57 2.29 22.0 0.258 0.15 11.8 0.760 0.368 9.00 0.0414
0.30 2.54 7.89 1.72 20.0 0.193 0.10 17.8 0.451 0.246 8.00 0.0276
0.20 3.80 4.73 1.15 18.0 0.129 0.090 19.7 0.395 0.221 7.80 0.0248
0.15 5.07 3.35 0.860 17.0 0.0966 0.080 22.2 0.342 0.197 7.60 0.0221
0.10 7.61 2.10 0.573 16.0 0.0644 0.070 25.4 0.292 0.172 7.40 0.0193
0.090 8.45 1.87 0.516 15.8 0.0580 0.060 29.6 0.243 0.147 7.20 0.0166
0.080 9.51 1.64 0.459 15.6 0.0515 0.050 35.5 0.197 0.123 7.00 0.0138
0.070 10.9 1.42 0.401 15.4 0.0451
1)
10. Appendix
1. List of symbols
The symbols used comply as far as

possible with internationally approved
standards.
The following symbols are used:
Unit for
Calculation
Symbol Meaning Metric Imperial
AC Surface area of heating conductor cm2 in2

b Width (ribbon or strip) mm in
Ct Temperature factor (ratio of resistivity at operating
temperature to resistivity at room temperature)
d Wire diameter mm in
D Outer coil diameter mm in
I Current A A
L Length of heating conductor m ft
Le Coil length mm in
p Surface load of heating element W/cm 2
W/in2
P Power W W
q Cross-sectional area of heating conductor mm 2
in2
RT Resistance at working temperature
R20 Resistance at room temperature (20 C, 68 F)
s Pitch mm in
t Thickness (ribbon or strip) mm in
T. Temperature K, C K, F
U Voltage V V
Temperature coefficient of resistivity K -1
F -1
Density (old marking) g/cm3 lb/in3
Resistivity mm2m-1 /smf*/cmf
10 Balancing factor used in the formulas makes possible that the values can be
used with units of section 1:
e.g. wire diameter, d, in [mm] or [in] is different from length of heating
conductor,L in [m] or [ft].
* smf = square mil-foot
cmf = circular mil-foot
2. Formulas and Definitions
The following formulas and definitions are

RT
applied to all applications. Ct = [--] [3]
R20
Definition :
Resistivity R [mm2/m] or [/cmf ]
Ct = 1 + ( 20) (Where is in C) [4]
The resistance of a conductor, R20, is
directly proportional to its length, L and
inversely proportional to its cross-sectional
area, q: Ct = 1 + ( 68) (Where is in F) [5]
L
R20 = [] [1]
q Definition :
Surface load p [W/cm2] or [W/in2]
The proportional constant, is defined as
the resistivity of the material and is The surface load of a heating conductor, p, is
temperature dependent. The unit of is in its power, P, divided by its surface area, AC.
metric system [mm2/m] respectively for
imperial system [/cmf ]. P
p= [W/cm2] or [W/in2] [6]
Ac
Definition :
Temperature factor Ct [--] metric / imperial
Wire
Resistivity or change in resistance with
temperature, is non-linear for most resis- AC = d L 10
tance heating alloys. Hence, the temperature [7]
factor, Ct, is often used instead of tempera- AC = d L 12
ture coefficient. Ct is defined as the ratio
between the resistivity or resistance at some strip / ribbon
selected temperature C and the resistivity
or resistance at 20 C (68 F). AC = 2 (b + t) L 10
[8]
AC = 2 (b + t) L 12
RT = Ct R20 [] [2]
10
General formulas Definition:

Cross sectional area q [mm2] or [in2]
U = RT I [V] [9] A) Round wire

q= d2 [mm2] or [in2] [12]
P=UI [W] [10] 4
Combining equations [1], [6], [7] and [12]

gives the wire diameter, d:
Combining equations [9] and [10] gives: 4 P
d= 3 [13]
2 p R20
Rating U2 U Current
R R P
2.
I R U
P
U.I P I
R
U
P.R U R
I
P U2
I P P
I.R
I2
Voltage Resistance
Combining equations [2], [6], [9] and [10]

gives:
AC I2 Ct
= [cm2/] or [in2/] [11]
R20 p
AC
The ratio , used for determining wire,
R20
strip or ribbon size, is tabulated for all alloys
in the Kanthal Handbook.
metric Lately, investigations have shown that a

more correct way of expressing the cross-
4 P L
d= 3 [mm] [13] sectional area of ribbon is:
2 p R20 10
2
t bt
imperial q = 0.985 [15]
2b
4 P L
d= 3 [in] [13]
2 p R20 15.28 106 (Equation [15] is, however, used throughout
this Handbook).
Example:
According to section 2 Definition:
= 1.35 mm2/m = (812 /cmf ) for Coil pitch, s [mm] or [in]
Kanthal D A round wire is often wound as a coil. For
P = 1000 W calculating coil pitch, s, the equation [16]
p = 8 W/cm2 (51.6 W/in2) applies:
R = 40
(D d) 2 L 2
+1=
According to equation [13]: s Le
4 1.35 1000 L (D d) [16]

d= 3 = 0.55 mm s=
2 8 40 10 L 2
1
Le
4 812 1000 L
d= 3 =
2 51.6 40 15.28 106 metric
= 0.022 inch (D d)
s=
L 1000 2 [16]
B) Strip : 1
Le
q=bt [14] imperial
(D d)
C) Ribbon: s=
L 12 2 [16]
Since ribbons are made by flattening round
Le
1 10
wires, the cross-sectional area is somewhat
smaller depending on size, than equation
[14] indicates. As a rule of thumb, a factor When the pitch, s, is small relatively to coil
0.92 is used. diameter, D, and wire diameter, d.
s
Than << L , so that equation [16]
q = 0.92 b t [15] (D d)
can be simplified to:
(D d) Le The unit /smf is used principally for con-

s= [17] ductors with rectangular cross sections. Even
L here length is given in feet and width and
Relative pitch s/d thickness in mils.
The ratio s/d is often used. It is called the Example ribbon calculation:
relative pitch or the stretch factor, and may Calculate the resistance of a KANTHAL D
affect the heat dissipation from the coil. ribbon 10 feet long, where t = 0.04 in and b
s = 0.5 in.
r= [--]
d Combining equation [1] and [14]:
The ratio D/d is essential for the coiling
L
operation, as well as the mechanical stability R20 = and q = 0.92 b t
of the coil in a hot state. q
Example wire calculation: L
Calculate the resistance of a 3-foot-long R20 =
0.92 b t
KANTHAL D wire, 22 B & S (0.02535 in
diameter).
= 1.35 mm2/m = 812 cmf
Combining equation [1] and [12]:
L = 10 foot = 10 12 in = 10 0.305 m
L t = 0.04 in = 40 mil = 0.04 25.4 mm =
R20 = and q = d2
= 1.016 mm
q 4
b = 0.5 in = 500 mil = 0.5 25.4 mm =
L4 = 12.7 mm
R20 =
d2
Metric units:
= 1.35 mm2/m = 812 /cmf = 1.35 10 0.305
= 637.79 /smf R20 = = 0.346
L = 3 foot = 3 0.305 m 0.92 12.7 1.016
d = 0.02535 in = 25.35 mil = 0.644 mm
Imperial units (smf ):
Metric units:
812 10
R20 =
1.35 3 0.305 4
= 3.79 R20 = = 0.346
0.6442 0.92 500 40 1.2732
Imperial units (cmf ):
812 3
R20 =
(0.02535)2
812 3
R20 = = 3.79
25.352
3. Formulas for Values in Chapter 9, Tables
In the Kanthal handbook values per meter Weigth per meter, mm [g/m]
of the material in each dimension are calcu- Wire
lated and presented in the table as surface m = volume = q l mm = q
area, weight, resistance.
Furthermore are the cross sectional area Wire
and area / calculated. d2
mm = [18]
Below you can see formulas used (formulas 4
include the unit correction)
Strip
Metric units:
Cross sectional area q [mm2] mm = b t [18]
Based on equation [12] [14] res. [15]
Ribbon
Wire
mm = 0.92 b t
q = d2
[18]
[12]
4
Strip Resistance per meter R20/m [/m]
Based on equation [1]
q=bt [14]
R20/m = [1]
q
Ribbon
Wire
q = 0.92 b t [15] 4
R20/m = [1]
d2
Surface area per meter AC/m [cm2/m]
Based on equation [7] res. [8] Strip
Wire
R20/m = [1]
bt
AC/m = d 10 [7]
Ribbon

Strip/Ribbon R20/m = [1] 10
0.92 b t
AC/m = 2 (b + t) 10 [8]
Surface area per [cm2/ ] Resistance per kilo, Rkg [/kg]

Combining [1] and [7] respectively [1] Combining [1] and [18]
and [8]
Wire R20/m 1000 1000 1000
Rkg = = =
AC/m d q 10 2 d3 10 mm qq q2
= =
R20/m 4 Wire
Strip 1000 1000
Rkg = 2
=
AC/m 2 (b + t) b t 10 d2 2 d4
= =
R20/m 4 16
20 (b + t) b t Strip
=
1000
Rkg =
Ribbon b2 t2
AC/m 2 (b + t) 0.92 b t 10 Ribbon
= = 1000 1181.5
R20/m Rkg = = 2 2
b2 t2 0.92
2 b t
18.4 (b + t) b t
=

Other equations which could be helpful

Length per kilo, Lkg [m/kg]
1000
Based on equation [18] Lkg =
mm
Wire
4000
Lkg = 1000 4 = [18]
d
2 d2
Strip
Lkg = 1000 [18]
bt
Ribbon
Lkg = 1000 = 1087 [18]
0.92 b t b t
Imperial units Ribbon

wire = /cir.mil foot respectively
strip/ribbon= /square mil foot. mft = 0.92 b t 12 = 11.04 b t [18]
Cross sectional area q [in2]

Based on equation [12] [14] res. [15] Resistance per foot R20 / ft [/ft]
Wire
Based on equation [1] R20 / ft =
q
q= d2 [12] Wire
4

R20 / ft = [1]
Strip d 10 6
2
q= b t [14] Strip

R20 / ft = [1]
Ribbon b t 10 6
q = 0.92 b t [15] Ribbon

R20 / ft = [1]
Surface area per foot AC / ft [in /ft] 2 0.92 b t 10 6
Based on equation [7] res. [8]
Surface area per [in2/]
Wire Combining [1] and [7] respectively [1]
and [8]
AC / ft = d 12 [7]
Wire
Strip/ribbon AC / ft d 2 q 12 10 6 2 d 3 3 10 6
= =
R20 / ft
AC / ft = 2 (b + t) 12 = 24 (b + t) [8]
Strip
AC / ft 2 (b + t) b t 12 10 6
= =
Weigth per foot [lb/ft] R20 / ft
m = volume = q l mft = q 6
Wire = 24 (b + t) b t 10 10

d 2 12 = d 2 3 Ribbon
mft = [18]
4 AC / ft 2 (b + t) 0.92 b t 12 10 6
= =
Strip R20 / ft
22.08 (b + t) b t 10 6
mft = b t 12 [18] =

Other equations which could be helpful Resistance per lb Rlb [/lb]

Length per lb llb [ft/lb] Combining [1] and [18]
1
Based on equation [18] llb = R
mft Rlb = 20 / ft = = 2
m ft q q q
Wire
Wire
4 1
llb = = [18]
d 12
2 d 2 3 Rlb = =
d 210 6 d 2 3
Strip
=
1 d 10 3
4 6
llb = [18]
b t 12 Strip
Ribbon
Rlb =
1 1 b 2 t 2 12 10 6
llb = = [18]
0.92 b t 12 b t 11.04 Ribbon

Rlb = =
b t 0.922 12 10 6
2 2
=
b 2 t 2 10.16 10 6
4. Relationship between metric and imperial units
Metric and imperial sytem conversion table

1 mm2m-1 (m) = 601.54 /cmf
1 mm2m-1 (m) = 472.44 /smf
1 /smf = 1.2732 /cmf
1 inch [in] = 1000 mil = 0.0254 m

1 foot = 12 in = 0.3048 m
1 mil = 0.001 inch = 0.0254 mm
1 W/cm2 = 6.45 W/in2
1 W/in2 = 0.155 W/cm2
5. Design Calculations for Heating Elements

In this section an element is defined as the Wire Temperature
combination of heating wire and any For embedded and supported element types
supporting and connecting materials. the wire temperature depends upon both the
Electrical appliances equipped with a heating wire and the element surface load. For the
element are being used in domestic as well as suspended element types the element surface
industrial applications. Domestic applica- load in most cases cannot be defined. In
tions are e.g. cooking, heating of addition to the surface load, ambient tem-
fluids, drying, ironing, space heating and perature, heating dissipating conditions and
special purposes such as heating of beds, presence and location of other elements will
aquariums, saunas, soldering irons and paint influence the wire temperature and therefore
strippers. Industrial applications are such as also the choice of wire surface load and ele-
heat treatment, hardening and drying of ment surface load.
inks, paints and lacquers. In vehicles, seats,
motors and rear view mirrors are frequently
electrically heated.
The appliance and the element must meet
requirements regarding performance, cost of
raw material and manufacture, life and
safety. The requirements may be opposed to
each other. A long life and a high degree of
safety means a low wire temperature, which
results in a long heating up time and often
also high raw material costs.
Domestic heating appliances must not
cause harm to individuals or damage to
property. Safety specifications for each Life test of elements.
market may influence the design of the
appliance and the element and limit their
temperature.
The life of a well designed element de-
pends upon the make and the type of wire
used. Our FeCrAl and NiCr(Fe) wires have
excellent properties at high temperature and
provide the best possible life. It should be 10
kept in mind that the life of a wire increases
with wire diameter and decreasing wire tem-
perature.
Surface Load Surface and Resistance

When calculating an element, voltage and After having calculated the resistance in cold
rating are normally known. The element state, the ratio between the surface and the
surface load means the rating divided by resistance is found. This ratio is listed for all
that part of element surface, which is close wire types and wire dimensions in the
to the energised wire and therefore has an Kanthal handbook, and the correct wire size
elevated temperature. Usually a range of can therefore easily be found from these
surface loads and not one single figure tables.
is listed in the mentioned tables. The choice
within the range depends upon the require-
ments for the element. It also depends upon
voltage, rating and dimensions available. A
high voltage and a low rating will result in a
thin wire, which at the same temperature
has a shorter life than a thick wire and will
therefore require a low wire surface load.
The wire surface is then found as the
ratio between rating and wire surface load.
Life test of 4 mm wire. Bash test of alloys.

Coil Parameters Metal Sheathed Tubular Element

The ratio between coil and wire diameter The calculation of a metal sheathed tubular
(D/d) must be calculated in order to check element is more complicated since the resist-
that the coil can easily be made. This ratio ance is reduced 10 to 30 % as a result of the
(D/d) should be in the range 5-12 if possi- compression of the element. For such ele-
ble. In case of supported elements, this ratio ments, the tube surface load is first deter-
must be compared with the deformation mined according to the use of the element.
curve in Figure 3, page 23. When the coil The wire surface load is normally 2 to 4
length and diameter are known, the coil times greater. After calculating the resistance
pitch (s) can be estimated by formula [17] in from rating and voltage, it has to be in-
the Appendix. Coil pitch (s) is normally 2-4 creased 10 to 30 % in order to arrive at the
times the wire diameter (d). For quartz tube resistance after coiling. The wire surface will
heaters a smaller pitch is normally used. become 2 to 7 % smaller when the element
Preoxidised coils from KANTHAL FeCrAl has been reduced. Since the tube length is
in such elements can be used tightly coiled. increased through compression by rolling,
For a straight wire on a threaded ceramic the tube surface often remains unaltered.
rod and for many elements of the suspended
type the wire length is fixed. The resistance
per meter can then be calculated and the
wire size found from the tables of the
Kanthal handbook. If this results in too high
a surface load in case of a ribbon, a wider
and thinner ribbon having the same cross
section can be chosen.
Glowing coil inside tubular heating element.
10
Examples
According to equation [6] the wire surface
Tubular Element for a Flat Iron
can be calculated to
Rating, P 1000 W P
p=
Voltage. U 220 V Ac
Final tube diameter: 8 mm (0.315 in) P = 1000 = 20.83 21 cm2 (3.3 in2)
Final tube length: 300 mm (11.8 in) Ac =
p 48
If the terminal length inside the tube is 2 x KANTHAL D is a sensible choice and an
25 mm (2 x 1 in) the coil length (Le) will be average wire temperature of 700 C
Le = 300 mm (2 x 25 mm) = 250 mm (1290 F) likely. Due to temperature factor
(9.8 in). Combining equation [9] and [10] of resistance (Ct for Kanthal D, table
gives as hot resistance chapter 2, = 1.05 ) the resistance at room
U2 2202 48.4 temperature is based on [2] calculated to:
R= = = RT 48.4
P 1000 RT = Ct R20 R20 = = = 46.09
According to equation [6] tubes surface load Ct 1.05
becomes 46.1
P = P = The ratio wire surface to resistance is
ptube =
Atube dtube Le 0.01 AC 21 cm2
= = 0.455 ,
1000 W R20 46.1
= = 15.91 = (103 W/in2)
8 250 0.01 cm2 corresponding to a wire size of about
0.3 mm (0.012 in), based on the table for
If we aim at three times higher wire surface KANTHAL D in chapter 9.
load:
W
pwire = 3 ptube = 3 15.91 = 47.74 48 2
cm
(309 W/in2)
Coils in grooved metal plates. Metal sheathed tubular element.

We assume that a steel tube of initially Combining [1] and [7], [8]
9.5 mm (0.37 in) diameter is being used and
can then expect a resistance reduction of Wire
AC 50 cm2 cm2
about 30 % upon rolling. The resistance of = = 6.01
the coil should therefore be about 65.3 . R20 8.31
The wire surface prior to compression is According to the table in chapter 9, Kanthal
7 % bigger, or 22.5 cm2 (3.49 in2), and the D 0.70 mm has an area to resistance ratio
ratio between wire surface and resistance of 6.27 cm2/.
0.34 cm2/ (0.053 in2/).
The corresponding wire size is 0.26 mm Verifying the geometry of the coil, suitable
(0.01 in). Tests with this wire size have to be values for the D/d ratio are between 6-12.
made in order to check the resistance reduc- D/d ratio has to be considered since too
tion as a result of compression. low as well as too high values will create
Coil suspended on a Mica-cross, element problems in the coiling process. In this case:
for a hair dryer D 6 mm
= = 8.6 which is within limits
d 0.7 mm
Rating, P 350W To get the length of wire we have to calcu-
Voltage, U 55 V late the ratio between resistance needed
Length of coil, l 250 mm and resistance per meter according to table
Coil outer diameter, D 6 mm chapter 9, KANTHAL D, d = 0.7 mm
R20/m = 3.51 /m.
For this application a surface load, p, of
7 W/cm2 is reasonable, using equation [6] The length of the wire becomes:
gives a wire surface of: R20 8.31 m
L= = = 2.367 m
P P 350 = 50 cm2 R20 / m 3.51
p= Ac = p =
Ac 7
Based on [17] the coil pitch, s, is calculated
Assuming a wire temperature of 600 C and to:
choosing Kanthal D with an Ct value of (D d) Le (7 0.7) 250
1.04. Next step is to calculate hot- and cold s= = = 2.09 mm
L 2370
resistance, according to combining equation
[9], [10] and [2]: and subsequently a relative pitch:
s 2.09 10
U 552 r= = = 2.98
RT = 2 = = 8.64 d 0.7
P 350
RT Finally the actual surface load is based on [6]
R20 = = 8.31 calculated to:
Ct
By calculating the surface area to cold P 350
resistance ratio, a suitable wire dimension p= = = 6.7 W/cm2
Ac/m L 22 2.37
is found:
6. Wire Gauge Conversion Table
Gauge AWG or B&S SWG Gauge AWG or B&S SWG

no. inch mm inch mm no. inch mm inch mm
4-0 0.4600 11.684 0.4000 10.1600 29 0.01126 0.286 0.0136 0.345
3-0 0.4096 10.404 0.3720 9.4488 30 0.01003 0.255 0.0124 0.315
2-0 0.3648 9.266 0.3480 8.8392 31 0.008928 0.227 0.0116 0.295
0 0.3249 8.252 0.3240 8.2296 32 0.007950 0.202 0.0108 0.274
1 0.2893 7.348 0.3000 7.6200 33 0.007080 0.180 0.0100 0.254
2 0.2576 6.543 0.2760 7.0104 34 0.006305 0.160 0.00920 0.234
3 0.2294 5.827 0.2520 6.4008 35 0.005615 0.143 0.00840 0.213
4 0.2043 5.189 0.2320 5.8928 36 0.005000 0.127 0.00760 0.193
5 0.1819 4.620 0.2120 5.3848 37 0.004453 0.113 0.00680 0.173
6 0.1620 4.115 0.1920 4.8768 38 0.003965 0.101 0.00600 0.152
7 0.1443 3.665 0.1760 4.4704 39 0.003531 0.0897 0.00520 0.132
8 0.1285 3.264 0.1600 4.0640 40 0.003145 0.0799 0.00480 0.122
9 0.1144 2.906 0.1440 3.6576 41 0.002800 0.0711 0.00440 0.112
10 0.1019 2.588 0.1280 3.251 42 0.002494 0.0633 0.00400 0.102
11 0.09074 2.305 0.1160 2.946 43 0.002221 0.0564 0.00360 0.0914
12 0.08081 2.053 0.1040 2.642 44 0.001978 0.0502 0.00320 0.0813
13 0.07196 1.828 0.0920 2.337 45 0.001761 0.0447 0.00280 0.0711
14 0.06408 1.628 0.0800 2.032 46 0.001568 0.0398 0.00240 0.0610
15 0.05707 1.450 0.0720 1.829 47 0.001397 0.0355 0.00200 0.0508
16 0.05082 1.291 0.0640 1.626 48 0.001244 0.0316 0.00160 0.0406
17 0.04526 1.150 0.0560 1.422 49 0.001108 0.0281 0.00120 0.0305
18 0.04030 1.024 0.0480 1.219 50 0.000986 0.0250 0.00100 0.0254
19 0.03589 0.912 0.0400 1.016 51 0.000800 0.0203 0.000878 0.0223
20 0.03196 0.812 0.0360 0.914 52 0.000600 0.0152 0.000782 0.0199
21 0.02846 0.723 0.0320 0.813 53 0.000500 0.0127 0.000697 0.0177
22 0.02535 0.644 0.0280 0.711 54 0.000400 0.0102 0.000620 0.0157
23 0.02257 0.573 0.0240 0.610 55 0.000300 0.0076 0.000552 0.0140
24 0.02010 0.511 0.0220 0.559 56 0.000492 0.0125
25 0.01790 0.455 0.0200 0.508 57 0.000438 0.0111
26 0.01594 0.405 0.0180 0.457 58 0.000390 0.00991
27 0.01420 0.361 0.0164 0.417 59 0.000347 0.00881
28 0.01264 0.321 0.0148 0.376 60 0.000309 0.00785
7. Temperature Conversion Table
The numbers in the light shaded area indi- If 10 degrees are read in Celsius, look in the
cate the temperatures as read. The corre- right column and convert it to 50 F. If 10
sponding temperatures in Fahrenheit are degrees F is read, look in the left column
given on the right and those in Celsius on and convert it to -12,2 C.
the left.
C F C F C F
17.8 0 32 6.11 43 109.4 30.6 87 188.6
17.2 1 33.8 6.67 44 111.2 31.1 88 190.4
16.7 2 35.6 7.22 45 113.0 31.7 89 192.2
16.1 3 37.4 7.78 46 114.8 32.2 90 194.0
15.6 4 39.2 8.33 47 116.6 32.8 91 195.8
15.0 5 41.0 8.89 48 118.4 33.3 92 197.6
14.4 6 42.8 9.44 49 120.2 33.9 93 199.4
13.9 7 44.6 10.0 50 122.0 34.4 94 201.2
13.3 8 46.4 10.6 51 123.8 35.0 95 203.0
12.8 9 48.2 11.1 52 125.6 35.6 96 204.8
12.2 10 50.0 11.7 53 127.4 36.1 97 206.6
11.7 11 51.8 12.2 54 129.2 36.7 98 208.4
11.1 12 53.6 12.8 55 131.0 37.2 99 210.2
10.6 13 55.4 13.3 56 132.8 38 100 212
10.0 14 57.2 13.9 57 134.6 43 110 230
9.44 15 59.0 14.4 58 136.4 49 120 248
8.89 16 60.8 15.0 59 138.2 54 130 266
8.33 17 62.6 15.6 60 140.0 60 140 284
7.78 18 64.4 16.1 61 141.8 66 150 302
7.22 19 66.2 16.7 62 143.6 71 160 320
6.67 20 68.0 17.2 63 145.4 77 170 338
6.11 21 69.8 17.8 64 147.2 82 180 356
5.56 22 71.6 18.3 65 149.0 88 190 374
5.00 23 73.4 18.9 66 150.8 93 200 392
4.44 24 75.2 19.4 67 152.6 99 210 410
3.89 25 77.0 20.0 68 154.4 100 212 413
3.33 26 78.8 21.1 70 158.0 104 220 428
2.78 27 80.6 21.7 71 159.8 110 230 446
2.22 28 82.4 22.2 72 161.6 116 240 464
1.67 29 84.2 22.8 73 163.4 121 250 482
1.11 30 86.0 23.3 74 165.2 127 260 500
0.56 31 87.8 23.9 75 167.0 132 270 518
0 32 89.6 24.4 76 168.8 138 280 536
0.56 33 91.4 25.0 77 170.6 143 290 554
1.11 34 93.2 25.6 78 172.4 149 300 572 10
1.67 35 95.0 26.1 79 174.2 154 310 590
2.22 36 96.8 26.7 80 176.0 160 320 608
2.78 37 98.6 27.2 81 177.8 166 330 626
3.33 38 100.4 27.8 82 179.6 171 340 644
3.89 39 102.2 28.3 83 181.4 177 350 662
4.44 40 104.0 28.9 84 183.2 182 360 680
5.00 41 105.8 29.4 85 185.0 188 370 698
5.56 42 107.6 30.0 86 186.8 193 380 716
cont.
cont.
C F C F C F
199 390 734 482 900 1652 766 1410 2570
204 400 752 488 910 1670 771 1420 2588
210 410 770 493 920 1688 777 1430 2606
216 420 788 499 930 1706 782 1440 2624
221 430 806 504 940 1724 788 1450 2842
227 440 824 510 950 1742 793 1460 2660
232 450 842 516 960 1760 799 1470 2678
238 460 860 521 970 1778 804 1480 2696
243 470 878 527 980 1796 810 1490 2714
254 490 914 532 990 1814 816 1500 2732
260 500 932 538 1000 1832 821 1510 2750
266 510 950 543 1010 1850 827 1520 2768
271 520 968 549 1020 1868 832 1530 2786
277 530 986 554 1030 1886 838 1540 2804
282 540 1004 560 1040 1904 843 1550 2822
288 550 1022 566 1050 1922 849 1560 2840
293 560 1040 571 1060 1940 854 1570 2858
299 570 1058 577 1070 1958 860 1580 2876
304 580 1076 582 1080 1976 866 1590 2894
310 590 1094 588 1090 1994 871 1600 2912
316 600 1112 593 1100 2012 877 1610 2930
321 610 1130 599 1110 2030 882 1820 2948
327 620 1148 604 1120 2048 888 1630 2966
332 630 1166 610 1130 2066 893 1640 2984
338 640 1184 616 1140 2084 899 1650 3002
343 650 1202 621 1150 2102 904 1660 3020
349 660 1220 627 1160 2120 910 1670 3038
354 670 1238 632 1170 2138 916 1680 3058
360 680 1256 643 1190 2174 921 1690 3074
366 690 1274 649 1200 2192 927 1700 3092
371 700 1292 654 1210 2210 932 1710 3110
377 710 1310 660 1220 2228 938 1720 3128
382 720 1328 666 1230 2246 943 1730 3146
388 730 1346 671 1240 2264 949 1740 3164
393 740 1364 677 1250 2282 954 1750 3182
399 750 1382 682 1260 2300 960 1760 3200
404 760 1400 688 1270 2318 966 1770 3218
410 770 1418 693 1280 2336 971 1780 3236
416 780 1436 699 1290 2354 977 1790 3254
421 790 1454 704 1300 2372 982 1800 3272
427 800 1472 710 1310 2390 988 1810 3290
432 810 1490 716 1320 2408 993 1820 3308
438 820 1508 721 1330 2426 999 1830 3326
443 830 1526 727 1340 2444 1004 1840 3344
449 840 1544 732 1350 2462 1010 1850 3362
454 850 1562 738 1360 2480 1016 1860 3380
460 860 1580 743 1370 2498 1021 1870 3398
468 870 1598 749 1380 2516 1032 1890 3434
471 880 1816 754 1390 2534 1038 1900 3452
477 890 1634 760 1400 2552 1043 1910 3470
cont.
cont.
C F C F C F
1049 1920 3488 1249 2280 4138 1454 2650 4802
1054 1930 3506 1254 2290 4154 1460 2660 4820
1060 1940 3524 1260 2300 4172 1466 2670 4838
1066 1950 3542 1266 2310 4190 1471 2680 4856
1071 1960 3560 1271 2320 4208 1477 2690 4874
1077 1970 3578 1277 2330 4226 1482 2700 4892
1082 1980 3596 1282 2340 4244 1488 2710 4910
1088 1990 3614 1288 2350 4262 1493 2720 4928
1093 2000 3632 1293 2360 4280 1499 2730 4946
1099 2010 3650 1299 2370 4298 1504 2740 4964
1104 2020 3668 1304 2380 4316 1510 2750 4982
1110 2030 3686 1310 2390 4334 1516 2760 5000
1116 2040 3704 1316 2400 4352 1521 2770 5018
1121 2050 3722 1321 2410 4370 1527 2780 5036
1127 2060 3740 1327 2420 4388 1532 2790 5054
1132 2070 3758 1332 2430 4406 1538 2800 5072
1138 2080 3776 1338 2440 4424 1543 2810 5090
1143 2090 3794 1343 2450 4442 1549 2820 5108
1149 2100 3812 1349 2460 4460 1554 2830 5126
1154 2110 3830 1354 2470 4478 1560 2840 5144
1160 2120 3848 1360 2480 4496 1566 2850 5162
1166 2130 3866 1366 2490 4514 1571 2860 5180
1171 2140 3884 1371 2500 4532 1577 2870 5198
1177 2150 3902 1377 2510 4550 1582 2880 5216
1182 2160 3920 1382 2520 4568 1588 2890 5234
1188 2170 3938 1388 2530 4586 1593 2900 5252
1193 2180 3956 1393 2540 4604 1599 2910 5270
1199 2190 3974 1399 2550 4622 1604 2920 5288
1204 2200 3992 1404 2560 4640 1610 2930 5306
1210 2210 4010 1410 2570 4658 1616 2940 5324
1216 2220 4028 1421 2590 4694 1621 2950 5342
1221 2230 4046 1427 2600 4712 1627 2960 5360
1227 2240 4064 1432 2610 4730 1632 2970 5376
1232 2250 4082 1438 2620 4748 1638 2980 5396
1238 2260 4100 1443 2630 4766 1643 2990 5414
1243 2270 4118 1449 2640 4784 1649 3000 5432
Interpolation table
C F
0.56 1 1.8
1.11 2 3.6
10
1.67 3 5.4
2.22 4 7.2
2.78 5 9.0
3.33 6 10.8
3.89 7 12.6
4.44 8 14.4
5.00 9 16.2
5.56 10 18.0
8. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors
To Convert from: To: Multiply by:

ampere-turns gilberts 1.2566
atmospheres torr 760.00
btus kilogram-calories 0.25200
btus foot-pounds 778.17
btus horsepower-hours 0.00039308
btus joules 1054.0
btus kilogram-meters 107.59
btus kilowatt-hours 0.00029307
btus gram-calories 252.00
btus watt-hours 0.29307
btus/hour watts 0.29307
btus/minute watts 17.584
btus/minute foot-pounds/sec 12.961
btus/sq ft watt-hours/sq meter 3.1546
btus/(sq ft)(min) watts/sq inch 0.12203
btus/(hr)(sq ft) watts/sq meter 3.1525
btus/(hr)(sq ft)(F) gm-cals/(sec)(sq m)(oC) 1.3562
calories joules 4.1840
Centigrade Fahrenheit 1.8 x (C+32)
centipoise pascal-seconds 0.001
circular mils square centimeters 0.000005067
circular mils square inches 0.0000007854
circular mils square mils 0.78540
cubic cm cubic inches 0.061024
degrees (angle) radians 0.017453
degrees/sec revolutions/min 0.16667
dynes grams 0.0010197
dynes newtons 0.00001
dynes pounds 0.0000022481
dynes/sq cm kgs/sq meter 0.010197
dynes/sq cm pounds/sq foot 0.0020885
dynes/sq cm pounds/sq inch 0.000014503
Fahrenheit Centigrade 0.555 x (F - 32)
fathoms feet 6
foot-pounds horsepower-hours 0.00000050505
foot-pounds joules 1.3558
foot-pounds newton-meters 1.3558
foot-pounds kilogram-calories 0.00032383
foot-pounds kilogram-meters 0.13826
foot-pounds kilowatt-hours 0.00000037662
foot-pounds/min horsepower 0.000030303
foot-pounds/min kilowatts 0.000022597
foot-pounds/sec horsepower 0.0018182
foot-pounds/sec kg-calories/min 0.019443

foot-pounds/sec kilowatts 0.0013558
furlongs miles 0.125
gallons (U.S.) gallons (Brit.) 0.83267
gallons liters 3.7854
gallons pints (liquid) 8
gallons quarts (liquid) 4
gallons/min cubic feet/sec 0.0022280
gallons/min liters/sec 0.063090
gauss lines/sq inch 6.4516
gauss webers/sq meter 0.0001
grams ounces 0.035274
grams ounces (troy) 0.032151
grams poundals 0.070932
grams pounds 0.0022046
gram-centimeters btus 0.00000009301
gram-centimeters foot-pounds 0.000072330
gram-centimeters joules 0.000098067
gram-centimeters kilogram-meters 0.00001
grams/cm pounds/inch 0.0055997
grams/cu cm pounds/cu foot 62.428
grams/cu cm pounds/cu inch 0.036127
grams/cu cm pounds/circ mil foot 0.00000034049
horsepower (electric) horsepower (metric) 1.0143
horsepower kg-calories/min 10.686
horsepower horsepower (metric) 1.0139
horsepower kilowatts 0.7457
horsepower watts 745.7
horsepower-hours joules 2684520
horsepower-hours kilogram-calories 641.19
horsepower-hours kilogram-meters 273745
hours seconds 3600
inches centimeters 2.54
inches mils 1000
inches millimeters 25.4
joules kilogram-calories 0.00023866
joules volt-coulombs 0.99984 10
joules watt-hours 0.00027778
joules watt-seconds 1
kilograms dynes 980665
kilograms poundals 70.932
kilograms pounds 2.2046
kilograms pounds (troy) 2.6792
kilograms tons (short) 0.0011023
kilograms tons (long) 0.00098421
kilogram-calories kilogram-meters 426.93

kilogram-calories kilowatt-hours 0.001163
kg-cals/minute kilowatts 0.06978
kilogram-meters kilowatt-hours 0.0000027241
kgs/cu meter grams/cu cm 0.001
kgs/cu meter pounds/cu foot 0.062428
kgs/cu meter pounds/cu inch 0.000036127
kgs/meter pounds/foot 0.67197
kgs/sq centimeter pounds/sq inch 14.223
kgs/sq meter pounds/sq foot 0.20482
kgs/sq meter pounds/sq inch 0.0014223
kilopascals pounds/sq in 0.14504
kilowatt btus/min 56.878
kilowatt-hours btus 3413
kilowatt-hours horsepower-hours 1.3410
kilowatt-hours kilogram-calories 860
kilowatt-hours joules 3600000
liter cubic cm 1000
liter cubic inches 61.023
liters quarts (liquid) 1.0567
liters/minute cubic feet/sec 0.00058858
liters/minute gallons/sec 0.0044029
meters inches 39.370
meters kilometers 0.001
meters yards 1.0936
meter-kilograms pound-feet 7.2330
meters/second miles/hour 2.2369
meters/second feet/minute 196.85
meters/second kilometers/hour 3.6
meters/second miles/minute 0.037282
micrograms grams 0.000001
microhms ohms 0.000001
microinches inches 0.000001
microinches microns 25.4
microinches millimeters 0.0254
microliters liters 0.000001
microns inches 0.000039370
microns meters 0.000001
microns millimeters 0.001
miles feet 5280
millibars torr 0.75006
millibars pascals 100
millihenries henries 0.001
millimeters mils 39.370
nautical miles kilometers 1.852
newtons pounds 0.22481

oersteds amperes/meter 79.577
ohm - circular mil/foot ohm - square mil/foot 1.273
ohm - circular mil/foot ohm - square mm/meter 0.00166
ohm - circular mil/foot microhm cm 0.16624
ohms/foot ohms/meter 3.2808
ounces pounds 0.0625
ounces (fluid) cubic inches 1.8047
ounces (fluid) liters 0.02957
ounces (troy) grains 480
ounces (troy) pounds (troy) 0.083333
pound grams 453.59
pound grains 7000
pound kilograms 0.45359
pounds (troy) pounds (avdp) 0.82286
pounds/sq foot pounds/sq inch 0.0069444
pounds/sq inch newton/sq meter 6894.8
pounds/cubic foot kilograms/cubic meter 16.019
pounds/cubic inch grams/cubic cm 27.680
radians revolutions 0.15915
radians/sec revolutions/min 9.5493
slugs kilograms 14.594
square centimeters square inches 0.15500
square feet square meters 0.092903
square millimeters circular mils 1973.5
square mils circular mils 1.2732
square mils square centimeters 0.0000064516
square mils square inches 0.000001
stones pounds 14
watts ergs/second 10000000
watts foot-pounds/min 44.254
watts foot-pounds/sec 0.73756
watts kg-calories/min 0.014331
watt-hours foot-pounds 2655.2
watt-hours kilogram-calories 0.85985
10
11. The Kanthal Product Range

Heating Alloys Precision Wire
Appliance Wire 0.12-2 mm 0.00468-0.078 in Precision Wire
Ribbon 0.015-0.12 mm 0.000585-0.00468 in
The heating source in most electric house- Is used in electronic components such as
hold appliances such as ovens, toasters, hair resistors and potentiometers and for low
dryers, washing machines etc. temperature heating.
Industrial Wire 1-10 mm 0.039-0.47 in

Strip Special Alloys
For heating elements in industrial furnaces
and processes. Alloys for thermocouples, extension
and compensating cables.
Alloy Max temperature Nickel-iron.
KANTHAL APM 1425 C 2595 F Controlled expansion alloys.
KANTHAL A-1 1400 C 2550 F High temperature alloys for
KANTHAL A 1350 C 2460 F mechanical applications.
KANTHAL AE 1300 C 2370 F Copper-nickel alloys for special
KANTHAL AF 1300 C 2370 F applications.
KANTHAL D 1300 C 2370 F
ALKROTHAL 1100 C 2010 F
Precision wire 0.015 mm in the eye of a meedle.
NIKROTHAL 80 1200 C 2190 F
NIFETHAL 70 600 C 1110 F
NIFETHAL 52 600 C 1110 F
Thermostatic Bimetal Kanthal Super

Bimetal consists of two or more metallic High power and long life electric heating
strips with different thermal expansion elements for use up to very high tempera-
bonded together. When heated up it bends tures. Manufactured as ready-made ele-
in a pre-determined manner and can be used ments, straight or bent in a broad range of
to monitor, measure or regulate heat. Its standard dimensions. Used mainly in labora-
main applications are in thermostats for tory furnaces and production furnaces in the
room heaters or water mixing but they are glass-, electronics-, steel-, ceramics and heat
also used to control toasters and indicators treatment industry.
in automobiles.
Kanthal offers a wide range of some 30 Quality Max temperature
standard types of thermostatic Bimetal with Kanthal Super 1700 1700 C 3090 F
different specific deflection, manufactured in Kanthal Super 1800 1800 C 3270 F
widths ranging between 170 and 1.0 mm Kanthal Super 1900 1850 C 3360 F
6.63 - 0.039 in and in thickness between Kanthal Super HT 1830 C 3330 F
2.5 and 0.10 mm 0.097 - 0.0039 in. Kanthal Super RA 1700 C 3090 F
Bimetal is also manufactured to specifica- Kanthal Super ER 1600 C 2910 F
tions suitable for the snap action disc appli- Kanthal Super NC 1800 C 3270 F
cations.
SUPERTHAL
Heating modules with Kanthal Super ele-
ments and ceramic fibre in the form of half-
cylinders, cylinders, panels or completely
tailor made for use up to 1550 C 2820 F.
Superthal is used wherever concentrated heat
is needed, for example in the electronics-
and the glass industry as well as in dental
furnaces.
Thermostatic Bimetal. Kanthal Super and Superthal
11
Metallic Elements FIBROTHAL
Ready-made furnace elements manufactured A complete modular system comprising

in Kanthal workshops from KANTHAL or heating elements and insulation for furnaces
NIKROTHAL alloys for and processes up to 1200 C 2190 F.
furnace temperatures between 50 C 1350
C 120 2460 F.
FIBROTHAL.
Metallic elements manufacturing.

TUBOTHAL Tubes
Powerful metallic element heaters for use KANTHAL APM and SANDVIK 253/353
inside all types of radiant tubes, ideally MA extruded radiant tubes for gas- or electri-
KANTHAL APM. Available in standard cally heated furnaces. Complete assemblies
dimensions from 68 to 170 mm diameter with inner tubes (gas) or suitable electric heat-
2.6 - 6.6 in. ing elements. Standard dimensions from 26
to 260 mm outer diameter 1.02- 10.2 in.
ECOTHAL
Ecothal is the worlds cleanest recuperative

radiant heater. With electronically-controlled
gas/air supply and double catalytic converters,
nitrogen oxide emissions can be reduced by
around 75 %.
APM tube and Tubothal.
APM tubes. Ecothal
Bild nr 539 Saknas

original
11
Heating Elements Silicon Carbide
Furnace systems and complete heating ele- Heating elements in a broad range for use up
ments for semiconductor wafer processing. to 1650 C 3000 F. Manufactured in
Furnace rebuilds, upgrades and new replace- straight, spiralled, single or multi-shank de-
ment rnace systems to provide larger wafer signs for a variety of heat treatment and
processing capabilities. melting furnaces. Kanthal SiC is the stand-
ard element for production of float-glass.
GLOBAR
FLOAT
Helix heating element.
Silicon carbide elements.

Kanthal Machinery Customer Service

Kanthal Machinery offers a complete range Kanthal not only offers a complete range
of machines for manufacturing of tubes and of products to generate or protect against
metal sheathed tubular elements. Available as heat, but of equal importance is the tech-
either standard or custom built stand-alone nical and commercial service we extend to
machines to complete turnkey factory pro- our customers. Examples of this includes;
duction lines. advice on choice of material, design of
ements, trouble-shooting, design and manu-
facturing of complete heating systems,
development of new elements and alloys,
installation service and follow-up.
Coiling machine.
Electron Scanning Microscope.
11
Visit www.kanthal.com
You will always find the latest information about Kanthal and our products on the web.
Brochures, handbooks and data-sheets can be downloaded to your computer. You will find
address, e-mail, fax- and telephone numbers to all Kanthal subsidiaries and representatives,
press releases and other news.
Kanthal is a Sandvik Company.

Sandvik is a high-technology engineering Group with advanced products and
a world-leading position within selected niches tools for metalworking, machinery
and tools for rock-excavation, products in stainless steel, special alloys and high temperature
materials. World-wide business activities are conducted through 300 companies
and representation in 130 countries.
KANTHAL HANDBOOK
Heating Alloys for
KANTHAL HEATING ALLOYS Handbook

Electric Household Appliances
KANTHAL AB
www.kanthal.com
Tel +46 220 210 00
Fax +46 220 211 66
A Sandvik Company

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What are some of the different types of heating alloys discussed in the handbook?

What are some of the different types of heating alloys discussed in the handbook?

What factors should be considered when designing heating elements?

What factors should be considered when designing heating elements?

KANTHAL HANDBOOK

Heating Alloys for

KANTHAL HEATING ALLOYS Handbook

Kanthal is never far away!

Hallstahammar, February 2003

2. Physical and Mechanical Properties 12

3. Stranded Resistance Heating Wire 15

4. Thin Wide Strip 18

6. Element types and heating applications 23

11. The complete Kanthal product range 90

1. Resistance Heating Alloys

Spools and Pail Pack.

Austenitic Alloys (NiCr, NiCrFe) Ferritic Alloys (FeCrAl)

Up to 1050 C 1920 F: NIKROTHAL 20 Up to 1300 C 2370 F: KANTHAL D

Up to 1100 C 2010 F: ALKROTHAL

Better resistance to sulphur Higher hot and creep strength 1

Better wet corrosion resistance

KANTHAL Resistance Heating Alloys Summary

Fig. 1 - Maximum operating temperature per alloy

Resistivity ( mm2 m-1) /cmf

Copper-Nickel alloys with medium and low resistivity

Different resistors and potentiometers using KANTHAL alloys.

2. Physical and Mechanical properties

1300 1100 1200 1250 1150 1100 1050 600 600

1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 2.19 1.93

670 630 810 820 730 675 675 640 610

CUPRO- MANGA- CUPROTHAL

3. Stranded Resistance Heating Wire

Alloy Nominal composition, % Resistivity at 20C Max. temp *)

) Values given apply for sizes approx. 1.0 mm

Strand diameter Size range

F=3 for 7-strand True Concentric

Standard Stocked Material

The Kanthal plant and head office in Hallstahammar, Sweden

Flexible Terminations for Industrial Applications

4. Thin Wide Strip

Thin strip vertically applied.

Thin strip heating elements for glass

Corrosive or potentially corrosive consti- Ceramic support material

Maximum Temperature per Wire Size

The table below gives maximum wire tem-

6. Element types and heating applications

Figure 3. Permissible D/d ratios as a function of

Elements Embedded in Ceramics

Wire: 5-10 W/cm2 30-60 W/in2

Panel heaters, IR heaters, warming plates, irons, ceramic pots.

Coils in grooved Metal Plates

Cast iron plates; also, irons, warming plates, kettles,

Cartridge Elements, Powder filled

NIKROTHAL 80 in straight wire elements.

Defrosting and de-icing elements,

KANTHAL A or D for horizontally operating coils.

Other ceramic elements

Boiling plates, air guns, hobby kilns, radiators.

KANTHAL AE, AF, A and D.