C.B.S.

E - XII

PRACTICE MATERIAL
(12 th Revised Edition)

Issuing Date : 7th June 2015

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 PREFACE

After going through the market available books on Mathematics for

CBSE XII , I come to know that no book is sufficient for the extensive preparation
for CBSE XII Examination .

It should be known to every student that 70 80 % question in

CBSE XII Exam have been asked from NCERT Text Book but remaining 20 30
% questions are HOTS ( High Order Thinking Skills) , that need deep rooted
knowledge in Mathematics .

Though above was the trend for exam up toCBSE XII 2012, from
the last three years the percentage of HOTS problems are increasing gradually and in the
CBSE XII 2015 it is alarmingly reversed as HOTS 80 % and NCERT 20 %.

So, to provide a better collection of questions, based on

some analytical approach. I have prepared this Practice Material , to help the students
to come in wonder tons (90 100).

I hope this material will be helpful to all students

irrespective of their energy level .

* Marked questions are Important for CBSE Exams.

Aniket Manohar
90-134-135-43 ; 783-8888-986
Web Address : www.aniketmathematics.com

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 CONTENTS
1. Relation & Functions 5 16

2. Inverse Trigonometric 17 21
Functions

3. Matrices 22 30

4. Determinants 31 41

5. Continuity, Differentiations 42 55

6. Applications of dy / dx 56 69

7. Indefinite Integrals 70 89

8. Definite Integrals 90 94

9. Area Bounding 95 98

10. Differential Equations 99 106

11. Vectors 107 117

12. Three Dimensions 118 128

13. Linear Programming 129 135

14. Probability 136 146

15. Value Added Problems 147 159

To be Issued Later In The Month

16. Operation : CBSE 2016 November

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 Dont Read This
1. Never Read Mathematics : Always adopt pen and paper for
doing mathematics otherwise , you will never be able to reproduce the solution in the
examination unless or until you have done it earlier in writing .
2. Examination Papers : To create in you the confidence the best
method is that after you have done one chapter, turn to Operation CBSE questions,
provided as a Separate Booklet, and try to do the questions based on that chapter
independently, and in case you are able to do them, then and only then you will feel
confident of doing well in examination.
3. Selection : There is no harm in making a selection of chapters
which you are going to prepare. But whatever you decide to prepare, you should prepare it
thoroughly. Do all types of question Do not make a selection out of selection, otherwise
you will always suffer a lack of confidence. Remember

Better know everything of something

Rather than something of everything
&
Nothing like if you know everything of everything .

4. Revision of complete course in one NIGHT : In order to

simplify the work of revision before examination, you should while preparing any book or
its chapter mark to those question which you feel are difficult or requires some
special trick or method or you have taken any kind of help to solve them as: solved
examples, other books, classroom notes , consulting any person. Only these questions may
be looked at the time of revision. Put another if already crossed question is not solved
by you independently. Continuing in this way you would be able to group the question
according to difficulty level as : , , , - - - and so on. Do not include in this list
those type of question which are based upon direct application of formulae.
5. Important Formulae : There are certain basic and standard
formulae of various branches of Mathematics which every student is expected to know, but
it is found that students are not sure about these standard results of Trigonometry,
Calculus, Geometry etc. You are therefore advised to leave a small margin in the right of
each page in your NOTE BOOK and write in it the formulae about which you are not
sure and which is required for the solution of that particular problem.

6. Regularity in the study of Mathematics : You should see that

you are working regularly with the class and do not postpone your daily work of
Mathematics.
7. In the Examination : Avoid over writing and cutting. Always
revise what you have written. Do the rough work in the right margin and cut it. Start
answering the question in order you know the best.
*****

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 1. RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(1) CARTESION PRODUCT OF TWO SETS :
Let A & B be any two sets then Cartesian product of sets A & B is denoted by
A B and is defined by a set {( x , y ) / x A , y B }.

Thus, A B = {( x , y ) / x A , y B }.

Also, n( A B) = n(A) .n( B) , if n(A) = n and n(B) = m, then n( A B) = mn .

e.g , A = { 1 , 2 , 3 }, B = { 4 , 5 }
A B = {( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 5 )}
n(A) = 3 and n( B) = 2 & n( A B ) = 3 2 = 6

Again , B A = {( 4 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 3 ) , ( 5 , 1 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 3 )}
n(B A) = 6 .
Thus n( A B ) = n ( B A ) A B and B A are equivalent sets .

But in general A B B A , as ( x , y ) ( y , x ) or ( x , y ) = ( 1 , 2 ) x = 1 & y = 2 .

A
(2) RELATION : A relation R from a set A to a set B is denoted by R : A B or R B .
& is defined by a rule between x and y for some x A & y B
A
Thus R B = { ( x , y ) / for some x A & y B } subset of A B.
Hence, If R is a relation from A to B R A B
R {( x , y ) / x A , y B }.
Moreover, every subset of A B is a relation from the set A to the set B .
Thus, if n( A ) = n ; n( B ) = m
n( A B) = mn
m.n
The total number of possible relations from the set A to the set B is 2 .
p
As the total number of possible subsets of a set A is 2 if n(A) = p
Also, the total number possible relations on the sets A & B is ( A to B & B to A both )
m.n m.n m.n m.n+1
2 +2 =2.2 =2 .

(3) DOMAIN & RANGE OF A RELATION :

If R = { ( x , y ) / for some x A & y B }be any relation.
Then domain of relation R is denoted by D(R) and is defined by
the set { x A : ( x , y ) R for some y B}.
Thus , D( R ) = { x A : ( x , y ) R for some y B}.
Also, range of relation R is denoted by R( R ), and is defined by
the set { y B : ( x , y ) R for some x A }.
Thus, R( R ) = { y B : ( x , y ) R for some x A }.
Also, if A = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } ; B = { 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 }
A
But R : A B or R B = { ( 1 , 6 ) , ( 2 , 7 ) , ( 3 , 8 ) , ( 4 , 9 ) }.
Then D( R ) = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } & R( R ) = { 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 }.
a a
Again R b = { ( a , b ) / b = 2a }, then R b = { ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 4 , 8 ) }
Then D( R ) = { 3 , 4 } & R( R ) = { 6 , 8 }.

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(4) TYPES OF RELATION
(i) Empty relation : A relation R from then set A to the set B is called an empty relation or a
void relation from the set A to the set B if , R = { }=.

e.g , Let A = { 2 , 4 , 6 } ; B = { 7 , 11 }, let R = { ( a , b ) / a A , b B & ( a b ) is even }.

R = ; as no two numbers of A and B have the difference
which is even .

(ii) Universal Relation : A relation R from the set A to the set B is said to be the universal
relation if , R = A B
e.g , Let A = { 1 , 2 } & B = { 1 , 3 }
Then R = {( 1, 1 ) , ( 1, 3 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 3 )} = A B is a universal relation

Both the empty relation and universal relation together termed as Trivial Relations

(iii) Identity Relation : A relation R from the set A to the set B is said to be the identity relation
if R = {(a , b) / a A , b B & a = b}.
Thus identity relation I on A is I = {(a , a) / a A }.

(iv) Reflexive Relation : A relation R on the set A is said to be the reflexive relation
a
if a A (domain), R a exists or R contains ( a , a ) a A (domain).
e.g , Let A = { 1 , 2 , 3 }
R 1 = {(1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 3 )}, is reflexive and identity both .
R 2 = { (1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) }, is reflexive but not identity .
R 3 = { (1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) }, is neither reflexive nor identity.

(v) Symmetric Relation : A relation R on the set A is said to be the symmetric relation
a b
If existence of Rb R a exists or if ( a , b ) R ( b , a ) R ; a , b A

e.g , Let A = { 1 , 2 , 3 }
and R 1 = { ( 1 , 2) , ( 2 , 1 ) } is symmetric only
R 2 = { ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) } is symmetric only
R 3 = { ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) } is reflexive and symmetric both .
a
Moreover, if R b does not exist or ( a , b ) R still the relation is symmetric.

Hence, a relation is NOT Symmetric

if ( a , b ) R ( b , a ) R
a b
Existence of R b R a does not exists

(vi) Transitive Relation : A relation R on the set A is said to be transitive relation

a b a
If R b & R c R c or (a , b) R & ( b , c ) R, a , b , c A ( a , c ) R .
e.g , Let A = { 1 , 2 , 3 }; then R 1 = {( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 3 )} is transitive relation .
R 2 = {( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 2 )} is not transitive relation .
a b
Moreover, if R b and R c does not exist or (a , b) and (b , c) R still the relation is transitive.
Hence, a relation is NOT Transitive
If (a , b) and (b , c) R ( a , c ) R
a b a
Existence of R b and R c R c does not exists

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(vii) Anti Symmetric Relation: A relation R on the set A is said to be the anti symmetric
a b
If existence of R b R a exists at a = b only
or If ( a , b ) R ( b , a ) R , a , b A at a = b only .

(viii) Equivalence Relation : A relation R on a non empty set A is said to be an equivalence

relation if and only if ;
a
(a) R is reflexive , a A , Ra
a b
(b) R is symmetric, a, b A, existence of R b R a exists
a b a
and (c) R is transitive, a , b , c A, existence of R b and R c R c exists

e.g , Let A = { 1 , 2 , 3 }
Then R = {( 1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 1 )} is reflexive , symmetric and transitive all.
Hence it is an equivalence relation.

(5) EQUIVALENT CLASSES : If relation R on a non empty set A is an equivalence relation,

then equivalent class of any a A is denoted by [a] and is defined by the set of elements b
a
such that Rb.
a
Thus, [a] = { b A : Rb }
e.g, Let A = {1, 2, 3} such that R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)} is an equivalence relation.
Then, [1] = {1, 2}, [2] = {1, 2}

(6) INVERSE RELATION : If R A B is a relation from the set A to the set B. Then the
inverse relation of R is denoted by R1 and is a relation from the set B to the set A i.e, R1 B A

e.g , Let A = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } and B = { 3 , 0 }

if R = {(1 , 3) , (4 , 0) , (2 , 3)} then R1 = {(3 , 1) , (0 , 4) , (3 , 2)}.

(7) FUNCTION : A relation( rule ) f : A B, which associates, relates each elements of the
set A to a unique element of the set B is called a function(mapping) from the set A to the set B .
Thus f : A B is a function if and only if ,
(i) A & B are non empty ,
(ii) each elements of A have image in B,
and (iii) No elements in A have more than one image in B .

A f B

x y
x is called pre image y is called image of x under f .
of y under f .

Here, the function f relate an element x of the set A to the element y of the set B .

(8) DOMAIN OF FUNCTION : If y = f ( x ) be any function, then set of all possible values of
independent real x for which the function y = f ( x ) is well defined is called domain of the function
f and is denoted be D f .Thus D f = { x R / y = f ( x ) is well defined }.

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(9) RANGE OF FUNCTION : If y = f ( x ) be any function then set of all possible dependent
real y ( image point of the domain points x ) so that x is real number and y = f ( x ) is well defined
is called the range of the function f and is denoted by R f .
Thus R f = { y R / x R & y = f ( x ) is well defined }.

(10) CO DOMAIN OF FUNCTION : If the function y = f ( x ) is defined from the set A to

the set B, then set B is called the co domain of the function f .

(11) WELL DEFINED FUNCTIONS : A function y = f (x) is said to well defined if and only if
(i) f (x) i.e, if f ( x ) = p ( x ) , then q ( x ) 0 .
q(x)

(ii) f ( x ) should be real i.e, if f ( x ) = p ( x ) , then p ( x ) 0

or f ( x ) = p ( x ) , then p ( x ) 0 & q ( x ) > 0

q(x)
(iii) f ( x ) should not be indeterminate
0 0
i.e, 0 , , 0 . , - , 1 ,0 , ,0 .
0
(12) TYPES OF FUNCTION :
(i) One One [ Injective ] Function : If y = f (x) : A B is such that distinct element(s) of
the set A is(are) associated to distinct element(s) of the set B, function f is called one one .
TEST for one one function , (a) x 1 , x 2 A such that x 1 x 2 f ( x 1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
(b) x 1 , x 2 A such that f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x 1 = x 2 .
A B A B
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
.
(a) (b)
one one into one one onto
[ Bijective ]
(ii) Many one Function : If y = f ( x ) : A B is such that distinct element(s) of
the set A is(are) associated to same element of the set B, function f is called many one .
TEST for many one function , (a) x 1 , x 2 A such that x 1 x 2 but f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) .
(b) x 1 , x 2 A such that f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) there exist
some rule other than x 1 = x 2 also.
A B A B
. . .
. . . .
. . .
. . . .
. . .
(a) (b)
Many one Into Many one onto

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 (iii) Onto [ Surjective ] Functions : If y = f ( x ) : A B is such that each element(s) of the
set B (y) has some pre image in the set A(x) i.e, co domain = Range

(iv) Into Functions : If y = f ( x ) : A B is such that some element(s) of the set B has no
pre image in the set A i.e, Range Co domain .
(i) If f : A B is such that, n(A) = n & n(B) = m , m < , = , > n then number of all possible
n
functions f are m .
(ii) If f : A B is such that, n(A) = n & n(B) = m , m n then number of all possible
m
one one(injective) functions f are Pn .
(iii) If f : A B is such that, n(A) = n & n(B) = m , n m then number of all possible
n
onto(surjective) functions f are Pm .
(iv) If f : A B is such that, n(A) = n(B) = n , number of all possible one one onto
n
(bijective) functions f are Pn = n ! .

(13) COMPOSITION OF TWO FUNCTIONS : If , f : A B : y = f ( x )

and, g : B C : z = g ( y ) be any two functions
then composition of f and g is denoted by gof and is defined as :
gof : A C : gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
=g(y)
f g =z
A B C

x y z

gof

Moreover , if f : R R : f ( x ) = sin x .
g : R R : g ( x ) = | x | . Then , gof , fog , gog and fof all are possible .

gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x )) fog ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
= g ( sin x ) = f (| x | )
= |sin x | . = sin | x | .
fof ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) gog ( x ) = g ( g (x ) )
= f ( sin x ) = g (| x | )
= sin ( sin x ) =||x||.

(14) INVERSE FUNCTION : If, f : A B : y = f (x) be any one one onto (bijective) function
Then it is called invertible function i.e, a function f 1 : B A : x = f 1 ( y ) exists such that ,
fof 1 = f 1of = I ( identity function ; I ( x ) = x ).
Also, if there exists two one one onto functions,
f:R R:y=f(x)
and , g : R R : y = g ( x )
such that gof = fog = I ( Identity function I ( x ) = x )
then , f 1 = g and g 1 = f .
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 e.g, Let f : A B : y = f ( x ) = 2x be any function, where A = { 1 , 2 , 3 , - - - }
and B = { 2 , 4 , 6 , - - - }
Clearly f ( x ) is one one onto function
And x = y / 2 .
x = f 1( y ) = y / 2 : B A is the inverse function .
f 1( y ) = y / 2
f 1( x ) = x / 2 .
(15) BINARY OPERATION : If A be any non empty set, then a binary on the set A is a
Mapping (Function ) : A A A defined by ( a , b ) = a b .
Moreover the binary operation is said to be defined over the set A if a , b A a b A ,
And vice versa .

(16) NUMBER OF BINARY OPERATIONS : Let A be a finite set containing m element,

2
then number of elements in the Cartesian product A A = m m = m . We know that if the set A
m
has m elements and the set B has n elements, then number of functions from A to B = n .
Since, a binary operations on the set A is a function from A A A ,
Therefore number of binary operations on A = number of functions from A A to A
n (A A) m2
= [n(A)] =m .
m2
Thus if the set A has m elements, then number of binary operations on the set A is m .
e.g, Let A = { a , b } , then n(A) = 2 .
22 4
Number of binary operations on A = 2 = 2 = 16 .
(17) TYPES OF BINARY OPERATION :
(i) Commutative Binary Operation : A binary operation is said to be commutative if
a,bAab=ba.
(ii) Associative Binary Operation : A binary operation is said to be associative if
a , b , c A a ( b c ) = ( a b) c .
(iii) Distributive Binary Operation : Let S be any non empty set and and o be the
two binary operations .Then is said to be distributive over o if ,
a , b , c A a ( b o c ) = ( a b) o (a c ) .
And , ( b o c ) a = ( b a ) o ( c a ) .
(18) IDENTITY ELEMENT : Let be any binary operation defined over a non empty set A .
An element e A is said to be the identity element for the binary operation if
a Aa e=ea=a.

While finding an identity element we take care of,

(i) The identity e comes out from a e = a & e a = a should be identical (same)
(ii) The identity e comes out from a e = a & e a = a should be independent of a.
(iii) The identity e comes out from a e = a & e a = a should belongs to the set A.

(19) INVERSE ELEMENT : Let be any binary operation defined over a non empty set A,
and e A be the identity element for the binary operation . An element a1 A is said to be the
inverse of the element a for the binary operation if ,
a , a1 A a a1 = a1 a = e .
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 While finding an inverse element we take care of,
(i) The inverse a1 comes out from a a1 = e & a1 a = e should be identical (same)
(ii) The inverse a1 comes out from a a1 = e & a1 a = e should be depending on a.
(iii) The inverse a1 comes out from a a1 = e & a1 a = e should belongs to the set A.

(20) Operation Table : A binary operation o on a finite set can be shown in a tabular form
known as Operational Table or Composition table.
Suppose A = { , , , - - - , } is a finite set having exactly n distinct
elements. Suppose o be the binary operation on the finite set A.
We write the elements ( s) of the set A in a horizontal row as well as in
vertical column. The element o associated to the ordered pair ( ) is placed at the
intersection of the row headed by and the column headed by .

Example : Let A = {1, 1, i , i } and a o b = ab, Then

o 1 1 i i
1 1 1 i i
1 1 1 i i
i i i 1 1
i i I 1 1

Observations :
(i) If all the elements of the table are elements of the given set, the binary operation
is said to be defined on the given set.
(ii) If the elements equidistant to the diagonal ( starting with binary operation ) are
equal, that is the diagonal behave as mirror, the binary operation is commutative.
(iii) The intersection point of the row ( identical to uppermost row ) and the column
( identical to leftmost column) is the identity element. If no such row / column exist, identity does
not exist. (Here 1 is the identity element).
(iv) In the case identity exist, inverse is said to exist if the identity element is present
th th th
in each row and each column. If element is the identity in i row and j column then the
th th
element heading i row and j column are inverse of one another.
Here ( =1, = 1, = i, =i)

******

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 PROBLEMS ON RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(1) Check whether the relation R defined in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as :
R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1 } is reflexive , symmetric or transitive .

(2) Check whether the relation R defined in the set R of real numbers as :
R = {(a , b) : a b3 } is reflexive , symmetric or transitive .

(3) Check whether the relation R defined in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} as :

R = { (1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)} is reflexive , symmetric or transitive .

*(4) Show that the relation R in the set A = { x : x is an integer & 0 x 12 } as :

R = { (a, b) : | a b | is a multiple of 4 }, is an equivalence relation.

(5) Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by :
R = {(P, Q) : distance of P & Q from origin are equal }, is an equivalence relation .

(6) Show that the relation R in the set A of all s in a plane given by :
R = {( P, Q) : P is similar to the Q}, is an equivalence relation

*(7) Show that the relation R in the set Z of all integers as :

R ={(a, b) : 2 divides (a b) },is an equivalence relation.

(8) Let L be the set of all lines in the XY plane & a relation R is defined on L as :
R = { (L1 , L2 ) : L1 is parallel to L2}, show that R is an equivalence relation .

*(9) Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as :

R = { (a , b) : | a b | is an even number } is an equivalence relation.

(10) Show that the relation R in the set A of all polygons given by :
R = {( P, Q) : P & Q has equal number of sides} is an equivalence relation

(11) Prove that the function f : R R , given by f (x) = 2x , is one-one and onto.

(12) Show that the function f : {1, 2, 3} {1, 2, 3} is one-one if and only if it is onto.

(13) Check the injectivity & surjectivity of the function f : N N ,given by f (x) = x2

(14) Check the injectivety & surjectivity of the function f : Z Z , given by, f (x) = x3
; >0
(15) Show that the signum function f : R R, given by f (x) = ; =
; <0
is neither one-one nor onto.

(16) Check the injectivety & surjectivity of the function f : R R , given by, f (x) = 1 + x2

(17) Check the injectivety & surjectivity of the function f : R R , given by, f (x) = x4 .

(18) Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f : R R , given by f (x) = [x] is neither one one nor
onto, where [x] denotes the greatest x.

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*(19) Consider the function f : N N defined by ; if n is odd
Is f injective and surjective? f (n) =
; if n is even

(20) Let A = R {3} and B = R {1}. Consider the function f : A B defined by f (x) =
Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer..

(21) Let f : {2, 3, 4, 5} {3, 4, 5, 9} and g : {3, 4, 5, 9} {7, 11, 15} be functions defined as f (2) = 3,
f ( 3 ) = 4, f ( 4 ) = f ( 5 ) = 5 and g ( 3 ) = g ( 4 ) = 7 , g ( 5 ) = g ( 9 ) = 11. Find gof.

*(22) If f : R {7/5} R {3/5} is defined by f (x) = (3x + 4) / (5x -7) and g : R {3/5} R {7/5}
is defined by g(x) = (7x + 4) / (5x 3), then show that gof = IB and fog = IA, where B = R {7/5},
A = R {3/5} With IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.

*(23) Show that the function f : R + [4 ) defined by f ( x ) = x2 + 4 is invertible, also find f 1

*(24) Show that the function f : R+ [ - 5 ) defined by f ( x ) = 9x2 + 6x 5 is invertible,

1
also find f

(25) Consider the function f : R R defined by f ( x ) = (3 x3 ) 1 / 3 then find fof (x).

(26) If f : A B & g : B C are any two one one onto function , then show that gof : A C
is also one one onto.
(27) Let Y = { n 2 : n is a natural number } N, consider f : N Y as f (n) = n 2. Show that f is
invertible. Find the inverse of f

*(28) Let f : N R be a function defined as f (x) = 4x 2 + 12x + 15. Show that f : N S, where S is
the range of f , is invertible. Find the inverse of f .
(29) Consider f : N N , g : N N & h : N R defined as f (x) = 2x , g(x) = 3x + 4 , and
h(x) = sin(x). Show that h o( g o f ) = ( h o g ) o f.
(30) Let f : X Y be any invertible function . Show that f has unique inverse.

(31) Is defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by a b = L.C .M of a & b, a binary operation? Justify your
answer.
(32) Consider the binary operation on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by ab = min{a, b}.
Write the operational table of the operation .

(33) Let be the binary operation on N defined by a b = H .C .F of a & b. Is commutative ?

Is associative? Does there exist identity for this binary operation on N ?

(34) Let A = N N and be the binary operation on A defined by

(a , b) (c , d ) = ( a + c , b + d ). Show that is commutative & associative. Find the identity
element for on A if any.
*(35) Let R be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by (x , y)R (u , v) if
& only if xv = yu. Show that R is an equivalence relation .

(36) Let f : X Y be a function. Define a relation R in X given by R = {(a, b) : f(a) = f(b)}.

Examine if R is an equivalence relation .
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*Test the commutativity & associativity of the binary operations defined on Q of rational
numbers as follows :
(37) a b = a b . (38) a b = a2 + b2.
(39) a b = a + ab (40) a b = ( a b)2.
(41) a b = a b (42) a b = ab2.
4
( )
(43) Prove that the binary operation on N defined as a b = , is commutative but not
associative .

(44) Given a non empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets of X. Define the relation R
A
in P(X) as follows : For subsets A , B P(X) , R B if & only if A B. Is R an equivalence
relation on P(X). Justify your answer.

(45) Consider the function f : R R defined by f ( x ) =10x + 7 . Find the function g : R R such
that gof = fog = I R .
| |
(46) If f : R R: f (x) = , x 0 & g : R R : g(x) = [x],Greatest integer function. Show that
fog gof in (0 1] .
(47) If the function f : R R defined by f ( x ) = x 2 3x + 2. Find f ( f (x) ).

*(48) Show that the function f : R (1 1 ) defined by f ( x ) =

| |
, is one one and onto.

*(49) IfW be the set of whole numbers and f : W W be the function defined as :
+ ;
f(n)= , Show that f is invertible & inverse of itself.
;
(50) Let A = { - 1, 0 , 1 , 2 }; B = { - 4 , - 2 , 0 , 2 } and f , g : A B be functions defined by
f ( x ) = x 2 x , x A & g (x ) = 2 x 1 / 2 1 ; x A . Are f & g equal? Justify your
answer.

(51) Let f : X Y be any invertible function . Show that the inverse of f 1 is f that is (f 1) 1 = f .

*(52) If R1 & R2 are equivalence relations in a set A, show that R1 R2 is also an equivalence relation .
(53) Consider the function f : [ 0 / 2 ] R given by f(x) = sin x. and g : [ 0 / 2 ] R given by
g(x) = cos x. Show that f & g are one one but (f + g) is not one one.

*(54) Given a non empty set X . Let : P(X) P(X) P(X) be any binary operation defined as
A B = (A B) U (B A) for all A , B P(X). Show that the empty set is the identity of the
operation & All the elements A of P(X) are invertible with A 1 = A

*(55) Define a binary operation on the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as ab =a+b ;a+b<6

=a+b6 ;a+b6
Show that 0 is the identity of this operation & each element a of the set is invertible with 6 a
being the inverse of a.
******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
*(1) Let R be a relation on the set of natural numbers N defined by x R y x + 2y = 41; x, y N.
Find domain and range R.

(2) If R = { (x, y) / y = | x 1 | ; x Z and | x | 3 }. Find domain and range of R .

*(3) Prove that the relation R defined on the set N of natural numbers as, x R y 2x2 3xy + y2 = 0
is not symmetric but it is reflexive.

*(4) Let N br the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N N defined by :
(a, b)
R (c, d) ad (b + c) = bc (a + d). Show that relation R is an equivalence relation.

*(5) If Q is the set of rational numbers and R is a defined on Q by : x R y |xy| , then show
that, R is not an equivalence relation .

*(6) Let A = {1, 2, 3, - - - , 9} and R be the relation in A A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b + c,

for (a, b) , (c, d) A A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. Also obtain the equivalence
class [(2, 5)].

*(7) Show that the relation R in the set A = { x : x is an integer & 0 x 12 } as :

R = { (a, b) : a b (5) } , with a b (5) | a b | is divisible by 5, is an equivalence relation.
Also obtain the equivalence class [0], [2].

(8) Prove that the union of two symmetric relation is also symmetric.

b a
(9) If R = { (a , b) / a = b ; a , b I }. Show that R is an equivalence relation .

(10) Prove that the function f ( x ) = cos ( 5x + 2 ) is not invertible.

(11) Let A be any finite set. Prove that if f : A A is one one , then it must be onto and vice versa .

(12) Let f : R R be any function such that f (x) = ax + b ; x R. Find a & b such that fof = I R

(13) Show that f : R {0} R {0} given by f ( x ) = 3 / x is invertible and it is inverse of itself .

(14)Which of the following functions are one one ?

(i) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = | x | . (ii) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = 3x + 2.
(iii) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = 1 + 2x 2 (iv) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = (x + 1 )
(x 1)
(15)Which of the following functions are onto ?
(i) f : R+ R defined by f ( x ) = x (ii) f : [-3 2 ] [-1 1] defined by f ( x ) = sin 3x
(iii) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = x3 4. (iv) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = x 4 .
(v) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = [x] . (vi) f : R R defined by f ( x ) = 1 + x.

*Test the commutativity & associativity, also find identity and inverse elements if exists, of the
binary operations defined on set A = N N as follows :
(15) ( a b ) ( c d ) = ( ad + bc bd ) (16) ( a b) ( c d ) = ( ac bd )
(17) ( a b )( c d ) = ( ac ad + b ) (18) ( a b) (c d) = ( a c bd).

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Test the commutativity & associativity, also find identity and inverse elements if exists, of the
binary operations defined on set of rational numbers Q as follows :
(19) a b = a b + ab. (20) a b = a2 + b2 + 2 .
b
*(21) a b = a + b + ab (22) a b = a .
(23) a b = 2a + 3b *(24) a b = a 2 + ab + b2.
******

ANSWERS
Problems on Relation & Function

(1) Neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive. (2) Neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive.
(3) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. (13) Injective but not surjective.
(14) Injective but not surjective. (16) Neither injective nor surjective
(17) bijective. (19) Not injective but surjective.
(20) Yes (21) gof(2) = gof (3) = 7 , gof (4) = gof (5) = 11.
(25) x (27) f 1( x ) = x .
(28) f 1( x ) = x 6 3 (31) No
2 (33) Yes , Yes , No .
(32) 1 2 3 4 5 (34) Identity element does not exist
1 1 1 1 1 1 (36) Yes
2 1 2 2 2 2 (37) Neither commutative nor associative.
3 1 2 3 3 3 (38) Commutative but not associative.
4 1 2 3 4 4 (39) Neither commutative nor associative.
5 1 2 3 4 5 (40) Neither commutative nor associative.
(41) Commutative and associative both.
(42) Neither commutative nor associative.
(44) No. (45) g ( x ) = x 7
(47) x 4 6x 3 + 10 x 2 3x . 10
(49) f itself . (50) Yes .

Hots Problems
(1) Domain = { 1 , 3 , 5 , - - - , 39 } ; Range = { 1 , 2 , 3 , - - - , 20 }.
(2) Domain = { 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 } ; Range = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }.
(6) { (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9) }
(7) [0] = {0, 5, 10}, [2] = {2, 7, 12}
(12) a = 1 , b = 0 . (15) ( ii ) and ( iv ) .
(16) ( ii ) , ( iii ) and ( vi ). (17) Neither even nor odd .

******

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 2 . INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
(1) Definition : If y = f ( x ) be any one one onto function, then there exists its inverse f 1 such that,
f 1( y ) = x and is also one one onto .

with, f ( f 1( y ) ) = y = I ( y ).

and, f 1( f ( x ) ) = x = I ( x ) .

Thus, f ( f 1) = f 1( f ) = I .

(2) Domain and Range :

Function Domain Range Function Domain Range
sin x [/2 /2] [1 1] sin1x [1 1] [/2 /2]

cos x [0 ] [1 1] cos1x [1 1] [0 ]

tan x (/2 /2) ( ) tan1x ( ) (/2 /2)

cot x (0 ) ( ) cot 1x ( ) (0 )

sec x [0 /2) (/2 ] ( 1] [1 ) sec1x ( 1] [1 ) [0 /2)(/2 ]

cosec x [/2 0) (0 /2] ( 1] [1 ) cosec1x ( 1] [1 ) [/2 0)(0 /2]

(3) Some Basic Formulae :

1. sin1 x + cos1x = /2. 2. tan1x + cot 1x = /2. 3. sec1x + cosec1x = /2.

4. sin1 (x) = sin1 x. 5. cos1(x) = cos1x. 6. tan1( x ) = tan1x .

7. cot 1(x) = cot 1x. 8. sec1(x) = sec1x. 9. cosec1(x) = cosec1x .

10. sin1 x sin1 y = sin1( x .1 y2 y. 1 x2 ). Students are advised not to apply

11. cos1x + cos1y = cos1( x y 1 x2 . 1 y2 ). Formulae No. 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20

12. cos1x cos1y = cos1( x y + 1 x2 . 1 y2 ). These are not in CBSE 12 Course,

13. tan1x + tan1y = tan1 x + y . They have to use Trigonometry in such cases
1 xy

14. tan1x tan1y = tan1 x y .

1 + xy

15. 2 sin1x = sin1( 2x 1 x2 ). 16. 2 cos1x = cos1( 2x2 1 ).

17. 2 tan1 x = tan1 2x = sin1 2x = cos1 1 x2 .

1 x2 1 + x2 1 + x2

18. 3sin1 x = sin1( 3x 4x3 ) 19. 3cos1x = cos1(4x3 3x) 20. 3 tan1 x = tan1 3x x3 .
1 3x2
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(4) Rules of Substitution :

1.(a) If a2 x2 ; x = a sin (b) 1 x2 ; x = sin .

2.(a) If a2 + x2 ; x = a tan (b) 1 + x2 ; x = tan .

3.(a) If x2 a2 ; x = a sec (b) x2 1 ; x = sec .

4.(a) If a + x , a x ; x = a cos. (b) 1 + x , 1 x ; x = cos or cos2 .

5.(a) If a + x2 , a x2 ; x2 = a cos. (b) 1 + x2 , 1 x2 ; x2 = cos or cos2 .

6.(a) If a + x ; x = a cos , x = a cos2.

a x
n n n
6.(b) If a + x ; x = a cos , x = a cos2.
n
a x
7.(a) If 2x , 2x , 1 x2 ; x = tan.
1 x2 1 + x2 1 + x2
*********

PROBLEMS ON INVESE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

*Q. 1. Simplify : tan1 ; |x|0 Ans :

Q. 2. Simplify : tan1 ; |x|< Ans :

Q. 3. Simplify : tan 1 ; |x|<a Ans : sin 1

Q. 4. Simplify : cot 1 ; |x|>1 Ans : sec 1 x

*Q. 5. Show that : sin 1 sin1 = cos1 .

*Q. 6. Show that : sin1 + cos 1 + tan 1 =

*Q. 7. Show that : sin1 + cos1 = tan1

*Q. 8. Show that : sin1 + cos1 = sin1

*Q. 9. Show that : tan1 + tan1 + tan1 + tan1 = .

Q. 10. Show that : 2 tan1 + tan1 = tan1

Q. 11. Prove that : tan1 x + tan1 = tan1 ; |x|< .

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Q. 12. Simplify : tan sin1 + cos 1 Ans :

Q. 13. Find the value of x, if sin sin1 + cos1 x = 1 . Ans : x =

Q. 14. Show that : tan1 = . cos 1

*Q. 15. Show that : cot 1 = , x


*Q. 16. Show that : cot 1 =

*Q. 17. Simplify : sin1 ; < x <1 Ans : 2cos 1 x

*Q. 18. Simplify : tan1 ; x Ans : +

*Q. 19. Simplify : tan1 ; x< Ans :

*Q. 20. Prove that, tan1 tan1 = .

*Q. 21. Simplify : tan1 ; tan 1 x > 1 Ans : tan 1 x

*Q. 22. Show that : tan 1 = , < x <1


*Q. 23. Show that : sin1 = sin1

*Q. 24. Find x if, tan1 + tan1 = Ans :

*Q. 25. Find x if, 2 tan1 (cos x) = tan1 ( 2 cosec x ) . Ans : x =

*Q. 26. Find x if, tan1 ( 2x ) + tan1 ( 3x ) = . Ans : x =

*Q. 27. Find x if, sin1 (1 x) 2 sin1 x = . Ans : x = 0

*Q. 28. Find x if, tan1 = tan 1 x , x > 0 Ans : x =

******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS

Q. 1. Prove that, tan cos1 =

Q. 2. Prove that, 2 tan1 + tan1 = .

Q. 3. Prove that, 4 tan1 tan1 + tan1 = .

*Q. 4. Prove that, sin 1 + sin 1 + sin 1 = .

Q. 5. Prove that, 4( cot 1 3 + cosec1 ) = .

Q. 6. Prove that, tan1 x = 2 tan1[ cosec (tan 1 x) tan (cot 1 x) ].

*Q. 7. Show that, 2 tan1 . = cos 1 , for 0 < b a , x 0 .


Q. 8. Show that,
+
+ +
+ +
=0

+ + +
*Q. 9. Show that,
+
+
= ; if 0 < x < y < z

*Q. 10. Show that, tan 1 1 + tan 1 2 + tan 1 3 = .

Q. 11. Show that, +
+ + +
=
Q. 12. Show that, sin [cot 1 { tan ( cos1( x )) }] = x

*Q. 13. If in any triangle ABC, A = tan1 2, B = tan1 3 . Prove that C = .

*Q. 14. If, cos 1 x + cos 1 y + cos 1 z = , Prove that : x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1 .
*Q. 15. If, sin 1 x + sin 1 y + sin 1 z = , Prove that : + + =

*Q. 16. If, tan1x + tan1y + tan1z = , Prove that : x + y + z = xyz .

*Q. 17. If, tan1x + tan1y + tan1z = , Prove that : xy + yz + zx = 1.
Q. 18. If tan1x , tan1y , tan1z are in A.P. Then find a relation between x, y, z. Further if x, y, z are also
in A.P. Show that x = y = z.

*Q. 19. If, + = . Prove that, + =

Q. 20. If, + = . Prove that, 9x2 12xy + 4y2 = 36

( ) (
Q. 21. If x = cosec tan1(cos (cot 1(sec (sin1(a))))) and y = sec cot 1(sin (tan1(cosec (cos1(a))))) )
Show that, x2 = y2 = 3 a2 .

*Q. 22. Show that : cot 1 = , x

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*Q. 23. Prove that : [ { ( )}] = [ { ( )}] =
+
Q. 24. Prove that : = +

+
Q. 25. Prove that : = .

*Q. 26. Show that : tan 1 = + , | |<1

*Q. 27. Prove that : + + =

*Q. 28. Prove that, cos 1 = 2 tan 1

.
*Q. 29. Show that, 2 tan 1 = tan 1

*Q. 30. If, = , prove that = .

*Q. 31. Solve for x, 2tan1( cos x ) = tan1( 2cos x). Ans : (2n 1) 2 , n Z

Q. 32. Solve for x, [ { ( )}] = Ans : x = 1, 1 2 , 1 2

Q. 33. Solve for x, tan 1 + + sin 1 + + = . Ans : x = 0 , 1

*Q. 34. Solve for x, tan 1 ( x 1 ) + tan 1 ( x ) + tan 1 ( x + 1 ) = tan 1 ( 3x ). Ans : x = 0 , 1 / 2

*Q. 35. Evaluate : cos 1 x cos 1 + ; 0 x Ans :

*Q. 36. Solve for x : sin 1( 6x ) + sin 1 (63 x ) = Ans : x =

*Q. 37.Solve for x : sin 1( x) + sin 1 (2x ) = Ans : x =

*Q. 38.Solve for 1
x : cos ( x ) + cos 1
(3 x ) = Ans : x =
*Q. 39. Prove that : tan + cos 1 + tan cos 1 =

*Q. 40. Prove that : tan + tan 1 + tan tan 1 =

*Q. 41. Prove that : 2 tan 1 + sec 1 + 2tan 1 =

*Q. 42. Solve for x, [ ( + )] = ( ) Ans : x =

*Q. 43. Solve for x, ( ) + ( ) = Ans : x = 1

*Q. 44. Solve for x, = ( ) Ans : x =

*Q. 45. Solve for x, tan 1 ( x 1 ) + tan 1 ( x + 1 ) = tan 1 . Ans : x = 8,

******
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 3. MATRICES
1. Definition : A rectangular arrangement of elements in rows(horizontal) and columns(vertical) in
between is called a matrix. It is generally denoted by capital alphabets
as : A , B, C _ _ _ .

Thus if A is any matrix having m rows and n column then it said to be of order m n ,
and is denoted as A = , with i = 1, 2, - - - m ; j = 1, 2, 3, - - - n .

2. Types Of Matrices :
(i) Row and Column Martices : A matrix having single row is called row matrix whereas, a
matrix having single column is called column matrix. e.g, A = a11 a12 a13 - - - , row
B = a11 column matrix matrix
a21
a31
-
-
(ii) Square matrix : A matrix having equal number of rows and columns, i.e, of the order m m,is
called square matrix. Also in this case the matrix is said to be of the order m instead of m m .
Thus by matrix of order 2, 3 ,we simply mean the square matrices of the respective orders.

(iii) Diagonal matrix : A matrix such that a ij = 0 i j and a ij = constants i = j .

A = K1 0 0 - - - , denoted as A = diag [ K1 , K2 , K3 , - - - ]
0 K2 0 - - -
0 0 K3 - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
(iv) Scalar matrix : A diagonal matrix such that a ij = 0 i j and a ij = k i = j .
A= k 0 0 - - -
0 k 0 - - -
0 0 k - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
(v) Identity matrix : A scalar matrix such that all diagonal elements are equals to 1 .
In= 1 0 0 - - -
0 1 0 - - -
0 0 1 - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - - nn
(vi) Singular matrix : A matrix A is said to be SINGULAR if A = 0 and
NON SINGULAR if A 0 .
3. Equality of two matrix : Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are of equal order and
respective elements of the two matrices are equal.

e.g, = , then x = 1, y = 2 , z = 3 , a = 4, b = 5, c = 6 .

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4. Addition of two matrix :
Conformality condition : Two matrices can be added only when they are of same order.
To add : we just add the respective elements of the two matrices.
+ + +
e.g, + =
+ + +

5. Multiplication of two matrix :

Conformality Condition : Two matrices can be multiplied only when the number of columns of
the first matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix, i.e, if [A] is of order m n
and [B] is of order n p . Then the resulting matrix [AB] is of order m p , and matrix [BA] is
defined if p = m, Hence AB and BA need not be equal

To Multipli : We simply add the product of elements of any row of matrix 1 to the respective
th th
elements of any column of the matrix 2. Also when we take i row and j column for product
th th
sum, an element of i row and j column i.e, a i j results.
nd rd
e.g, we take 2 row and 3 column for product sum,
nd rd
an element of 2 row and 3 column ( ) results.

2 1 5 6 = 25 + (1)7 26 + (1) 4
3 4 7 4 35 + 47 36 + 44

= 10 7 12 4 = 3 8
15 + 28 18 +16 43 34
Also,
5 6 2 1 = 52 + 63 5(1) + 64
7 4 3 4 72 + 43 7(1) + 44

= 10 + 18 5 + 24 28 19
14 + 12 7 +16 36 9
Hence in general, AB BA .

6. Multiplication of a matrix by scalar : To multiply a matrix with some scalar i.e, some real
constant, we simply multiply each element of the matrix with the given constant.
If , [A] = [ aij ] then k[A] = [ k aij ] .

k 1 2 3 = k 2k 3k
4 5 6 4k 5k 6k
7 8 9 7k 8k 9k

7. Transpose of a Matrix : If A be any matrix, then its transpose is denoted by AT or A1, and
defined by a matrix obtained by making rows column.
If, A = 1 2 3 then, A1 = 1 4 5
4 5 6 2 5 8
7 8 9 3 6 9 .
Results on Transpose of matrices :
For any two matrices A and B following properties holds good provided these are conformal.
(a) ( A B)1 = A1 B1. (b) ( kA)1 = k.A1. (c) ( A1 )1 = A . (d) ( AB )1 = B1 A1.

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8. Symmetric & Skew symmetric Matrix :
A matrix A is symmetric iff (a) A is square,
(b) A1 = A. Moreover, in symmetric matrix the diagonal
behaves as a mirror, i.e, the elements equidistant from the diagonal are equal.

A matrix A is skew symmetric iff (a) A is square,

(b) A1 = A . Moreover, in skew symmetric matrix, the
diagonal elements are 0 and the diagonal behaves as the ve mirror i.e, the elements equidistant
from the diagonal are ve to one another.

Formation of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix : If A be any square matrix then
P = A + A1 is a symmetric
And, Q = A A1 is a skew symmetric matrix.
Thus every square matrix A = P / 2 ( symmetric ) + Q / 2 ( skew symmetric )
can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix .

9.Inverse of a Matrix : To every non singular square matrix A there exist its unique inverse
matrix A1, and is such that A.A1 = A1.A = I n . Where n is the order of the matrix.
Moreover, if A and B are any two square matrices of same order satisfying
the condition AB = BA = I n , with n the order of the matrix A and B, then A and B are inverse of
one another i.e, A1 = B and B1 = A . Also if AAT = ATA = In A1 = AT( A is orthogonal ).
And if A2 = I then A1 = A .
e.g, Let A = 2 3 and B = 2 3
1 2 1 2 are any two matrices.

AB = 2 3 2 3 = 4 3 6 + 6 = 1 0 = I2 .
1 2 1 2 22 3 + 4 0 1

BA = 2 3 2 3 = 43 66 = 1 0 = I 2.
1 2 1 2 2 + 2 3 + 4 0 1
Thus, AB = BA = I 2
A1 = B and B1 = A.
10. Row and Column Transforms : Some elementary row / column ( any one at a time )
transforms can be applied to the given matrix to have some desired forms ( say, to obtained Identity
matrix in case of finding inverse of a non singular square matrix ) .
th th
(i) interchanging of any two rows or columns : We interchange i row by k row and denote it by
th th
Ri Rk and i column by k column and denote it by Ci Ck .
Used : To create 1 or non zero at diagonal element
th
(ii) multiplication of a row or column by some constant :We multiply i row by k and denote it by
th
Ri kRi and i column by k and denote it by Ci kCi . ( with k 0 ) .
Used : To create 1 at diagonal element, but only in the case transform(iii) is not applicable

(iii) addition/subtraction of a row/column with some constant time of another row/column respt. :
th th
We add or subtract k times n row with m row and denote it by Rm Rm k Rn or
th th
k times n column with m column and denote it by Cm Cm k Cn .
Used : To create 1 or non zero or zero whatever desired.

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11. Finding Inverse using Row or Column transformations :
(i) While applying row transform use the identity IA = A.
(ii) While applying column transform use the identity AI = A.
(iii) If at any stage of elementary transformations, any particular row or column vanishes (all elements
becomes 0), Then inverse of such matrix will not exist.
(iv) We are not allowed to apply row and column transformations both in a single question.

(v) Only row or only column transforms can be applied, throughout in a single question, though we
are free to select any one ( row / column transformations ) if not given.

e.g, Let A = 2 3 , Find inverse of the matrix A.

1 2

Row Transformation Column Tranformation

We know that, IA = A We know that, AI = A

1 0 A= 2 3 A 1 0 = 2 3
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2

R1 R2 C1 C1
2

0 1 A = 1 2 A 1/2 0 = 1 3
1 0 2 3 0 1 1/2 2

R2 R2 2R1 C2 C2 3C1

0 1 A= 1 2 A 1/2 3 / 2 = 1 0
1 2 0 1 0 1 1/2 1/2

R1 R1 + 2R2 C1 C1 C2

2 3 A = 1 0 A 2 3 / 2 = 1 0
1 2 0 1 1 1 0 1/2

R2 (1)R2 C2 2C2

2 3 A = 1 0 A 2 3 = 1 0
1 2 0 1 1 2 0 1

A1 = 2 3 A1 = 2 3
1 2 1 2

12. Following Transforms are Not Allowed :

(i) Rm Rm Rn ; Cm Cm Cn
(ii) Rm Rm a ; Cm Cm a ( Where a is some real number like 1, 2, 3, - - - )
(iii) Rm a Rn b Rp like R1 a R2 b R3
********
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 PROBLEMS ON MATRICES
(1) Find the value of a , b , c , d ,if a b 2a + c = 1 5
2a b 3c + d 0 13

(2) Find the value of x and y if 3x + 7 5 = 0 y2

y + 1 2 3x 8 4

(3) Find X and Y if X + Y = 5 2 & XY = 3 6

0 9 0 1

(4) If , 0 6 7 0 1 1 2 Verify that ( A + B ) C = AC + BC .

A = 6 0 8 ;B= 1 0 2 & C = 2
7 8 0 1 2 0 3

*(5) If , 2 & B = 1 3 6 , Then show that ( AB ) T = B T . A T .

A= 4
5
*(6) Express the matrix , 2 2 4 as sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrices .
A = 1 3 4
1 2 3

(7) For the matrix A = 1 5 , form a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix .
6 7
*(8) If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order then prove that AB BA is skew symmetric
matrix .

(9) If , 1 2 3 , Then show that A3 23 A 40 I = O

A = 3 2 1
4 2 1

(10) If , cos x sin x 0 , Show that F( x ) . F( y ) = F( x + y )

F( x ) = sin x cos x 0
0 0 1

*(11) If A = 3 2 , find the value of k so that A2 = k A 2 I .

4 2

*(12) If A= 0 tan( x / 2 ) , Show that, ( I + A ) = ( I A ) cos x sin x

tan( x / 2 ) 0 sin x cos x

(13) If A = cos x sinx ; A + A T = I , then the value of x would be .

sin x cos x

*Using elementary transformations find inverse of the following :

(14) 3 10 (15) 6 3 (16) 2 3 3 (17) 1 3 2 (18) 0 1 2
2 7 2 1 2 2 3 3 0 5 1 2 3
3 2 2 2 5 0 3 1 1

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*(19) If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is symmetric
if and only if AB = BA.

*(20) Find the matrix Dif A = 2 1 , B = 5 2 , C = 2 5 satisfies CD AB = O.

3 4 7 4 3 5
n n n 1
*(21) Let, A = 0 1 , Show that ( a I + b A ) = a . I + n .a b.A ,nN.
0 0 by using the principle of mathematical induction.
n
*(22) If, A = 3 4 , Then prove that A = 1 + 2n 4n nN.
1 1 n 1 2n by using the principle of mathematical
induction

(23) If , 1 & B = 1 2 1 , then verify ( AB )T = BT . AT .

A = 4
3
(24) Express the matrix , 6 2 2 , as sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrices .
A = 2 3 1
2 1 3
n
*(25) If , A = cos x sin x , then show that , A = cos nx sin nx ,nN.
sin x cos x sin nx cos nx

(26) Find x, if x 5 1 1 0 2 x
0 2 1 4 =O.
2 0 3 1

(27) Show that the matrix BT. A . B is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric or
skew symmetric respectively .

(28) Find x , y , and z if the matrix , 0 2y z satisfies A . A T = I

A = x y z
x y z

*(29) If A = 3 1 , show that : A2 5A + 7 I = O .

1 2

*(30) Find the matrix X so that X. 1 2 3 = 7 8 9

4 5 6 2 4 6 .

(31) If A is any square matrix so that A2 = A , then find ( I + A )3 7A .

(32) If A and B are invertible matrices of same order then prove that ( AB )1 = B 1 . A 1 .

(33)If A = cos sin ; Then verify that AA T = AT A = I .

sin cos

******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
*(1) Prove that the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
. .
(2) If x y = , prove that =
. .
(3) If, + = , then find the matrix [ ] .

*(4) Find the matrix A so that
=

(5) If A and B are any two matrices, prove that = ( )( + ) iff AB = BA .

*(6) Using E row transformations find inverse of the matrix

*(7) Using E column transformations find inverse of the matrix
, <
(8) Construct a matrix of order 33, where general element is given by ; =
( + ) ,
(9) Using Principle of Mathematical Induction prove that for all n N,
= if, =

(10) If = and =[ ] , then verify ( ) = .

*(11) If, = and is the identity of order 3, then prove that, + + = .

*(12) For the matrix = , find the numbers a and b if + + = , also find .

*(13) For the matrix = , find the numbers a and b if + = , also find .

*(14) If =

, find value(s) of x, y such that ( + ) =

(15) Using Principle of Mathematical Induction prove that, = if, =

(16) Find the matrix A if, =

*(17) Using E Transformation find the matrix X such that,

(i) = (ii) =

(18) Find the value of x if, [ ] =

*(19) If =

and f (x) = x2 x + 2, then show that f (A) = O. Hence find and .

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(20) Find the value of x, y, z if the matrix = satisfies the condition =


(21) If = and = satisfies( + ) = + . Find the value of a and b.

*(22) If =

and f (x) = x2 + 4x + 7, then find f (A). Also find the matrix X if, f (A) + X = O

(23) If, = , = . Show that ( ) = .

*(24) Find the matrix A so that A

=

( )
(25) By using Principle of Mathematical Induction, prove that = if, =

*(26) Find the matrix X if, =

(27) If A = diag [ 2 , 5 , 3 ] ; B = diag [ 1 , 6 , 4 ] ; C = diag [ 4 , 6 , 3 ] find the following :

(i) 3A 2B + 4I (ii) A + 2B (iii) 2A + B 5C.

*(28) Show that the matrix = is inverse of itself.


(29) If = and = , then show that A and B can commute .

(30) If = and = , show that (aA + bB)(aA bB) = (a2 + b2) A .

(31) If a, b, c and d R and = , then show that, ( + ) + = .

(32) If = , then show that =

*(33) If =

, show that : + = . Hence find the value of
(i) + (ii) (iii)

******

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 ANSWERS
Problems on Matrices :
(1) a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4 (2) Not possible (3) X = 4 4 , Y = 1 2
0 4 0 5
(6) 2 3/2 3/2 0 1/2 5/2 (7) 2 11 , 0 1 (11) k = 1
3/2 3 1 + 1/2 0 3 11 14 1 0
3/2 1 3 5/2 3 0

(13) / 3 (14) 7 10 (15) Does not exist.

2 3

(16) 2/5 0 3/5 (17) 1 2/5 3/5 (18) 1/2 1/2 1/2
1/5 1/5 0 2/5 4/25 11/25 4 3 1
2/5 1/5 2/5 3/5 1/25 9/25 5/2 3/2 1/2

(20) 40 22 (24) 6 2 2 0 0 0 (26) 43

77/5 44/5 2 3 1 + 0 0 0
2 1 3 0 0 0

(28) x = 1 / 2 , y = 1 / 6, z = 1 / 3 (30) 1 2 (31) I , the identity matrix

2 0

Miscellaneous Problems
0 0 1
0 1 1
(3) (4) (6) 0 1 2
0 1 0
1 1 3
4 2 2 9 1 2
1 2
(7) 5 0 5 (8) 16 36 1 (12) a = 4, b = 1, =
1 3
1 2 3 25 49 81
5 1
(13) a = 8, b = 8, = (14) x = y = ;x= y=
7 3 2
8 4 3 14
(16) a = 5, b = 4, c = 7, x = 0, y = 3, z = 4, (17) (i) (ii)
19 12 4 17
5 2 2 2
(18) x = 2, 14 (19) x = ,y= ,y= (20) = , =
4 0 4 3
16 8 3 2
(21) a = 1 , b = 4 (22) (24)
8 8 19 12

(26) = [1 2 1] (27) (i) [12 7 13] (ii) [0 17 5] (iii) [17 46 17]

44 20 62 149 23 360
(33) (i) (ii) (iii)
20 24 149 87 534 25

******

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 4. DETERMINANTS
1. Definition : Unlike matrices it is always square and is a arrangement of elements in
rows and column in between and represented by D or .

A general determinant is, D = 1 , 2 , e.t.c are determinants of order 1.

1 2 3 &D= 1 2 , e.t.c, are determinants of

D or = 2 1 4 , e.t.c, are determinants of order 3. 2 5 order 2.
3 1 5

2. Minors and Co Factors : Minor of any general element amn of a determinant is denoted by
th
Mmn and is defined by a determinant obtained by suppressing( eliminating ) the m row and
th
n column (i.e, the row and the column in which the element falls)

Example : Let D = 1 2 3 , Then M11 = 2 4 = 4 ( 24) = 4 + 24 = 20 .

1 2 4 6 2
3 6 2

M23 = 1 2 = 6 6 = 0 , M31 = 2 3 = 8 6 = 14 . and so on

3 6 2 4
m+n
Whereas, Co Factors are Minors with radical sign (1) .
m+n
And are denoted by C mn or A mn = (1) M mn .

Here, C21 = (1)2 + 1 M21 = 2 3 = ( 4 18 ) = 22 .

6 2 and so on we can find other co factors also .

3. Values of a determinant : Unlike matrix a determinant in real number has a real values.
st
In 1 order determinant ; 1 = 1 , 2 = 2. and so on .

nd
In 2 order determinant ; a b = ad bc, 2 3 = 1 , 4 5 = 3 .
c d 1 1 1 2
rd
Expansion of determinant : In 3 and higher order determinants, to find its value we
expand it along any particular row or column. It is defined as product sum of elements of that
row or column with their respective co factors along which expansion is being done.

st
If D = a1 a2 a3 then expansion along 1 row is a1 b2 b3 a 2 b1 b3 + a 3 b1 b2
b1 b2 b3 c2 c3 c1 c3 c1 c2
c1 c2 c3 = a1( b2 c3 b3 c2 ) a2( b1 c3 b3 c1) + a 3( b1 c2 b2 c1).

4. Properties of Deteminants ;
(a) The value of determinant is free from selection of row or column for expansion, thus the value of
the determinant remains same on expanding along any row or column.

(b) The value of a determinant is Zero, if all the elements in any row or column is only 0.
0 a x a c e a b c 0 0 0
0 b y = 0 0 0 = x y z = 1 2 3 = Zero( 0 ).
0 c z l m n 0 0 0 x y z

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 (c) The value of a determinant is 0, if any of the two rows or two columns are identical.
a a x a c e a b a x y z
b b y = l m n = x y x = 1 2 3 = Zero( 0 ).
c c z l m n 2 m 2 x y z
C1 = C2 R2 = R3 C1 = C3 R1 = R3

(d) If any particular row or column has some common we can take it out of the determinant, also if
we have to multiply a determinant with some constant or variable, any particular row or column is
multiplied (not in each elements as we do in Matrices).
a b c ka kb kc a kb c a b c
D=k l m n = l m n = l km n = l m n
x y z x y z x ky z kx ky kz

(e) If any row / column is in the form of the summation of elements then the determinant can be
written as the sum of determinants keeping the other rows / columns identical .

a+l b+m c+n a b c l m n

p q r = p q r + p q r
x y z x y z x y z

5. Row and Column Transforms : Some elementary row / column transforms ( Both in a single
question ) can be applied to the given determinant to simplify the process of expansion
We do the transforms to create
(i) Quantity present in R.H.S
(ii) Maximum of like quantity in a row / column.
(iii) Maximum of 1s in row / column
(iv) Maximum of 0s in row / column
th th
(i) interchanging of any two rows or columns : We interchange i row by k row and denote it by
th th
Ri Rk and i column by k column and denote it by Ci Ck .
When we interchange any two consecutive /
non - consective rows or columns we put a negative(ve) sign to the determinant.

a b c a b c a c b
D= l m n = (1) x y z = (1)2 x z y
x y z l m n l n m
R2 R3 C2 C3 .
th
(ii) multiplication of a row or column by some constant : We multiply i row by k and denote it by
th
Ri kRi and i column by k and denote it by Ci kCi . ( with k 0 ) .
When we multipli any row or column by some
constant or variable k, we divide the determinant by the vary same k at the same stage.

a b c ka kb kc a kb c a b c
D= l m n = 1 l m n = 1 l km n = l l m n
x y z k x y z k x ky z k kx ky kz
R1 kR1 C2 kC2 R3 kR3

(iii) addition/subtraction of a row/column with some constant time of another row/column respt. :
The value of a determinant remains unchanged if any row is replaced as R1 aR1 + bR2 + cR3.
or any column is replaced as: C1 aC1 + bC2 + cC3.

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 Restriction : (i) a 0 , In each replacement the presence of the row / column to be replaced is
necessary.
(ii) If a 1 , divide the determinant by a.

(iii) No full cycle is allowed, if R1 R1 R2 , R2 R2 R3

now R3 R3 R1.

5. Adjoint of a Matrix : If A be any square matrix then adjoint of A is denoted by Adj(A) or adj(A)
and is defind by the transpose of the matrix obtained if all elements of matrix A is replaced by their
corresponding co factors .

If a11 a12 a13 C11 C12 C13 T C11 C21 C31

A = a21 a22 a23 , Then Adj(A) = C21 C22 C23 = C12 C22 C32
a31 a32 a33 C31 C32 C33 C13 C23 C33
Cmn is the co factor of the element amn .
6. Inverse of a Matrix : To every non singular square matrix A i.e, A 0. There exist A1 given
by
A1 = Adj(A)
A
7. Properties of Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix : If A be any square matrix of order n.
n1
(i) A (AdjA) = (AdjA) A = A I n (ii) Adj A = A .

(iii) A1 = ( A )1. (iv) A B = A . B

n (n 1)2
(v) k A = k A , k R (vi) Adj ( Adj A ) = A .

n2
(vii) ( AT )1 = (A1)T. (viii) Adj ( Adj A ) = A . A

8. Area of a Triangle : If (xi yi) , i = 1, 2, 3.be the three vertices of any triangle then,
x1 y1 1 is the area of the triangle. Also the determinant value if comes
1 x2 y2 1 out to be negative, we make it positive by taking absolute value.
2 x3 y3 1 Because, the area of a triangle is always positive.

9. Collinearity of Points : Three points (x1 , y1), (x2 , y2) and (x3 , y3) are said to be collinear,
If x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 = 0.
x3 y3 1

10. Equation of a straight line : Equation of the straight line joining the two points
(x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) is given by x y 1
x1 y1 1 =0.
x2 y2 1

11. Differentiation of determinant : If f i , g i , and hi for i = 1, 2 , 3 are differentiable

functions of x and f1(x) g1(x) h1(x)
D(x) = f2(x) g2(x) h2(x)
f3(x) g3(x) h3(x) then ,

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 f11(x) g11(x) h11(x) f1(x) g1(x) h1(x) f1(x) g1(x) h1(x)
D1(x) = f2(x) g2(x) h2(x) + f21(x) g21(x) h21(x) + f2(x) g2(x) h2(x)
f3(x) g3(x) h3(x) f3(x) g3(x) h3(x) f31(x) g31(x) h31(x)
Also,
f11(x) g1(x) h1(x) f1(x) g11(x) h1(x) f1(x) g1(x) h11(x)
D (x) = f21(x)
1
g2(x) h2(x) + f2(x) g21(x) h2(x) + f2(x) g2(x) h21(x)
f31(x) g3(x) h3(x) f3(x) g31(x) h3(x) f3(x) g3(x) h31(x)

12. Solution to system of linear equations : If a11x + a12 y + a13z = b1

a21x + a22y + a23z = b2
a31x + a32y + a33z = b3 ,
be any system of non homogenous linear equations, then we define following matrices as :
a11 a12 a13 x b1
A = a21 a22 a23 , X = y and B = b2 , then Ax = B , is the matrix equation.
a31 a32 a33 z b3
and if A is a non singular ( A 0 ) matrix then x = A1B , gives the solution of the above
system of linear equation
Moreover, consistency of the system of liner equations is given as:
Non Homogenous Equation ( AX = B)

A0 A=0
System of equation
is consistent and
has unique solution given (AdjA)B 0 (AdjA)B = 0
by x = A1B System of equation System of equation
is inconsistent & is consistent and
has no solution has infinite solution .
Homogenous Equations ( AX = O)
Such system are always consistent

A0 A=0
System of equation System of equation
has only trivial solution has non trivial solution
given by x = y = z = 0. given by at least one of
x , y , z 0.
Homogenous Equation, If a11x + a12 y + a13z = 0
a21x + a22y + a23z = 0
a31x + a32y + a33z = 0 ,
be any system of homogenous linear equations, then we define following matrices as :
a11 a12 a13 x 0
A = a21 a22 a23 , X = y and B = 0 , then Ax = B , is the matrix equation.
a31 a32 a33 z 0
and (i) if A 0 , Then x = A1B, gives only x = y = z = 0, called trivial solution.
(ii) if A = 0 , Then x = A1B , gives at least one of x , y , z 0, called non trivial solution,
and is obtained by putting any one of x, y, or z = k.
***********
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 Problems on Determinants
Using properties of determinant & without expanding prove the following :

(1) 2 7 65 (2) 1 bc a(b+c)

3 8 75 = 0 1 ca b(c+a) = 0
5 9 86 1 ab c(a+b)

(3) x + y y+z z+x (4) a a 2 bc 1 a2 a3

2
z x y =0 b b ca = 1 b2 b3
1 1 1 c c 2 ab 1 c2 c3

(5) 0 a b (6) If a , b , c are in A . P, x + 2 x+3 x+a

a 0 c = 0 x+3 x+4 x+b =0
b c 0 x+4 x+5 x+c
Using properties of determinant prove the following :
(6) x + 4 2x 2x (7) Solve the equation x + a x x
2x x+4 2x = ( 5x + 4 )( 4 x ) 2. x x+a x =0;a0.
2x 2x x+4 x x x+a

*(8) x + y + 2z x y (9) 1 a bc
3
z y + z + 2x y = 2( x + y + z ) . 1 b ca = ( a b )( b c )( c a )
z x z + x + 2y 1 c ab

*(10) a2+1 ab ac (11) 1 1+p 1+p+q

2
ab b +1 bc = 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 . 2 3 + 2p 4 + 3p + 2q = 1 .
ca bc c2+1 3 6 + 3p 10 + 6p +3q

*(12) a a+b a+b+c *(13) 1+a 1 1

2a 3a + 2b 4a + 3b + 2c = a 3 . 1 1+b 1 = abc + ab + bc + ca
3a 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c 1 1 1+c

*(14) b+c q+r y+z a p x *(15) abc 2a 2a

c+a r+p z+x =2 b q y 2b bca 2b = ( a + b + c )3
a+b p+q x+y c r z 2c 2c c a b

*(16) 1 + a2 b2 2ab 2b
2 2
2ab 1a +b 2a =(1+a2+b2)3.
2 2
2b 2a 1a b

*(17) Cos x Cos y Cos x Sin y Sin x (18) a2 bc ac + c2

2
Sin y Cos y 0 =1 a + ab b2 ac = 4a 2 b 2 c 2
Sin x Cos y Sin x Sin y Cos x ab b 2 + bc c2

*(19) x x2 1 + px 3
y y2 1 + py 3 = ( 1 + pxyz )( x y ) ( y z )(z x ) .
z z2 1 + pz 3

*(20) (y + z)2 xy zx (21) Find x , if x 2 = 6 2

xy (x + z)2 yz = 2xyz ( x + y + z )3 . 18 x 18 6
xz yz (x + y)2

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(22) a + bx c + dx p + qx a c p (23) b + c a a
ax + b cx + d px + q = (1 x 2 ) b d q b c+a b = 4abc
u v w u v w c c a+b

*(24) 3a ba ca (25) a2 ab c
ab 3b c b = 3( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca ) ba b2 bc = 4a2b2c2 .
ac b c 3c ca cb c2

*(26) If a, b, c R, and b+c c+a a+b Show that either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c .

c + a a + b b + c = 0,
a+b b+c c+a

*(27) If x y z, and D = x x2 1 + x3 , then show that 1 + xyz = 0.

y y2 1+y =03

z z2 1 + z3
(28) 1 x x2 (29) y + k y y
x2 1 x = ( 1 x3 )2 . y y+k y = k2( 3y + k )
x x2 1 y y y+k

(30) x x2 yz
y y2 xz = ( x y )( y z )( z x )( xy + yz + zx ) .
z z2 xy

*(31) Let A= 1 sin x 1 , Where 0 x 2 , then show that , | A | [ 2 4].

sin x 1 sin x
1 sin x 1

(32) If A = 1 0 1 , then show that |3A| = 27 | A | .

0 1 2
0 0 4

(33) Show that the points A( a , b + c ) ; B( b , c + a ) & C( c , a + b ) are collinear .

(34) Using determinant find the area of the formed by the points ( - 2 , - 3 ) ; ( 3 , 2 ) & ( - 1 , - 8 ) .

(35) Using determinant, find the equation of the straight line joining the points ( 1 , 2 ) & ( 3 , 6 ) .

(36) Find the value(s) of k, if the area of the having vertices ( 2 , - 6 ) ; ( 5 , 4 ) & ( k , 4 ) is 35 sq.
units .

(37) Using determinant, find the equation of the line joining A( 1 , 3 ) , B( 0 , 0 ), & find k if D( k , 0 )
is a point such that area of ABD = 3 sq. units .

(38) Solve the system of equation : x + 2y = 2 ; 2x + 3y = 3 , by matrix method .

(39) Solve the system of equation : x + 3y = 5 ; 2x + 6y = 8 , by matrix method .

*(40) Solve the system of equation : 3x y 2z = 2 ; 2y z = - 1 ; 3x 5y = 3 , by matrix method .

*(41) Solve the system of equation : x y + 2z = 7 ; 3x + 4y 5z = 3 ; 2x y + 3z = 12, by matrix

method.
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(42) Solve the system of equatios : 2x + 3y + 3z = 5, x 2y + z = - 4, 3x y 2z = 3, by matrix method.

*(43) The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply 3rd number by 3 and add 2nd number to it we get 11
st rd nd
By adding 1 and 3 number we get double of 2 number. Represent it algebraically & find the
numbers using matrix method.

*(44) The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat & 2 kg rice is Rs 60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat & 6 kg
rice is Rs 90. The cost of 6 kg onion, 2 kg wheat & 3 kg rice is Rs 70. Find the cost of each item
per kg by matrix method.

*(45) If A = 2 3 5 Find A1. Using A1 solve the system of linear equations : 2x 3y + 5z = 11 ;

3 2 4 3x + 2y 4z = 5 ; x + y 2z = 3 .
1 1 2

*(46) Use the product 1 1 2 2 0 1

0 2 3 9 2 3
3 2 4 6 1 2 ,
to solve the system of linear equations : x y + 2z = 1 ,
2y 3 z = 1 ,
3x 2y + 4z = 2 , by matrix method .

*(47) Solve the system of linear equations using matrix method , 2 + 3 + 10 = 4 ,

x y z
4 6 + 5 = 1 , 6 + 9 20 = 2 .
x y z x y z
******
HOTS PROBLEMS
Using properties of determinant, prove the following :

*(1) bc b2 + bc c2 + bc
a2 + ac ac c2 + ac = ( ab + bc + ca ) 3 .
a2 + ab b2 + ab ab

*(2) If x , y & z are all positive and pth, qth, and rth term of a G.P then prove that, log x p 1
log y q 1 = 0 .
log z r 1

* (3) If a p, b q, c r and p b c Prove that, p + q + r = 2 .

a q c =0, pa qb rc
a b r
th th th
*(4) If 1 , 1 , 1 are the p , q , r term of an A.P, then prove that: bc ca ab
a b c p q r =0.
1 1 1

(5) 1 log x y log x z *(6) b2 + c2 ab ac

2 2
log y x 1 log y z = 0 ab c +a bc = 4a2 b2 c2
log z x log z y 1 ac bc a2 + b2
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*(7) If a2 + b2 + c2 = 0, then prove tha : b2 + c2 ab ac
ab c2 + a2 bc = 4a2 b2 c2 .
2 2
ac bc a +b

(8) 0 ab2 ac2 *(9) a2 + 2a 2a + 1 1

a2b 0 bc2 = 2a3 b3 c3 2a + 1 a+2 1 = (a 1)3
a2 c b2 c 0 3 3 1
(10) a + b + c c b (11) 43 3 6
c a+b+c a = 2(a + b)( b + c)(c + a) . 35 21 4 = 0.
b a a+b+c 17 9 2
(12) 1 2
bc b c + bc 2
*(13) a + b + 2c a b
2 2
1 ca c a + ca = 0 c b + c + 2a b = 2(a + b + c)3
2 2
1 ab a b + ab c a c + a + 2b

(14) 1 bc + ad b2c2 + a2d2

1 ca + bd c2a2 + b2d2 = ( b c )(c a )( a b )( a d )( b d )( c d ).
1 ab + cd a2b2 + c2d2
(15) a+x y z (16) a+b a a
2
x a+y z = a ( a + x + y + z ). 5a + 4b 4a 2a = a3 .
x y a+z 10a + 8b 8a 3a

(17) 1 a a2 bc (18) b2c2 bc b+c

1 b b2 ca = 0 c2a2 ca c+a =0
1 c c2 ab a2 b 2 ab a+b

(19) 1 a b+c (20) x y z

1 b c+a = 0 x2 y2 z2 = xyz.(x y).(y z)
1 c a+b x3 y3 z3 .(z x)

(21) 265 240 219 (22) 2ab a2 b2

240 225 198 = 0 a2 b2 2ab = ( a3 + b3 )2
219 198 181 b2 2ab a2

(23) a2 + bc a3 1 (24) a + b a + 2b a + 3b
b2 + ca b3 1 = (a b)(b c)(c a)(a2 + b2 + c2). a + 2b a + 3b a + 4b = 0
c2 + ab c3 1 a + 3b a + 4b a + 5b

(25) b + c ab a (26) 12 22 32
c+a bc b = (3abc a3 b3 c3 ). 22 32 42 =8
a+b ca c 32 42 52

(27) a a2 b+c (28) 1 bc a(b + c)

b b2 c + a = (a b)(b c)(c a)(a + b + c) 1 ca b(c + a) = 0
c c2 a+b 1 ab c(a + b)

(29) a2 a2 (b c)2 bc
b2 b2 (c a)2 ca = (a b)(b c)(c a)(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2) .
c2 c2 (a b)2 ab
(30) 1 b+c b2 + c2 *(31) Sin x Cos x Sin (x + a)
1 c+a c2 + a2 = ( a b )( b c )( c a ). Sin y Cos y Sin (y + a) = 0
1 a+b a2 + b 2 Sin z Cos z Sin (z + a)
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(32) a bc c+b (33) a a + b a + 2b
a+c b c a = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ). a + 2b a a + b = 9b2(a + b)
ab b+a c a+b a + 2b a

*(34) If a b c > 0 then, a b c (35) Find x if x + 2 1 3

b c a <0 1 x3 2 =0
c a b 3 2 1

(36) Find x if x + 1 3 5 (37) Find x if x2 2x 3 3x 4

2 x+2 5 =0 x4 2x 9 3x 16 = 0
2 3 x+4 x8 2x 27 3x 64

(38) Find x if a + b + c = 0 & a x c b (39) 3a b a c a

c bx a =0 ab 3b c b = 3(a + b + c)
b a cx a c b c 3c (ab + bc + ca)

*(40) a b ax + by
b c bx + cy = (b2 ac)( ax2 + 2bxy + cy2 ).
ax + by bx + cy 0

*(41) (y + z)2 x2 x2 (42) If, a 1 0 prove that,

y2 (x + z)2 y2 = 2xyz(x + y + z)3 f (x) = ax a 1 f (2x) f (x)
z2 z2 (x + y)2 ax2 ax a = ax(2a + 3x)

Problems on simultaneous Equation :

(43) Use the product 4 4 4 1 1 1 to solve the system of linear equations :
7 1 3 1 2 2 x y +z=4,
5 3 1 2 1 3 , x 2y 2z = 9 ,
2x + y + 3z = 1 , by matrix method .
*(44) Let , 5 1 3 1 1 2
A = 7 1 5 B = 3 2 1 Show that AB = BA = 4I3 .
1 1 1 2 1 3
And , using this relation solve the system of linear equation, x + y + 2z = 0, 3x + 2y + z = 7,
2x + y + 3z = 2

*(45) Let , 1 1 0 2 2 4
A = 2 3 4 B = 4 2 4 Show that AB = BA = 6I3 .
0 1 2 2 1 5
And, using this relation solve the system of linear equation, x y = 3 , 2x + 3y + 4z = 17 , y + 2z = 7.

*(46) If A = 1 1 1 Find A1. Using A1 solve the system of linear equations : x + 2y + z = 4 ;

2 1 3 x + y + z = 0 ; x 3y + z = 2 .
1 1 1
*(47) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
5x + 3y + 7z = 4, 3x + 26y + 2z = 9 , 7x + 2y + 10z = 5.
(48) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
1 + 1 + 1 =6, 2 1 + 2 =3, 3 + 1 1 =3.
x y z x y z x y z
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(49) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
2x + 2y 2z = 1, 4x + 4y z = 2 , 6x + 6y + 2z = 3.
(50) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
2x y + 3z = 5, 3x + 2y z = 7 , 4x + 5y 5z = 9.
*(51) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
x y + z = 3, 2x + y z = 2 , x 2y + 2z = 1.
(52) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
2x + 3y z = 0, x y 2z = 0 , 3x + y + 3z = 0.
(53) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
x 2y + z = 0, x + y z = 0 , 3x + 6y 5z = 0.
*(54) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
5 + 4 6 = 4 , 2 + 3 + 4 = 3, 3 2 2 = 6 .
x y z x y z x y z
*(55) Test the consistency of the system of linear equation and solve the system by matrix method:
5xy 7y + xz = 11 , 6xy 8y xz = 15 , 3xy + 2y 6xz = 7.
(56) Prove that for = 57 / 10, the homogenous system of linear equation 2x + 3y 2z = 0 ,
2x y + 3z = 0 , 7x + y z = 0, has non trivial solution. Also find those non trivial solutions.
(57) Prove that for = 29, the homogenous system of linear equation 3x 2y + z = 0, x 14y + 15z = 0,
x + 2y + 3z = 0, has non trivial solution. Also find those non trivial solutions.
(58) A school wants to award its students for the values of Honesty, Regularity and Hard work with a
total cash awar d of Rs. 6000. Three times the award money for Hard work added to that given for
Honesty amounts to Rs 11000. The award money given for Honesty and Hard work together is
double the one given for Regularity. Represent the above situation algebraically and find the award
money for value, using matrix method. Apart from these values, namely Honesty, Hard work and
Regularity, suggest one more value which the school must include for award.

(58) If, f 1(x) g1(x) h1(x) then show f 1(x) g1(x) h1(x)
D(x) = f 11(x) g11(x) h11(x) that D1(x) = f 11(x) g11(x) h11(x)
iv iv iv
f 111(x) g111(x) h111(x) f (x) g (x) h (x)
n
(59) If y = sin mx and y n = d y Then prove that , y y1 y2
n
dx y3 y4 y5 = 0
y6 y7 y8
*(60) If , cos x sin x 0 ,& cos y 0 sin y
F( x ) = sin x cos x 0 G( y) = 0 1 0
0 0 1 sin y 0 cos y
Then show that,
(i) [ F(x)] 1 = F( x ) (ii) [ G(x) ] 1 = G (x ) (iii) [ F(x).G(x)]1 = G(x).F(x ).

*(61) If A = 3 7 and B = 2 3 , then prove that (AB)1 = B1. A1.

5 4 1 5
(62)For the matrix A = cos x sin x 0 , verify (a) A . Adj(A) = | A |. I 3 (b) A1 = Adj (A)
sin x cos x 0
0 0 1

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(63) If A = 1 2 and B = 3 4 , then prove that adj (AB) = (adj B ). ( adj A ) .
3 4 1 2

(64) If A = 2 3 and B = 1 2 , then prove that (AB)1 = B1. A1.

1 4 1 3
(65) For the matrix A = 1 2 , verify that A . Adj(A) = Adj(A) . A = | A |. I 2
3 5
*******

ANSWERS
Problems on Determinant :

(7) a / 3 (21) 6 (34) 15 (35) y = 2x (36) 12 , 2 (37) y = 3x , 2

(38) x = 0, y = 1 (39) No solution (40) No solution (41) x = 2 , y = 1 , z = 3 (42) x = 1 , y = 2 , z = 1

(43) 1, 2, 3 (44) Rs 5, Rs 8 , Rs 8 / kg (45) 0 1 2 , x = 1 , y = 2, z = 3 (46) x = 0, y = 5, z = 3

2 9 23
(47) x = 2, y = 3, z = 5 1 5 13

Hots Problems :
(35) 2, 12 (36) 1, 9 (37) 4 (38) 0

(43) x = 3, y = 2, z = 1 (44) x = 13/4 , y = 3/4, z = 5/4 (45) x = 2, y = 1, z = 4

(46) x = 9/5, y = 2/5, z = 7/5 (47) x = (7 16k) / 11 , y = (3 + k) / 11, z = k

(48) x = 4 / 3, y = 1 / 3, z = 4 / 9 (49) x = (1 2k) / 2 , y = k , z = 0

(50) x = (17 5k) / 7, y = (11k 1) / 7 , z = k (51) x = 5 / 3, y = (3k 4) / 3, z = k

(52) x = y = z = 0 (53) x = k / 2, y = k , z = 3k / 2

(54) x = 1, y = 1, z = 2 (55) x = 1 , y = 1 , z = 1

(56) x = 7k / 8, y = 10k / 8, z = k (57) x = k , y = k , z = k

(58) Honesty : Rs 500 , Hard work : Rs 3500, Regularity : Rs 2000

******

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 5. CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIATION
1. Continuity of a function : If y = f(x) be any function defined in its domain Df . Then the function is
said to be continuous at any point x = a Df iff ,
(i) L.H limit at x = a is existing finitely
(ii) R.H limit at x = a is existing finitely
(iii) functional value of the function at x = a is existing finitely
(iv) L.H limit = R.H limit = Functional value.

L.H limit at x = a Lim { f ( x ) } = Lim { f ( a h ) }

x a h 0

R.H limit at x = a Lim { f ( x ) } = Lim { f ( a + h ) }

x a+ h 0

Functional value at x = a f ( a )
Thus, a function f (x) is continuous at x = a iff,
Lim { f ( a h )} = Lim { f ( a + h )} = f (a) .with finite existence.
h 0 h 0
Continuity in an interval
(i) open interval ( a b ) : A function f (x ) is said to be continuous in an
open interval (a b) iff, for all c (a b) we have
Lim { f ( c h )} = Lim { f ( c + h )} = f (c) .with finite existence.
h 0 h 0

(ii) closed interval [a b] : A function f(x) is said to be continuous in a

closed interval [a b] iff,
(a) the function is continuous in open interval (a b)
Lim { f ( c h )} = Lim { f ( c + h )} = f (c) .with finite existence.
h 0 h 0
(b) the function is continuous at the left end x = a,
Lim { f ( a + h )} = f (a) .with finite existence.
h 0
(c) the function is continuous at the right end x = b,
Lim { f ( b h )} = f (b) .with finite existence.
h 0
2. Differentiability of a function : If y = f(x) be any function defined in its domain Df . Then the
function is said to be differentiable at any point x = a Df iff ,
(i) L.H derivative at x = a is existing finitely
(ii) R.H derivative at x = a is existing finitely
(iii) L.H derivative = R.H derivative.
L.H derivative at x = a Lim { f ( x ) f (a) } = Lim { f ( a h ) f (a) }
x a x a h 0 h

R.H derivative at x = a Lim { f ( x ) f (a) } = Lim { f ( a + h ) f (a) }

x a+ x a h 0 h

Thus, a function f (x) is differentiable at x = a iff,

Lim { f ( a h ) f (a)} = Lim { f ( a + h ) f (a)} .with finite existence.
h 0 h h 0 h

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3. Rules of differentiation : If U and V are any two functions of x and k is any constant.
(i) d k = 0 (ii) d kU = k d U (iii) d ( U V ) = d U d V
dx dx dx dx dx dx

(iv) d U.V = V d U + U d V (v) d { U / V } = V d U U d V

dx dx dx dx dx dx
V2
(vi) Chain Rule : If u is a function of v; v is a function of w and w is a function of x.
Then, d u = d u d v d w
dx dv dw dx
n n 1 x x x x
4. Important Formulae : (i) d x = n x (ii) d a = a .log a (iii) d e = e
dx dx dx

(iv) d log x = 1 / x . (v) d sinx = cosx (vi) d cosx = sinx (vii) d tanx = sec2 x .
dx dx dx dx

(viii) d cotx = cosec2x (ix) d secx = secx . tanx (x) d cosecx = cosecx .cotx .
dx dx dx

(xi) d sin1x = 1 . (xi) d cos1x = 1 . (xii) d tan1x = 1

dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2 dx 1 + x2 .

(xiv) d cot 1x = 1 (xv) d sec1x = 1 ( xvi) d cosec1x = 1 .

dx 1 + x2 dx x x2 1 dx x x2 1

5. Rolles Mean Value Theorem ( RMVT ) : If y = f (x) be any function defined in [a b]

such that (i) f (x) is continuous in [a b]
(ii) f (x) is differentiable in (a b)
and (iii) f (a) = f (b)
Then Rolles Theorem is said to be applicable
and there exists at least one point c (a b) such that f 1(c) = 0

6. Lagranges Mean Value Theorem ( LMVT ) : If y = f (x) be any function defined in [a b]

such that (i) f (x) is continuous in [a b]
and (ii) f (x) is differentiable in (a b)
Then Lagranges Mean Value Theorem or Mean Value Theorem is said to be
applicable and there exists at least one point c (a b) such that f 1(c) = f (b) f (a)
ba

******

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 PROBLEMS ON CTS. & DIFF.
Problems on Continuity & Differentiability :
(1) Discuss the continuity of the function f ( x ) = sin x + cos x & g ( x ) = sin x .cos x .

(2) Find the point(s) of discontinuity of the greatest integer function given by f ( x ) = [x] ;
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equals to x .

(3) Find all the points of discontinuity of the function f ( x ) = | x | ; x 0

x
=0 ;x=0.

*(4) For what values of is the function defined by , f ( x ) = ( x2 2x ) ; x 0

is continuous at x = 0 = 4x + 1 ; x >0.

*(5) Test the continuity of the function f ( x ) = x2 sin ( 1 / x ) ; x 0

=0 ; x = 0.

*(6) Find all the values of k so that the function f ( x ) = kx + 1 ;x

= cos x ; x > , is continuous at x = .

*(7) Find the values of k so that the function f ( x ) = k . cos x ; x / 2

2x
=3 ; x = / 2, is continuous at x = / 2 .

*(8) Find the values of a & b such that, the function defined by : f(x) =5 ; x 2
is a continuous function = ax + b ; 2 < x < 10
= 21 ; x 10 ,

*(9) Prove that the function defined by : f ( x ) = | x 1 | ; x R , is not differentiable at x = 1 .

(10) Prove that the greatest integer function defined by : f ( x ) = [ x ] ; 0 < x < 3 ,
is not differentiable at x = 1 & x = 2 .

(11) Examine the continuity of f, where f is defined by f ( x ) = sin x cos x ;x0

=1 ;x=0

*(12) Show that the function, f ( x ) = x [x] is discontinuous at all integral points . Here [x] is the
greatest integer function defined by an integer less than or equals to x .

*(13) Find all point(s) of discontinuities of the function, f ( x ) = | x | | x + 1 | .

(14) Show that the function defined as : f(x) = | 1 x + | x | | , where x R , is a continuous function .

*(15) Find all points of discontinuities of the function f(x) = sin x ;x<0
x
= x+1 ;x 0
(16) Discuss the continuity of the function defined as : f(x) = 2x + 3 ; x2
= 2x 3 ; 2<x

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Problems on Chain Rule & Substitution :
Find dy / dx in the following

(17) y = sec ( tan (x ) ) (18) y = cos ( x 3 ) . sin 2 ( x 5 ) .

(19) y = 2 cot x2 (20) y = sin { cos( x2 )}.

(21) xy + y2 = tan x + y (22) sin2 y + cos xy =

x x
(23) y = cos { log x + e } , x > 0 (24) y = sin { tan1( e )}
x x
(25) y = log ( cos e ) (26) y = e

*(27) y = sin 1 1 x2 ;0<x<1 *(28) y = cos 1 2x ; 1 < x < 1

1 + x2 1 + x2

(29) y = sec 1 1 ;0<x<1/2 (30) y = tan1 3x x3 ; 1 < x < 1 .

2x2 1 1 3x2 3 3
x+1
(31) y = tan1 sin x *(32) y = sin1 2
x
1 + cos x 1+4

Problems on logarithmic & parametric differentiations :

( )( ) ( )( )
*(33) y = . *(34) y = ( )( )( )
.

x x+1/x
*(35) y = x +1 + (x) (36) y = cos x . cos 2x . cos 3x
x
sin x cos x x y
*(37) y=x + ( sin x) . *(38) y =x .

*(39) (cos x ) y = ( cos y ) x . (40) x y = e

(x y)
.

*(41) y x + x y + x x = a b . (42) y = ( x cos x )

x
+ ( x sin x )
1/x
.
x (sin x cos x )
(43) y = ( sin x ) + sin1(x) (44) y = ( sin x cos x )
(x2 3) x2 2/3 2/3 2/3
(45) y = x +(x3) (46) x +y =a .
a
(47) x = a ( cos + .sin ) , y = a ( sin .cos ) *(48) y = a t + 1 / t
;x=(t+1/t) .

log x
*(49) x = and y = . (50) y = ( log x ) ;x>1.
3 3
(51) y = cos t ,x= sin t . (52) y = log 7 { log x } .
cos 2t cos 2t
sin x
*(53) x 1 + y + y1+x =0; 1<x<1 (54) y = ( sin x ) .

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Higher order and mixed problems :
*(55) If y= ; 1 < x < 1 , show that , ( 1 x 2 ).y2 x .y1 a2 y = 0 .
2 3/2
*(56) If (x a) 2 + (y b) 2 = c 2 , for some c > 0 ; prove that , 1 + (dy / dx ) ,
is a constant independent of a and b. d2 y / dx 2
*(57) Differentiate sin2 x with respect to e cos x .

*(58) If y = cot 1 1 + sin x + 1 sinx ; 0 < x < / 2 , then prove that dy / dx = 1 / 2 .

1 + sin x 1 sin x
(59) If cos y = x cos ( a + y ) ; cosa 1 , prove that ; dy = cos 2 ( a + y )
dx sin a .
*(60) If x = a ( cos t + t . sin t ) & y = a .( sin t t .cos t ) ; find d2y / dx2 .
2
(61) If y = sin 1 x , show that , ( 1 x ) y 2 x y 1 = 0 .

(62) If y = cos 1 x , find d2 y / dx 2 in terms of y alone .

2
*(63) If y = 3 cox ( log x ) + 4 sin ( log x ) , show that , x y 2 + x y 1 + y = 0 .
mx nx
(64) If y = A e +Be , show that , y 2 ( m + n ) y 1 + mn y = 0 .
2 2 2
(65) If y = ( tan 1 x )2 , show that , ( 1 + x ) y 2 + 2x .( 1 + x ) y 1 = 2 .
y
(66) If e .( x + 1 ) = 1 , show that , d2 y / dx 2 = ( dy / dx )2 .
2x 3x
(67) y = 3e + 2e , prove that d2 y 5dy + 6y = 0
dx 2 dx
(68) Find dy / dx , if y = sin1( x x ) .

*********

HOTS PROBLEMS
Prove the following

(1). Problems on Chain Rule :

cos x cos x
(1) d log log log x3 = 3 (2) d e =e (sin x )
dx x log x . log log x3
3
dx 4 x cos x

(3) d sin sin x = cos sin (x) . cos(x) . (4) d log tan ( x / 2 ) = cosec x .
dx 4 x .sin (x) dx

(5) d 1 tan x = 1 . 1 + tan x . sec2 x . (6) d log (sin x3 ) = 3x2 . cot x3 .

dx 1 + tan x 2 1 tanx 4 dx

(7) d sin sin x + cos x = cos sin x + cos x . ( cos x sin x )

dx 2 sin x + cos x

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 x x
(8) d e log sin 2x = e ( log sin 2x + 2cot 2x ) .
dx

(9) d ( cot 1 x )3 = 3 ( cot 1 x )2 (10) d log x 1 + x + 1 = 1 .

dx 2 ( 1 + x ) x dx 2x2 1

(11) d sin1 a + b cos x = b2 a2 . (12) d log sec(x / 2) + tan(x / 2) = sec (x / 2).

dx b + a cos x b + a cos x dx 2

(13) d log x + a2 + x2 = 1 (14) d a2 + x2 x2 a2 = 2x 1 x2

dx a + x2
2 2 2 2
dx x + a + x a 2
a2
x a4
4

*(15) d 2 . tan 1 a b tan ( x / 2 ) = 1

dx a2 b2 a + b a + b cos x

(2). Problems on Implicit Functions :

m n m+n
*(16) If x .y =(x+y) ; dy = y (17) If x2 + y2 = log xy ; dy = y ( 1 2x2 )
dx x dx x ( 2y2 1 )
x y x+y yx
(18) If 2 + 2 = 2 ; dy = 2
dx
x x- --
(19) If y = x ; dy = y2
dx x( 1 y log x )
cos x cos x---
(20) If y = cos x ; dy = y2 tan x
dx y log (cos x) 1
x+e x+e---
(21) If y = e ; dy / dx = y / 1 y .

(22) If y = x + 1 ; dy = y .
x + 1 dx 2y x
x+ - - -

(23) If x +y = a (x y) ; =

*(24) If + = a (x y) ; =

(25) If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + - - - ; dy = cos x

dx 2y 1

*(26) If ( tan x )y = ( tan y )x ; dy = log( tan y ) 2y cosec2x

dx log ( tan x ) 2x cosec2y

(27) If 1 x6 + 1 y6 = a3 ( x3 y3 ) ; dy = x21 y6
dx y2 1 x6

(28) If y = x + y + x + - - - ; dy = y2 x
3
dx 2y 2xy 1

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 x log x x
(29) If sin1x + sin1 y = e ; dy = 1 y2 x ( 1 + log x ) 1
dx 1 x2

( )
(30) If sin y = x sin ( a + y ) ; prove that ; =

(31) If (x2 + y2)2 = xy ; dy = y 4x(x2 + y2)

dx 4y(x2 + y2) x

(3). Problems on Logarithmic differentiation :

sin x sin x---
(32) If y = sin x dy = y2 cot x ;
dx 1 log y
2
(33) If y = log x 2 + 4 ( 7x 5x + 1 ) ; dy = 1 14x 5 2xy
dx log( x2 + 4 ) 7x2 5x + 1 x2 + 4

xx xx x
*(34) If y=(x) ; dy = ( x ) .{ 1 + log x + (x log x )1 }. x . log x
dx
x x x x
*(35) If y=( x ) ; dy = ( x ) .( x + 2x log x )
dx
(36) If sin y = log sin x (cos x) ; dy = [ tan x . log(sin x) + cot x . log(cos x )]
dx cos y .( log sinx )2
x x
*(37) If f( x ) = cot 1 x x ; prove that f 1( 1 ) = 1 .
2
y xy
*(38) If x =e ; dy = log x
dx { log( ex)}2
log x log x
(39) If y = ( cos x ) ; dy = ( cos x ) log cos x tan x . log x
dx x
cos x sin x cos x
(40) If y = (sin x ) + (cos x ) ; dy = (sin x ) [ cot x . cos x sin x . log (sin x ) ]
sin x
dx + (cos x ) [ cos x log ( cos x ) sin x . tan x ]

(41) If y = sin x .sin 2x .sin 3x .sin 4x ; dy = ( sin x .sin 2x .sin 3x .sin 4x )

dx [ cot x + 2cot 2x + 3cot 3x + 4 cot 4x]
x x x x x
(42) If y = ( sin x ) + sin ( x ) ; dy = cos x [ x ( 1 + log x )] + ( sin x ) [ x cot x + log sin x ]
dx
cot x sin x cot x
(43) If y = x + ( cos x ) ; dy = x [ (cot x) / x cosec2 x . log x]
sin x
dx + ( cos x ) [cos x log cos x sin x . tan x].
sin1 (x) x sin1 (x) 1 2
(44) If y = x + ( log x ) ; dy = x { sin x / x + log x / 1 x }
x
dx + ( log x ) { log log x + 1 / log x }
cot x cot x
(45) If y = ( tan x ) ; dy / dx = ( tan x ) .cosec2x [ 1 log tan x ]

logx log(log x) logx log(log x) logx

(46) If y = x ; dy / dx = x .x .[ 1 + 2 log log x ] .
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(47) If y = log tan x (cot x) ; dy / dx = 0

(48) If y = log x ( log x ) ; dy = 1 log ( log x )

dx x ( log x )2

(49) If y = x. sin1x ; dy = x. sin1x 1 + x + 1

1 x2 dx 1 x2 x 1x2
1 x . sin1x
2

(4). Problems on Substitution :

(50) If y = sin1{ 2ax 1 a2x2 } ; dy = 2a (51) If y = sin1(cos2x + 5 ) ; dy = 1

dx 1 a2x2 dx 2x + 5

(52) If y = cos1 x x1 ; dy = 2 (53) If y = tan1 a cosx b sin x ; dy = 1

x + x1 dx 1 + x2 b cos x + a sin x dx

(54) If y = cos1 a b cos x ; dy = ab sin x

a + b cos x dx (a + bcos x )

(55) If y = tan1 { 1 + x2 x } ; dy = 1 (56) If y = tan1 1 + sin x ; dy = 1

dx 2( 1 + x2) 1 sin x dx 2

*(57) If y = tan1 1 + x2 + 1 ; dy = 1 (58) If y = cos1 2cos x 3sin x ; dy = 1

x dx 2( 1 + x2) 13 dx

*(59) If y = tan1 1 + x + 1 x ; dy = 1 (60) If y = tan1 1 + x2 ; dy = 2

1 + x 1 x dx 2 1 x2 1 x2 dx 1 + x2

(61) If y = tan1 cos x ; dy = 1 (62) If y = tan1 a + bx ; dy = ab

1 + sin x dx 2 a bx dx a2 + b2x2

(63) If y = sin 2 tan1 1 x ; dy = x (64) If y = tan1 2x.1 x2 ; dy = 2

1 + x dx 1 x2 1 2x2 dx 1 x2

*(65) If y = sin1 1 + x 1 x ; dy = 1 (66) If y = sin1 2x sec1 1 + x2 ; dy = 0

2 dx 21 x2 1 + x2 1 x2 dx

. . .
(67) If y = sin1 ; = (68) If y = sin1 ; =
( ) ( )

(69) If y = sin1 1 + tan1 1 + x2 1 ; dy = 1

2
1 + x x dx 2(1 + x2 )

(70) If y = sin1{ x 1 x x .1 x2 } ; dy = 1 1
dx 1 x2 2x .1 x
*(71) If y = sin1 +x ; = +

(72) If y = tan1 x x ; dy = 1 1
1 + xx dx 2x .(1 + x) 1 + x2

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(5). Problems on Parametric Forms :

*(73) If sin x = 2t , tan y = 2t , then prove that dy = 1

2 2
1+t 1t dx

(74) If sin x = 1 , cos y = 1 , then prove that , dy = 1

1 + t2 1 + t2 dx

*(75) If x = a (1 cos3t ) , y = a sin3t , prove that = at t =

t t
*(76) If x = e ( sin t + cos t ) ; y = e ( sin t cos t ) then prove that ,dy / dx = tan t

(77) If x = a ( 1 cos t ) , y = a ( t + sin t ) , then prove that , dy / dx = cot ( t / 2 ) .

(78) If x = 2cos t cos 2t , y = 2sin t sin 2t , then prove that , dy / dx = 1 , at t = / 2 .

Find dU / dV in the questions ( 78 90 ) if ,

*(79) U = sin1 1 x & V = x (80) U = sin1 1 x2 & V = sin1 2x

1+x 1 + x2 1 + x2

(81) U = tan1 1 + x2 1 & V = tan1 2x 1 x2 (82) U = tan1 2x & V = tan1 x

x 1 2x2 1 x2

*(83) U = sin1 2x & V = tan1x (84) U = log x & V = 1 / x

1 + x2

(85) U = sin1 2x & V = cos1 1 x2 (86) U = tan1x & V = tan1x

1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + tan1x

(87) U = tan1 x & V = sin 2cot1 1 + x

2
1 x + 1 1 x

(88) U = cot 1 1 x & V = sin1 1 x2 (89) U = tan1 cos x & V = tan1 1 + sin x
1+x 1 + x2 1 + sin x 1 sin x

*(90) U = cot 1 1 + x2 1 & V = tan1 x

x 1 + 1 x2

(91) U = tan1 1 + x2 1 & V = tan1 x

x a x2
2

(6). Problems on Higher Order Differentiation :

(92) If y = ( sin1x )2 ; Prove that ( 1 x 2 ) y 2 x y 1 2 = 0 .

*(93) If y = log ( x + 1 + x2 ) ; Prove that (1 + x2 )y 2 + x.y 1 = 0 .

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 *(94) If cos ( x / 2 ) . cos ( x / 4 ) . cos ( x / 8 ) . - - - = { sin x / x }
Then prove that , 1 . sec2 (x / 2) + 1 . sec2 (x / 4) + - - - = coses2 x 1 .
2 4 2
2 2 x
2 2
(95) If x = sin t , y = sin at ; prove that (1 x ) y xy + a y = 0

m
(96) If y = ( x + x2 + 1 ) , then prove that ( x2 + 1 ) y 2 + x y 1 m2 y = 0 .

*(97) Prove that : d 1 log x2 + x2 + 1 + 1 tan1 x2 = 1 .

4
dx 42 x2 x 2 + 1 22 1 x2 1+x .

(98) If x = sin { (log y) / a } , then prove that ; (1 x2 ) y2 x y1 a2y = 0.

*(99) Prove that + sin 1 =

*(100) If x2 + y2 = t ; x4 + y4 = t2 + ; prove that ; = .

ax
(101) If y = e .cos (bx) , then prove that ; y2 2ay1 + ( a2 + b2 )y = 0

x
(102) If y = e ( sin x + cos x ) , then prove that ; y2 2.y1 + 2.y = 0.

*(103) If y = A cos( log x ) + B sin( log x ) , prove that , x 2 y2 + x y1 + y = 0.

(104) If y = sin( sin x ) , then prove that , y2 + ( tan x )y1 + (cos2 x ) y = 0.

(105) If y = a cos ( log x ) , then prove that ; x 2 y2 + x y1 + y = 0.

(106) If y = f 2x 1 and d f( t ) = sin2 t, then prove that dy = 2( 1 + x x2 ) . sin2 2x 1

x2 + 1 dt dx ( x2 + 1 )2 x2 + 1
x
(107) If y = e . tan1x , then prove that ; (1 + x2 ).y2 2( 1 x + x2 ).y1 + ( 1 x )2.y = 0.

(108) If y = x2 + 1 log | 1 + 1 + x2 | + log | x | ; dy = x2 + 1

dx x

*(109) If y3 = 3a x2 x3, then prove that =

*(110) If y = xx , prove that =

(7) Problems On Continuity :

(110) Show that the function ;1x<0 is continuous at x = 0
f (x) = if k = 1
;0x<1

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(111) Show that the function f (x) = | | , is continuous but non differentiable at x = a
1/x
(112) Show that the function f(x) = e 1 ; x 0 , is discontinuous at x = 0.
1/x
e +1
=1 ;x=0
(113) Show that the function f (x) = x ; x 2 , is discontinuous at x = 2.
[x]
= 1 ; x=2

(114) Let f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) x , y R. If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, show that f (x) is continuous
at all real x.

(115) Show that the function f (x) = ; x a , is discontinuous at x = a.
| |
= 1 ;x=a

*(116) Show that the function f (x) = ; x 0 , is continuous at x = 0 for k = 1
= k ; x=0
| |
(117) Show that the function f (x) = ; x 1 , is continuous at x = 1
= 1 ;x =1
*(118) Show that the function 5ax 2b ; x < 1, is continuous at x = 1 if a = 3, b = 2 .
f (x) = 11 ;x=1
3ax + b ; x > 1
( )
*(119) Prove that for a = 1/ 2, the function a sin ;x 0,
f (x) =

; x > 0 is continuous at x = 0

*(120) Prove that for a = ,b= , the function x + a2 .sin x ;0 x<

f (x) = 2x cot x + b ; x

is continuous x [0 ]. a cos 2x b sin x ; < x

(121) Prove that for a = 1/ 2, b = 4 the function 1 sin3x ;x< , is continuous at x =

3cos2x
f (x) = a ;x=

b (1 sin x ) ;x>
2
( 2x)

(122) Show that the function +a ; x < 4 , is continuous at x = 4. If a = 1, b = 1
| |
f (x) = a+b ;x=4

+b ;x >4

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*(123) Show that for k = 8, the function ; x < 0 , is continuous at x = 0.
f (x) = k ;x=0

;x>0

(124) Prove that for a = 3 , b = 1, the function 4 ;x 1 , is continuous.

f (x) = ax2 + b ; 1<x<0
cos x ;x 0

p
(125) Find p so that the function f (x) = x sin ; x 0 , is differentiable at x = 0.
= 0 ; x=0 Ans : p > 1

*(126) Test the continuity of the function f ( x ) = (x p) . sin ; x p

=0 ; x = p. Ans : continuous

Problems on Rolles & Mean Value Theorems :

m n
(129) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = (x a) (x b) ; x [ a , b].

*(130) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = (x 2)(x 3)(x 4) ; x [ 2 , 4].
x
(131) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = e .cos x ; x [ /2 , /2].

(132) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = 4 x2 ; x [ 2 , 2].

(133) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = sin x + cos x 1 ; x [ 0 , /2].

*(134) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f(x) = log x2 + ab ; x [ a , b] where 0 < a < b .
x(a + b)
x
(135) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = e ( sin x cos x) ; x [/4 , 5/4].

*(136) Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = sin4x + cos4x ; x [ 0 , /2].

(137) Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = x2 4 ; x [ 2 , 4].

(138) Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = x ; x [ 1 , 3]

(139) Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = x2 + x 1 ; x [ 0 , 4]

*(140) Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) ; x [ 1 , 4]

(141) Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = log x ; x [ 1 , 2]

*(142) Prove that for a = 1 , b = 3 the function f (x) = x3 + bx2 + ax ; x [ 1 , 1]

1
holds Rolles Theorem with f ( 1 + 2 / 3 ) = 0.

*****
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 ANSWERS
Problems on continuity

(1) Both f (x) and g(x) are continuous.

(2) Discontinuous at every integral points & continuous at non integral points

(3) Discontinuous at x = 0 . (4) For no f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

(5) Continuous at all real number. (6) k = 2 / (7) k = 6 (8) a = 2, b = 1

(11) continuous at x = 0 (13) There is no point of discontinuity

(15) There is no point of discontinuity (16) Not continuous at x = 2

Problems on Chain Rule & Substitution

(17) sec ( tan (x ) ). tan ( tan (x ) ). sec2(x ) (18) 10x4 sin x5 cos x5 cos x3 3x2 sin x3 sin2 x5
2x

(19) 2 2 x (20) 2x .sin x2 .cos ( cos x2 )

sin x2 . sin 2x2

x x
(21) sec2x y (22) y. sin xy (23) ( e + 1/ x ).sin( log x + e ) , x > 0
x + 2y 1 sin 2y x sin xy

x x x x x
(24) e cos ( tan1 e ) (25) e tan e (26) e
x
1 + e 2 4 x

x+1
(27) 2 (28) 2 (29) 2 (30) 3 (31) 1 / 2 (32) 2 . log 2
2 2 2 2 x
1+x 1+x 1 x 1+x 1+4

Problems on Logarithmic and Parametric Functions :

(33) y = (x 3)(x2 + 4) 1/ 2
.1 1 + 2x 6x + 4
3x2 + 4x + 5 2 x3 x2 + 4 x2 + 4x + 5
1/2
(34) y = (x 1)(x 2) .1 1 + 1 1 1 1
(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5

x 1 + 1/ x
(35) x + 1 x2 1 + log x + 1 + x x + 1 log x
x x2 + 1 x x2

(36) cos x . cos 2x . cos 3x .{ tan x + 2tan 2x + 3tan 3x }

sin x cos x
(37) x .{(sin x / x) + cos x. log x} + ( sin x ) . {cos x cot x sin x log sin x }

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(38) y (y x log y) (39) y tan x + log cos y (40) y ( x 1)
x (x y log x) x tan y + log cos x x (y + 1)

x y1 x
(41) {y .log y + y . x + x .(1 + log x)}
x1 y
x.y + x . log x

x 1/x
(42) ( x .cos x) .{1 x tan x + log ( x cos x)} + (x sin x) .{x . cot x + 1 log(x sin x)}
x2
x
(43) (sin x) .{x .cot x + log sin x} + 1
2 x x2
sin x cos x
(44) (sin x cos x) .(sin x + cos x ) . {1 + log (sin x cos x )} , sin x > cos x

x23 x2
(45) x x2 3 + 2x log x + (x 3) x2 + 2x log (x 3)
x x3
t + 1/ t
(46) {y / x}1 / 3 (47) tan (48) a . log a
a1
a . ( t + 1/ t)

log x
(49) y / x (50) (log x) .{1 + log (log x)} (51) cot 3t
x
sin x
(52) 1 (53) 1 (54)(sin x) .{1 + log(sin x)}.cos x
x . log 7. log x (1 + x)2

Higher Order and Mixed Problems

(57) 1 / 2 (59) 2cos x (60) sec3t / at , 0 < t < / 2

cos x
e

(62) cot y . cosec2y (68) 3 x

2 1 x3

Hots Problems
(5) Problems on Parametric Forms

(78) 2 (79) 1 (80) 1 x2 (81) 2 (82) 2

1+x 4(1 + x2)

(83) 1 (84) 1 (85) 1 (86) 1 / 2 (87) 1 / 2

( 1 + tan1 x )2

(88) 1 (89) 1 x2 (90) 2 ( 1 + x2 )

1 + x2 a2 x2

******
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 6. APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
(1) Rate of change : By the definition of dy / dx, we know that it is the rate of change of y with
respect to x.
Thus, if V is the volume any object and r be its radius or a be its edge,
Then dV / dt rate of change of volume with respect to time.
dV / dr rate of change of volume with respect to radius.
and dV / da rate of change of volume with respect to edge.

(2) Increasing and Decreasing Functions : A function is said to be increasing if we have

same trend in values of variable and the functional values.
i.e, if x1 > x2 > x3 > - - - f(x1) > f(x2) > f(x3) > - - - function is increasing strictly.
And x1 < x2 < x3 < - - - f(x1) < f(x2) < f(x3) > - - - function is increasing strictly.
Also,
if x1 > x2 > x3 > - - - f(x1) f(x2 ) f(x3) - - - function is increasing (monotonically).
And x1 < x2 < x3 < - - - f(x1) f(x2) f(x3) - - - function is increasing (monotonically).

Also,
A function is said to be decreasing if we have opposite trend in
values of variable and functional values.
i.e, if x1 > x2 > x3 > - - - f(x1) < f(x2) < f(x3) < - - - function is decreasing strictly.
And x1 < x2 < x3 < - - - f(x1) > f(x2) > f(x3) > - - - function is decreasing strictly.
Also,
if x1 > x2 > x3 > - - - f(x1) f(x2) f(x3) - - - function is decreasing (monotonically) .
And x1 < x2 < x3 < - - - f(x1) f(x2) f(x3) - - - function is decreasing (monotonically).

Moreover,
A function is increasing or decreasing on a point x = a if
1
f (x = a) is > or < 0 respectively.

Working Rule :
Finding increasing and decreasing tendency of a function in a given interval.

(a) Find dy / dx or f1(x)

(b) Put dy / dx or f1(x) = 0, to have points as, x = x1 , x2 , x3, - - - . These are the points where the
function is neither increasing nor decreasing .
(c) Introduce these points in the given interval say [a b]. To form sub intervals as
(a x1 ); (x1 x2) and (x2 x3) and so on provided the points lies in the interval [a b].
Hence following cases may arise.

CASE : 1 : If no x is lies in the interval [a b] : The function is either increasing or decreasing

strictly, depending on f(a) < f(b) or f(a) > f(b) respectively, we can also say increasing
or decreasing tendency depending on f1(x) is > or < 0 in [a b] by putting any point of
(a b) in f1(x).

CASE : 2 : If some of xis lie in the interval [a b] say x1 (a b). Then we test the sign of f 1(x) in
the two intervals (a x1) and ( x1 b)
Then following four conditions are possible : Discussed table wise :

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 Table 1

Intervals dy / dx or f1(x) Sign Remark

(a x1) f1(x) + ve Increasing

1
(x1 b) f (x) + ve Increasing
Conclusion : Function is increasing in (a b) but strictly increasing in the two sub intervals.

Table - 2
Intervals dy / dx or f1(x) Sign Remark

(a x1) f1(x) ve Decreasing

(x1 b) f1(x) ve Decreasing
Conclusion : Function is decreasing in (a b) but strictly decreasing in two sub intervals.

Table 3
Intervals dy / dx or f1(x) Sign Remark

(a x1) f1(x) + ve Increasing

1
(x1 b) f (x) ve Decreasing
Conclusion : Function is neither increasing nor decreasing in (a b).
But strictly increasing in (a x1) and strictly decreasing in ( x1 b)

Table 4
1
Intervals dy / dx or f (x) Sign Remark

(a x1) f1(x) ve Decreasing

1
(x1 b) f (x) + ve Increasing
Conclusion : Function is neither increasing nor decreasing in (a b).
But strictly decreasing in (a x1) and strictly increasing in ( x1 b)

In the similar way can discuss the increasing and decreasing tendency of a function, if more than
one point lies in (a b).

(3) Tangent and Normal : If y = f(x) be any function and ( ) be any point on the curve
represented by the function. Then [dy / dx] ( ) or [ f1(x) ] ( ) gives the slope of the tangent to
the curve at the point ( ).
Hence equation of the tangent to the curve at the point ( ) is given by
( y ) = [dy / dx] ( ) (x )
Moreover,
dy / dx or f 1(x) gives the slope of the tangent at arbitrary
point (x y) of the curve.
Normal : If y = f(x) be any function and ( ) be any point on the curve
represented by the function. Then [dx / dy] ( ) or [ 1 / f 1(x) ] ( ) gives the slope of the
normal to the curve at the point ( ).
Hence equation of the normal to the curve at the point ( ) is given by
( y ) = [ dx / dy] ( ) (x )
Moreover,
{ dx / dy } or { 1 / f 1(x) } gives the slope of the normal at
arbitrary point (x y) of the curve.

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(4) Approximation : If y = f (x) be any function. Then approximate value of f( x + x) is given by
f ( x + x) = f (x) + f 1(x). { x}.
y + y = y + {dy / dx } . x

(5) Maxima & Minima : We can find the maximum and minimum value of a function y = f(x) by
using the second order derivative of the function f 11(x) or d2y / dx2 .
Working Rule :

Step : 1 : Find dy / dx or f1(x).

Step : 2 : Put dy / dx or f1(x) = 0 , to have points as x1, x2 , x3 , - - - . These are the points where the
function is neither increasing nor decreasing so at these points value the function becomes
stationary. Thus these points are called stationary, extreme point where the function
shows maximum and minimum value but not both at a time.

Step : 3 : Find d2y / dx2, and test the sign of it at each of the above extreme points.
If ,
d2y / dx2 < 0, at any x = x1, Then x1 is the point of maxima and f( x1) is the
maximum value of the function.
If ,
d2y / dx2 > 0, at any x = x1, Then x1 is the point of minima and f( x1) is the
minimum value of the function.
If ,
d2y / dx2 = 0, at any x = x1, Then we can say nothing about maxima or minima at
x = x1 further investigation is required

Step : 4 : Find d3y / dx3 , and if d3y / dx3 0 at the point x = x1 where d2y / dx2 = 0,
Then, x = x1 is called the point of inflection or inflexion .
if d3y / dx3 = 0 at the point x = x1 where d2y / dx2 = 0,
Then, x = x1 is the point of maxima or minima depending on the higher order derivatives.

Absolute(Globle) Maxima and Minima: The second order derivative test gives the local maxima
and local minima of the function. The absolute (globle) maxima and minima of a function in a
given interval [a b], can be determined in following way.

Working Rule :

Step : 1 : Find dy / dx or f1(x).

Step : 2 : Put dy / dx or f1(x) = 0 , to have points as x1, x2 , x3 , - - - . These are the points where the
function is neither increasing nor decreasing so at these points value the function becomes
stationary.

Step : 3 : If no x is lies in the interval [a b] : Then maximum and minimum of f(a) and f(b) are
the absolute maximum and absolute minimum value respectively.

If some of xis lie in the interval [a b] say x1 and x2 (a b) : Then maximum and
minimum of f(a), f(x1), f(x2) and f(b) are the absolute maximum and absolute minimum
value respectively.

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 PROBLEMS ON APPLICATIONS OF dy/dx
Problems on Rate Measure :

*(1) The edge of a cube is increasing at a rate of 3 cm/s. How fast is the surface area & volume is
increasing when the length of an edge is 10 centimeters ?

(2) A stone is dropped into a quite lake and waves move in circles at the speed of 5cm/s. At the instant
when the radius of the circular waves is 8cm is how fast is the enclosed area increasing.

*(3) The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5cm/minute and the width y is increasing
at the rate of 4cm/minute. When x = 8cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates of change of
(a) the perimeter, and (b) the area of the rectangle.

(4) A balloon which always remains spherical is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic centimeters of
gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon increasing when the radius is 15 cm.

*(5) A ladder 5m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground,
away from the wall, at the rate of 2cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot
of the ladder is 4m away from the wall ?

*(6) A particle moves along the curve 6y = x 3 + 2. Find the points on the curve at which the y-
coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate.

*(7) Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground
in such a way that the height of the cone is always one - sixth of the radius of the base. How
fast is the height of the sand - cone increasing when the height is 4 cm ?

(8) A cylindrical tank of radius 10m is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 m3/hr . Then find
the rate of increase of depth of wheat.

(9) A man of height 2m walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/hr, away from a lamp post which is 6m
high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases.

*(10) A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical & vertex
lowermost . Its semi vertical angle is tan -1(0.5). Water is poured into it at a constant rate of
5 m 3 / hr . Find the rate at which the level of water is rising at the instant when the depth of
water is 4m.

(11) The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cm3/ s. How fast is the surface area increasing
when the length of an edge is 10 centimeters ?

*(12) If two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base bare decreasing at the rate of
3cm/s.How fast is the area of the triangle decreasing, when the two equal sides are equal to the
base.

(13) The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate 8 cm2/sec. How fast is the surface area increasing
when the length of an edge is 12 cm ?

(14) The total revenue R(x) in rupees received from the sale of x units of a product given by
R (x ) = 13x 2 + 26x + 15. Find the marginal revenue when x = 7 units.

(15) A circular disc of radius 3cm is being heated. Due to expansion, its radius increases at the rate of
0.05 cm / sec. Find the rate at which its area is increasing when radius is 3.2 cm.

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Problems on Increasing & Decreasing Functions :

*(16) Find the interval in which the function f(x) = sin x + cos x ; 0 x 2 is
(i) strictly increasing & (ii) strictly decreasing.

*(17)Find the interval in which the function f(x) = (x + 1)3 . (x 3)3 is strictly increasing or decreasing
(18) Show that y = log ( 1 + x ) 2 x ; x 1 ; is an increasing function of x throughout its
domain . 2+x

*(19) Prove that y = 4 sin x x ; is an increasing function of x in [0 / 2].

2 + cosx

*(20) Prove that the function f ( x ) = x2 x + 1, is neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing on
( 1 1 ).

(21) Let I be any interval disjoint from ( -1 1 ). Prove that the function f(x) = x + 1 ; is strictly
increasing on I. x

*(22) Prove that the function f (x) = log (sin x ), is strictly increasing on (0 /2 ) & strictly decreasing
on (/2 ).

(23) Find the interval in which the function f(x) = sin 3x ; 0 x / 2 is (a) increasing (b) decreasing

*(24) Show that the function f(x) = tan1(sin x + cos x ) ;x 0 is always a strictly increasing function
in (0 / 4) .

*(25) Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = 4sinx 2x x cos x is increasing
& decreasing. 2 + cos x

(26) Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log cos x ; x (- /2 /2) is strictly increasing on
(- /2 , 0) & strictly decreasing on ( 0 , /2).

(27) Find the interval in which the function f(x) = 3x4 4x3 3x2 + 36x +11 , is
10 5 5
(i) strictly increasing & (ii) strictly decreasing.

(28) Find the interval in which the function f(x) = x3 + 1 ; x 0 , is (i) increasing & (ii) decreasing.
x3
*(29) Find the interval in which the function f(x) = x2 ex , is (i) increasing & (ii) decreasing .
(30) Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = [ x(x 2)] 2, is (i) increasing & (ii) decreasing .

*(31) Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = 2x3 3x2 36x + 7 , is (i) increasing &
(ii) decreasing .

*(32) Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = 6 9x x2, is (i) increasing & (ii) decreasing .

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Problems on Tangent & Normal :

(33) Find the slope of the normal to the curve x a cos 3 y a sin 3 ,at

(34) Find the point(s) on the curve y = (x 2 ) 2 at which the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the
points ( 2 , 0 ) and ( 4 , 4 ).

*(35) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x 2 2x + 7 which is
(i) perpendicular to the line 5y 15x = 13. & (ii) parallel to the line 2x y + 9 = 0.

*(36) Find the points on the curve y = x 3 at which the slope of the tangent is equal to the y-coordinate
of the point.

*(37) For the curve y = 4x 3 2x 5, find all the points at which the tangent passes through the origin.
*(38) Find the equation of the normals to the curve y = x 3 + 2x + 6 which are parallel to the line
x + 14y + 4 = 0.

*(39) Prove that the curves x = y2 and xy = k cut at right angles if , 8 k 2 =1.
(40) Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola x 2 y 2 = 1 at the point (x0 , y0 )
a2 b2
*(41) Find the equation of normal to the curve x 2 = 4y which passes through the point (1 , 2 ) .
*(42) Show that the normal at any point to the curve x a ( cossiny a(sin cos, is
at a constant distance from the origin.
(43) Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = (x 7) .Where it cuts the x axis.
(x 2)(x 3)
(44) Find the point of tangency of the line y = x + 1 , to the curve y 2 = 4x .

(45) Find the point on the curve 9y 2 = x 3, where the normal to the curve makes equal intercepts with
the axes.

(46) Find equation of all lines having slope 2 which are tangent to the curve y = 1 / (x 3) .

(47) Find the point of tangency of the line y = x 11 , to the curve y = x3 11x + 5 .

(48) Find the point on the curve x2 + y2 2x 3 = 0, at which tangent is parallel to x axis.

(49) Find the point on the curve y = x3 3x2 9x + 7 , at which tangent is parallel to x axis.

(50) Find the equation of tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y) ; 2 x 2 , that are parallel to the
line x + 2y = 0.

Problems on Approximation :

(51) Find the approximate value of the following :

(i)(0.009)1 / 3 . (ii) (0.999)1 / 10 . (iii)(0.0037)1 / 2 . (iv) (3.968)3 / 2 .

(52) Find the approximate change in volume V of a cube of side x m caused by increasing the sides
by 1 %.

(53) Find the approximate change in the surface area S of a cube of side x m caused by decreasing of
the side by 1%.
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(54) If the radius of a sphere is measured 9m with an error of 0.03m, then find the approximate error in
calculating its surface area .

(55) If f(x) = 3x 2 + 15x + 5 , then find the approximate value of f( 3.02 ).

(56) If f(x) = x3 7x2 + 15 , then find the approximate value of f( 5.001 ).

Problems on Maxima & Minima :

(57) If length of three sides of a trapezium other than base are equal to 10 cm, then find the area of the
trapezium when it is maximum.

*(58) Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface which can be
inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone , also find the greatest surface of the cylinder
inscribed.to two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square
and the other into a circle. What should be the lengths of the two pieces so that the combined area
of the square and the circle is minimum?

*(60) Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 8 / 27 of
the volume of the sphere, also show that altitude of such cone is 4R / 3.
*(61) Show that semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface area and maximum volume
is Sin-1(1 / 3).

*(62) Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in the ellipse x 2 + y 2 = 1 with its
vertex at one end of the major axis. a2 b2
*(63) A window is in the form of a rectangular surmounted by a semi-circular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is 10m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum light
through the whole opening.

(64) A manufacturer can sell x items at a price of Rs 5 each. The cost price of x items is

Rs + 500 . Find the number of items he should sell to earn maximum profit.

*(65) Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
of radius R is 2R / 3. Also find the maximum volume .

*(66) Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular
cone of height h and having semi-vertical angle is one - third of that of the cone and the
greatest volume of cylinder is 4 h 3 tan 2
27
*(67) A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distances a and b from the sides of the triangle.
Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is ( a 2 / 3 + b 2 / 3 ) 3 / 2.
(68)Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant height is
tan-1 2 .
(69) Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such that its height
is equal to the diameter of the base.

(70) A square piece of tin of side 18cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting a square from
each corner and folding up the flaps to form the box. What should be the side of the square to be
cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible ?

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*(71) An apache helicopter of enemy is flying along the curve y = x2 + 7. A soldier, placed at
(3 , 7), wants to hit down the helicopter when it is at the minimum distance . Find the minimum
distance.

*(72) The sum of the perimeter of a circle and a square is k unit ,where k is some constant .Prove
that the sum of their areas is least when the side of square is double the radius of the circle.

*(73) Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, square has the maximum area.
*******

HOTS PROBLEMS
Problems on Rate Measure :
(1) Find the length of the edge of the cube such that the rate of increase of its surface is same as the
rate of increase of its volume.

*(2) A man of height 180 cm is moving away from a lamp post, of height 4.5m, at the rate of
1.2cm / sec. Find the rate at which (i) his shadow is lengthening & (ii) end of his shadow move.

*(3) A kite is 120m high and 130m of string is out. If the kite is moving away horizontally at the rate
of 52m / sec. Find the rate at which the string is being paid out. Assuming there is no slack in the
string.

(4) The height and radius of a cone are 10m and 2m respectively. Water is leaking out at the rate of
0.02m3/sec from the vertex . Find the rate of decrease in the water level when height of the water
level from vertex is 5m.

*(5) The height and radius of a cone are 10cm and 5cm respectively. Water is leaking out at the rate of
5cm3/sec from the vertex . Find the rate of decrease in the water level when height of the water
level from top is 2.5m.
(6) An inverted cone has a depth 10cm and a base of radius 5cm. Water is poured into it at the rate of
1.5cm3/min. Find the rate at which water level is rising in the cone when the depth of water level is
4cm.
(7) If the area of a circle is increasing at a constant rate, show that the rate of increase in the perimeter
varies inversely as radius.
(8) The sides of an equilateral triangle is a cm long and is increasing at the rate of k cm/ sec. How fast
is the area of the triangle is increasing.

(9) The volume of metal in a hollow sphere is constant. If inner radius is increasing at the rate of
1cm/sec. Find the rate at which the outer radius is increasing, when the inner and outer radii are
4cm and 8cm respectively .

*(10) A balloon in the form of a right circular cone surmounted by a hemisphere, having a diameter
equal to the height of the cone, is being inflated by pumping in gas. How fast is its volume
changing with respect to its total height, when the height of the balloon is 9cm.

(11) The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the rate of 48cm2 / sec. The length of the
rectangle is always equals to square of breadth. At what rate the length is increasing at the instant
breadth is 4cm.

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*(12) A ladder is inclined to a wall making an angle / 6 with it. A man is ascending the ladder at the
rate of 3m/sec. How fast is he approaching the wall ?

(13) The radius of a cylinder is increasing at the rate 2m/sec. and its height is decreasing at the rate
3m/sec. Find the the rate of change of its (i) volume & (ii) curved surface area, when radius and
height of cylinder are 3m and 5m respectively.

*(14) A man is moving away from a tower 41.6m high at the rate of 2m/sec. Find the rate at which the
angle of elevation of the top of the tower is changing when he is at a distance of 30m from the
foot of the tower. Assume that the eye level of the man is 1.6m from the ground.

Problems on Increasing & Decreasing Functions :

Find the interval in which the following function are increasing and decreasing.

(15) f(x) = x / (1 + x2) *(16) f(x) = sin x cos x ; 0 < x < 2

x
(17) f(x) = x *(18) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x ; 0 < x < /2

*(19) f(x) = x4 8x3 + 22x2 24x + 21 . (20) f(x) = cos { /4 + 2x } ; 0 < x < /2

(21) Prove that the function f(x) = sin 2x x ; 0 < x < /2 , is increasing in ( 0 , /6 ) and
decreasing in (/6 , /2).

*(22) Prove that for 0 < k < 1/3, the function f(x) = kx3 9kx2 + 9x + 3. is increasing.
(23) Prove that for < k < 3 ; the function f(x) = ( k + 2) x3 3kx2 + 9kx 1 , is decreasing.

*(24) Prove that the function f(x) = cot 1( sin x + cos x ) ; 0 < x < /2 is decreasing in (0 /4).

Problems on Tangents & Normals :

(25) Show that the curves xy = a2 & x2 + y2 = 2a2, touches each other.

*(26) Find the angles between the parabolas x = y2 & x2 = y.

*(27) Show that the curves x3 3xy2 + 2 = 0 & 3x2y y3 2 = 0 cuts orthogonally.
*(28) Show that the curves y 2 = 4x & 4xy = k cuts orthogonally if k 2 = 512.

(29) Find the point on the curve y = 3x2 9x + 8, where the tangent to the curve is equally inclined to
the coordinate axes.

(30) Find out the point on the curve y = x2 + 3x + 4, the tangent at which passes through origin.

(31) Find the value of a and b, if tangent to the curve y = x3 + ax + b at the point ( 1 , 6 ) is
parallel to the line x y + 5 = 0.

*(32) If the straight line x cos + y sin = p touches the ellipse x2 + y2 = 1, then prove that ,
a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 = p2. a2 b2
m n m+n
(33) If the straight line x cos + y sin = p touches the curve x . y = a , then prove that
m+n m n m+n m+n m n
p . m .n = (m + n) .a . cos . sin .

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 x/a
*(34) Show that the line x + y = 1 ,touches the curve y = b e , at the point where the curve
a b
crosses the y axis.
n n
(35) Show that the line x + y = 2 ,touches the curve x + y = 2 , at the point (a , b) for all n.
a b a b

(36) Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = (x3 1 )( x 2)at the point(s) where the curve cuts
the x axis.

(37) Find the value of a, b and c, so that the curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5, touches the x axis at
P(2 , 0) and cuts the y axis at a point Q where gradient ( slope ) of its tangent is 3.

(38) Prove that the tangents to the curve y = x2 5x + 6 at the points (2 , 0) and (3 , 0) are orthogonal.

Problems on Maxima & Minima :

(39) Show that the semi vertical angle of the right circular cone of maximum volume and given
curved surface area is sin 1(1 / 3 ) .

*(40) Prove that the area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse x 2 + y 2 = 1, is
2 2
2ab, and the dimension of rectangle is 2 a 2 b . a b

*(41) An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of cardboard of area
c squre units. Show that the maximum volume of the box is c 3 / 63 cubic units.
2

(42) The semi vertical angle of the minimum cone circumscribed about a sphere of radius R ,
would be Sin -1 (1/3) .

(43) The sum of surface area of a cube and a sphere is given .Show that when the sum of their
volume is least , the diameter of the sphere is equal to the edge of the cube .

*(44) A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is p . Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum light
through the whole opening.
(45)The combined resistance R of two resistors is given by 1 = 1 + 1 ,
R R1 R2

where R1 & R2 are the respective resistance of the two resistors , with R1 + R2 = C ,(R1 , R2 > 0 ),
C is constant. Show that the maximum resistance R is obtained by chosen resistors such that
R1=R2.

(46) Find the largest possible area of a right angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 5cm.

*(47) A wire of length 36m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the piece is to be made into a square
and other into an equilateral triangle. What should be the length of the each pieces so that the
combined area of the square and the equilateral triangle is minimum.

*(48) A rectangle is inscribed in a semi circle of radius R with one of its side on the diameter of
the semi circle. Find the dimension of the rectangle so that the rectangle has maximum area.

(49) Find the dimension of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the region bounded by the
curve y2 = 8x, and the line x = 6.

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(50) Prove that amongst rectangles of given perimeter square has minimum diagonal.

(51) Prove that amongst rectangles of given area square has minimum perimeter.

*(52) A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by an equilateral triangular opening. The
total perimeter of the window is p . Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum
light through the whole opening.

*(53) Prove that the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a given circle must be
equilateral.

(53) Show that the right angled triangle that can be inscribed in a given circle will have maximum area,
when the triangle is isosceles.

(54) Prove that the perimeter of a right angled triangle of given hypotenuse is maximum, when the
triangle is isosceles.

*(55) The sum of length of hypotenuse and a side of a triangle is given. Show that the area of the
triangle is maximum when the angle between them is / 3.

(56) Show that a cylinder of given volume and open at the top has minimum total surface area
provided its height is equal to radius of base.

(57) Find the dimension of rectangle of perimeter 36cm, which when revolves about one of its side
swept largest possible volume.

(58) An open tank with a square base and vertical side is to be constructed from a metal sheet, so as to
hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of material will be least when the depth of the
tank is half of its width.

(59) Find out a point on the parabola y = x2 + 7x + 2, which is closest to the straight line y = 3x 3 .

(60) A straight line is drawn through the point ( 1 , 4 ). Prove that the least value of the sum of the
intercepts on the coordinate axes is 9 units.

(61) If two sides of a triangle are given. Prove the triangle will have maximum area when the given
sides are perpendicular.

(62) Show that the total surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given volume, is
minimum, when it is a cube.

*(63) A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a half cylinder ( a rectangular base and semi
circular ends). Show that the total surface area will be least when the ratio of the length of the
cylinder to the diameter of the ends is : ( + 2) .

(64) The sum of edge of a cube and radius of a sphere is given. Show that the sum of their surface
areas is least, if the edge of the cube is / 3 times of the diameter of the sphere.

(65) Show that the closed cuboid with square base and a given volume, has least surface area, when
it is a cube.

*(66) Show that the open top right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such
that its height is equal to the radius of the base.

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*(67) If a largest cylinder is inscribed in a given cone of height h radius of base r and
semi vertical angle , prove the following :
rd
(a) height of the cylinder is 1/3 of the height of the cone.
(b) volume of cylinder is 4 h 3 tan 2
27
th
(c) volume of the cylinder is 4/9 of the volume of the cone.

*(68) If a largest cylinder is inscribed in a given sphere of radius R, prove the following :
(a) height of the cylinder is 2R / 3.
(b) volume of the cylinder is 4 R 3
33
(c) volume of cylinder is 1/3 times of the volume of the sphere.
2 2 2
(69) The length of sides of an isosceles triangle are 9 + x , 9 + x and 18 2x units. Calculate the
area of triangle in terms of x and find the value of x, which makes the area of triangle
maximum. Ans : x = units

*******

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 ANSWERS
Problems on Rate Measure :

(1) 900 cm3 / sec (2) 80 cm2 / sec (3) 2 cm / min , 2 cm2 / min

(4) (1 / ) cm / sec (5) ( 8 / 3 ) cm / sec (6) (4 , 11) and ( 4 , 31 / 3 )

(7) (1 / 48 )cm / sec (8) 1m3 / hr (9) (5 / 2) km / hr

(10) (35 / 88) m / hr (11) 3.6 cm2 / sec (12) b3 cm2 / sec

(13) (8 / 3) cm2 / sec (14) Rs 208 (15) 0.32 cm2 / sec

Problems on Increasing & Decreasing Functions :

(16) (i) [ 0 /4 ) ( 5/4 2 ] (ii) (/4 5/4)

(17) strictly increasing in (1 3) (3 ) and strictly decreasing in ( 1) ( 1 1)

(23) strictly increasing in (0 /6) and strictly decreasing in ( /6 , /2)

(25) strictly increasing in ( 1 /2 ) ( 3/2 2 ) and strictly decreasing in ( /2 3 /2)

(27) (i) ( 2 1)(3 ) (ii) ( 2 ) ( 1 3)

(28) (i) x < 1 and x > 1 (ii) 1 < x < 1 (29) (i) ( 0 2) (ii) ( 0 ) ( 2 )

(30) (i) ( 0 1)(2 ) (ii) ( 0)(1 2) (31) (i) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) (ii) ( 2 3)

(32) (i) ( 9 / 2 ) (ii) ( 9 / 2 )

Problems on Tangents & Normals :

(33) 1 (34) (3 1) (35) (i) 36y + 12x = 227 (ii) y 2x = 3

(36) (0 0) and (3 27) (37) (0 0) ; (1 2) and (1 2)

(38) x + 14y = 254 , x + 14y + 86 = 0 (40) x x0 y y0 = 1 , x x0 + y y0 = 0

a2 b2 a2 y0 b2x0

(41) x + y = 3 (43) x 20y = 7 (44) (1 2 ) (45) (4 , 8 / 3)

(46) No such tangent exists (47) (2 9) (48) (1 2)

(49) ( 3 20 ) and ( 1 12 ) (50) 2x + 4y + 3 = 0 ; 2x + 4y =

Problems on Approximation :

(51) (i) 0.208 (ii) 0.9999 (iii) 0.06083 (iv) 7.904 (52) 0.03x3 m3 (53) 0.12 x2 m2

(54) 9.72 cm2 (55) 77.66 (56) 34.995

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Problems on Maxima & Minima :

(57) 753 (58) r h / 2 (59) 112 / ( 4 + ) ; 28 /( 4 + )

(62) 33ab / 4 (63)20 / ( 4 + ) ; 10 / ( 4 + ) (64) 240

(65) 4R3 / 33 (71) 5

HOTS PROBLEMS
Problems on Rate Measure :

(1) 4 units (2) 0.8 cm / sec, 2 cm / sec (3) 20 m / sec

(4) ( 0.02 / ) m / sec (5) 16 / 45 cm / sec (6) 0.119 cm / min

(8) ( 3 a k / 2 )cm2 / sec (9) 0.25 cm / sec (10)12 cm2 (11) 8 cm / sec

(12) 1.5 m / sec (13) (i) 33 m3 / sec (ii) 2 m2 / sec (14) 0.032 rad / sec

Problems on Increasing & Decreasing Functions :

(15)Increasing in (1 1) and Decreasing in ( 1 ) ( 1 )

(16) Increasing in( 0 3 / 4 ) ( 7 / 4 2 ) and Decreasing in ( 3 / 4 7 / 4 )

(17) Increasing in ( 1/e ) and Decreasing in ( 1/e )

(18) Decreasing in (0 / 4) and Increasing in ( / 4 /2)

(19) Increasing in (1 2) (3 ) and Decreasing in ( 1) (2 3)

(20) Increasing in ( 3 / 8 / 2 ) and Decreasing in ( 0 3 / 8 )

Problems on Tangents & Normals :

(26) / 2 ; tan1( 3 / 4) (29) (5 / 3 4 / 3) ; ( 4 / 3 4 / 3) (30) (2 14) ; (2 2)

(31) a = 2 ; b = 5 (35) 3x + y = 3 ; 7x y = 14 (36) a = 1 / 2 ;b = 3 / 4 ; c = 3

Problems on Maxima & Minima :

(43) p ; 2p (45) 25 sq. units (46) 324 ; 144 3 (47) 2 R R

4+ 4+ 4 43 + 9 43 + 9 2

(48) 4 8 (51) p , p(3 3) (57) 12 6 (59) (2 , 8)

6 3 2(6 3)

*******

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 7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
: Important Formulae :

(1) xn dx = x n + 1 + C (2) ax dx = a
x
+ C
n+1 log a

(3) ex dx = ex + C (4) dx / x = log x +C

(5) sin x dx = cos x + C (6) cos x dx = sin x + C

(7) tan x dx = log | sec x | +C (8) cot x dx = log | sin x | +C

(9) sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | + C

(10) cosec x dx = log |cosec x cot x| + C
= log tan x + +C = log |cosec x + cot x |+ C
2 4 = log | tan ( x / 2 ) | + C

(11) sec x dx = tan x

2
+C (12) cosec x dx = cot x
2
+C

(13) sec x . tan x dx = sec x +C (14) cosec x . cot x dx = cosec x +C

(15) dx / x x 2
1 = sec 1 x + C (16) dx / x x 2
1 = cosec 1 x + C

: MAGICAL 9 FORMULAE :

(1) dx / ( x 2
+ a2 ) = tan1( x / a ) + C (2) dx / ( x 2
a2 ) = 1 log x a + C
a 2a x+a

(3) dx / ( a 2
x2 ) = 1 log a + x +C (4) dx / a 2
x2 = sin1( x / a ) +C
2a ax

(5) dx / a 2
+ x2 = log x + a2 + x2 +C
(6) dx / x2 a2 = log x + x2 a2 + C

(7) a 2
+ x2 dx = x a2 + x2 + a2 log x + a2 + x2 +C
2 2
(8) x 2
a2 dx = x x2 a2 a2 log x + x2 a2 +C
2 2
(9) a 2
x2 dx = x a2 x2 + a2 sin1( x / a ) +C
2 2

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 : Rules of Integration :

(1) k f(x) dx = k . f(x) dx + C (2) { f(x) g(x) } dx = f(x)dx g(x) dx + C

(3) d{ f(x) } = f(x) + C
: Methods of Integration :
Method of Substitution :

(1) If integral is of the type (i) f(x). f (x) dx , (ii) f (x) dx / f(x)
1 1
(iii) [f(x)] . f (x) dx
n 1

(iv) g{f(x)} f (x) dx . in each of the above cases we put f(x) = t , then
1

integral reduces to,

(i) t dt
(ii) dt / t (iii) [t]n. dt
(iv) g(t) dt .

(2) If the integral of the type f(ax + b) dx , we put ax + b = t ,
Differentiating, w.r.t x
adx = dt
dx = dt / a,
Then integral becomes, f(t) dt / a , with ax + b = t.
n
(3) If the integral is of the type, sin x.cos x dx .
m

(i) If n is odd put cosx = t

(ii) If m is odd put sin x = t
(iii) If n & m both is odd put sin x = t , n m
cos x = t , m > n
(iv) If n & m both is even, no substitution is made. We use the
transformation , 2sin2x = 1 cos2x , 2cos2x = 1 + cos2x

(4) If in integral is of the form dx / { ax2 + bx + c } and ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots then
follow the following steps

Step I : make the coefficient of x2 unity by taking a common.

Step II : add and subtract the square of half of coefficient x i.e, ( b / 2a)2.
Step III : apply the formula applicable, out of
dx / ( x 2
+ a2 ) , dx / ( x 2
a2 ) , dx / ( a 2
x2 )

(5) If in integral is of the form dx / ax2 + bx + c . Follow the following steps,

Step I : make the coefficient of x2 unity by taking a common.

Step II : add and subtract the square of half of coefficient of x i.e, ( b / 2a)2.
Step III : apply the formula applicable, out of
dx /x 2
+ a2 , dx / x 2
a2 , dx / a 2
x2

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(6) If in integral is of the form ax2 + bx + c dx . Follow the following steps,
Step I : make the coefficient of x2 unity by taking a common.
Step II : add and subtract the square of half of coefficient of x i.e, ( b / 2a)2.
Step III : apply the formula applicable, out of
x 2
+ a2 dx , x 2
a2 dx , a 2
x2 dx

(7) If in integral is of the form ( px + q )dx / { ax2 + bx + c } and ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots.
Then follow the following steps

Step I : put px + q = A d { ax2 + bx + c } + B , find A & B by equating the

dx coefficient of like terms.
Step II : The integral will reduces to A {rule 1(ii) } + B {rule(4)}

(8) If in integral is of the form ( px + q )dx / ax2 + bx + c . Then follow the following steps

Step I : put px + q = A d { ax2 + bx + c } + B , find A & B by equating the

dx coefficient of like terms.
Step II : The integral will reduces to A {rule 1(iii) } + B {rule(5)}

(9) If in integral is of the form ( px + q )ax2 + bx + c dx. Then follow the following steps
Step I : put px + q = A d { ax2 + bx + c } + B , find A & B by equating the
dx coefficient of like terms.
Step II : The integral will reduces to A {rule 1(iii) } + B {rule(6)}

(10) If integral is of the form dx / {asin2x + bcos2x} ; dx / {a + bcos2x} ; dx / {a + bsin2x} ;

dx / {asinx + bcosx} ; dx / {asin x + bcos x + c }.Then do the following steps

2 2 2

Steps I : Divide the numerator( Nr.) and denominator( Dnr.) by cos2x .

Steps II : Replace sec2x, if any in Dnr. by 1 + tan2x.
Steps III : Put tan x = t , so that the sec2 x dx = dt and the integral takes the form
dt / { at 2
+ bt + c }. Now follow the rule (4).

(11) If integral is of the form dx / {a sin x + b cos x} ; dx / {a + b cos x } ; dx / {a + b sin x} ;

dx / { a sin x + b cos x + c }. Then do the following steps

Steps I : Put sin x = 2tan( x / 2) and cos x = 1 tan2( x / 2 )
2
1 + tan ( x / 2 ) 1 + tan2( x / 2 )
Steps II : Replace the numerators 1 + tan2( x / 2 ) = sec2(x / 2 ).
Steps III : Put tan( x / 2 ) = t sec2( x / 2 ) dx = 2 dt. and the integral takes

the form : dt / { at2 + bt + c }. Now follow the rule (4).

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(12) If integral is of the form ( a sin x + b cos x )dx / { c sin x + d cos x } Then follow the following
steps

Step I : put a sin x + b cos x = A d {c sin x + d cos x } + B {c sin x + d cos x }

dx
find A & B by equating the coefficient of like terms.
Step II : The integral will reduces to A {rule 1(ii) } + B x .

(13) If integral is of the form ( p sin x + q cos x + r )dx / { a sin x + b cos x + c } Then follow the
following steps
Step I : put p sin x + q cos x + r = A d {a sin x + b cos x + c }
dx
+ B {a sin x + b cos x + c } + C
find A , B & C by equating the coefficient of like terms.
Step II : The integral will reduces to A {rule 1(ii) } + B x + C { rule ( 11 )} .

(14) If integral is of the form +

+
Then follow the following steps

Step I : Rationalize the numerator

Step II : Apply rule 8.

(15) If integral is of the form dx / (ax + b) px + q . To solve such integral put px + q = t . 2

(16) If integral is of the form dx / (ax 2

+ bx + c) px + q . To solve such integral put px + q = t2.

(17) If integral is of the form dx / (ax + b) px 2

+ qx + r . To solve such integral put ax + b = 1 / t.

(18) If integral is of the form dx / (ax 2

+ b) px2 + q . To solve such integral put x = 1 / t.

(19) If integral is of the form dx / { x4 + x2 + 1 } ; ( x2
+ 1 )dx / { x4 + x2 + 1 }

( x2
1 )dx / { x4 + x2 + 1} with R , Then follow the following steps
Steps I : divide the numerator( Nr.) and denominator( Dnr.)by x2.
Steps II : put x + 1 = t or x 1 = t , whichever on differentiation gives Nr.
x x
Method of Partial Fraction : If integral is of the form f(x) dx / g(x)
Applicability :
(1) If degree of f(x) is less than degree of g(x), Otherwise i.e, degree of f(x) degree of g(x), do the
( )
direct division first. The integral thus reduces to p(x) + with degree of q(x) < degree of g(x) (2)
( )
The denominator g(x) has at least two factor, Otherwise, i.e, g(x) = 0 has no real root,
follow the rule (7).

Partial Fractions : If integral f(x) dx / g(x) holds both of the above two applicability conditions i.e,
degree of f(x) < degree of g(x) & g(x) has at least two factors. Then following
partial fractions are taken according to the form of f(x).

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 Form of Rational Function Form of Partial Fraction
( ) +
( ) ( )
( )( )

( ) +
( ) ( )
( )

( )
+ +
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
+ +
( ) .( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
+ +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
+
( )( + + ) ( )

( )
+
( + + )( + + )

Finding Values of A, B, C - - -.
We find the values of A, B, C - - - by equating the coefficients of the
terms having the equal degrees of x.
However by putting the values such as x = 0, 1, 2, - - -, we get the
values of A, B, C - - - , but this process is O.K for objectives only.
From CBSE XII point of view and according to NCERT students are
advised not to follow the second ( however easier) process, this process will fetch 0 Marks.

Method of By Parts :
If f(x) and g(x) be any two functions then according to By Parts

f(x).g(x) dx = f(x) . g(x) dx { f (x) g(x) dx} dx 1

Here, f(x) is the first function and g(x) is the second function.
However, the first and second function is determined by ILATE rule.
I Inverse Function : sin1 f(x) , cos1 f(x), tan1 f(x) .
L Logarithmic Function : log(f(x))
n n1
A Algebraic Function : polynomials a x + b x +---+c
T Trigonometrical Function : sin{f(x)}, cos{f(x)}- - -
f (x) f (x) f (x)
E Exponential Function : e ,a ,2 .

(19) If integral is of the form ex { f (x) + f 1

(x) }dx = e f (x) + C
x

(20) If integral is of the form {f (x) g (x) + f

1 1
(x) g(x)}dx = f (x) . g(x) + C

*********

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 PROBLEMS ON INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Problems on Substitution :

(1) sec2x dx / cosec2x
(2) dx / (1 + sin x)

(3) sin x dx / sin (x + a )
(4) ( x3 1 )1 / 3. x 5 dx

(5) (e2x 1) dx / (e2x + 1) *(6) dx / ( 1 + tan x)

(7) tan x dx / sinx . cosx (8) sin x . cos x dx
3 2

(9) dx / sin2x . cos2x (10) x3 sin ( tan1 x4 ) dx / (1 + x8 )

(11) cos 2x .cos 4x . cos 6x dx (12) sin (2x +1) dx
3

*(13) cos4 2x dx (14) sin x .cos x dx

3 3

(15) sin x dx / (1 + cos x)

2

(16) tan3 2x .sec 2x dx

*(17) tan4x dx *(18) dx / sinx . cos3x

*(19) dx / cos( x a).cos(x b) x

(20) e (1 + x ) dx /cos2(e x)
x

(21) (x 1)dx / x2 1
(22) dx / ( 3x2 + 13x 10)

(23) (x + 2)dx / (2x2 + 6x + 5) *(24) (x + 3)dx / 5 4x x2

(25) dx / (x a)(x b) *(26) ( 6x + 7)dx / (x 5)(x 4)

(27) ( x + 2 )dx / 4x x2
(28) ( x + 2 ) dx / x2 + 2x + 3

*(29) {tan x + cot x } dx *(30) dx / (x 1/2

+ x1 / 3 )

(31) dx / cos (x + a).cos (x + b)
(32) dx / sin3x . sin ( x + a )

(33) sin2x cos2x.dx / 9 cos4(2x)
(34) ( 5x + 3 ) dx / (x 2 + 4x + 10) .

5 log x 4 log x 3 log x 2 log x

(35) (e e ) dx / (e e ).
(36) dx / { x + a + x + b }

*(37) 1 x / 1 + x dx *(38) (x3 x2 + x 1) dx / (x 1)

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(39) tan x . sec x
4 2
dx / x
(40) dx / ( 1 tan x)

*(41) dx / ( 1 + cot x) *(42) dx / 5x2 2x

x x
*(43) x2 + 1 { log (x2 + 1) 2 log x}dx / x4 .
(44) dx / {e + e }

Problems on Partial Fractions :

*(45) (3sinx 2 ) cosx dx / {5 cos x 4sinx}

2
*(46) (x2 + 1)dx / {x2 5x + 6}

*(47) x2 dx / (x2 + 1)(x2 + 4)

(48) ( 1 x2 )dx / x(1 2x)

*(49) (x2 + 1)(x2 + 2)dx / (x2 + 3)(x2 + 4) *(50) (x3 + x + 1)dx / (x2 1)

(51) x dx / (x 2
+ 1)(x 1) (52) 2dx / (1 x)(1 + x ) 2

(53) (3x + 5)dx / {x3 x2 x + 1} (54) 2x dx / (x 2
+ 1)(x2 + 3)

(55) dx / (x 2
+ 1)(x2 + 4) (56) dx / (ex 1)
Problems on By Parts :

*(57) (x2 + 1)ex dx / (x + 1)2 *(58) (x 3)ex dx / (x 1)3

(59) x ex dx / ( 1 + x) 2
*(60) [log(log x) + {1 / log x}2] dx

*(61) x sin1x dx *(62) x tan1x dx

*(63) (sin1x )2 dx (64) x sec x dx2

(65) x ( log x ) 2
dx (66) e x sin x dx
2

*(67) sin1{ 2x / ( 1 + x2 )}dx *(68) tan1{1 x / 1 + x }dx

*(69) {sin1x cos1x}dx / (sin1x + cos1x) *(70) (2 + sin 2x )ex dx / (1 + cos 2x)

(71) x 2
+ 3x dx *(72) 1 + 3x x2 dx

(73) x2 8x + 7 dx (74) 1 + (x 2
/ 9) dx
*******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
Problems on Substitution :
x x x

(1) (sin6x + cos6x) dx / sin2x. cos2x
(2) ( 2 + 3 )dx / 5 .

(3) tan x . tan 2x . tan 3x dx (4) tan x dx / ( a + b tan x) 2

(5) dx / sin(x a).cos(x b)

(6) dx / sin(a x) . sin(x b)

(7) dx / cos(a x) . cos(x b) *(8) +

*(9) 1 sin x dx *(10) sec x 1 dx

(11) dx / 1 + sin x (12) cosec x 1 dx

(13) sin(x a) dx / sin(x + a) *(14) sin(x a) dx / sin(x + a)

*(15) a x dx / a + x (16) sin2x dx / sin3x . sin 5x

(17) (x 1) dx / x + 1
(18) dx / {x + x + 1 }

(19) dx / x . ( xn + 1 )
(20) (x4 + 1)dx / (x2 + 1)

(21) sin x . cos x dx

2 2
*(22) tan1(sec x + tan x) dx

*(23) 1 + 2 tan x ( sec x + tan x ) dx (24) tan 1

{sin 2x / (1 + cos 2x) } dx

(25) cot 1{sin 2x / (1 cos 2x)} dx
(26) tan1{1 cos2x / 1 + cos2x}dx

x1 e1 x e
*(27) dx / {sin3 / 4 x . cos5 / 4 x } (28) {e +x }dx / (e + x )

(29) (1 tan x)dx / (1 + tan x) (30) {e3a log x + e3x log a}dx
*(31) {x2
+ 3x + 2}dx / (x 2)(x + 1)
(32) dx / x2(x4 + 1)3 / 4.

*(33) (x 3
+ x)dx / (x4 9) (34) sin x dx / sin 3x
*(35) dx / {2sin x + 3cos x}2 *(36) dx / {1 + sin x + cos x}

(37) (1 + sin x)dx / sin x ( 1 + cos x)

(38) x a2 x2 dx / a2 + x2

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(39) dx / (4cos x 1)
(40) dx / (2 + 3 cos x 4 sinx)

(41) dx / (3 + 2 sin x + cos x)

(42) dx / (4cos x 7 sin x)

(43) dx / (5 cos x + 7 sin x)
(44) sin x dx / ( sin x cos x)

*(45) (2sin x + 3cos x)dx / (4sin x + 5cos x)

(46) (5sin x + 6cos x)dx / (2sin x + 3cos x)

(47) (3cos x + 2)dx / (sin x + 2cos x + 3) (48) dx / (5 + 7cos x + sin x)
*(49) dx / ( 1 + 3sin2x + 8cos2x) *(50) dx / (1 + 3sin2x)

*(51) dx / (sin x + sec x) *(52) dx / (cos x + cosec x)

(53) dx / (a sin x + b cos x)2 (54) 1 + sec x dx

*(55) (x2 1)dx / (x2 + 1).x3 + x2 + x

(56) dx / x(x5 + 2)

*(57) sec4x dx
(58) cos x dx / cos(x a)

(59) dx / (sin2x 4cos2x) *(60) 5 x dx / x + 2

(61) dx / sin3 / 2x . cos1 / 2x
(62) dx / (1 sin x)

(63) (x 1)dx / (x + 1).x 3

+ x2 + x *(64) sin2x dx /{a2 sin2x + b2 cos2x}

(65) dx / [x.log x . log(log x) . log{log(log x)}]
(66) sinx dx / 1 + sin x

(67) sec x dx / (a + b tan x) (68) x dx / x
4
+4

*(69) (sin x + cos x)dx / sin2x

(70) dx / (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2)

(71) dx / (3x + 1)(9x2 + 6x + 6) *(72) dx / e2x + 3ex + 1

*(73) (cos x + sin x)dx / (9 + 16sin 2x) *(74) cos x dx / (cos x + sin x )2

(75) (cos x sin x)dx / 4 + 5cos 2x
(76) cos7x dx

(77) sin x . cos x dx

2 4
(78) cos5x dx / sin2x

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 x x

(79) x dx / {x2 + a2 + x2 a2 }
(80) 2 dx / 1 4

(81) sec x . cosec x dx / log( cot x)
(82) x1 / 3dx / { x1 / 2 x1 / 3 }

(83) x 1 x dx / 1 + x
(84) dx / (x2 + 1) .x2 1

(85) dx / (x a) x2 a2 (86) (2 x )dx / (1 + x) 1 x
2 2

(87) secmx . tan x dx *(88) cos9x dx / sin x

*(89) (cos x sin x)dx / sin2x *(90) cos2x . dx / sin x

(91) cosec x dx / log tan {( / 2) + (x / 2) }
(92) dx / (sec x + cosec x )

(93) If f1(x) = 1 / 2 & f(1) = 5 / 2, then prove that f(x) = x + 2

2

(94) If f1(x) = a sin x + b cos x ; f1(0) = 4, f(0) = 3 and f( / 2) = 5 , then prove that
f(x) = 2 cos x + 4 sin x .

(95) dx / (a + b tan x)

Problems on By Parts :

*(96) x2sin1x dx *(97) x2 tan1x dx

(98) sin( x ) dx (99) cos 1

( x ) dx

(100) tan 1
( x ) dx (101) sec 1
( x ) dx

*(102) sin1{x / x + a } dx *(103) sec3x dx

(104) sin(log x)dx (105) x . sin x dx
2 2

(106) x . sec2(2x) dx
(107) x2. sin x . cos x dx

(108) x. sin x . sin 2x . sin 3x dx

(109) x2 log(1 + x) dx

x
(110) (log x) 2
dx
(111) e . sin x . cos x . cos 2x dx

(112) ex(1 + x). log( x.ex )dx n

2
(113) x (log x) dx

(114) cos2x . log{(cos x + sin x) / (cos x sin x )}dx
(115) cos1{(1 x2) / (1 + x2)}dx

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(116) tan1{(3x x3) / (1 3x2)}dx
(117) tan1{2x / (1 x2)}dx

(118) x. cos x . sinx dx

3
*(119) (x + sin x)dx / (1 + cos x)
ax

(120) e . sin( bx + c)dx
(121) x2. sin1x dx / (1 x2)3 / 2

*(122) x2 dx / (x sin x + cos x)2 *(123) log(1 + x)dx / 1 + x

x

(124) e . cos2x dx
(125) (1 + x2) cos 2x dx

(126) x 2n 1.cos( xn ) dx *(127) cos(x) dx

1x
(128) e m tan dx / (1 + x2) 3 / 2 (129) log | x + a 2
+ x2 |dx

x x

(130) x2.e dx / (x + 2)2
(131) (x + 1).e dx / (x + 2)2

x

(132) e ( tan x + log sec x )dx x
(133) e {(2 sin2x) / (1 cos 2x)}dx

x

(134) e {sec x + log(sec x + tan x)}dx (135) logx / (1 + log x ) 2
dx

*(136) (sin log x + cos log x ) dx

(137) (tan log x + sec2 log x )dx

x
(138) e x{(x 2) / x }dx 3

(139) e {log(1 + cos2x) 2tan x}dx

x
(140) e2x{(sin4x 2) / (1 cos4x)}dx
(141) e ( cot x + log sin x )dx

(142) cosx . 9 sin2x dx *(143) + dx /

(144) ex{(1 / x 2
+ a2 ) + log | x + a2 + x2 | }dx *(145) x2 + 4x + 1 dx

(146) 7x 10 x2 dx (147) (x 1)(2 x)dx
*(148) x 1 + x x2 dx *(149) (x 5)x2 + x dx

(150) (x 1)(x 2) dx
(151) (x + 3)3 4x x2 dx

Problems on Partial Fraction :

(152) (3x + 2)dx / (x3 6x2 + 11x 6)
(153) (2x 1)dx / (x + 1)(x2 + 2)

(154) (x3
6x2 + 10x 2)dx / (x2 5x + 6) *(155) x3 dx / (x 1)(x 2)
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*(156) (x2 + 4x + 3)dx / (x2 + x 2)
(157) (x2 x 2)dx / (1 x2)

*(158) dx / (x x3) (159) dx / (x 2

+ x)(x2 1)

(160) dx / x(1 + x2) *(161) dx / sin x . cos x 2

(162) (1 cos x)dx / sin x (1 + cos x) *(163) sec2 x dx / {tan3 x + 4tan x}

(164) (1 cos x)dx / cos x (1 + cos x) *(165) dx / (sin x sin2x)

(166) cos x . dx / (2 + sinx)(3 + 4sin x) *(167) dx / (1 + 3ex + 2e x ) 2

(168) tan x dx / (1 sin x) (169) dx / cos x (5 4sin x)

*(170) dx / sin x (3 + 2 cos x) (171) cos x dx / (cos x + 4 sin x)
2 2 2

*(172) dx / (sin3x + cos3x)

(173) dx / ( x3 + x4 )

(174) x 4
dx / (x 1)(x2 + 1) (175) (x + 1)dx / x (x 1)
4

(176) dx / x(x + 1)3
(177) (x2 + 2)dx / (x 1)(x 2)3

*(178) (x2 + x + 1)dx / (x + 1)2.(x + 2)

(179) dx / (1 + cot 3 x)

Problems on Special Integrals :

(180) (x2 + 1) dx / (x4 + 1)
(181) (x2 1) dx / (x4 + 1)

(182) x . dx / (x
2 4
+ 1) *(183) dx / (x4 + 1)

(184) (x2 + 1) dx / (x4 + x2 + 1)
(185) (x2 1) dx / (x4 + x2 + 1)

(186) x . dx / (x
2 4
+ x2 + 1) *(187) dx / (x4 + x2 + 1)

(188) (x2 + 9) dx / (x4 + 81)
(189) ( x2 + 4 ) dx / ( x4 + 16 )

*(190) 4
dx / { sin x + cos x}
4
*(191) cot x dx

(192) dx / (2x + 3) 4x + 5
(193) dx / (x + 1) x + 2

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(194) dx / (3x + 2). 5 x
(195) dx / (x2 + 1) x

(196) dx / (x2 + 3) x + 4
(197) dx / (x 1) x2 + 4

(198) dx / (x2 + 4) x2 + 1
(199) dx / x2 .x + 1

(200) 1 + x2 dx / ( 1 x2 ) (201) (x + 1) dx / (x 1) x + 2
(202) (x + 2) dx / (x 2
+ 3x + 3) x + 1
(203) x 1dx / x . x + 1

(204) dx / (x 1). 1 + x + x2
(205) x 1 x2 dx / 1 + x2

*(206) 4
sin2x.dx / { sin x + cos x}
4
*(207) sin x . dx / 1 + sin x

(208) dx / { x4 5x2 + 16 }
(209) (x2 + 1) dx / (x4 + 7x2 + 1)

*(210) (2 sin2x cos x ) dx / {6 cos2x 4 sin x } . *(211) tan x dx

******

ANSWERS
PROBLEMS ON INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
(1) tan x x + C (2) tan x sec x + C (3) x cos a sin a . log |sin (x + a) | + C
3 7/3 3 4/3 x x
(4) (x 1) + (x 1) +C (5) log | e + e |+C (6) x + log |sin x + cos x| + C
7 4
5 3
(7) 2 tan x + C (8) cos x cos x + C (9) tan x cot x + C
5 3
4
(10) cos (tan1 x ) + C (11) 1 . { 2 sin 12x + 3 sin 8x + 6 sin 4x }+ C
4 96
3
(12) 1 .{cos (2x + 1) 3 cos (2x + 1)} + C (13) 1 .{24x + 8 sin 4x + sin 8x} + C
6 64
3
(14) 2.cos6 x 3cos4 x + C (15) x sin x + C (16) sec 2x 3 sec 2x + C
12 6
3 2
(17) tan x tan x + x + C (18) log | tan x | + tan x + C (19) 1 . log cos(x a) + C
3 2 sin(a b) cos(x b)
x
(20) tan( xe ) + C (21) x2 1 log | x + x2 1 | + C (22) 1 . log 3x 2 + C
17 x+5

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(23) 1 . log | 2x2 + 6x + 5 | + 1 . tan1 (2x + 3) + C (24) 5 4x x2 + sin1 x + 3 + C
4 2 3

(25) log x a + b + (x a)(x b) + C

2

(26) 6 x2 9x + 20 + 34 . log x 9 + x2 9x + 20 + C (27) 4x x2 + 4 sin1 x 2 + C

2 2
(28) x2 + 2x + 3 + log | x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 3 | + C (29) 2 . sin1( sin x cos x ) + C

(30) 2.x 3 x 1/ 3 + 6 x 1 / 6 6 log ( 1 + x 1 / 6 ) + C (31) 1 . log cos (x + b) + C

sin (a b) cos (x + a)
(32) 2 . sin (x + a) + C (33) 1 . sin1 1 . cos2 2x + C
sin a sin x 4 3

(34) 5.x2 + 4x + 10 7 log | x + 2 + x2 + 4x + 10 | + C (35) x3 / 3 + C

(36) 2 . [ (x + a) 3 / 2 (x + b) 3 / 2 ] + C (37) 2 1 x + cos1 x + x x2 + C

3(a b)
(38) x3 + x + C (39) 2 . tan5 x + C (40) x 1 . log | cos x sin x | + C
3 5 2 2
(41) x 1 . log | cos x + sin x | + C (42) 1 . log | 5x 1 + 5 .5x2 2x | + C
2 2 5
x
(43) 1 . (1 + x2 ) 3 / 2. log 1 + 1 2 +C (44) tan1( e ) + C
3x3 x2 3
(45) 3 log | 2 sin x | + 4 + C (46) x 5 log | x 2 | + 10 log | x 3 | + C
2 sin x
(47) 1 tan1 x + 2 tan1 x + C (48) x + log | x | 3 log | 1 2x | + C
3 3 2 2 4
(49) x + 2 . tan1 x 3 tan1 x + C (50) x2 + 1 log | x + 1 | + 3 log | x 1| + C
3 3 2 2 2 2

(51) 1 log | x 1 | 1 log (x2 + 1) + 1 tan1 x + C (52) log |x 1| + 1 log (x2 + 1) + tan1 x + C
2 4 2 2

(53) 1 log x + 1 4 + C (54) 1 log x2 + 1 + C (55) 1 2 tan1 x tan1 x +C

2 x1 x1 2 x2 + 3 6 2
x x x
(56) log e 1 + C (57) ( x 1) .e + C (58) e +C
x 2
e x+1 (x1)
x
(59) e +C (60) x log ( log x ) x +C (61) ( 2x2 1).sin1 x + x .1 x2 + C
1+x log x 4 4
(62) (x2 + 1). tan1 x x + C (63) x.(sin1 x)2 + 2 1 x2 . sin1 x 2x + C
2
(64) x tan x + log | cos x | + C (65) x2 2(log x )2 2 log x + 1 + C
4
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 2x
(66) e . ( 2sin x cos x ) + C (67) 2x tan1 x log (1 + x2 ) + C (68) x cos1 x 1 x2 + C
5 2
x
(69) 2 . [ (2x 1) . sin1 x + x x2 ] x + C (70) e tan x + C

(71) 2x + 3 .x2 + 3x 9 log | 2x + 3 + 2x2 + 3x | + C
4 8

(72) 2x 3 . 1 + 3x x2 + 13 sin1 2x 3 +C
4 8 13

(73) x 4 .x2 8x + 7 9 log | x 4 + x2 8x + 7 | + C

2 2
(74) x x2 + 9 + 3 log | x + x2 + 9 | + C
6 2

HOTS PROBLEMS
x x
(1) tan x cot x 3x + C (2) (2 / 5) + (3 / 5) + C
log (2 / 5) log (3 / 5)

(3) log | cos x | + 1 log | cos 2x | 1 log | cos 3x | + C (4) 1 . log | a cos2 x + b sin2 x | + C
2 3 2(b a)
(5) 1 . log sin (x a) + C (6) 1 . log sin (x b) + C
cos (a b) cos (x b) sin (a b) sin (a x)

(7) 1 . log cos (x a) + C (8) + + 1 . log (2x + 1) + 2 + +C

sin (a b) cos (x a) 2

(9) 2 | sin ( x / 2) cos ( x / 2) | + C (10) log cos x + 1 + cos2x + cos x + C

2
(11) 2 . log tan 3 x +C (12) log 2sin x + 1 + 2 sin2 x + sin x +C
4 4
(13) x cos 2a sin2a log (x + a) + C

(14) cos a . sin1(cosx. sec a) sin a . log | sin x + sin2 x sin2 a | + C

(15) a.sin1( x / a) + a2 x2 + C (16) 1 log sin 3x 1 log sin 5x

3 5
(17) 2 (x + 1) 3 / 2 4 (x + 1) 1 / 2 + C (18) 2 [ (x + 1)3 / 2 x 3 / 2 ] + C
3 3
(19) 1 . log 1 + 1 + C (20) x3 x + 2tan1 x + C
n
n x 3

(21) x sin 4x + C (22) (x + x2 ) + C

8 4 4
(23) log | sec2x + sec x . tan x | + C (24) x2 / 2 + C (25) x2 / 2 + C

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 x e
(26) x2 / 2 + C (27) 4 tan 1 / 4 x + C (28) { log | e + x | } / 2 + C
3a + 1 3x
(29) log cos x + C (30) x + a +C (31) x + 4 log | x 2 | + C
4 3a + 1 3 log a
(32) ( x4 + 1 ) 1 / 4 / x + C (33) 1 log | x4 9 | + 1 log x2 3 + C (34) 1 log 3 + tan x + C
4 12 x2 + 3 23 3 tan x
(35) 1 + C (36) log |1 + tan( x / 2) | + C
2(2tan x + 3)
(37) 1 log tan x + 1 tan2 x + 2 tan x +C (38) a2 sin1 x2 + 1 a4 x4 + C
2 2 2 2 2 2 a2 2
(39) 1 log 3 + 5 tan ( x / 2 ) + C (40) 1 log 21 + tan (x / 2) + C
15 3 5 tan ( x / 2 ) 21 21 tan (x / 2)
(41) tan1 (tan (x / 2) + 1 + C (42) 1 log 65 + 4 sin x + 7cos x + C
65 4cos x + 7 sin x
(43) 1 log 74 + 5sin x + 7 cos x + C (44) 1 [ x + log | sin x cos x | ] + C
74 6 cos x + 7 sin x 2

(45) 1 [ 23 x + 2 log | 4 sin x + 5 cos x | ] + C (46) 1 [ 28x 3 log 2 sin x + 3 cos x ]+ C

41 13
(47) 1 6x + 3 log sin x + 2cos x + 3 8 tan1 1 + tan (x / 2) + C (48) 1 log tan (x / 2) + 2 + C
5 2 5 tan (x / 2) 3
(49) 1 tan1 2 tan x + C (50) 1 tan1(2 tan x) + C
2 3 2

(51) 1 . log 3 + sin x cos x + tan 1 ( sin x + cos x ) + C

23 3 sin x + cos x

(52) 1 . log 3 + sin x cos x tan 1 ( sin x + cos x ) + C

23 3 sin x + cos x

(53) 1 + C (54) cos1( 2 cos x + 1) + C (55) log x2 + x + 1 x + C

a tan x + b x2 + x + 1 + x

(56) 1 log x5 + C (57) tan x + tan3 x + C (58) x cos a + sin a . log cos(x a) + C
10 x5 + 2
(59) 1 log tan x 2 + C (60) 7 tan1 2x 7 + 10 + 3x x2 + C (61) 2tan x + C
4 tan x + 2 2 7
(62) tan x + sec x + C (63) 2 tan1 x2 + x + 1 +C (64) 1 log a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x + C
x a2 b2
(65) log log log log x + C (66) 22 cos + x 2 log tan + x + C
4 2 8 4
(67) 1 log tan x + 1 tan1 a +C (68) 1 log x2 + x4 + 4 + C
a2 b2 2 2 b 2

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(69) sin1(sin x cos x ) + C (70) 1 log 1 + 1 + C (71) 1 log 9x2 + 6x + 6 + C
2 1 + x2 30 (3x + 1)2
x 2x x
(72) x log 3e + 2 + 2 e +3e +1 +C (73) 1 log 5 + 4sin x 4 cos x + C
40 5 4sin x + 4 cos x
(74) 1 log 2 1 + tan (x / 2) 1 + C
22 2 + 1 tan (x / 2) 2(sin x + cos x)
(75) 1 sin1 10 sin x + log | 10 . cos x + 10 cos2 x 1 | + C
10 3
(76) sin x sin3 x + 3 sin5 x 1 sin7 x + C (77) 1 2x + 1 sin 2x 1 sin 4x cos 6x + C
5 7 32 2 2
(78) cosec x 2sin x + sin3 x + C (79) 1 [ (x2 + a2) 3 / 2 (x2 a2) 3 / 2 ] + C
3 6a2
x
(80) sin1 2 + C (81) log log cot x + C
log 2

(82) 6 x5 / 6 + x2 / 3 + x1 / 2 + x1 / 3 + x1 / 6 + log | x1 / 6 1 | + C (83) 1 [ (x 2)1 x2 sin1 x ] + C

5 4 3 2 2

(84) 1 log 2x + x2 1 + C (85) x + a + C (86) 1 x cos1 x + 1 x2 +

22 2x x2 1 a x a 1 + x
m 2 4 6 8
(87) sec x + C (88) log | sin x | 2 sin x + 3 sin x 2 sin x + 1 sin x + C
m 4 3 8
(89) 1 log sin x + cos x 1 + C (90) 1 log 1 + 2 tan2 x + 2 log 2.cos x + 2cos2 x 1 + C
2 sin x + cos x + 1 2 1 2 tan2 x

(91) log log tan + x +C (92) 1 sin x 1 cos x + 1 log tan + x +C

2 2 2 2 22 8 2
(95) 1 [ax + b log (a cos x + b sin x) ] + C (96) x3 sin1 x + (x2 + 2)1 x2 + C
a2 + b2 3 9
(97) x3 tan1 x x2 + 1 log(1 + x2) + C (98) 2 sin x 2x .cosx + C
3 6 6

(99) (2x 1)sin1x + x x2 + C (100) (x + 1)tan1x x + C (101) x sec1x 1 + C

2 2
(102) x tan1 x ax + a tan1 x + C (103) sec x . tan x + 1 log sec x + tan x + C
a a 2 2
(104) x [ sin( log x) cos(log x) ] + C (105) x3 x2 sin 2x x cos 2x + sin 2x + C
2 6 4 4 8
(106) x tan 2x + 1 log cos 2x + C (107) x2 [ 2sin2 x 1 ] + x sin 2x + cos 2x + C
2 4 4 4 8
(108) x [ 2 cos 6x 6 cos 2x 3 cos 4x ] + sin 2x + sin 4x sin 6x + C
48 4 16 36

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(109) x3 log (1 + x) x3 + x2 x + 1 log(1 + x) + C (110) x ( log x 1)2 + x + C
3 9 6 3 3
x x
(111) e . [ sin 4x 4 cos 4x ] + C (112) x . e [ x + log x 1 ] + C
68
n+1
(113) x (log x)2 2 log x + 2 +C (114) 1 sin 2x . log tan + x log sec 2x + C
2 3
(n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 1) 2 4

(115), (117) 2x tan1 x log( 1 + x2 ) + C (116) 3x tan1 x 3 log( 1 + x2 ) + C

2
(118) x cos4 x + 3x + sin 4x + sin 2x + C (119) x tan ( x / 2) + C
4 32 128 16
ax
(120) e (121) x sin1 x + log(1 x2 ) (sin1 x )2 + C
[ a sin( bx + c ) b cos( bx + c ) ] + C
2 2
a +b 1 x2 2 2
x
(122) sin x x cos x + C (123) 21 + x [ log(1 + x) 2 ] + C (124) e [ cos 2x + 2sin 2x + 5] + C
x sin x + cos x 10
n n n
(125) 1 [ (2x2 + 3) sin 2x + 2x cos 2x ] + C (126) 1 [ x sin( x ) + cos( x ) ] + C
4 n
m
(127) 2x sinx + cosx + C (128)e [ m cos sin ] + C ; tan = x
2
1+m
x x
(129) x log | x + a2 + x2 | a2 + x2 + C (130) e (x 2) + C (131) e + C
(x + 2) x+2
x x x
(132) e . log sec x + C (133) e . cot x + C (134) e . log( sec x + tan x) + C

(135) x +C (136) x sin( log x ) + C (137) x tan( log x ) + C

1 + log x
x x x
(138) e + C (139) e . log( 1 + cos 2x ) + C (140) e . cot 2x + C
x2 2
x x
(141) e . log ( sin x ) + C (142) sin x 9 sin2 x + 9 sin1 sin x + C (143) x . e + C
2 2 3 x+2

x
(144) e . log | x + x2 + a2 | + C (145) x + 2 x2 + 4x + 1 3 log | x + 2 + x2 + 4x + 1 | + C
2 2
(146) 2x 7 7x x2 10 + 9 sin1 2x 7 + C (147) 2x 3 (x 1)(2 x) + 1 sin1 (2x 3)+ C
4 8 3 4 8
(148) 1 (1 + x x2 ) 3 / 2 + 2x 1 1 + x x2 + 5 sin1 2x 1 + C
3 4 16 5
(149) 1 (x2 + x) 3 / 2 11 2x + 1 x2 + x 1 log x + 1 + x2 + x +C
3 2 4 8 2
(150) (2x 3) x2 3x + 2 1 log 2x 3 + 2 x2 3x + 2 + C
4 8

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(151) 1 (3 4x x2 ) 3 / 2 + (x + 2) 3 4x x2 + 7 sin1 x + 2 + C
3 2 2 7
(152) 5 log | x 1 | + 11 log | x 3 | 8 log | x 2 | + C
2 2
(153) 1 tan1 x log | x + 1| + 1 log(x2 + 2) + C (154) x2 x 2 log | x 2 | + log | x 3 | + C
2 2 2 2
(155) x2 + 3x log | x 1 | + 8 log | x 2 | + C (156) x + 8 log | x 1 | + 1 log | x + 2 | + C
2 3 3
(157) x log | x 1 | + C (158) log | x | + 1 log 1 x + C
2 1+x
(159) 1 log | x | + 1 log | x 1 | + 3 log | x + 1 | 1 + C
4 4 2(x 1)
(160) log x + C (161) sec x + log cos x 1 + C (162) 1 sec2 (x / 2) + C
2
1 + x cos x + 1 2
(163) 1 log tan x +C (164) log | sec x + tan x | 2 tan( x / 2) + C
2
4 4 + tan x
(165) 1 log | 1 cos x | 1 log | 1 + cos x | + 2 log | 1 2cos x | + C
2 6 3
x x
(166) 1 log 3 + 4sin x + C (167) log e ( e + 1 ) + C (168) 1 log 1 sin x + 1 + C
x 2
5 2 + sin x (2e + 1) 4 1 + sin x 2(1 sinx)
(169) 1 log | 1 + sin x | 1 log | 1 sin x | + 4 log | 5 4 sin x | + C
18 2 9
(170) 1 log | 1 cos x | 1 log | 1 + cos x | + 2 log | 3 + 2 cos x | + C (171) x + 2 tan1(2 tan x) + C
10 2 5 3 3
(172) 1 log 2 + sin x cos x + 2 tan1(sin x cos x) + C (173) 1 1 + log x + C
32 2 sin x + cos x x 2x2 x+1
(174) x2 + x + 1 log | x 1 | 1 log( x2 + 1) 1 tan1 x + C (175) 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 log x 1 + C
2 2 4 2 3x3 x2 x x

(176) 1 + 1 + log x + C (177) 3 log x 2 3 + 2 +C

2 2
2(x + 1) x+1 x+1 x1 (x 2) x+2
(178) 2 log x + 2 1 + C (179) x + log (sin x + cos x)3 + C (180) 1 tan1 x2 1 + C
x+1 x+1 (2 + sin 2x)2 2 2 . x

(181) 1 log x2 2x + 1 + C (182) 1 tan1 x2 1 + 1 log x2 2x + 1 + C

22 x2 + 2x + 1 22 2 . x 42 x2 + 2x + 1

(183) 1 tan1 x2 1 1 log x2 2x + 1 + C (184) 1 tan1 x2 1 + C

22 2 . x 42 x2 + 2x + 1 3 3 . x
(185) 1 log x2 x + 1 + C (186) 1 tan1 x2 1 + 1 log x2 x + 1 + C
2 x2 + x + 1 23 3 . x 4 x2 + x + 1
(187) 1 tan1 x2 1 1 log x2 x + 1 + C (188) 1 tan1 x2 9 + C
23 3 . x 4 x2 + x + 1 32 32. x
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(189) 1 tan1 x2 4 + C (190) 1 tan1 tan2 x 1 + C
22 22. x 2 2 . tan x
(191) 1 tan1 cot x 1 1 log cot x + 2 cot x + 1 + C
2 2 cot x 22 cot x 2 cot x + 1
(192) tan1(4x + 5 ) + C (193) log 2 + x 1 + C (194) 1 log 17 + 15 3x + C
2 + x + 1 51 17 15 3x
(195) 1 tan1 x 1 + 1 log x 2x + 1 + C (196) 1 log x + 4 2 x + 4 + C
2 2x 22 x + 2x + 1 16 x + 4 + 2 4x
(197) 1 log x + 4 + 5x2 + 20 + C (198) 1 log 2 x2 + 1 3.x + C
5 x+1 43 2x2 + 1 + 3.x
(199) 1 log x + 1 + 1 x + 1 + C (200) 1 log 1 + x2 x + 1 log 1 + x2 2x + C
2 x + 1 1 x 2 1 + x2 + x 2 1 + x2 + 2x
(201) 2x + 2 + 2 log x + 2 3 + C (202) 2 tan1 x + C
3 x + 2 + 3 3 3x + 3
(203) log x + x2 1 sec 1 x + C (204) 1 log 3 (x + 1) + 2x2 + x + 1 + C
3 23(x 1)
(205) 1 [ sin1 ( x2 ) + 1 x4 ] + C (206) tan1 (tan2 x) + C
2
(207) 2 sin ( x / 2) cos (x / 2) + 2 log sec x + tan x + C
4 2 4 2
(208) 1 2 tan1 x2 4 log x2 13 . x + 4 +C (209) 1 tan1 x2 1 + C
163 3. x x2 + 13 . x + 4 3 3x

(210) 2 log sin2 x 4 sin x + 5 + 7 tan1 (sin x 2) + C

(211) 1 tan1 tan x 1 + 1 log tan x + 2 tan x + 1 + C

2 2 tan x 22 tan x 2 tan x + 1

******

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 8. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
1. Evaluation :

If f(x) dx = F(x) + C , b

Then a f(x) dx = F(x) + C a
b

a f(x) dx = { F(b) + C } { F(a) + C }
b

a f(x) dx = F(b) F(a) ; with a lower limit, b upper limit.
2. Properties : a b b
(i) a f(x) dx = 0 (ii) a f(x) dx = a f(t) dt
b a b b
(iii) a f(x) dx = b f(x) dx (iv) a f(x) dx = a f(a + b x) dx
a a
(v) o f(x) dx = o f(a x) dx
b c b
(vi) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx + c f(x) dx
a a
(vii) a f(x) dx = 2 0 f(x) dx ; if f (x) = f(x) , i.e, function is even .
= 0 ; if f (x) = f(x) , i.e, function is odd.
2a a
(viii) 0 f(x) dx = 2 0 f(x) dx ; if f (2a x) = f(x) .
= 0 ; if f (2a x) = f(x).
3. Definite Integral as Limit of a Sum :
b

a f(x) dx = (b a) Lim 1 . { f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + - - - + f(a + (n 1)h )}

n n
= (b a) Lim 1 . {f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + f(a + 3h) - - - + f(a + nh )}
n n
= Lim h .{f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) - - - + f(a + (n 1)h )}
h 0
with , b a = nh .
4. Special Summation :
Sin( x ) + Sin ( x + h ) + Sin( x + 2h ) + - - - + n terms = Sin( nh / 2 ) . Sin{x + ( n 1)h / 2}
Sin( h / 2)

Cos( x ) + Cos ( x + h ) + Cos( x + 2h ) + - - - + n terms = Sin( nh / 2 ) . Cos{x + ( n 1)h / 2}

Sin( h / 2)

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5. Some Important Summation :
(i) = k + k + k + - - - + k ( up to n terms ) = nk
( )
(ii) =1+2+3+---+n=
( )( )
(iii) =1 +2 +3 +---+ =
( )
(iv) =1 +2 +3 +---+ =
( )
(v) . = + + +---+ . =
( )

*****

PROBLEMS ON DEFINITE INTEGRAL

1. Problems on Limit of a Sum

Prove the following integrals by limits of a sum,

5 3

*(1) 0 (x + 1) dx = 35 / 2 (2) 2 x2 . dx = 19 / 3

4 4

*(3) 1 2
(x x ) dx = 27 / 2 *(4) 0 ( x + e2 x ) dx = ( e 8
+ 15) / 2

1 4
x
(5) 1 e dx = e e 1 *(6) 1 ( x 2 + x )dx = 85 / 2
3 b
(7) 2 x 3
dx = 65 / 4 (8) a sin x dx = cos a cos b
b b
(9) a sin 2
x dx = (b a) cos(b + a).sin(b a) (10) a cos x dx = sin b sin a

/2 4

(11) 0 sin x dx = 1 (12) 1 {ex sin x}dx = e 4

e + cos 4 cos 1

b 3
x x
(13) a {e b a b a
a }dx = e e (a a )log a *(14) 1 {2x2
3x + 5}dx = 46 / 3

4 3
x
(15) 1 {e 2 4
x } dx = e e 21 (16) 1 ax dx = ( a3 a) log a
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2. Problems on Properties of Definite Integrals :
1
x2
(17) 0 xe dx (18) 0 {sin ( x / 2 ) 2
cos2( x / 2 )}dx
2 1

*(19) 1 5x 2
dx / ( x2 + 4x + 3 ) (20) 1 5x 4
.x 5 + 1 dx

2 2
2x
*(21) 0 dx / ( x + 4 x 2
) (22) 1 {(1 / x) ( 1 / 2x )} e 2
. dx
1 2

*(23) 0 sin 1 2
{2x / ( 1 + x )} dx *(24) 0 x.x + 2 dx
/2 8

*(25) 0 ( 2 log sin x log sin 2x ) dx . *(26) 2 | x 5 | dx .

1

(27) 0 x sin x dx / (1 + cos 2

x) .
(28) 0 dx / {1 + x x }
/3 /2
*(29) /6 dx / ( 1 + tanx ) *(30) 0 log (sin x) dx
5 /4

(31) 5 x + 2dx *(32) 0 log ( 1 + tanx ) dx
2

(33) 0 x dx / ( 1 + sinx ) (34) 0 cos5x dx

a /2

(35) 0 x dx / {x + a x } (36) 0 cos x dx 2

3/2
*(37) 1 x sin ( x )dx *(38) 0 x dx / ( a cos 2 2
x + b2 sin 2 x )
/2 /4
x
*(39) 0 e ( 1 + sinx )dx / ( 1 + cosx ) *(40) 0 sin x cos x dx / (cos4 x + sin4 x )
/2 /2
*(41) 0 cos x dx / ( cos x + 4sin
2 2 2
x) *(42) / 6 (sin x + cos x) dx / sin 2x
/4 1
x
*(43) 0 (sin x + cos x) dx / {9 +16 sin (2x)}
(44) 0 x e dx
4

*(45) 0 x (tan x) dx / (sec x + tan x) *(46) 1 {x 1+x 2+x 3}.dx

1
*(47) 0 tan 1
{(2x 1) / ( 1 + x x2 )} dx *(48) 0 log ( 1 + cos x ) dx
*******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
Prove the followings :
1

*(1) 0 x log (sin x) dx = 2 log2 / 2 *(2) 0 log {sin (x / 2)} dx = log 2.

3 2

*(3) 0 [x] dx = 3 (4) 0 [x 2

] dx = 5 3 2 .

/2
(5) 0 sin 3
x dx = 4 / 3. *(6) 0 sin4 x dx = 3 / 16

1
*(7) 0 log( 1 + x ) dx / ( 1 + x2 ) = ( log2 ) / 8 *(8) 0 x dx / ( 1 +x )( 1 + x2 ) = / 4

(9) 0 log( 1 + x ) dx / ( 1 + x
2 2
) = log 2 *(10) 0 cot 1(1 x + x2 ) dx = (/2) log2

1
( )

(11) 0 log x dx / 1 x2 = ( log2 ) / 2 (12) 0 ( . ) =

2 e

(13) 1 x dx / {x + 3 x } = 1 / 2 (14) 1/e log x dx = 2 .

/2 e

(15) 0 cos x dx / (1 + cos x + sin x) = ( / 4) ( log2) / 2
(16) 1 ( log x )3 dx = 6 2e

/2 /2
(17) 0 (cos x + sin x ) dx / ( 3 + sin 2x) = log (18) / 2 cos x dx / ( 1 + ex ) = 1
/2 1

*(19) 0 x dx / ( cos x + sin x) = log ( 2 + 1) / 22 (20) 1 log ( x + 1 + x 2

) dx = 0

/2
*(21) 0 dx / ( 3 + cos x + 2sin x) = tan1 2 ( / 4 ).
(22) 0 dx / (a2 2a.cos x + 1) = / (a2 1)

/2 3

*(23) 0 2
sin x dx / (cos x + sin x) = {log (2 + 1)} / 2 . *(24) 2 |1 x2 |dx = 28 / 3
1

(25) 0 x. sin x dx / ( 1 + sin x) = ( 2 ) / 2 . *(26) 0 sin1{2x / ( 1 + x2 )}dx = / 2 log2

6 1

*(27) 3 {x 3+x 4+x 5}.dx = 19 / 2 . *(28) 0 tan1{2x / (1 x2)}dx = / 2 log2

/2
(29) 0 sin 2x log ( tan x) dx = 0
(30) sin x.dx = 4
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 /2 3 / 10

(31) 0 2
sin x dx / ( 1 + cos x . sin x) = /33 *(32) / 5 sin x dx / (cos x + sin x) = / 20.
/2 /2

(33) 0 dx / ( 2cos x + 4sin x) =

log
(34) / 2 (cosx+ sinx)dx = 4

(35) 0 x.tan x dx / sec x . cosec x = 2 / 4. *(36) 0 x.tan x dx / (sec x + cos x) = 2 / 4
3/2
/2
*(37) / 2 ex (1 sinx )dx / (1 cosx ) = e *(38) 0x cos ( x )dx = (5 2) / 22
3 /2
*(39) Prove that, 0 |x 3
3x2 + 2x |dx = 11 / 4 *(40) 0 |sin x cos x | dx = 22 2.
2 2
sin x
*(41) Prove that, 0 sin 6
x . cos5 x dx = 0 *(42) 0 dx / { e +1}=
/2

(43) / 2 dx / (cosx+ sinx) = 22log(2 + 1)

(44) Let f (x) = 2x + 1 ; 1 x 2 3

= x2 +1 ; 2 x 3 , show that , 1 f (x) dx = 34 / 3.

(45) Let f (x) = 3x2 + 4 ; 0 x 2 4

= 9x 2 ; 2 x 4 , show that , 0 f (x) dx = 66.

******
ANSWERS
2. Problems on Properties of Definite Integrals :

(17) e 1 (18) 0 (19) 5 5 9 log 5 log 3 (20) 42

2 2 4 2 3
(21) 1 . log 21 + 5 17 (22) e2 (e2 2) (23) log 2 (24) 16 2 (2 + 1)
17 4 4 2 15
(25) log 2 (26) 9 (27) 2 (28) 42 (29) (30) log 2
2 4 3 12 2
(31) 29 (32) log 2 (33) (34) 0 (35) a / 2 (36) / 4
8
/2
(37) 3 + 1 (38) 2 (39) e (40) (41) (42) 2 sin1 3 1
2 2ab 8 6 2
(43) log 9 (44) 1 (45) ( 2) (46) 19 (47) 0 (48) log 2
40 2 2
******

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 9. AREA BOUNDING
1. Area with X axis :
Y

y = f(x)

X1 O A B X
(x = a) (x = b)
Y1
If y = f(x) be any curve with x = a and x = b are any of its two ordinates. Then area bounded by the
curve with x axis i.e,
b b

area( ABDC ) = a y.dx = a f(x) dx
y = f(x)

2 . Area with Y axis :

Y

y = f(x) s.t , x = g(y)

(y = b)
B D

(y = a)
A C

X1 O X

Y1

If y = f(x) s.t , x = g(y) be any functions with y = a and y = b be any two abscissa . Then area bounded
by the curve with Y axis i.e,
b b

area( ACDB ) = a x . dy = a g(y) dy
x = g(y)

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3 . Area between two curves :
Y

y = f(x)
y = g(x)
D
P.
. Q
C

X1 O A B X
(x = a) (x = b)
Y1

If two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) are intersecting at two points having abscissa a and bi.e, between
the two ordinates x = a and x = b. Then area enclosed between them.
b b

Area ( CQDP ) = a y.dx a y.dx
y = g(x) y = f(x)

b b
Area ( CQDP ) =a g(x) .dx a f(x).dx
******

PROBLEMS ON AREA BOUNDING

(1) Find the area bounded by the ellipse : x2 + y2 = 1 (a > b) between its minor axis( x = 0) and
its one latus rectum (x = ae) . a2 b2 Ans : ab [ e1 e2 + sin1 e ]

(2) Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 4y , y = 2 , y = 4 and the y-axis in the first quadrant
only . Ans : 32 82 sq. units
3
(3) Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by x-axis , line x = 3 y and the circle
x2 + y2 = 4. Ans : / 3 sq. units
*(4) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and y = | x |. Ans : 1 / 3 sq. units

*(5) Find the area bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and the line x = 4y 2. Ans : 9 / 8 sq. units

*(6) Find the area of the region bounded by the two parabolas y2 = x & x2 = y. Ans : 1 / 3 sq. units

*(7) Find the area lying above x-axis and included between the circle x2 + y2 =8x and interior to the
parabola y2 = 4x. Ans : 4 ( 8 + 3 ) / 3
*(8) Find the area of the region enclosed between the two circle x2 + y2 = 4 and
( x 2 )2 + y2 = 4. Ans : (8 23 ) / 3

*(9) Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2 + 2 , y = x , x = 0 & x = 3 . Ans : 21 / 2

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(10) Using integration find the area of the triangular region whose sides have the equations
y = 2x + 1 , y = 3x + 1 & x = 4. Ans : 8 sq. units
*(11) Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse x2 + y2 =1 & the line x + y = 1 .
a2 b 2 a b
Ans : ab( 2) / 4
(12) Find the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded by y = 4x2, x = 0, y = 1 & y = 4
Ans : 7 / 3 sq. units
*(13) Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola x = y, the line y = x + 2 & the x-axis.
2

Ans : 5 / 6 sq units
(14) Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 & x = 2. Ans : 4 sq. units

*(15) Find the area of the region { ( x, y) : y2 4x , 4x2 + 4y2 9 } . Ans : 9 sin1 22 + 1
4 3 32
(16) Find the area of the parabola y2 = 4ax bounded by its latus rectum. Ans : 8a2 / 3 sq. units

(17)Find the area bounded by the curve y = cos x between x = 0 & x = 2. Ans : 4 sq units

*(18) Using the method of integration find the area of the region bounded by the lines:
2x + y = 4 , 3x 2y = 6 & x 3y + 5 = 0. Ans : 7 / 2 sq units

*(19) Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 exterior to the parabola y2 = 6x . Ans : 4(8 3 ) / 3

(20) Find the area of the region bonded by the curves {(x ,y) : y x2 & y = | x | } . Ans : 1 / 3 sq. units

(21) Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = 3x + 2, the x axis and the ordinates
x = 1 & x = 1. Ans : 13 / 3 sq. units

*(22) Find the area of region { ( x , y ) : 0 y x2 + 1 , 0 y x + 1 , 0 x 2 } . Ans : 23 / 6

*(23) Using the method of integration find the area of the triangle ABC, coordinates of whose
vertices are A( 2, 0 ) ; B( 4, 5 ) & C( 6 , 3 ) . Ans : 7 sq. units.

*(24) Prove that the curves y2 = 4x & x2 = 4y divide the area of the square bounded by x = 0 , x = 4 ,
y = 4 & y = 0 into three equal parts .
(25) Find out the smaller area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the line x + y = 2. Ans : 2

(26) Find the area of the region enclosed between the two circles x2 + y2 = 1 and (x 1)2 + y2 = 1.
Ans : (4 33) / 6
2 2
(27) Prove that area bounded by the ellipse : x + y = 1 (a > b) is ab .
a2 b2
*(28) Prove that the area enclosed by the curve y = x | x | , x = 1, x = 1 and axis of x is 2 / 3 sq units.
(29) Prove that the area bounded by the curve y = x3 and the ordinates x = 2 , x = 1 is 17 / 4 sq. units.

*(30) Find the area lying above x-axis & included between the circle, x2 + y2 =8x and parabola
y2 = 4x. Ans : 4 ( 3 8 ) / 3

******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
* (1) Prove that the area of the region enclosed between the curves x + y2 1 = 0 & x y2 + 1 = 0.
is 8 / 3 sq units
(2) Prove that the area of the region bounded by the curves x + y 6 , x2 + y2 6y & y2 8x .
is (27 2 ) / 12 sq. units.
*(3) Prove that the area bounded by the curves y = 6x x2 and y = x2 2x is 64 / 3 sq. units.
*(4) Prove that the area of the region bounded by the two parabolas y2 = 4x & x2 = 4y is 16 / 3.
*(5) Prove that the area bounded by the curves y2 = 4a2 (x 1) , x = 1 and y = 4a is 16a / 3 sq. units.
*(6) Find the area of region {( x , y ) : 0 y x2 + 3 , 0 y 2x + 3 , 0 x 3 } . Ans : 50 / 3.
(7) Prove that the area bounded between the curves ; y2 ax ; x2 + y2 2ay ; x , y 0 is (3 8 )a2
12
(8) Prove that the area enclosed between the curve y = x(x 1)(x 2) and x axis is 1 / 2 sq. units.

*(9) Find the area of region { ( x , y ) : | x | y 4 x2 }. Ans : sq. units

(10) Prove that the area bounded by the curves x = at2, y = 2at between t = 1 and t = 2 is 28a2 / 3.

(11) Prove that the area bounded by the curves y = 2x x2 and the straight line y = x is 9 / 2 sq units.

*(12) Prove that the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus rectum is 8a2 / 3 sq. units.

(13) Prove that the area bounded by the region {(x, y) : x2 + y2 4 ; x + y 2 } is ( 2) sq. units

*(14) Prove that, the area of the region between the curves y2 = x and x + y = 2 is 9 / 2 sq. units

(15) Prove that the common area between the ellipse 9x2 + 4y2 = 36 and 4x2 + 9y2 = 36, is 24tan1(1.5)

*(16) Prove that the area enclosed between the curves y2 = 4x , x = y is 8 / 3 sq units.
*(17) Prove that the area enclosed between the curves y = | x 1 | and y = 3 | x | is 4 sq. units.
(18) Prove that the area enclosed between the curves y2 = 4a ( x + a ) and y2 = 4b( b x) ; a , b > 0
is 8 a .b .(a + b) / 3 sq. units.

(19) Prove that the area inside the parabola 5x2 = y but outside the parabola 2x2 = y 9 is 123sq.units

(20) Prove that the area bounded between the parabolas y = 4x2, 9y = x2 and line y = 2 is 202 / 3.

(21) Prove that the area bounded between the parabolas y2 = 5x + 6, y = x2 is 27 / 5.

(22) Prove that the area bounded by the parabola (y 2)2 = x 1, line 2y x = 4 and y = 0 is 9 sq units.

(23) Prove that the area bounded by the curves y = sin x, y = cos x, and x axis 0 x / 2 is 2 -
******

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 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Definition : An equation in differential coefficients dy , d2y , d3y - - -
dx dx2 dx3

with constant coefficients e.g, a dy + b d2y + y = 0

dx dx2

with variable coefficients e.g, xy2 dy + x2y d2y + xy = 0 are called differential equations.
dx dx2

2 . Order & Degree of D.E : The highest order differential coefficient present in any
Differential Equation is the order of the D.E.
The degree of the highest order differential
coefficient is called the degree of the D.E, if the equation is free
from radicals{power of index is , , , - - -}.

Moreover,
Degree of any differential equation is said to be undefined if any of
the differential coefficients dy , d2y, d3 y - - - are in I LTE functions.
dx dx2 dx3
e.g,
a dy 2 + b d2y 3 + c dy 3 + y = 0 , order = 2 , degree = 3
dx dx2 dx
2
x dy + x2y d2y 3
+ xy2 d3y 2 + y = 0 , order = 3 , degree = 2
dx dx2 dx3

Sin dy + xy d3y 3
+ log d2y + y = 0 , order = 3 , degree = Not defined.
dx dx3 dx2

2

a dy + b d2 y 3
= c d3y 2
+ y , order = 3 , degree = 6
dx dx2 dx3

3. Formation of Differential Equation : By using the process of differentiation, we eliminate

the parameters a, b, c, p, q, r, - - - present in the Cartesian Equation, to create the
corresponding differential equation.
Moreover,
We differentiate up to the order number of parameter present.
st
If number of parameter = 1 Differentiation up to 1 order only
nd
If number of parameter = 2 Differentiation up to 2 order only

In case of a Cartesian equation the number of distinct parameter it has, gives the order of
corresponding differential equation.

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4. Solution of Differential Equation : By using the process of Integration we find the
corresponding Cartesian equation for the given D.E. The Cartesian equation thus obtained is
called solution of D.E.
The solution of D.E. is called general solution if arbitrary
constants ( constants of integration ) are present. If particular values of these arbitrary constants
are substituted from given conditions, solution is called particular solution and the D.E is termed
as initial value problem.

5. Method of Solving D.E :

(i) Variable separable : We represent the D.E in the form M dx = N dy,
with, M = a constant or a function of x alone
and N = a constant or a function of y alone.
Then, simple integration (with arbitrary constants) gives the general solution of the D.E.
and integration (with particular constants) gives the particular solution of the D.E.

e.g, log( dy / dx ) = x + y
x+y
dy = e
dx
y x
e dy = e dx

e y dy = ex dx
y x
e = e + C ( general solution ) - - - (1)
If initial condition is y(0) = 0
Then by (1),
e 0 = e 0 + C
1 = 1 + C
C= 2
Thus, (1) becomes
y x
e = e 2 ( particular solution )
y x
e =2e ( particular solution )

(ii) Homogenous D.E : We represent the D.E in the form (i) dy = M = f(x , y) = f ( y / x)
dx N

(ii) dx = M = f(x , y) = f ( x / y)
dy N
with, M , N = a homogenous( degree of each term are equal)
expression of x and y.
To solve : we put y / x = v in (i) and x / y = v in (ii)

(iii) Linear D.E : We represent the D.E in the form (i) dy + P y = Q

dx
with P, Q = a constant or a function of x alone.
Pdx
To solve, we find Integrating Factor ( I . F ) = e

Then Complete Solution ( C . S ) is , y ( I . F ) = Q . ( I . F ) dx

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 (ii) dx + P x = Q
dy
with P, Q = a constant or a function of y alone.
Pdy
To solve, we find Integrating Factor ( I . F ) = e

Then Complete Solution ( C . S ) is , x ( I . F ) = Q . ( I . F ) dy

********

PROBLEMS ON D.E
(1) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = a . sin ( x + b ) .

(2) Form the differential equation representing the family of ellipse having foci on x axis and centre
at origin .

*(3) Form the differential equation representing the family of circles touching the x axis at origin .
*(4) Form the differential equation representing the family of circles having centre on y axis & of
radius 3 unit

(5) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y2 = a ( b2 x2 ).

x x
(6) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = a e 3 + b e 2 .
x
(7) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = e2 ( a + bx ) .

*(8) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves : y = ex ( a cosx + b sinx ) .
(9) Form the differential equation representing the family of parabola having vertex at origin and axis
along positive direction of y axis.

*(10) Form the differential equation representing the family of hyperbolas having foci on x axis and
centre at origin.

(11) Form the differential equation of the family of ellipse having foci on y axis & centre at origin .

*(12) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves: y = c1eax cos bx + c2eax sin bx.
(13) Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the second quadrant and touching the
coordinate axes.

Find the general solution of the differential equations :

(14) dy = x + 1 (15) dy = x 2 + 1
dx 2y dx y2+1

(16) sec 2 x .tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy = 0 (17) y . log y .dx x .dy = 0 .

x x
(18) e tan y dx + ( 1 e ) sec 2 y dy = 0 *(19) ( x y ) dy = ( x + 2y ) dx

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*(20) x . cos ( y / x ) dy = [ x + y cos( y / x )] dx *(21) ( x 2 + xy ) dy = ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx

*(22) ( 1 + e x / y ) dx + e x / y( 1 x / y ) dy = 0 *(23) x dy y dx = x 2 + y 2 dx

*(24) { x cos ( y / x ) + y sin ( y / x ) } y dx = { y sin ( y / x) x cos ( y / x) }x dy

(25) (x log x )dy + y dx = (2 / x )log x .dx *(26) ( 1 + x 2 )dy + 2xy dx = cot x dx

*(27) x dy + y dx x dx + xy cot x dx = 0 (28) y dx + ( x y 2 ) dy = 0

(29) ( x + 3 y 2 ) dy = y dx (30) x dy + 2y dx = x 2 dx

(31) y dx ( x + 2y 2 ) dy = 0 *(32) ( x y )dy = ( x + y ) dx

(33) dy / dx = (1 + x 2 )( 1 + y 2 ) (34) cos 2 x dy / dx + y = tan x .

(35)( x 2 y 2 ) dx + 2xy dy = 0 *(36) (tan1y x) dy = ( 1 + y 2 ) dx .

*(37) ( xdy ydx ) y sin ( y / x ) = ( y dx + x dy ) x cos ( y / x )

x
(38) dy + 1 y 2 = 0 (39) e 2 y dx = 1
dx 1 x 2 x x dy

*(40) y e x / y dx = ( x e x / y + y2 ) dy

*(41) Show that the general solution of the differential equation (x2 + x + 1) dx + (y2 + y + 1) dx = 0 is
given by (x + y + 1) = A( 1 x y 2xy)

Find the particular solution of the differential equations :

*(42) ( x 3 + x 2 + x + 1)dy = ( 2x 2 + x ) dx ; y(0) = 1. (43) dy = - 4xy 2 ; y(0) = 1

dx

(44) [ x sin2 (y/ x) y ] dx + x dy = 0 ; y(1) = / 4 (45)x2dy + (xy + y2)dx = 0 ;y(1) = 1

.
*(46) 2y e x / y dx + ( y 2x e x / y ) dy = 0 ; y(0) = 1 . (47) log (dy / dx) = 3x + 4y ; y(0) = 0

(48) dy + y cot x = 2x + x2cot x ; y(/2) = 0 (49)(1 + x2) dy + 2xy = 1 ; y(1) = 0

dx dx 1 + x2
y
(50) (x y)(dx + dy) = dx dy ; y(0) = 1 (51) (x + 1)dy = ( 2e 1 )dx ; y(0) = 0

(52) dy + y cot x = 4x cosec x ; y(/2) = 0. (53) dy = 2xy + y2 ; y(1) = 2

dx dx 2x2
x x
(54) (1 + e 2 )dy + (1 + y2 ) e dx = 0 ; y(0) = 1

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Applications of differential equations :

(55) In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5 % per year. In how many years Rs1000
double itself ? ( log 2 = 0.693)

(56) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (2 , 3), given that the slope of the
tangent to the curve at any point (x , y) is 2x / y 2 .

(57) The volume of a spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius is
3 units & after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after t seconds.

(58) Show that the family of curves for which the slope of the tangent at any point (x , y) on it is
x 2 + y 2 , is given by x2 y2 = cx .
2xy

(59) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (0 , 1). If the slope of the tangent to the
curve at any point (x , y) is equal to the sum of the x coordinate (abscissa ) and the product of
the x coordinate & y coordinate (ordinate) of that point.

(60) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (0 , / 4) whose differential
equation is sin x .cos y dx + cos x sin y dy = 0 .

(61) The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the number of its
inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the village was 20,000 in 1999 and 25,000
in the year 2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009 ?

(62) In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5 % per year. An amount of Rs1000 is
deposited with this bank, how much it will worth after 10 years ( e 0.5 = 1.648 )

******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
Find the Singular or Particular solution of the differential equations :

*(1) dy = (1 + x + y + xy)dx Ans : log ( 1 + y ) = x + x2 + C

2
(2) dy = (4x + y + 1)2 dx 1
Ans : tan {(4x + y + 1) / 2} = 2x + C
x
*(3) dy = {sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)}dx Ans : 1 + tan{(x + y) / 2} = C.e
ax + by ax by
(4) dy = e .dx Ans : b.e + a.e =C

*(5) Sin1(dy / dx ) = x + y Ans : x = tan(x + y) sec(x + y) + C

x 3x
(6) dy = {e 3 2x}dx Ans : 3y = e 3x2 + C

(7) (x2 1)2dy + 2xy(x2 1) dx = dx Ans : y(x2 1) = {log(x 1) log(x + 1)}/2 + C

*(8) x2ydx = (x3 + y3)dy Ans : log y x3 = C

3y3
*(9) (x3 3xy2)dx = (y3 3x2y)dy Ans : ( x2 y2 ) = ( x2 + y2 )2 + C

(10) (1 +x2)dy = (4x2 2xy)dx Ans : 3y(x2 + 1) = 4x3 + C

*(11) x dy = (x3y6 y)dx Ans : 2x 5.y 5 = 5.x 2 + C

(12) (y3 x)dy = ydx Ans : 4xy = y4 + C

(13) (x + y)2dy = a2 dx Ans : y = a.tan1{(x + y) / a} + C

x
(14) y dx x dy = xy dx Ans : x = C.y.e

x
(15) dy cos y + (cos x + sin y)dx = 0 Ans : sin y = C.e (sin x + cos x)

(16) (y3 + 2x)dy = y dx Ans : x .y 2 = y + C

tan x tan x
(17) cos2 x dy + y dx = tan x dx Ans : y.e =e .( tan x 1) + C

Cx
(18) xdy = (log y log x + 1)ydx Ans : y = x.e

*(19) (2x + 2y + 3) dy = (x + y + 1)dx Ans : 6x + 6y + log |3x + 3y + 4| = 9x + C

(20) x2dy = (x2 2y2 + xy)dx Ans : log (x + 2y) log (x 2y) 22log x = C

*(21) sin x dy = (x sin x y cos x )dx Ans : (y 1)sin x + x cos x = C

(22) dy = (y2 tan2 x + 2y tan x)dx Ans : y. tan3 x + 3sec2 x = 3y C

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*(23) y2 cos ( y / x) dx = x { x sin ( y / x) + y cos ( y / x) }dy Ans : y sin( y / x) = C

*(24) log x dx = x dy y dx ; y(1) = 1 Ans : y + log x + 1 = 0.

(25) (x2 + 1)dy = 2xy dx ; y(1) = 2 Ans : y= (x2 + 1).

*(26) dy = y2 2xy x2 ; y(1) = 1 Ans : x + y = 0.

2 2
dx y + 2xy x

*(27) (x2 + 1)d2y = 2x dy ; y(0) = 1 , y1(0) = 3 Ans : y = x3 + 3x + 1.

dx2 dx

(28) tan y dy = {sin (x + y) + sin (x y)}dx Ans : sec y = C 2cos x .

(29) (x + 1)dy = (x + y + 1)dx Ans : y = (1 + x).log(1 + x) + C

(30) y x dy = a y2 + dy Ans : (x + a)(1 ay) = Cy.

dx dx
x x x
(31) x cos y dy = (x e log x + e ) dx Ans : sin y e log x = C

*(32) (1 + x)(1 + y2)dx + (1 + y)(1 + x2)dy = 0 Ans : 2tan1 x + y + log(1 +x2)(1 + y2) = C
1 xy
*(33) (x2 + 1)2dy + 2xy(x2 + 1) dx = dx Ans : y ( 1 + x2 ) = tan1 x + C

(34) (tan2x + 2tan x + 5)dy = 2(1 + tan x)sec2 x dx Ans : y = log | tan2x + 2 tan x + 5 | + C
2 / xy
*(35) ( 1 + xy) ydx + ( 1 xy) x dy = 0, y(1) = 1 Ans : x2 = y2.e 2.

(36) (x2 + 1) dy 2xy dx = (x2 + 1)2 cos x dx , y(0) = 0 Ans : y = (x2 + 1) sin x.
sin1y
*(37) 1 y2 . dx = ( sin1y x ) dy , y(0) = 0 Ans : x + 1 sin1 y = e .

*(38) ( 1 + x2 ).dy 2xy. dx = ( x2 + 2 )( 1 + x2 ) dx Ans : y = (x2 + 1)[ (x + tan1 x) + C ]

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 ANSWERS
Problems on Differential Equation( D. E)

(1) y11 + y = 0 (2) x y. y11 + x ( y1 )2 y y1 = 0 (3) ( x2 y2 ).y1 = 2xy

(4) (x2 9)( y1 )2 + x2 = 0 (5) xy .y11 + x( y1 ) y.y1 = 0 (6) y11 y1 6y = 0

(7) y11 4y1 + 4y = 0 (8) y11 2y1 + 2y = 0 (9) x .y1 = 2y

(10) x y. y11 + x ( y1 )2 y y1 = 0 (11) x y. y11 + x ( y1 )2 y y1 = 0

(12) y11 2a .y1 + (a2 + b2) y = 0 (13) (x + y)2 [(y1)2 + 1] = (x + y y1 )2

(14) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y = C (15) tan1 y = tan1x + C (16) tan x .tan y = C
cx x
(17) y = e (18) tan y = C( 1 e )

(19) log x2 + y2 + xy = 23 tan1 x + 2y + C (20) sin ( y / x) = log | Cx |

3 .x
y/x y/x
(21) (x y)2 = C x e (22) y e +x=C (23) y + x2 + y2 = Cx2

(24) xy cos ( y / x ) = C (25) y x log x = 2 (1 + log x) + Cx

(26) y = (1 + x) 2. log | sin x | + C(1 + x2 ) 1 (27) xy sin x = sin x x cos x + C

(28) 3 x y = y3 + C (29) x = 3y2 + Cy (30) 4x2. y = x4 + C

(31) x = 2y2 + Cy (32) 2 tan1( y / x) = log | x2 + y2 | + C (33) 3tan1 y = 3x + x3 + C
tan x tan 1y
(34) y = tan x 1 + C e (35) x2 + y2 = C x (36) x = tan 1 y 1 + C e
2x
(37) sec( y / x) = C x y (38) sin1 x + sin1 y = C (39) y e = 2x + C
x/y
(40) e =y+C (42) 4y = log{(x + 1)2. (x2 + 1)3} 2 tan1 x + 4
(43) y = 1 / ( 2x2 + 1) (44) cot ( y / x) = log | ex | (45) y + 2x = 3x2 y
x/y 3x 4y
(46) 2 e + log | y | = 2 (47) 4 e +3e =7 (48) y = x2 2 / 4 sin x

(49) y ( 1 + x2 ) = tan1 x / 4 (50) log | x y | = x + y + 1 (51) y = log | 2x + 1 | log | x + 1|

x
(52) y sin x = 2x2 2 / 2 (53) y ( 1 log | x | ) = 2x (54) tan1 y + tan 1( e ) = / 2

(55) 20 loge 2 (56) y = ( 3x2 + 15 ) 1 / 3 (57) (63 t + 27 ) 1 / 3

x2 / 2
(59) y + 1 = 2 e (60) 2 cos y = sec x (61) 31250 (62) 1648

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 11. VECTOR ALGEBRA
1. Position Vectors : The position vector of any point P is a iff OP = a .
If A( a ) and B( b ) are the two position vectors then,

AB = p.v of B p.v of A = b a.
Also,
BA = p.v of A p.v of B = a b .

2. Triangle Law of Addition : (i) If a, b and c are three regular sides of a triangle taken in order
Then, a + b + c = 0.
st
r = a+ b b (ii) If two vectors are such that the at the head of 1 vector, tail of
nd st
2 vector lies then the vector joining tail of 1 to head of the
nd
a 2 vector gives resultant (vector addition) of the given vectors.

3. Parallelogram Law of Addition : If two vectors have same initial point, then the diagonal
of the parallelogram formed by taking the vectors as adjacent sides of the parallelogram gives the
resultant in mag. and direction both. ( we take that diagonal which starts from the co initial point)
B
If is the angle between the vectors b
Then, | r | = | a |2 + | b | 2 + 2 | a || b |.cos O r = a + b P
r = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos
a
Also, the direction of the resultant r A
From a is : tan 1 = b sin
a + b cos
From b is : tan 2 = a sin
b + a cos

4. Unit Vector : If y be any vector then unit vector along y is denoted by

and is defined as = y / | y |

5. Parallel or Collinear Vector : If two vectors a and b are such that b = a ; R

then vectors are said to be parallel or collinear.

Like parallel vectors ( > 0) : Direction is same but the vectors differ in magnitude only.
a
b=a
Unlike parallel vectors ( < 0) : Direction is just opposite & vectors differ in magnitude only.
a
b=a

6. Section Formula : If A( a ) and B( b ), the two position vectors are divided by any point P( r )
in the ratio m : n (i) internally then, P( r ) = m b + n a
m+n
(ii) externally then, P( r ) = m b n a
mn

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7. Scalar Components : If P(a , b, c) be any point in three dimension, then corresponding position
vector is given by a i + b j + c k, as i, j, k are unit vectors along x axis, y axis and z axis
respectively.
Also, if a = x i + y j + z k , be any vector, then x, y, z are called scalar
components ( projection on the coordinate axes) of the vector a .
With, magnitude of the vector | a | is denoted & defined as | a | = x2 + y2 + z2

8. Direction Cosines (d.cs) : It is the cosines of the angles made by any vector with the coordinate
axes. Therefore, if a vector a makes angles with the coordinate axes then its d.cs are given by l
= cos , m = cos and n = cos
Also, if a = x i + y j + z k , be any vector, then x, y, z are called d.rs (Direction
Ratios) of the vector a and corresponding d.cs are given by,
l = cos = x = x
|a| x + y2 + z2
2

m = cos = y = y
|a| x + y2 + z2
2

and, n = cos z = z
|a| x2 + y2 + z2

Whenever we have to give direction of a vector we find its direction cosines.

9. Dot Product : If a and b are any two vectors, then its dot product ( scalar product) is denoted by
a . b and defined by the scalar quantity a b cos , where is the angle at the co- initial point of
vectors a and b and is termed as angle between the vectors a and b .
Thus, a . b = a b cos = | a | | b | cos

Properties of Dot Product :

(i) a . b = a b cos = b a cos = b . a . Thus, dot product is commutative.

(ii) a . ( b c ) = a . b a . c , distribution holds.

(iii) a . a = | a | 2 = a2

(iv) If a b ( at 90 ) a . b = 0 = b . a

(v) a . b = 0 either a = 0 or b = 0 or a b

(vi) i . i = j . j = k . k = 1

(vii) i . j = j . k = k . i = 0

(viii) If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
a . b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3.

(xi) If is the angle between the vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

Then cos = a . b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
|a| | b | a1 + a22 + a32 .b12 + b22 + b32
2

(x) Projection of vector a on vector b = a . b

|b|

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10. Cross Product : If a and b are any two vectors, then its cross product ( vector product) is
denoted by a b and defined by the vector quantity| a || b | sin with a unit vector perpendicular
to both a and b .
Thus,
(i) a b is a vector perpendicular to both a and b .
(ii) a b is the vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b .

Also, a b is + ve and ve according as the angle between a and b

is measured anticlockwise and clockwise respectively.

Properties of Cross Product :

(i) a b = b a . Thus, dot product is not commutative.

(ii) a ( b c ) = a b a c , distribution holds.

(iii) a a = 0 , as sin = 0 at = 0

(iv) If a | | b ( at 0 or 180 ) a b = 0 = b a

(v) a b = 0 either a = 0 or b = 0 or a | | b

(vi) i i = j j = k k = 0

(vii) i j = k , j i = k j
jk=i, kj=i i
ki=j, ik=j

k
(viii) If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
a b= i j k
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

11. Area of a Triangle : If a and b are any two adjacent sides of a triangle OAB

B( b ) Then, area OAB = | a b |

b 2
O A( a )
a

12. Area of Parallelogram : (i) If a and b are any two adjacent sides a parallelogram OAPB
B( b )
P Then, area OAPB = | a b | = 2(area OAB)
b
O
a A( a )

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 D C (ii) If a and b are any two diagonals of the parallelogram ABCD.
b Then, area ABCD = | a b |
O
a 2

A B

13. Scalar Triple Product : For three vectors , and the scalar triple product is denoted
by [ , , ] or [ ] and is defined by the scalar quantity .

If = + + , = + + and = + + ,

Then [ , , ] = [ ] = . =

Properties of Scalar Triple Product :

(i) By properties of determinant scalar triple product holds the cyclic properties,
[ ] =[ ] =[ ]
st nd
(ii) Using 1 and 2 part of property (i)
we have, . = .
. = . { As, dot product is commutative }
[ ] = . = .
Hence position of dot and cross is interchangeable in scalar triple product while the
bracket is kept with the cross product.

(iii) By properties of determinant scalar triple product gets a negative sign on breaking the cyclic,
[ ] = [ ] = [ ] = [ ]
(iv) If [ ] is the scalar triple product of three vectors , and ,
then, scalar triple product of three vectors ( a vector parallel to ), and is
[ ] = [ ] { By properties of determinant }
(v) By properties of determinant scalar triple product becomes zero ( 0 ) if any of two vector is
identical,
[ ] =[ ] =[ ] =0
(vi) If is parallel to =
[ ] =[ ] = [ ] =0

(vii) The necessary and sufficient condition so that the three vectors , and , are
coplanar is that, [ ] =0

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(viii) The volume of the parallelepiped having vectors , and as its co terminus edges is
[ ] Z

O
X

(ix) The volume of the Tetrahedron having vectors , and as its co terminus edges is
[ ]
Z

O
X

*****

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 PROBLEMS ON VECTORS
(1) Find a unit vector in the direction of sum of the vectors, a = 2i + 2j 5 k , b = 2 i + j + 3 k .
Ans : ( 4i + 3j 2k ) / 29
(2) Write the direction ratios(d.rs) of the vector a = i + j 2 k, and hence calculate the direction
cosines(d.cs). Ans : d.rs ( 1 , 1 , 2) & d.cs ( 1 / 6 , 1 / 6 , 2 / 6 )

(3) Show that the points A( 2i j + k ) ; B( i - 3j - 5k ) & C( 3i - 4j - 4k ) are vertices of a right

angled triangle.

(4) Consider two points P & Q with position vector 3 a 2 b and a + b respectively . Find the
position vector of a point R dividing the line segment PQ in the ratio 2 : 1
(a) internally, and (b) externally . Ans : 5 a , 4 b a
3

(5) Find a vector in the direction of vector 5i j + 2k, which has magnitude 8 units .
Ans : (40i 8j + 16k ) / 30
(6) Show that the vectors 2i 3j + 4k and 4i + 6j 8k are collinear .

*(7) Show that the vector i + j + k is equally inclined to the axes OX , OY and OZ .

(8) Find a unit vector in the direction of resultant of the vectors 2i j + 2k & - i + j k .
Ans : ( i + k ) / 2
(9) Find the d .cs & d . rs of the vectors AB & BA if the points are A( 1, 2, 3) & B(1, 2, 1) .
Ans : d.cs AB ( 1 / 3 , 2 / 3 , 2 / 3 ) ; d.cs BA( 1 / 3 , 2 / 3 , 2 / 3 )

*(10) Find the magnitude and direction of resultant of the vectors a = i 2j + k , b = 2i + 4j + 5k

&c =i6j7k. Ans : 4j k ; d.cs ( 0 , 4 / 17 , 1 / 17 )
(11) Find the projection of the vector a = 2 i + 3 j + 2 k on the vector b = i + 2 j + k . Ans : 10 / 6

*(12) If the a = 5 i j 3 k and b = i + 3 j 5 k, then show that the vectors a + b and a b

are perpendicular .
(13) Find | a b | , if two vectors a and b are such | a | = 2 ,| b | = 3 and a . b = 4 . Ans : 5

(14)If a is a unit vector and ( x a ) . ( x + a ) = 8 , then find | x | . Ans : 3

(15) For any two vectors a and b , we always have | a + b | | a | + | b | , prove it .

*(16) If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0 , find the value of

a .b + b .c + c . a . Ans : 3 / 2
*(17) If the vertices of a triangle ABC are A( 1, 2, 3) ; B(1, 0, 0) & C(0, 1, 2), then find ABC.
Ans : cos 1( 10 / 102 )
(18) Show that the points (1, 2, 7) ; (2, 6, 3) & (3, 10, 1) are collinear.

(19) For any two vectors a and b, we always have | a . b | | a | | b | , prove it .

*(20) Find the value of if a + b is perpendicular to c , where a = 2i + 2j + 3k , b = - i + 2j + k

& c = 3i + j Ans : = 8

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*(21) Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector a + b & a b,
where a = i + j + k , b = i + 2 j + 3k. Ans : ( i + 2j k ) / 6

(22) Find the area of the triangle having the points A( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ; B( 1 , 2 , 3 ) & C( 2 , 3 , 1 )
as its vertices . Ans : 21 / 2

(23) Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are given by the vectors
a = 3i + j + 4k ,b = i j + k. Ans : 42

*(24) If a unit vectora makes angles / 3 with i , / 4 with j and an acute angle with k , then find
and hence the vector a . Ans : / 3 , ( i + 2j + k ) / 2

(25) Find and if ( 2i + 6j + 27k ) ( i + j + k ) = 0 . Ans : = 3, = 27 / 2

(26) If i + j + k, 2i + 5j, 3i + 2j 3k and i 6j k are the position vectors of points A , B , C & D

respectively, then find the angle between AB & CD. Deduce that AB and CD are collinear.

*(27) Let a , b and c be three vectors such that | a | = 3 ,| b | = 4 , | c | = 5 and each one of
them being perpendicular to the sum of the two, find | a + b + c | . Ans : 52

*(28) Three vectors a , b , c satisfy the condition a + b + c = 0 . Evaluate the quantity

a . b + b . c + c . a , if | a | = 1 , | b | = 4 , | c | = 2 . Ans : 21 / 2

*(29) If with reference to the right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors i, j, k ;
a = 3i j , b = 2i + j 3k , then express b in the form b = b1 + b2 , where b1 is parallel to a
and b2 is perpendicular to a . Ans : b1 = ( 3i j ) / 2, b2 = ( i + 3j 6k) / 2

*(30) Show that the points A(1, 2, 8) ; B( 5, 0, 2) and C(11, 3, 7) are collinear, also find the
ratio in which B divides AC.

(31) Show that ( a b ) ( a + b ) = 2 ( a b ) .

(32) Given a . b = 0 and a b = 0 . What can you conclude about the vectors a and b ?
Ans : Either a = 0 or b = 0
(33) Let the vectors a , b , c be given as : a 1i + a 2 j + a 3 k ; b1 i + b2 j + b3 k ;
c 1 i + c 2 j + c 3 k . Then show that a ( b + c ) = a b + a c .
(34) Find area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C & D with position vectors : i + j / 2 + 4k ;
i + j / 2 + 4k ; i j / 2 + 4k and i j / 2 + 4k . Ans : 2

(35) Let the vectors a and b be such that | a | = 3 and | b | = 2 / 3, then a b is a unit vector.
Find the angle between a & b . Ans : / 4
*(36) The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2i 4j + 5k and i 2j 3 k . Find the unit vectors
parallel to the two diagonals. Ans : (3i 6j + 2k) / 7 , ( i 2j + 8k ) / 69

*(37) Find the value of so that the scalar product of the vector i + j + k with the unit vector along the
sum of vectors 2i + 4j 5k and i + 2j + 3k is equal to one . Ans : = 1

*(38) If a , b , c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude , show that the vector
a + b + c is equally inclined to a , b , c .

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*(39) Let a = i + 4j + 2k , b = 3i 2j + 7k , c = 2i j + 4k . Find a vector d which is
perpendicular to both a and b , & c . d = 15 . Ans : (160i 5j + 70k) / 3

(40) Let, a and b be two unit vectors and is the angle between them. Then find the angle if a + b
is also a unit vector . Ans : 2 / 3

(41) Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector PQ, where P and Q are the points ( 1, 2, 3) and
(4, 5, 6) respectively . Ans : ( i + j + k) / 3

(42) Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors a = 3i 4j 4k , b = 2i j + k &
c = i 3j 5k, respectively are vertices of a right angled triangle .

(43) Find the projection of the vector i + 3j + 7k on the vector 7i j + 8k . Ans : 60 / 114

(44)Find | a | and | b | , if ( a + b ) . ( a b ) = 8 and | a | = 8 | b | .

Ans : 162 / 37 , 22 / 37

(45) Find the area of the triangle with vertices A( 1, 1, 2), B( 2, 3, 5) and C(1, 5, 5). Ans : 61 / 2

(46) Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of the vectors a = 2i + 3j k
& b = i 2j + k . Ans : (15i + 5j) / 10

*(47) Prove that ( a + b ) . ( a + b ) = | a | 2 + | b | 2, if and only if a , b are non zero

perpendicular vectors .

(48) Find the position vector(s) of the point(s) which divide the points (2 a + b ) & ( a 3 b );
( i ) externally & (ii) internally, in the ratio 1 : 2 . Ans : 3 a + 5 b , ( 5a b ) / 3

(49) Write all unit vectors in the XY plane . Ans : i cos + j sin

******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
*(1) Decompose the vector 6i 3j 6k into vectors which are parallel & perpendicular to i + j + k .
Ans : i j k , 7i 2j 5k.
*(2) Find a unit vector in the plane of the vectors i + 2j & j + 2k ; perpendicular to the vector
2i + j + 2k . Ans :( 5i 6j + 8k) / 55

*(3) Prove that the points A( a ) , B( b ) & C( c ) are collinear iff b c + c a + a b = 0 .

*(4) Prove that if three vectors a , b , c satisfies a + b + c = 0 then b c = c a = a b

*(5) Using vector prove that : ( a 1b 1 + a 2b 2 + a 3b 3 )2 (a 1 2 + a 2 2 + a 3 2 )( b 12 + b 2 2 + b 3 2 ) .

(6) If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of their difference is 3 .

*(7) If points A( a ) , B( b ) & C( c ) are non collinear. Then show that C is at a distance

| b c + c a + a b | , from the line joining AB .

| b a |
*(8) If A, B, C, D are four points in space, prove that :
| AB CD + BC AD + CA BD | = 4 (area ABC ).

(9) Using vector prove that : an angle in a semi circle is right angle .

(10) Using vector prove that : the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent .

(11) Decompose the vector 5i 2j + 5k into vectors which are parallel & perpendicular to 3i + k .
Ans : 6i + 2k , i 2j + 3k
(12) Express the vector 2i j + 3k as the sum of vectors parallel and perpendicular to 2i + 4j 2k.
Ans : ( i 2j + k) / 2 , (5i + 5k)/ 2.

(13) If a makes equal angles with i, j, k and has magnitude 3, prove that a = 3( i + j + k).
Also prove that angle made by a with i, j and k are cos1( 1 / 3 ).

*(14) Let a = 4i + 5j k ; b = i 4j + 5k ; c = 3i + j k. Find a vector d which is perpendicular to

both a and b and c . d = 21. Ans : 7i 7j 7k

(15) Let a = i j ; b = 3j k ; c = 7i k. Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both a and b

and c . d = 1. Ans : (i + j + 3k) / 4

(16) Find the scalar components of the unit vector perpendicular to the vectors 3i j + 2k & i + 2j k.
Ans : ( 3 / 83, 5 / 83 , 7 / 83)

(17) If points A( a ) , B( b ) & C( c ) are non collinear. Then show that , b c + c a + a b ,

is a vector perpendicular to the b c , c a and a b all.

(18) If points A( a ) , B( b ) & C( c ) are non collinear. Then show that , b c + c a + a b ,

is a vector perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC.

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*(19) Prove that for any two vectors a and b, | a b |2 = a . a a .b
b .a b.b
*(20) Let and a and b are two non zero vectors. Then prove that a and b are perpendicular if and
only if | a + b | = | a b | .

*(21) Show that the angle between the two diagonals of a cube is cos1( 1 / 3 ).
(22) If , | a | = 2 , | b | = 5 and | a b | = 8 , prove that a . b = 6.

*(23) If , | a | = 5 , | b | = 13 and | a b | = 25 , prove that a . b = 60.

*(24) If a vector a of magnitude 4 and makes angles / 4 with i , / 3 with j and an obtuse angle
with k , then find and hence the vector a . Ans : 2/ 3 , 2( i + 2j 2k )

(25) Find area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are given by,
(i) a = 3i + j 2k , b = i 3j + 4k Ans : 53 sq. units .

(ii) a = 2i j + k , b = 3i + 4j 4k Ans : 155 / 2 sq units .

*(iii) a = 4i j 3k , b = 2i + j 4k Ans : 15 / 2 sq. units .

*(26) Show that the points having position vectors ( 7 a c ) , ( a + 2 b + 3 c ) and ( 2 a + 3 b + 5 c )

are collinear whatever be a , b and c.

(27) Show that the points having position vectors (8 a 13 b ) , ( a 2 b + 3 c ) and

( 2 a + 3 b + 2 c ) are collinear whatever be a , b and c.

*(28) If a b = c d and a c = b d. Show that a d is parallel to b c.

(29) Using vector prove that, in any triangle ABC : cosA = b2 + c2 a2

2bc
*(30) If a , b and c are three vectors, such that a + b + c = 0, and | a | = 3, | b | = 5, | c | = 7,

then prove that angle between a and b is 60 .

*(31) If a = i + j + k and b = j k, find a vector c such that a c = b and a . c = 3

Ans : (5i + 2j + 2k) / 3
*(32) If a , b , c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude , show that the vector
a + b + c is equally inclined to a , b , c at an angle cos1(1 / 3)
(33) Using vector prove that, in any triangle ABC : a = b.cos C + c.cos B

*(34) If , and are unit vectors such that . = . = 0 and angle between and is
, then prove that = 2

(35) Using vector prove that, in any triangle ABC, = = .

(36) If is angle between the two unit vectors and , prove that (i) sin =

(ii) tan =

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(37) Using vector prove that, in any triangle ABC, if D, E and F are the middle points of the sides BC,
CA and AB respectively, then area ( ABC) = 4 area ( DEF).

(38) If , and are three vectors such that = and = . Prove that , ,
are mutually perpendicular to each other and = 1, | | = | |

*(39) If , are two vectors such that | + | = | | , then prove that vectors 2 + is
perpendicular to vectors .

(40) Show that the vectors = i 2j + 3k , = 2i +3j 4k and = i 3j + 5k are coplanar.

(41) Find if the vectors i j + k, 3i + j + 2k and i + j 3k are coplanar

(42) Let = i + j + k , = i and = i + j + k Then

(a) If = 1 and = 2 , find which makes , and coplanar.
(b) If = 1 and = 1, show that no value of can make , and coplanar.
(43) Show that the four points with position vectors 4i + 8j + 12k, 2i + 4j + 6k, 3i + 5j + 4k and
5i + 8j + 5k are coplanar.

*(44) Find x such that the four points A(3, 2, 1), B(4, x, 5), C(4, 2, 2) and D(6, 5, 1) are coplanar
(45) Show that the vectors , and coplanar if + , + and + coplanar.

*(46) Prove that [ + , + , + ] = 2[ , , ]

(47) Prove that [ , , + ] = [ , , ] +[ , , ]

(48) Prove that [ , , ] = 0

(49) Prove that [ , + , + + ] = [ , , ]

*(50) It is given that = , = and = where , and are
, , , , , ,
non coplanar vectors. Prove that .( + ) + .( + ) + .( + ) = 3

(51) If , and are non zero non coplanar vectors. Then show that the vectors
(a) 2 + 3 , 2 + 3 4 and 3 + 5
(b) + 3 , + 2 and + 3
(52) Find the volume of the parallelepipeds whose co terminus edges are :
(a) = 2i 3j + 4k , = 3i j + 2k and = i + 2j k
(b) = i 2j + 3k , = 2i + j k and = 2i + j k

*(53) If the vectors = xi + j + k , = i + yj + k and = i + j + z k are coplanar, then prove that

+ + = 1, where x, y, z 1

(54) If the vectors = pi + b j + c k , = a i + q j + c k and = a i + b j + r k are coplanar, then

prove that + + = 2, where a p, b q, c r

******
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 12. THREE DIMENSION
1. Different Forms of Straight line :

(a) Equation of a straight line through some point a and having directional vector b .
r=a+ b
Cartesian Equivalent : If passing point (x1 , y1, z1) i.e, a = x1 i + y1 j + z1k
& d.rs of the line (a , b, c) i.e, directional vector b = ai + bj + ck
x x 1 = y y1 = z z1
a b c

(b) Equation of straight line through two points a and b

r = a + ( b a ) Or r = b + ( b a )
Cartesian Equivalent : If passing points are (x1 , y1, z1) & (x2 , y2, z2)

i.e, a = x1 i + y1 j + z1k & b = x2 i + y2 j + z2k

x x 1 = y y1 = z z1
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
Or
x x 2 = y y2 = z z2
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

2. Collinearity of Three Points : Three points are said to be collinear if the straight line through
two points passes through the third point also.
c a = ( b a ) ; ( if the vector joining two point set is parallel )
x3 x1 = y3 y1 = z3 z1
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

3. Angle between two line : Two lines intersect at the angle their directional vectors are inclined.
If, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 are two lines, then angle between the lines is
the angle between b1 and b2.

If is the angle between the vectors b1 = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k and b2 = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k

i.e, the lines are
x x 1 = y y1 = z z1
a1 b1 c1
and
x x 2 = y y2 = z z2
a2 b2 c2

Then cos = b1 . b2 = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
| b1 | | b2 | a1 + b12 + c12 .a22 + b22 + c22
2

(a) If lines are perpendicular, b1 . b2 = 0 a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0

(b) If lines are parallel, b1 = b2 a1 = b1 = c1
a2 b2 c2

4. Shortest Distance (S.D) : If r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 be any two skew lines (which are
neither parallel nor intersecting). Then the S.D between the lines is | ( a2 a1 ) . ( b1 b2 ) |
| b1 b2 |

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5. Condition of Intersection of Lines : If two lines r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 are
intersecting then their S.D = 0.
But S.D = 0 need not imply lines are intersecting.
If S.D = 0 under the condition b1 b2 = 0 lines are parallel, b1 = b2 = b
Then S.D = | ( a2 a1 ) b |
| b|
Moreover,
If, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 are two lines, then point of intersection is given
by solving the three equations in and achieved on equating coefficients of i , j and k
in a1 + b1 = a2 + b2 .
However, if unique and exists, then lines are intersecting and point of intersection is
given by the value of r for that and .
If no unique and exists i.e, the three equations in and achieved on
equating coefficients of i , j and k in a1 + b1 = a2 + b2
does not hold together for any value of and , the lines are non intersecting.

6. Different forms of planes :

(a) General Form : Every linear equation in x, y, and z of the form ax + by + cz + d = 0
is a plane in space, provided a, b, c not all zero at a time.
i.e, 2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 ,
2x + 3y = 4 , 3y + z = 2, x + 3z = 4,
x = 2, y = 3 , z = 3, all are planes.

(b) Normal Form : If is unit normal vector on the plane and p is the length of
perpendicular from origin. Then equation of plane is r . = p.
Moreover, If N is normal vector on the plane and p is the length of perpendicular
from origin. Then equation of plane is r . N = p r . N = d ,
| N| with d = p | N |

Thus, if N = ai + bj + ck (normal vector) , and r = xi + yj + zk

Then, r . N = d ax + by + cz = d, thus in general equation of a plane coefficient of
x, y and z gives the d.rs of normal to the plane.
Thus, if plane is 2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0, then normal to the plane is N = 2i 3j 4k,
we take the ve sign to make the equation of the form : 2x 3y 4z = 5

(c) Normal Point Form : Equation of a plane through the point a and having
normal vector N is ( r a ) . N = 0.

Thus, if N = ai + bj + ck (normal vector) , and a = x1i + y1j + z1k ( passing point) and
r = xi + yj + zk ( current point),
Then, equation of plane is : a( x x1) + b(y y1) + c(z z1) = 0

(d) Three Point Form : Equation of a plane through three points a , b and c is
( r a ) . {( b a ) ( c a )} = 0.
( r a ) . {( b a ) ( c b )} = 0. and - - - .
Thus, if a = x1i + y1j + z1k, b = x2i + y2j + z2k and c = x3i + y3j + z3k are three points.
Then equation of plane is x x1 y y1 z z1
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 = 0
x3 x2 y3 y2 z3 z2
(e) Intercept Form : If a plane makes intercepts a, b, and c on coordinate axes then
equation of the plane is given by : x + y + z = 1
a b c
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7. Condition of Coplanarity of two lines : If, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 are two lines,
then the lines are said to be coplanar iff ; ( a2 a1 ) . ( b1 b2 ) = 0.
And equation of the plane containing both the lines is
( r a1 ) . ( b1 b2 ) = 0 or ( r a2 ) . ( b1 b2 ) = 0 .
Moreover,
If, r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 are two lines, such that( a2 a1 ) . ( b1 b2 ) 0.
st
Then, equation of the planes (i) ( r a1 ) . ( b1 b2 ) = 0 , is a plane containing the 1 line
nd
and parallel to 2 line.
nd
and (ii) ( r a2 ) . ( b1 b2 ) = 0, is a plane containing the 2 line
st
and parallel to 1 line.
Cartesian form : if the lines are
x x 1 = y y1 = z z1 and x x 2 = y y2 = z z2
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
And,
x1 x 2 y 1 y2 z1 z2
a1 b1 c1 = 0
a2 b2 c2 The given lines are coplanar and the equation
of plane can be give by
Either,
xx2 y y2 z z2 xx1 y y1 z z1
a1 b1 c1 = 0 OR a1 b1 c1 = 0
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
Moreover,
if the lines are
x x 1 = y y1 = z z1 and x x 2 = y y2 = z z2
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
And,
x1 x 2 y 1 y2 z1 z2
a1 b1 c1 0.
a2 b2 c2 The given lines are non coplanar and the

Equation
(i) x x 2 y y2 z z2 and (ii) xx1 y y1 z z1
a1 b1 c1 = 0. a1 b1 c1 = 0
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
nd st
is a plane containing the 2 line is a plane containing the 1 line
st nd
and parallel to 1line. and parallel to 2 line.
8. Angle Between Two Planes : If r . N1 = d1 a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
and r . N2 = d2 a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 , are any two planes.
Then, angle between the planes is the angle between their normal N1 = a1i + b1j + c1k
and N2 = a2i + b2j + c2k

Then cos = N1 . N2 = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
a1 + b12 + c12 .a22 + b22 + c22
| N1 | | N2 | 2

9. Angle Between Line & Planes : If r . N = d a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 be any plane and
r = a + b be any line with directional vector b = a2i + b2j + c2k .
Then, angle between the planes and the line is given by:
Sin = N . b = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2
|N | |b| a1 + b12 + c12 .a22 + b22 + c22
2

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10. Family of Planes : If r . N1 = d1 a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 & r . N2 = d2 a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
are any two planes, then equation of family of planes containing (through) the line of intersection
of the planes are r . N1 + r . N2 = d1 + d2 a1x + b1y + c1z + (a2x + b2y + c2z )= d1 + d2
The value of is obtained by another provided (given) condition.

11.Distance of Point from Plane : If r . N = d ax + by + cz = d, be any plane and

P(x1 , y1 , z1) a = x1i + y1j + z1k, is any outsider point. Then perpendicular distance of the
point P from the plane is given by,
| a . N d | = | ax1 + by1 + cz1 d |
|N | a2 + b2 + c2 ,
We take the absolute value as the distance (length) is always + ve.

Moreover, if r . N = d1 ax + by + cz = d1 & r . N = d2 ax + by + cz = d2
are any two parallel planes, then distance between these planes is
| d1 d2 | = | d1 d2 |
|N | a2 + b2 + c2

*****

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 PROBLEMS ON 3 D
(1) Find the direction cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are ( 3 , 5 , 4 ) , (1 , 1 , 2 )
and ( 5 , 5 , 2 ) . Ans : 2 , 2 , 3 ; 2 , 3 , 2 ; 4 , 5 , 1
17 17 17 17 17 17 42 42 42
(2) Show that the points ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) , (1 , 2 , 1 ) and ( 5 , 8 , 7 ) are collinear.

(3) Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the line which passes through yhe point ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) and is
parallel to the vector 3i + 2j 2k . Ans: x 1 = y 2 = z 3 ; r = i + 2j + 3k + ( 3i + 2j 2k)
3 2 2
(4) Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the line joining origin to the point ( 5 , 2 , 3 ) .
Ans : r = (5i 2j + 3k)

*(5) Find the value of p so that the lines: 1 x = 7y 14 = z 3 ; 7 7x = y 5 = 6 z ,

are perpendicular. 3 2p 2 3p 1 5
Ans : p = 70 / 11
(6)Find the angle between the pair of line : x 2 = y 1 = z + 3 ; x + 2 = y 4 = z 5 .
2 5 3 1 8 4
Ans : cos1( 26 / 9 38)
*(7) If l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 are direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines, show that
the direction cosines of the line perpendicular to both of these are ;
m1n2 m2 n1 , n1 l2 n2 l1 , l1 m2 l2 m1 .

*(8) If and are the angles made by any line with the four diagonals of any cube, then prove
that : cos2 cos2 cos2 cos2 4 / 3 .

(9) Find the shortest distance between the lines : x + 1 = y + 1 = z + 1 and x 3 = y 5 = z 7

Ans : 229 7 6 1 1 2 1
*(10) Find the shortest distance between the lines :
r = ( 1 t )i + ( t 2 )j + ( 3 2t ) k ; r = ( s + 1 )i + ( 2s 1 )j ( 2s + 1 ) k .
Ans : 8 / 29
*(11) Find the distance between the lines : r = i + 2j 4k + ( 2i + 3j + 6k ) ;
r = 3i + 3j 5k + ( 2i + 3j + 6k ). Ans : 293 / 7

*(12) Find the shortest distance between the lines, r = 6i + 2j + 2k + ( i 2j + 2k )

r = 4i k + ( 3i 2j 2k ) . Ans : 9

*(13) Find the coordinates of the point where the line through ( 3, 4, 5) and ( 2, 3, 1 ) crosses the
plane 2x + y + z = 7 . Ans : ( 1 , 2 , 7 )

(14) Find the coordinates of the point where the line through ( 3, 4, 1) and ( 5, 1, 6) crosses the
XY plane. Ans : (13/5 , 23/5 , 0)

(15) Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 6 / 29, from origin and its normal
vector from the origin is 2i 3j + 4k. Also find its Cartesian form. Ans : 2x 3y + 4z = 6
r . ( 2i 3j + 4k ) = 6
*(16) Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from origin to the plane
2x 3y + 4z 6 = 0 . Ans : (12 / 29, 18 / 29 , 24 / 29 )

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*(17) Find the vector & Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points
( 2, 5, 3 ); ( 2, 3, 5 ); ( 5, 3, 3 ). Ans : 2x + 3y + 4z = 7 ; r . (2i + 3j + 4k) = 7

(18) Find the angle between the plane 10x + 2y 11z = 3 & the line , x + 1 = y = z 3 .
2 3 6
Ans : sin1( 8 / 11 )
(19) If O be the origin and the coordinates of P be ( 1, 2, 3 ), then find the equation of the plane
passing through P and perpendicular to OP. Ans : x + 2y 3z = 14

*(20) Find the equation of the plane passing trough (1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to each of the planes
x + 2y + 3z = 5 , 3x + 3y + z = 0 . Ans : 7x 8y + 3z + 25 = 0

*(21) Find the distance of the point P( 6, 5, 9 ) and the plane determined by the points A( 3, 1, 2 ),
B( 5, 2, 4 ) and C( 1 , 1 , 6 ). Ans : 6 / 34

*(22) Show that the lines : xa+d = ya = zad & xb+c = yb = zbc

are coplanar. Also find the equation of plane . Ans : x 2y + z = 0

*(23) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes :
r . ( 2i + 2j 3k ) = 7, r . ( 2i + 5j + 3k ) = 9 and through the point ( 2 , 1 , 3 ) .
Ans : r . ( 38i + 68j + 3k) = 153.
*(24) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
r . ( i + 2j + 3k ) = 4, and r . ( 2i + j k ) + 5 = 0 , and which is perpendicular to the plane
r . ( 5i + 3j 6k ) + 8 = 0 . Ans : 33x + 45y + 50z = 41

*(25) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
r . ( i + j + k ) = 1 , r . ( 2i + 3j k ) + 4 = 0 , and parallel to the x axis . Ans : y 3z + 6 = 0

(26) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes :
r . ( i + j + k ) = 6 & r . ( 2i + 3j + 4k ) = 5 , and passing through the point ( 1, 1 , 1 ) .
Ans : r . ( 20i + 23j + 26k ) = 69.
*(27) Show that the lines : x + 3 = y 1 = z 5 ; x + 1 = y 2 = z 5 are coplanar.
3 1 5 1 2 5
Also find the equation of plane. Ans : x 2y + z = 0

*(28) Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes x + y + z = 1 and
2x + 3y + 4z = 5, which is perpendicular to the plane x y + z = 0. Ans : x z + 2 = 0

(29) Prove that if a variable plane is making intercepts a, b, and c on the coordinate axes is at a
constant distance p from origin then x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = p 2.

*(30) If the point (1, 1, p) and (3, 0, 1) are equidistant from the plane . (3i + 4j 12k) + 13 = 0.
Then prove that p = 1 or 7 / 3.

******

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 HOTS PROBLEMS
(1) Find the direction cosines of the line which are connected by the relation, l 5m + 3n = 0
and 7 l 2 + 5m 2 3n 2 = 0 . Ans : ( 1/14, 2/14, 3/14 ) ;
( 1/6, 1/6, 1/6 )

*(2) Find the point of intersection of the lines : x 5 = y7 = z+3 ; x8 = y4 = z5 .

If the lines are intersecting. 4 4 5 7 1 3
Ans : (1, 3, 2)
*(3) Find the foot of perpendicular of the point ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) in the line , x 6 = y 7 = z 7 .
3 2 2
Ans : (3, 5, 9)

*(4) Show that the lines: x 1 = y + 1 = z 1 & x + 2 = y 1 = z + 1 do not intersect .

3 2 5 4 3 2

*(5) Show that the line r = 2i 2j + 3k + ( i j + 4k ) is parallel to the plane r . ( i + 5j + k ) = 5.

Also find the distance between them. Ans : 10 / 27
(6) Find the length and the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular from the point (7, 14, 5) to the
plane 2x + 4y z = 2 . Ans : 321 ; (1, 2, 8)

*(7) Find length of S.D and vector equation of S.D of the lines :
x+4 = y4 = z1 ; x+3 = y+8 = z+3 .
1 1 1 2 3 3 Ans :62 ; r = i 2j + 3k + (6i 5j + k)

(8) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
2x + 3y z + 1 = 0 ; x + y 2z + 3 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane 3x y 2z 4 = 0.
Ans : 7x + 13y + 4z = 9

*(9) Find the equation of line which intersect the lines: x 1 = y 2 = z3;x+2 = y3 = z+1
and passes through (1, 1, 1). 2 3 4 1 2 4
Ans : x 1 = y 1 = z 1
3 10 17
(10) Find the equation of the straight line through origin, which intersect both of the lines :
r = i 3j + 5k + ( i + 4j + 3k ) and r = 4i 3j + 14k + ( 2i + 2j + 4k ) .
Ans : r = (28i + 63j 134k )
*(11) Find the equations of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes :
r . ( i j ) + 6 = 0 and r . ( 3i + 3j 4k ) = 0 , and at a unit distance from origin .
Ans : 2x + y 2z + 3 = 0 ; x + 2y 2z 3 = 0
(12) Find the angles of the ABC whose vertices are A(1, 3, 2); B(2, 3, 5) and C(3, 5, 2).

Ans : A = 90 , B = cos1( 1 / 3) , C = cos1(2/6)

*(13) If A(3, 2, 0) ; B(5, 3, 2) and C(9,

6, 3) are the vertices of ABC. The bisector AD of the
angle BAC meets BC on D. Find the point D and the length AD.
Ans : (38/16, 57/16, 17/16) ; 136 / 16.

(14) Verify that l1 + l2 + l3 ; m1 + m2 + m3 ; n1 + n2 + n3 can be taken as the direction cosines of a line

3 3 3 equally inclined to three mutually
perpendicular lines with direction cosines ( l1, m1, n1); ( l2 , m2 , n2 ) and ( l3 , m3, n3 ).

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(15) Show that the lines r = i + j k + (3i j) and r = 4i k + (2i + 3k) intersects each other.
Also find the point of intersection of the lines. Ans : 4i k

(16) Show that the lines r = i + 2j + k + (i j + k) and r = i + j + k + (i j + 2k) do not

intersect each other.
(17) Show that the lines x 1 = y 3 = z 3 and x 4 = y 1 = z , intersect each other.
2 4 4 5 2
Also find the point of intersection. Ans :( 1, 1, 1)

*(18) Find the foot and length of perpendicular drawn from the point (1, 2, 3) to the line
x6 = y7 = z7. Ans : (3, 5, 9) ; 7 units
3 2 2
(19) Find the foot and length of perpendicular drawn from the point (2, 3, 4) to the line
4x = y = 1z. Ans : 170 , 78 , 10 ; 3101 units
2 6 3 49 49 49 7

*(20) Find the image of the point (0, 2, 3) in the line: x + 3 = y1= z+4 Ans : (4, 4, 5)
5 2 3
(21) Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line: x = y1= z2 Ans : 71 , 40 , 73
5 2 3 19 19 19
(22) Find the image of the point (2, 1, 5) in the line: r = 11i 2j 8k + (10i 4j 11k)
Ans : (0, 5, 1)

(23) If A(0, 6, 9) ; B(3 , 6 , 3) and C(7, 4, 1) are three given points. Find the equation of the line
AB. If D is the foot of perpendicular drawn from C to the line AB, find the coordinates of D.
Ans : x = y 6 = z + 9 ; (1, 2 , 5)
1 4 4

*(24) Find the value of and so that the points (3, , ) ; (2, 0, 3) and (1, 2, 2) are collinear.
Ans : = 2, = 4

(25) Find the value of and so that the points ( , , 1) ; (1, 4, 2) and (0, 2, 1) are collinear.
Ans : = 2, = 2

*(26) Prove that the lines x = ay + b , z = cy + d and x1 = a1 y + b1, z = c1 y + d1, are perpendicular if
a.a1 + c.c1 + 1 = 0.

*(27) If and are the angles made by any line with the four diagonals of any cube, then prove
that : sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2 8 / 3 .

(28) If are the angles made by any line with coordinate axes x axis, y axis and z axis
respectively, then prove that : sin2 sin2 sin2 .

(29) Find the shortest distance (S.D) and line of S.D between the lines, r = 6i + 3k + ( 2i j + 4k )
r = 9i + j 10k + ( 4i + j + 6k ) . Ans : 38 ; r = 4i + j k + t (5i + 2j + 3k )

*(30)Find the shortest distance S.D and line of S.D between the lines,
r =(2 + 3)i (7 + 15) j + (5 + 9)k and r = (2 1)i + (1 + )j + (9 3)k.
Ans : 43 ; r = i j k + 4t (i + j + k )

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(31) Find S.D and the vector equation of S.D of the following lines :
(i) x + 4 = y 4 = z 1 ; x + 3 = y + 8 = z + 3 Ans : x + 5 = y 3 = z 2 ; 62
1 1 1 2 3 3 6 5 1
(ii) x 4 = y 0 , z = 3 ; x 4 = y = z 3 Ans : x 2 = y 1 = z + 3 ; 30
2 1 3 1 1 1 2 5

*(32) Find the cartesian as well as the vector equation of the plane through the intersection of the
planes r . ( 2i + 6j ) + 12 = 0 and r . ( 3i j + 4k ) = 0, and at a unit distance from origin .
Ans : r . (2i + j + 2k ) + 3 = 0 : 2x + y + 2z + 3 = 0 & r . (i + 2j 2k ) + 3 = 0 : x 2y + 2z = 3
(33) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes:
2x + 3y z 1 = 0 ; x + y 2z + 3 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane 3x y 2z 4 = 0.
Ans : 7x + 13y + 4z = 21.

*(34) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes:
2x + y z = 3 ; 5x 3y + 4z + 9 = 0 and is parallel to the line x 1 = y 3 = z 5
2 4 5
Ans : 21x 17y + 22z + 51 = 0

*(35) Find the equation of the plane through the point (2, 2, 1) ; (9, 3, 6) and is perpendicular to the
plane 2x + 6y + 6z = 1 Ans : 3x + 4y 5z = 9
(36) Find the equation of the plane passing through (0, 7, 7) and containing the line :
x+1 = y3 = z+2. Ans : x + y + z = 0
3 2 1
(37) Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (2, 3, 4) and (1, 1, 3) and parallel to
the x axis. Ans : 7x + 4z 5 = 0

*(38) Find the length and foot of perpendicular from the point (7, 14, 5) on the plane 2x + 4y z = 2.
Ans : 321 ; (1, 2, 8)
(39) Find the length and foot of perpendicular from the point (1, 1, 2) on the plane r. (2i 2j + 4k) = 5.
Ans : 136 / 2 ; ( 1 / 12, 25/ 12, 1 / 6 )
*(40) Find the image of the point (1, 3, 4) in the plane 2x y + z + 3= 0. Ans : (3, 5, 2)

(41) Find the image of the point (0, 0, 0) in the plane 3x + 4y 6z + 1= 0. Ans: (6/61, 8/61, 12/61)

(42) Find the image of the point i + 2j j in the plane r. (3i 5j + 4k) = 5.
Ans : (73/25, 6/5, 39/25)

*(43) Find the distance of the point (0, 3, 2) from the plane x + 2y z = 1 measured parallel to the
line. x + 1 = y + 1 = z . Ans : 153
2 2 3

(44) Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 4) from the plane 3x + 2y + 2z + 5 = 0 ; measured parallel to
the line x + 3 = y 2 = z . Ans : 7 units
3 6 2
(45) Show that the lines: x = y 2 = z + 3 ; x 2 = y 6 = z 3 , Ans : x 2y + z + 7 = 0.
1 2 3 2 3 4
are coplanar. Also, find the equation of the plane containing these two lines.

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(46) Show that the lines: x 3 = y + 4 = z 1 ; x + 1 = y 2 = z , Ans : 8x + y 26z + 6 = 0
3 2 1 3 2 1
are coplanar. Also, find the equation of the plane containing these two lines.
(47) Show that the lines: x 1 = y 2 = z 3 ; x 2 = y 3 = z 4 , Ans : x 2y + z = 0
2 3 4 3 4 5
are coplanar. Also, find the equation of the plane containing these two lines.

(48) Show that the lines: 4 x = 3 y = 2 z ; x 3 = y + 2 = z , Ans : 11x y 3z = 35

1 4 5 1 4 5
are coplanar. Also, find the equation of the plane containing these two lines.
(49) Find the angle between the lines x + 2y + z = 0 = 3x + 9y + 5z ; x 2y + z = 0 = x + 2y 2z.
Ans : cos1( 8 / 406 ).
(50) Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the relations:
(a) 2 l m + 2n = 0 = mn + n l + l m Ans : / 2
(b) l + m + n = 0 = 2 l m mn + 2 n l Ans : / 3
2 2 2
(c) l + m + n = 0 = l + m n Ans : / 3
(51) A line with direction cosines proportional to (2, 7, 5) is drawn to intersect the lines
x5 = y7 = z+2 ; x+3 = y3 = z6 .
3 1 1 3 2 4
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection and the length intercepted on it.
Ans : (2, 8, 3) ; (0, 1, 2) ; 78
(52) Find the equation of the line equally inclined to the axes and passing through (1, 2, 3).
Ans : r = i 2j + 3k + ( i + j + k)
(53) Show that, if the axes are rectangular, the equation of the line through the point (x1, y1, z1) and
perpendicular to the two perpendicular lines : x = y = z ; x = y = z
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2
is = =

(54) Find the equation of the line through the point (2, 1, 3) and perpendicular to the lines
r = i + j k + ( 2i 2j + k) and r = 2i j 3k + (i + 2j + 2k)
Ans : r = 2i j + 3k + (2i + j 2k)

(55) Can you find a unique equation of a plane passing through the points ( 2, 3, 5) , (1, 2, 3)
and (7, 0, 1) ? Justify your answer. Ans : points are collinear.

(56) Show that the points i j k and 2i + 3j k lies on the same sides of the plane
r . (5i + 2j 7k) + 9 = 0.

*(57) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector plane of the line segment joining (1, 3, 2)
and (3, 1, 6). Ans : x y + 4z = 8.

(58) If foot of perpendicular from (4, 1, 2) on a plane is (10, 5, 4). Then find equation
of such plane. Ans : 7x 3y z + 89 = 0

(59) Find equation of the two planes through the points (0, 4, 3) and (6, 4, 3) other than the plane
through origin, which cut off the intercepts on axes whose sum is zero.
Ans : 6x + 3y 2z = 18; 2x 3y 6z = 6
(60) Show that the lines r = 2i j + 5k + (2i j + 4k), is parallel to plane r. (i + 6j + k) = 9.

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(61) If from the points P(a, b, c) perpendicular PL and PM be drawn to YZ and ZX planes;
find the equation of planes OLM. Ans: x + y z = 0.
a b c
(62) Show that (1, 4, 3) is the circumcentre of the triangle formed by the points
(3, 2, 5) ; ( 3, 8 5 ) and (3 , 2 , 1 ).

(63) Show that the plane through the points (1 , 1 , 1) ; (1 1 , 1) and (7, 3 ,5) is perpendicular to
the XZ plane (y = 0).

*(64) A variable plane which is at a constant distance 3p from origin, cuts the coordinate axes at A,
B and C. Then prove that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = p 2.

*(65) A variable plane which always remains at a constant distance p from origin, cuts the
coordinate axes at A, B and C respectively.
(a) Prove that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9. p 2 .
(b) Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of the planes drawn parallel to the coordinate
planes through the points A , B and C respectively is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = p 2 .
(c) Prove that the locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16. p 2 .

*(66) Find the value of k so that the points (3, 2, 1) ; (4, k, 5) ; (4, 2, 2) and (6, 5, 1) are coplanar.
Ans : k = 5

(67) Find the equation of plane(s) which passes through the points (4, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1) making an angle
/ 4 with plane x 4y + z = 9 Ans: x + 2y 2z = 6,
2x + 2y z = 3
(68) Show that the plane r .( i + 2j k ) = 0 , contains the line r = (i 2j 5k) + (2i + 3j + 4k).

(69) If 4x + 4y kz = 0 is an equation of a plane containing the line, x 1 = y + 1 = z .

Find the value k. 2 3 4 Ans : k = 5
(70) Find the equation of line which intersect the lines: x 1 = y + 3 = z 5 ; x 4 = y + 3 = z 14
and passes through origin. 1 4 3 2 2 4
Ans : x = y = z
1 3 5
(71) Find the equation of line which intersect the lines: x 1 = y 2 = z 3 ; x 4 = y = z + 3
and passes through (2, 1, 3). 2 3 4 4 5 3
Ans : x 2 = y + 1 = z 3
2 3 4
(72) Find the equations of the two straight lines through origin such that each line is intersecting the
line = = at an angle of . Ans : = = ; = =

*(73) Find the distance of the point ( 2, 3 , 4 ) from the line = = measured
parallel to the plane 4x + 12y 3z + 1 = 0 Ans : 17 / 2
******

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 PROBLEMS ON L.P.P.
Solve the following L.P.P by graphical method .

(1) Max Z = 4x + y (2) Min Z = 200x + 500y

subjected to ; subjected to ;
x + y 50 x + 2y 10
3x + y 90 3x + 4y 24
x 0 , y 0 Ans : x = 30 , y = 0 x 0 , y 0 , Ans : x = 4 , y = 3
(3) Min Z = 3x + 2y (4) Max Z = 5x + 3y
subjected to ; subjected to ;
x+y8 3x + 5y 15
3x + 5y 15 5x + 2y 10
x 0 , y 0 Ans : No Solution x 0 , y 0 Ans : x = 20 , y = 45
19 19
(5) Min & Max Z = 5x + 10y (6) Max & Min Z = x + 2y
subjected to ; subjected to ;
x + 2y 120 x + 2y 100
x + y 60 2x y 0
x 2y 0 2x + y 200
x 0,y 0, x 0 , y 0,
Ans : Min at (60 , 0) ; Ans : Max at (0 , 200) ;
Max : line joining (120 , 0) & (60 , 30) Min : line joining (0 , 50) & (20 , 40)
(7) Max & Min Z = 3x + 9y (8) Min Z = 50 x + 20y
subjected to ; subjected to ;
x + 3y 60 2x y 5
x + y 10 3x + y 3
x y 2x 3y 12
x 0 , y 0, Ans :line joining (15, 15) and (0 , 20) x 0 , y 0, Ans : x = 6 , y = 0
(9) Max Z = 3x + 2y (10) Max Z = x + y
subjected to ; subjected to ;
x + 2y 10 x y 1
3x + y 15 x+y0
x 0 , y 0, Ans : x = 4 , y = 3 x 0 , y 0, Ans :No Solution

Formulate and solve the following L.P.P

(11) A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and 100 units of minerals. Two foods F1 and F2 are
available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per unit and F2 costs Rs5 per unit. A unit of food F1 contains at least 3
units of vitamin A and 4 units of minerals. A unit of food F2 contains at least 6 units of vitamin A and
3 units of minerals. Find the minimum cost for diet that consists of mixture of these two foods and
also meets the minimal nutritional requirements. Formulate this as a linear programming problem.
Ans : Min Cost = Rs 104

(12) A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts for industrial machinery. It takes 1hour of work on machine
A and 3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts; while it takes 3hours on machine A and
1hour on machine B to produce a package of bolts. He earns a profit of Rs17.50 per package on nuts
and Rs7.00 per package on bolts. Form a linear programming problem to maximize his profit, if he
operates each machine for at the most 12hours a day. Ans : Max Profit = Rs 73.50

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*(13) A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and wooden shades, each requiring the use of a
grinding / cutting machine and a sprayer. It takes 2hours on grinding/ cutting machine and 3hours on
the sprayer to manufacture a pedestal lamp, while it takes 1hour on the grinding / cutting machine and
2 hours on the sprayer to manufacture a shade. On any day, the sprayer is available for at the most
20 hours and the grinding / cutting machine for at, the most 12 hours. The profit from the sale of a
lamp is Rs 5 and that from a shade is Rs 3. Assuming that the manufacturer can sell all the lamps and
shades that he produces, how should he schedule his daily production in order to maximize his profit?
Ans : 4 PL & 4 WS , Max Profit : Rs 32

*(14) A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B, each type requiring the use of two machines,
an automatic and a hand operated. It takes 4 minutes on the automatic and 6 minutes on hand
operated machines to manufacture a package of screws A, while it takes 6 minutes on automatic and
3 minutes on the hand operated machines to manufacture a package of screws B. Each machine is
available for at the most 4 hours on any day. The manufacturer can sell a package of screws A at a
profit of Rs7 and screws B at a profit of Rs10. Assuming that he can sell all the screws he can
manufacture, how many packages of each type should the factory owner produce in a day in order to
maximize his profit? Determine the maximum profit. Ans : A = 30, B = 20 Max Profit = Rs 410

(15) One kind of cake requires 200gm of flour and 25gm of fat, and another kind of cake requires 100gm
of flour and 50gm of fat . Find the maximum number of cakes which can be made from 5 kg of flour
and 1 kg of fat assuming that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in making the cakes .
Ans : Cake I = 30 Cake II = 10

*(16) A dietician has to develop a special diet using two foods P and Q. Each packet (containing 30gm)
of food P contains 12 units of calcium , 4 units of iron , 6 unis of cholesterol and 6 units of vitamin A.
Each packet of same quantity of food Q contain 3 units of calcium , 20 units of iron , 4 units of
cholesterol and 3 units of vitamin A .The diet requires at least 240 units of calcium , at least 460 units
of iron and at least 300 units of cholesterol . How many packets of each food should be used to
minimize the amount of vitamin A in the diet ? What is the minimum amount of vitamin A ?
Ans : P = 15, Q = 20
*(17) A toy company manufactures two type of dolls, A and B. Market tests and available resources have
indicated that the combine production level should not exceed 1200 dolls / week and the demand for
the dolls of type B is at most half of that for the dolls of type A. Further , the production level of dolls
of type A can exceed three times the production of dolls of other type by at most 600 units . If the
company makes the profit of Rs12 and Rs16 per doll respectively on dolls A and B, how many of
each should be produced weekly in order to maximize the profit . Ans : A = 800, B = 400

*(18) An oil company has two depots, A and B, with capacities of 7000 L and 4000 L , respectively. The
Company is to supply oil to three petrol pumps D, E and F whose requirement are 4500 L, 3000 L and
3500 L, respectively. The distances (in km) between the depots and the petrol pumps are given in the
following table:

Distance (in km)

From / To A B
D 7 3
E 6 4
F 3 2
Assuming that the transportation cost per km is Re 1 per l0L, how should the delivery be scheduled in
order that the transportation cost is minimum?
Ans : From A : 500L, 3000L & 3500 L and from B : 4000L, 0 , 0 to D, E and F
respectively Min cost : Rs 510

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*(19) A farmer mixes two brands P and Q of cattle feed. Brand P, costing Rs 250 per bag, contains 3
units of nutritional element A , 2.5 units of element B and 2 units of element C. Brand Q costing
Rs 200 per bag contains 1.5 units of nutritional elements A, 11.25 units of element B , and 3 units of
element C . The minimum requirement of nutrients A , B and C are 18 units , 45 units and 24 units
respectively. Determine the number of bag of each brand which should be mixed in order to produce
a mixture having a minimum cost per bag ? what is the minimum cost of the mixture per bag ?
P = 3, Q = 6 ; Min cost = Rs 1950
*(20) An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs 1000 is made on each
executive class ticket and a profit of Rs 600 is made on each economy class ticket. The airline
reserves at least 20 seats for executive class. However, at least 4 times as many passengers prefer to
travel by economy class than by the executive class. Determine how many tickets of each type must
be sold in order to maximize the profit for the airline . What is the maximum profit ?
Ans : Executive Class = 40, Economy Class = 160 Max Profit = Rs 136000.

(21) A company manufactures two types of novelty souvenirs made of plywood. Souvenirs of type A
require 5 minutes each for cutting and 10 minutes each for assembling. Souvenirs of type B require 8
minutes each for cutting and 8 minutes each for assembling. There are 3 hours 20 minutes available
for cutting and 4 hours for assembling. The profit is Rs 5 each for type A and Rs 6 each for type B
souvenirs. How many souvenirs of each type should the company manufacture in order to maximize
the profit ? Ans : A = 8, B = 20 , Max Profit = Rs 1600.

*(22) There are two type of fertilizers F1 & F2. F1 consists of 10 % nitrogen and 6 % phosphoric acid and
F2 consists of 5% nitrogen & 10% phosphoric acid. After testing the soil condition, a farmer finds
that he needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphoric acid for his crop. If F1 costs
Rs 6 / kg and F2 costs Rs 5 / kg, determine how much of each type of fertilizers should be used so
that the nutrient requirement are met at a minimum cost. What is the minimum cost.
Ans : F1 = 100 kg, F2 = 80 kg ; Min Cost = Rs 1000
(23) A manufacturer has three machines I , II and III installed in his factory. Machine I and II are
capable of being operated for at most 12 hours whereas machine III must be operated for at least 5
hours a day. She produced only two items M and N each requiring the use of all the three machines.
The number of hours required for producing 1 units of each of M and N on the three machines are
given in the following table:

Number of hours required on

. Items machines
I II III

M 1 2 1
N 2 1 1.25

She makes a profit of Rs 600 and Rs 400 on each items M and N respectively. How many of each
items should she produced so as to maximize her profit assuming that she can sell all the items that she
produced ? What will be the maximum profit ?
Ans : M = 4, N = 4 ; Max Profit = Rs 4000.
(24) A merchant plans to sell two type of personal computers , a desktop model and a portable model that
will cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000 respectively. He estimates that the total monthly demand of
computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the number of units of each type of computer which
the merchant should stock to get maximum profit if he does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lacks
and if his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on the portable model is Rs 5000.
Ans : Desktop Model = 200, Portable Model = 50; Max Profit = Rs 1150000.

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(25) A manufacturing company makes two models A and B of a product. Each piece of model A require 9
labour hours for fabricating and 1 labour hour for finishing. Each piece of model B requires 12 labour
hours for fabricating and 3 labour hours for finishing. For fabricating and finishing, the maximum
labour hours available are 180 and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit of Rs 8000 on each
piece of model A and Rs 12000 on each piece of model B. How many piece of model A and model B
should be manufactured per week to realize a maximum profit? What is the maximum profit ?
Ans : A = 12, B = 6 , Max Profit = Rs 168000.

*******

HOTS PROBLEMS
(1) To maintain ones health, a person must fulfil minimum daily requirements for the following three
nutrients calcium, protein and calories. His diet consists of only food items I and II whose prices
and nutrient contents are shown below :

Price Food I Food II Minimum

Rs 0. 60 per unit Rs 1 per unit requirements
Calcium 10 4 20
Protein 5 5 20
Calories 2 6 12
Find the combination of food items so that the cost may be minimum.
Ans : Min Cost = Rs 2.80, Food I = 3 units, Food II = 1 unit.

(2) A manufacturer of patent medicines is preparing a production plan on medicines A and B. There are
sufficient raw materials available to make 20000 bottles of A and 40000 bottles of B, but there are
only 45000 bottles into which either of the medicines can be put. Further, it takes 3hrs to prepare
enough material to fill 1000 bottles of A, it takes 1hr to prepare enough material to fill 1000 bottles of
B and there are 66hrs available for this operation. The profit is Rs 8 per bottle for A and Rs 7 per
bottle for B. How should the manufacturer schedule his production in order to maximize his profit ?
Ans : A = 10500 , B = 34500 ; Max Profit = Rs 325500.

*(3) A company produces two types of belts, A and B. Profits on these types are Rs 2 and Rs 1.5 on each
belt, respectively. A belt of type A requires twice as much time as a belt of type B. The company can
produce at the most 1000 belts of type B per day. Material for 800 belts per day is available. At the
most 400 buckles for belts of type A and 700 for those of type B are available per day. How many
belts of each type should the company produce so as to maximize the profit ?
Ans : A = 200, B = 600
(4) A person consumes two types of food, A and B, everyday to obtain 8 units of protein, 12 units of
carbohydrates and 9 units of fat which is his daily minimum requirement. 1kg of food A contains 2, 6,
1 units of protein, carbohydrates and fat, respectively. 1kg of food B contains 1, 1 and 3 units of
protein, carbohydrates and fat, respectively. Food A costs Rs 8 per kg while food B costs Rs 5 per kg.
Form an LPP to find how many kgs of each food should he buy daily to minimize his cost of food and
still meet minimal nutritional requirements and solve it.
Ans : Min Cost = Rs 34, Food A = 3 kg, Food B = 2kg.
(5) A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts for industrial machinery. It takes 1hr of work on machine A
and 3hrs on machine B to produce a package of nuts, while it takes 3hrs on machine A and 1hr on
machine B to produce a package of bolts. He earns a profit of Rs 2.50 per package on nuts and Re1 per
package on bolts. Form a linear programming problem to maximize his profit, if he operates each
machine for at the most 12 hrs a day. Find the maximum profit also .
Ans : A = 3, B = 3, Max Profit = Rs 10.50

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(6) A furniture dealer deals in only two items : tables and chairs. He has Rs 5000 to invest and a space to
store at most 60 pieces. A table costs him Rs 250 and a chair, Rs 50. He can sell a table at a profit of
Rs 50 and a chair at a profit of Rs 15. Assuming that he can sell all the items that he buys, how should
he invest his money in order that he may maximize his profit? Ans : 10 table, 50 chair.

*(7) A young man rides his motorcycle at 25 km / hr, he has to spend Rs 2 / km on petrol ; if he rides it
at a faster speed of 40 km / hr, the petrol cost increases to Rs 5 / km. He has Rs 100 to spend on
petrol and wishes to find the maximum distance he can travel within 1 hr. Express this as an L.P.P.
and solve it. Ans : 50 / 3 km at 25 km / hr & 40 / 3 km at 40 km / hr.

(8) A dealer wishes to purchase a number of fans and sewing machines. He has only Rs 5760 to invest
and has space for at most 20 items. A fan costs him Rs 360 and a sewing machine Rs 240. His
expectation is that he can sell a fan at a profit of Rs 22 and a sewing machine at a profit of Rs 18.
Assuming that he can sell all the items that he buys, how should he invest his money in order to
maximize his profit? Translate this problem mathematically and then solve it.
Ans : 8 fans, 12 sewing machine.
(9) A small firm manufactures items A and B. The total number of items that it can manufacture in a day
is at most 24. Item A takes 1 hr to make while item B takes only 30 minutes. The maximum time
available / day is 16 hrs. If the profit on 1 unit of A be Rs 300 and that on 1 unit of item B be
Rs 160, how many each type of items should be produced to maximize the profit?
Ans : A = 8 , B = 16.
(10) A manufacturer produces two types of steel trunks. He has two machines, A and B. The first type of
trunk requires 3 hrs on both of the machines A and B. The second type requires 3 hrs on machine A
and 2 hrs on machine B. Machines A and B are available for at most 18 hrs and 15 hrs per day
respectively. The profits on each type of trunks are Rs 30 and Rs 25 per trunk respectively. How
many trunks of each type must he make each day to make the maximum profit?
Ans : 3 trunks of each type.

*(11) A house wife wishes to mix two types of food F1 and F2 in such a way that the vitamin contents of
the mixture contain at least 8 units of vitamin A and 11 units of vitamin B, food F1 costs Rs 60/kg
and food F2 costs Rs 80/kg. Food F1 contains 3 units/kg of vitamin A and 5 units/kg of vitamin B
while food F2 contains 4 units/kg of vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin B. Formulate the above
problem as a L.P.P. to minimize the cost of mixture. Also find the minimum cost.
Ans : line segment joining (F1 , F2) = (2 , 0.5) with (8 / 3, 0)
(12) A retired person wants to invest an amount of up to Rs 20000. His broker recommends investing in
two types of bonds A and B, bond A yields 10% return on the amount invested and bond B yields
15% return on the amount invested. After some consideration, he decides to invest at least Rs 5000
in bond A and no more than Rs 8000 in bond B. He also wants to invest at least as much in bond A as
in bond B. What should his broker suggest if he wants to maximize his return on investments?
Formulate and solve the LPP. Ans : A = Rs 12000, B = Rs 8000.

*(13) A house wife wishes to mix together two kinds of food, I and II, in such a way that the mixture
contains at least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units of vitamin B and 8 units of vitamin C. The vitamin
contents of one kg of food is given below :
Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C
Food I 1 2 3
Food II 2 2 1
One kg of food I costs Rs 6 and one kg of food II costs Rs 10. Formulate and solve the above
problem to find the least cost of the mixture which will produce the diet.
Ans : Food I = 2 kgs , Food II = 4 kgs .

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*(14) There is a factory located at each of the two places P and Q. From these locations, a certain
commodity is delivered to each of the three depots situated at A, B and C. The weekly requirements
of the depots are, respectively 5, 5 and 4 units of the commodity while the production capacity of the
factories at P and Q are respectively 8 and 6 units. The cost of transportation per unit is given below :
To / From A B C
P 16 10 15
Q 10 12 10
How many units should be transported from each factory to each depot in order that the transportation
cost is minimum? Formulate and solve the above linear programming problem mathematically.
Ans : Rs 155
(15) A dietician mixes together two kinds of food, say X and Y in such a way that the mixture contains at
least 6 units of vitamin A, 7 units of vitamin B, 12 units of vitamin C and 9 units of vitamin D. The
vitamin contents of 1 kg of food X and 1 kg of food Y are given below :
Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D
Food X 1 1 1 2
Food Y 2 1 3 1

One kg of food X costs Rs 5, whereas one kg of food Y costs Rs 8. Formulate the L.P.P and find the
least cost of mixture which will produce the desired diet.
Ans : X = 4.5 kgs , Y = 2.5 kgs, Cost = Rs 42.5
*(16) A small manufacturer has employed 5 skilled men and 10 semi-skilled men and makes an article in
two qualities, a deluxe model and an ordinary model. The making of a deluxe model requires 2 hrs
of work by a skilled man and 2 hrs of work by a semi-skilled man. The ordinary model requires 1 hr
by a skilled man and 3 hrs by a semi-skilled man. By union rule, no man may work for more than
8 hrs per day. The manufacturer gains Rs 15 on deluxe model and Rs 10 on ordinary model. How
many of each type should be made in order to maximize his total daily profit?
Ans : Max profit = Rs 350, Deluxe model = 10, Ordinary model = 20.
(17) Suppose every gram of wheat provides 0.1 gm of proteins and 0.25 gm of carbohydrates and the
corresponding values for rice are 0.05 gm and 0.5 gm, respectively. Wheat costs Rs 10 and rice
Rs 40 / kg. The minimum daily requirements of proteins and carbohydrates for an average man are
50 gm and 200 gm, respectively. In what quantities should wheat and rice be mixed in the daily diet
to provide the minimum daily requirements of proteins and carbohydrates at minimum cost.
Ans : Min cost = Rs 8, Wheat = 800 gm, Rice = 0 gm.
(18) A man owns a field of area 1000 sq metres. He wants to plant trees in it. He has a sum of Rs 1400 to
purchase young trees. He has the choice of two types of trees. Type A requires 10 sq metres of
ground per tree and costs Rs 20 per tree and type B requires 20 sq metres of ground per tree and costs
Rs 25 per tree. When fully grown, type A produces an average of 20 kg of fruits which can be sold at
a profit of Rs 2 per kg and type B produces an average of 40 kg of fruits which can be sold at a profit
of Rs 1.50 per kg. How many trees of each type should be planted to achieve maximum profit when
the trees are fully grown? What is the maximum profit?
Ans : Max profit = Rs 3200, A = 20, B = 40.
(19) A company producing soft drinks has a contract which requires that a minimum of 80 units of
chemical A and 60 units of chemical B are to go in each bottle of the drink. The chemicals are
available in a prepared mix from two different suppliers. Supplier X has a mix of 4 units of A
and 2 units of B that costs Rs 10 and the supplier Y has a mix of 1 unit of A and 1 unit of B that
costs Rs 4. How many mixes from X and Y should the company purchase to honour contract
requirement and yet minimize the cost?
Ans : Min cost = Rs 260, Mix A = 10 units, Mix B = 40 units.

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*(20) Two tailors, A and B, earn Rs 150 and Rs 200 per day, respectively. A can stitch 6 shirts and 4
pants, while B can stitch 10 shirts and 4 pants per day. Form a L.P.P to minimize the labour cost to
produce at least 60 shirts and 32 pants and solve it.
Ans : Min Cost = Rs 1350, A for 5 days and B for 3 days.

*(21) A toy company manufactures two types of dolls, A and B. Each doll of type B takes twice as long
as to produce as one of type A. If the company produces only type A, it can make a maximum of 2000
dolls per day. The supply of plastic is sufficient to produce 1500 dolls per day. Type B requires a fancy
dress which cannot be available for more than 600 per day. If the company makes profits of Rs 3 and Rs 5
per doll respectively on dolls A and B, how many of each should be produced per day in order to
maximize the profit?
Ans : Max Profit = Rs 5500, A = 1000, B = 500.

(22) A medical company has factories at two places, A and B. From these places, supply is made to each
of its three agencies situated at P, Q and R. The monthly requirements of the agencies are, respectively,
40, 40 and 50 packets of the medicines, while the production capacity of factories, A and B are 60 and 70
packets, respectively. The transportation cost per packet from the factories to the agencies are given
below :
Transportation cost per packet (in Rs)
From / To P Q R
A 5 4 3
B 6 2 5

How many packets from each factory be transported to each agency so that the cost of transportation is
minimum? Also find the minimum cost.
Ans : From A : 10 packets, 0 packets, 50 packets,
From B:30 packets, 40 packets and 0 packets to P,Q, R, respectively.
Minimum cost = Rs 400,

*(23) A cooperative society of farmers has 50 hectares of land to grow two crops A and B. The profits
from crops A and B per hectare are estimated as Rs. 10,500 and Rs. 9000 respectively. To control weeds,
a liquid herbicide has to be used for corps A and B at the rate of 20 liters and 10 liters per hectares,
respectively. Further not more than 800 liters of herbicide should be used in order to protect fish and
wildlife using a pond which collects drainage from this land. Keeping in mind that the protection of fish
and other wildlife is more important than earning profit, how much land should be allocated to each crop
so as to maximize the total profit? Form an L.P.P from the above and solve it graphically. Do you agree
with the message that the protection of wildlife is utmost necessary to preserve the balance in
environment?
Ans : For A : 30 hec. ; For B : 20 hec. Max Profit = Rs. 4,95,000

*(24) A manufacturer considers that men and women workers are equally efficient and so he pays them at
the same rate. He has 30 and 17 units of workers (male and female) and capital respectively, which he
uses to produce two types of goods A and B. To produce one unit of A, 2 workers and 3 units of capital
are required while 3 workers and 1 unit of capital is required to produce one unit of B. If A and B are
priced at Rs. 100 and Rs. 120 per unit respectively, how should he use resources to maximize the total
revenue? Form the above as an LPP and solve graphically. Do you agree with this view of the
manufacturer that men and women workers are equally efficient and so should be paid at the same rate?
Ans : A = 3 units, B = 8 units, Max. Revenue = Rs. 1260

******

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 14. PROBABILITY
1. Definition : Probability of any event E in the sample space S of any random experiment is
denoted by P(E) and is defined by n(E) / n(S) .
Thus, P(E) = n(E)
n(S)
Random Experiment : Those experiment whose trials (out come) follow no rule.
Sample space : The set of all possible outcomes of the experiment.
Event : The set having single or group of outcomes of sample space.

2. Impossible ( Null ) Event : Events which is impossible to occur.

e.g, In throwing a coin : Coming of head and tail both.
: Coming of neither head nor tail.
: Standing of coin.
P( impossible event ) = 0.

3. Sure Event : An event having all the outcomes of the sample space is called sure event.
e.g, In throwing a coin : Coming of either head or tail.
P( sure event ) = 1.

4. Mutually Exclusive Events : Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive, if they
cannot occur together in a single trial. i.e, A B =
e.g, In rolling a dice
A = coming of even numbers = {2, 4, 6}
B = coming of odd numbers = {1, 3, 5}
C = coming of multiple of 3 = {3 , 6}
Here, A B = A, B are mutually exclusive.
B C = {3} B& C are not mutually exclusive.
A C = {6} A& C are not mutually exclusive.
Also, if A and B are mutually exclusive then, n (A B) = 0 P(A B) = 0

5. Complimentary Event : If A be any event then its complimentary event is

c
denoted by A or A or Al
defined by : all the outcomes of sample space which are not in A.
or simply, Al = not A or not Al = A

Also, P( A ) + P( Al ) = 1.

6. Addition Theorem on Probability : If A and B are any two event in the sample space S.
Then, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B).
Also, if A and B are mutually exclusive then, P(A B) = 0
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B).

7. Conditional Probability : Conditional probability of any event A given that B has already been
occurred is denoted by P(A / B),
and defined by n(A B) / n( B )
Thus, P(A / B) = n(A B) / n( B ) = P(A B) / P( B ) ; P(B) 0
Similarly, P( B / A) = n(A B) / n( A ) = P(A B) / P( A ) ; P(A) 0

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 Hence, P(A B) = P( A / B ). P(B) = P( B / A ).P(A)
If A and B are two independent events,
then P (A / B) = P(A) & P( B / A ) = P(B)
P(A B) = P( A ). P( B )

8. Bayes Postulate : If E be any event that can happen with E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , - - - , E n .

the n mutually exclusive events then, P(E) is given as :

P(E) = P( E / E 1 ) . P( E1 ) + P( E / E 2 ) . P( E2 ) + - - - + P( E / E 1 ) . P( E1 )

9. Bayes Theorem : If E be any event that can happen with E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , - - - , E n .

the n mutually exclusive events then, then probability of occurrence of any
particular E i (say E1 )given that E has already been occurred.

P(E1 / E) = P( E / E 1 ) . P( E1 )
P( E / E 1 ) . P( E1 ) + P( E / E 2 ) . P( E2 ) + - - - + P( E / E 1 ) . P( E1 )

10. Probability Distribution : If an experiment consists of repetition of trial, then any particular
outcome may happen 0, 1, 2, - - - times. These integral values are called random variables(X) and its
values depends on the definition of the random variable defined in the particular question.

If random variable X = x1 , x2 , x3 - - - , xn & P(X) = p1 , p2 , p3 , - - - , pn are the respective probabilities

then, Table 1 is called probability distribution table for random variable X.
Table - 1
X x1 x2 x3 - - - xn
P(X) p1 p2 p3- - - pn

Also a distribution is said to be well defined iff,

(1) Being probabilities , 0 pi 1 , for all the i = 1, 2, - - - , n.
(2) Sum of all probabilities, p1 + p2 + p3 + - - - + pn = 1.

Mean( expectation of X ) = x = x i pi
Variance =
2
= x2 i pi - x2

11. Bernoullis Trial : Those experiment which has only two types of outcome, one is considered as
success and other as failure. Moreover, we can make any trial as Bernoullis by considering a single or a
group of outcome as success and others as failure.
Also, if we consider P(success) = p
and, P(failure) = q
Then being complimentary events, p + q = 1

12. Binomial Distribution : If a Bernoullis trial, with p = probability of success, is repeated n

n
times then binomial distribution is denoted as B(n , p) = ( q + p) .
In a binomial distribution P( X = r ) = Probability of r success out of n
n nr r n nr r
trials is given by Cr .q .p . Thus P( X = r ) = Cr .q .p . Also Mean = np , Variance = npq

******

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 PROBLEMS ON PROBABILITY
(1) A instructor has a question bank consisting 300 easy True / False question, 200 difficult True / False
question, 500 easy multiple choice question and 400 difficult multiple choice question . If a question is
selected at random from the question bank , what is the probability that it will be an easy question
given that it is a multiple choice question ? Ans ; 5 / 9

*(2) Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it again but if it shows tail,
then throw a die . Find the conditional probability of the event that the die shows a number greater
than 4 given that there is at least one tail Ans : 2 / 9

(3) A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
conditional probability that the number 4 appeared at least once ? Ans : 2 / 5

(4) A die is thrown thrice. The events A and B are defined as A : 4 on the third throw, B : 6 on the first
and 5 on the second throw. Find the conditional probability of A given that B has already occurred.
Ans : 1 / 6

(5) Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn
randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is the probability that
it is even number. Ans : 4 / 7

*(6) Two dice were thrown and it is known that the numbers which come up were different. Find the
probability that the sum of the two numbers was 4. Ans : 1 / 15

(7) A couple has two children. Find the probability that both children are boys if it is known that at least
one of the children is a boy. Ans : 1 / 3

(8) In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430, 10% of the
girls study in class XII . What is the probability that a student chosen randomly studies in class XII
given that the chosen student is a girl ? Ans : 0.1

(9) Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl . If a family has two children, what
is the conditional probability that both are girls given that at least one is girl . Ans : 1 / 3

(10) Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 occurs, throw the die again and if any
other number comes, toss a coin. Find the conditional probability of the event the coin shows a tail,
given that at least one die shows a 3. Ans : 0

*(11) If E and F are two independent events , prove that the events
(i) E and F1 are also independent .
(ii) E1 and F are also independent .
(iii) E1 and F1 are also independent.

(12) A die is thrown . If E is the event the number appearing is a multiple of 3 and F be the event
the number appearing is even ,then prove that E and F are independent events .

(13) An unbiased die is thrown twice . Let the event A be odd number on the first throw and B the event
odd number on the second throw . Prove that the events A and B are independent.

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*(14) A box of orange is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn without
replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box will be approved for sell ,otherwise it is
rejected. Find the probability that the box containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good and 3 are
bad ones will be approved for sell. Ans : 44 / 91

*(15) Given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = 1 / 2 , P(AB) = 3 / 5 and P(B) = p.
Find p if A and B are (i) mutually exclusive Ans : 1 / 10
(ii) independent . Ans : 1 / 5
(16) If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 1 / 4 , P(B) = 1/ 2 and P(AB) = 1 / 8.
Find P( not A and not B). Ans : 3 / 8

(17) A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once. Ans : 7 / 8

*(18) Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are 1 / 2 and 1 / 3 respectively .If
both try to solve the problem independently, find probability that the problem is solved . Ans : 2 / 3

(19) In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi news paper, 40% read English news paper and 20% read
both Hindi and English news papers. A student is selected at random, find the probability that he /
she reads neither Hindi nor English news paper . Ans : 0.2

(20) If the two independent events A and B are such that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6.
Prove that (i) P( A and not B) = 0.12 (ii) P(A or B) = 0.72

*(21) Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 5 or 6 she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of
heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses the coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained.
If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die ?
Ans : 8 / 11
*(22) A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The operators A, B and C produce 1%,
5% and 7% defective items respectively. Also A, B and C is on the job for 50%, 30% and 20% of
the time. A defective item is produced, what is the probability that it was produced by A?
Ans : 5 / 34
*(23) A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn
and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.
Ans : 11 / 50
*(24) In answering a multiple choice question , a student either knows the answer or guesses . Let 3 / 4 be
the probability that he knows the answer and 1 / 4 be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a
student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability 1 / 4 . What is the probability that
the student knows the answer, given that he correctly answered it ? Ans : 12 / 13
*(25) An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The
probability of an accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets an
accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver ? Ans : 1 / 52

*(26) A coin is biased so that the head is three times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed twice,
find the probability distribution of number of tails.
Ans :
X 0 1 2
P(X) 9 / 16 6 / 16 1 / 16

(27) Find the expectation of X if X denotes the number of sixes in simultaneous throw of two die.
Ans : 1 / 3

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(28) Find the mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1 on three faces, 2 on two
faces and 5 on one face. Ans : 2

(29) Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin. Ans : 1.5

*(30) Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability distribution of the number of aces .
Ans :
X 0 1 2
P(X) 144 / 169 24 / 169 1 / 169
*(31) Find the probability distribution of the number of doublets in three throws of a pair of die.
Ans :
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 125 / 216 75 / 216 15 / 216 1 / 216
*(32) Two cards are drawn simultaneously from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the mean,
variance and standard deviation of the number of kings. Ans : 34 / 221, 6800 / (221)2, 0.37

(33) Let a pair of dice be thrown and the random variable X be the sum of the numbers that appears on the
two dice. Find the expectation of X . Ans : 7

(34) Suppose X has a binomial distribution B( 6 , 1 / 2 ). Show that X = 3 is the most likely outcome.

(35) On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of the five questions, what is
the probability that a candidate would get four or more correct answers just by guessing ?
Ans : 11 / 243

(36) Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die. Ans : 35(5)4 / 18(6)4

(37) It is known that 10% of certain articles manufactured are defective. What is the probability that a
random sample of 12 such articles, 9 are defective ? Ans : 22 (9)3 / (10)11

(38) Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective eggs. Find
the probability that there is at least one defective egg . Ans : (1010 910 ) / 1010

(39) The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150 days of use is 0.05. Find the
probability that out of 5 such bulbs at least one will fuse after 150 days of use. Ans : 1 (0.95)5

*(40) A die is thrown 6 times. If getting an odd number is a success, what is the probability of
(i) at most 5 successes? Ans : 63 / 64
(ii) at least 5 successes ? Ans : 7 / 64

(41) If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of (i) at least 6 heads Ans : 193 / 512
(ii) at most 6 heads. Ans : 53 / 64

(42) If a leap year is selected is at random, what is the chance that it will contain 53 Tuesday? Ans : 2 / 7

(43) An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the probability that in the next 6 trials, there
would be at least 4 successes . Ans : 496 / 729

*(44) In a hurdle race, a player has to cross 10 hurdles. The probability that he clear each hurdle is
5 / 6 .What is the probability that he will knock down fewer than 2 hurdles? Ans : 5 10 / 2 . 6 9

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(45) Suppose that 90% of people are right handed. What is the probability that at most 6 of a random
sample of 10 people are right handed ? 10

Ans : 1 10Cr (0.9)r (0.1) 10 - r

r =7
(46) Suppose that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have gray hair. A gray haired person is selected at
random. What is the probability of this person being male ? Assume that there are equal number of
males and females. Ans : 20 / 21
*(47) If a machine is correctly set up, it produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly set up, it
produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the set ups are correctly
done. If the machine produces 2 acceptable items, find the probability that the machine is correctly
set up. Ans : 0.95
*(48) A and B throws a die alternately till one of them gets a 6 and wins the game. Find their respective
probabilities of winning, if A starts the game. Ans : As win 6 / 11, Bs win 5 /11
(49) There are 5 % defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the probability that a sample of 10
include not more than one defective items ? Ans : 29 ( 19) 9 / 2010
(50) Find the mean and variance of heads in three tosses of a fair coin. Ans : mean = 3 / 2 , var = 3 / 4
*(51) How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability of having at least one head is
more than 90% ? Ans : n 4
(52) Find the mean and variance of the Binomial distribution B( 4 , 1 / 3 ) Ans : mean = 4 / 3, var =8 / 9
*(53) Bag I and Bag II contains 3red, 4 black balls and 4 red, 5 black balls respectively. One ball is
transferred from the Bag I to the Bag II without observing its colour. Then a ball is drawn from the
Bag II. The ball thus drawn is found to red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is
black in colour. Ans : 16 / 31
*(54) A man is to known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find
the probability that it is actually a six . Ans : 3 / 8
(55) There are three coins. One is a two headed coin ( having head on both face ), another is a biased coin
that comes up heads 75 % of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coin is chosen
at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was a two headed coin ?
Ans : 4 / 9
*(56) Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test is specified as follows:
Of people having HIV, 90% of the test detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Of people free of
HIV, 99% of the test are judged HIV( ve) but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV(+ ve). From a
large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one person is selected at random, given the HIVtest,
and the pathologist reports him/her as HIV(+ve). What is the probability that the person actually has
HIV? Ans : 90 / 1089
*(57) A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact, present.
However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested ( i.e. if a
healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease ). If 0.1
percent of the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the
disease given that his test result is positive ? Ans : 198 / 1197
*(58) A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that the probabilities that he will
come by train, bus, scooter or by other means of transport are respectively 3 / 10, 1 / 5, 1 / 10 and
2 / 5. The probabilities that he will be late are 1 / 4, 1/ 3 and 1 / 12 if he comes by train, bus and
scooter respectively, but if he comes by other means of transport, then he will not be late. When he
arrives, he is late. What is the probability that he comes by train? Ans : 1 / 2
*******
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 HOTS PROBLEMS
*(1) Two cards are drawn without replacement from a well-shuffled deck of cards. Determine the
probability distribution of the number of face cards.
Ans : X 0 1 2
P(X) 130 / 221 80 / 221 11 / 221

*(2) Two cards are drawn with replacement, from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability distribution for number of face cards
Ans :
X 0 1 2
P(X) 100 / 169 60 / 169 9 / 169
*(3) Two cards are drawn without replacement from a well-shuffled deck of cards. Determine the
probability distribution of the number of honour cards.
Ans : X 0 1 2
P(X) 105 / 221 96 / 221 20 / 221
(4) A bag contains 5 red, 6 white and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that both the balls are red or both are black ? Ans : 31 / 153.
(5) A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 3 black balls. If three balls are drawn one by one without
replacement, find the probability that none is red. Ans : 8 / 65.

*(6) In a bag A there are 5 white, 8 red balls; in bag B there are 7 white, 6 red balls and in bag C there are
6 white and 5 red balls . One ball is taken out at random from each bag. Find the probability that all
three balls are of the same colour. Ans : 450 / 1859.
*(7) A bag contains 8 red, 7 white and 9 blue balls. If three balls are drawn at random , determine the
probability that : (i) all the three balls are blue balls, Ans : 21 / 506
(ii) all the three balls are of different colour, Ans : 63 / 253.
(8) A bag contains 2 white and 4 black balls, while another bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. A bag
is selected at random and a ball is drawn. Find the probability that the ball drawn is of the black colour.
Ans : 1 / 2.
st nd
(9) Two bag contains 6 red 5 blue and 5 red 8 blue balls. A ball is drawn from 1 bag and is put into 2
bag without observing its colour. Then a ball is drawn from the second bag. Find the probability that
the drawn ball is of blue colour. Ans : 93 / 154.
(10) A bag A contains 4 white and 5 black balls; another bag B contains 6 white and 7 black balls. One
ball is transferred from the bag A to the bag B without noticing its colour. Then a ball is drawn from
the bag B. Find the probability that the drawn ball is white in colour. Ans : 29 / 63
*(11) A bag A contains 10 white and 3 black balls; another bag B contains 5 white and 5 black balls.
Two ball is transferred from the bag A to the bag B without noticing its colour. Then a ball is drawn
from the bag B. Find the probability that the drawn ball is white in colour. Ans : 85 / 156
(12) A bag contains 30 tickets, numbered from 1 to 30. Five ticket are drawn at random and arranged in
ascending order. Find the probability that the third number is 20. Ans : 285 / 5278

*(13) From the 21 tickets marked through 1 to 21. Three tickets are drawn at random. Find the
probability that the number on the tickets drawn are in A.P. Ans : 10 / 133

(14) A and B tosses a coin alternately till one of them gets a Head and wins the game. Find their
respective probabilities of winning, if A starts the game. Ans : As 2 / 3 ; Bs 1 / 3

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(15) A and B take turn to through a pair a die, the first to through 9 being awarded the prize. Show that
their chance of winning are in the ratio 9 : 8.

*(16) Probability of solving specific problem independently by A, B and C are 1 / 2, 1 / 3 and 1 / 6

respectively. If all try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that
(i) the problem is solved . Ans : 13 / 18
(ii) problem is solved by exactly one. Ans : 17 / 36
(iii) problem is solved by exactly two. Ans : 2 / 9
(17) A and B appear for an interview for two posts. The probability of As selection is 1 / 3 and that of
Bs selection is 2 / 5. Find the probability that
(i) only one of them is selected. Ans : 7 / 15.
(ii) both of them is selected. Ans : (2 / 15)
(iii) none of them is selected. Ans : 2 / 5

(18) Probability of solving specific problem independently by A, B and C are 1 / 2, 1 / 3 and 1 / 4

respectively. If all try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that
(i) the problem is solved . Ans : 3 / 4
(ii) problem is solved by exactly one. Ans : 11 / 24
(iii) problem is solved by exactly two. Ans : 1 / 24

*(19) In a school, 20% of the students failed in english, 15% failed in mathematics, and 10% failed in
both english and mathematics. A student is selected at random, if he failed in english, what is the
probability that he also fails in mathematics. Ans : 1 / 2

(20) A can solve 80% of problems while B can solve 60% of problems given in a book. A question is
selected at random from the book. Find the probability that at least one of them solve it.
Ans : 23 / 25
*(21) A speaks truth in 70% of the cases and B in 80% of the cases. In what percentage of the cases are
they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact ? Ans : 19 / 50

(22) A, B, C shoot to hit a target. If A hits the larget 4 times in 7 trails; B hits the target 3 times in 5 trial
and C hits the target 2 times in 3 trials. What is the probability that the target is hit by,
(i) at least 2 people. Ans : 2 / 3
(ii) No person. Ans : 2 / 35
(iii) only one of them. Ans : 46 / 105

(23) If the letters of the word REGULATIONS be arranged at random. What is the probability that
exactly 4 letters will be in between R and E. Ans : 6 / 55.

(24) The probability of winning of two horses are 1 / 3 and 1 / 6 respectively. What is the probability at
least one will win the race, when horses are running
(i) in same race. Ans : 1 / 2
(ii) in different race. Ans : 4 / 9
*(25) A die is biased so that the even number is 2 times as likely to occur as odd number. If the die is
tossed twice, find the probability that the sum of the two number appeared is
(i) an odd number. Ans : 4 / 9
(ii) an even number. Ans : 5 / 9

*(26) A die is biased so that the even number is 3 times as likely to occur as odd number. If the die is
tossed twice, find the probability that the sum of the two number appeared is
(i) an odd number. Ans : 3 / 8
(ii) an even number. Ans : 5 / 8

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(27) Find the probability distribution of coming of number heads in tossing three unbiased coin at a time.
Ans :
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/ 8 3/8 1/8

(28) Two cards are drawn succesively with replacement, from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability distribution for number of ace cards. Also show that mean, variance and standard
deviation for above distribution are 2 / 13, 0.14 & 0.38 respectively.
Ans :
X 0 1 2
P(X) 144 / 169 24 / 169 1 / 169
(29) A die is biased so that the even number is 2 times as likely to occur as odd number. If the die is
tossed twice, find the probability distribution for the number of perfect squares..
Ans :
X 0 1 2
P(X) 4/9 4/9 1/9

*(30) If the mean and variance of a binomial distribution are respectively 9 and 6, find the distribution.
Ans : B ( 27 , 1 / 3)

*(31) If the sum of the mean and variance of a binomial distribution for 5 trials is 1.8, find the
5
distribution. Ans : ( 0.2 + 0.8 )

*(32) In a game, a person is paid Rs5 if he gets all heads or all tails when three coins are tossed, and he
will pay Rs 3 if either one or two heads show. What can he expect to win on the average per game?
Ans : Loss of Re 1

*(33) 3 defective bulbs are accidently mixed with 7 good ones. If three bulbs are drawn, what is the
average number of defective bulbs drawn ? Ans : 0.9

(34) Two dice are thrown simultaneously and getting a number less than 3 is considered as success.
Obtain the mean and variance of the number of success. Ans : 2 / 3 , 4 / 9

(35) A dice is rolled thrice and getting 4 is considered to be a success. Find mean and variance of the
number of success. Ans : 1 / 2, 5 / 12

(36) Find the binomial distribution whose mean is 10 and standard deviation is 22.
Ans : n = 50, p = 0.2
*(37) In a binomial distribution, the sum and product of the mean and variance are 25 / 3 and 50 / 3
15
respectively. Determine the binomial distribution. Ans : ( 2 / 3 + 1 / 3 ) .

(38) Find the binomial distribution whose mean and variance are 12 and 3 respectively.
16
Ans : (1 / 4 + 3 / 4)
(39) Find P(X 1) in the binomial distribution whose mean and variance are 4 and 4 / 3 respectively.
Ans : 728 / 729
(40) Find P(X 1) in the binomial distribution whose mean and variance are 4 / 3 and 8 / 9 respectively.
Ans : 65 / 81
*(41) A letter is known to have come from LONDON or CLIFTON. On the envelope just two
consecutive letters ON are visible. What is the probability that the letter has come from CLIFTON.
Ans : 5 / 17

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(42) The sum of mean and variance of a binomial distribution for 6 trials is 10 / 3. Find the distribution.
6
Ans : ( 2 / 3 + 1 / 3)

(43) An unbiased coin is tossed 6 times. Using binomial distribution find the probability of getting at least
5 heads. Ans : 7 / 64

(44) An unbiased coin is tossed 10 times. Using binomial distribution find the probability of getting at
least 3 heads. Ans : 121 / 128

*(45) A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a 6. Find
the probability that it is actually a six . Ans : 3 / 13

*(46) The contents of three urns are as follows: Urn I: 1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls, Urn II: 2 white, 1
black and 1 red balls, Urn III : 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls One urn is chosen at random and two
balls are drawn. These happen to be white and red. What is the probability that they come from
Urn I, Urn II and Urn III respectively ? Ans : 33 / 118, 55 / 118, 90 / 118.

(47) In a test, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to a multiple-choice question
with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 0.35 and the probability that he copies the
answer is 0.2 . The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copied it, is 0.15 . Find the
probability that (i) he knew the answer to the question, Ans : 180 / 227
(ii) guesses Ans : 35 / 227
and (iii) he copied. Ans : 12 / 227
given that he correctly answered it.

(48) The probability that a certain person will buy a shirt is 0.2, the probability that he will buy a trouser
is 0.3, and the probability that he will buy a shirt given that he buys a trouser is 0.4. Find the
probability that he will buy both a shirt and a trouser. Find also the probability that he will buy a
trouser given that he buys a shirt. Ans : 0.12, 0.6

(49) A manufacturer of screws knows that 4% of his product is defective. If he sells the screws in boxes
of 10 and guarantees that not more than 1 screws will be defective, what is the approximate
probability that a box will fail to satisfy the guaranteed quality? Ans : 1 1.36 ( 0.96 ) 9

*(50) In a test, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to a multiple-choice question
with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 1 / 3and the probability that he copies the
answer is 1 / 6. The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copied it, is 1 / 8. Find the
probability that he knew the answer to the question, given that he correctly answered it.
Ans : 24 / 29
(51) A letter is known to have come from TATANAGAR or KOLKATA. On the envelope just two
regular letters TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter has come from KOLKATA.
Ans : 2 / 5

(51) A company has two plants to manufacture scooters. Plant I manufacture 70% of the total output. At
plant I, 30 % of scooter are rated standard quality, and at plant II, 90% are rated standard quality. A
scooter is selected randomly & is found to be standard quality. What is the probability that it has come
from plant I, plant II respectively . Ans : 7 / 16 , 9 / 16

(52) Three bags A, B and C containing 6 red, 4 black ; 4 red, 6 black and 5 red, 5 black balls respectively.
One of the selected and ball is drawn from it. If it is found to be red in colour. Find the probability
that it is drawn from bag A. Ans : 2 / 5

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(53) A company has two plants to manufacture bycycle. Plant I manufacture 60% of the total output. At
plant I, 80 % of bycycle are rated standard quality, and at plant II, 90% are rated standard quality. A
scooter is selected randomly & is found to be standard quality. What is the probability that it has come
from plant I, plant II respectively . Ans : 4 / 7, 3 / 7

(54) A factory has three machine X, Y and Z producing 1000, 2000 and 3000 bolts / day. The machines
X, Y and Z produces 1% , 1.5% and 2% defective bolts respectively. At the end of a day a bolt is
drawn at random and is found to be defective, find the probability that it is produced by X.
Ans : 0.1

(55) A factory has three machine A, B and C producing 60%, 25% and 15% bolts / day. The machines
A, B and C produces 1% , 2% and 1% defective bolts respectively. At the end of a day a bolt is
drawn at random and is found to be defective. From which machine, the defective bolt is most likely
to have been manufactured. Ans : machine A

*(56) Two group are competing for the post of Board of Directors of a corporation. The probability that
st
the 1 group will win is 60% . Further probabilities of introducing new product by group I and
group II are 0.7 and 0.3. A new product is launched. Find the respective probabilities that it is
introduced by group I and group II. Ans : 7 / 9 , 2 / 9

(57) A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random, and are found to be white. What is the
probability that all balls are white ? Ans : 3 / 5

(58) A man is known to speak truth 4 out of 5 times. He throws a pair of dice and reports it is a doublet.
What is the probability that actually it is a doublet. Ans : 4 / 9

******

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 VALUE ADDED QUESTION
1. Relation & Function
Q. 1. Let R be a relation defined as R = {(x, y) : x and y study in the same class}. Show that R is an
equivalence relation. If x is a brilliant student and y is a slow learner and x helps y in his studies,
what quality does x possess?
Expected answers: (i) Concern about fellow students (ii) Helping others
(iii) Sharing of knowledge (iv) Empathy
Q. 2. Consider the functions f and g, f : {1, 2, 3} {a, b, c} and
g: {a, b, c} {punctuality, honesty, sincerity}
defined as f (1) = a, f (2) = b, f (3) = c, g(a) = punctuality, g(b) = honesty, g(c) = sincerity. Show
that f, g, gof are invertible. Also show that (g o f ) 1 = f 1 o g 1. If a, b, c are three students who
are awarded prizes for the three values given in the function g, which value would you prefer to be
rewarded and why?
Expected answers: An answer with any of the three values with proper reasoning is correct.
Q. 3. Show that the function f : defined by f (x) = 3x + 4 is an invertible function. If x
represents the number of systematic hours of study that a student puts in and f (x) represents the
marks scored by him, from the graph of the above function, which value will be rewarded?
Expected answers: (i) Systematic study (ii) Quality of hard work
(iii) Study habit (iv) Time management

Q. 4. Let L be the set of all the lines in a plane and R be the relation in L defined by
R = {( , ) : | | }. Show that R is an equivalence relation. If represents the ideologies of
Gandhiji and represents the ideologies of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Even though their
ideologies ran on parallel tracks, both had the common goal to achieve independence for India.
Which common value did they both exhibit?
Expected answer: (i) Patriotisim (ii) Sacrifice (iii) Pride in our country (iv) Leadership

Q. 5. Let X be a non-empty set. Let be a binary operation on the power set P(X) defined by
A B = A B Prove that is commutative and associative. What is the identity element for the
operation? If X is a set of people in a locality, A is a set of children and B is a set of citizens aged
above 75 years in the same locality, is a binary operation for these sets as defined above? What
qualities would you suggest that elements of A should have towards elements of B?
Expected answer : (i) Respect for elders (ii) Concern for the aged (iii) Lending a helping hand
a
Q. 6. Consider a relation R in the set A of people in a colony. Defined as Rb iff a and b are members of
joint family. Is R is an equivalence relation. Staying with Grand parents in a joint family imbibes
the moral values in us. Can you elicit 2 such values?
Expected answer : (i) Love and concern for grandparents (ii) Respect for Group parents

Q. 7. If h denotes the number of honest people and p denotes the number of punctual people and a relation
between honest people and punctual people is given as h = p + 5. If P denotes the number of people
who progress in life and a relation between number of people who progress and honest people is
given as P = + 5. Find the relation between number of people who progress in life and punctual
people. How does the punctuality important in the progress of life?
Ans : P = +5
Expected answer : Punctuality develops discipline in life and hence progressive in life.

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Q. 8. let A be the set of all students of class XII in a school and R be the relation on A defined as,
R = {(x, y) : x and y are of same sex} then prove that R is an equivalence relation.
Do you think, co-education may be helpful in child development and why?
Expected answer : Co-education is very helpful because it leads to the balanced development
of the children and in future they become good citizens.

2. Matrices & Determinants

Q. 1. Three shopkeepers A, B, C are using polythene, handmade bags (prepared by prisoners), and
newspapers envelope as carry bags. It is found that the shopkeepers A, B, C are using (20, 30, 40) ,
(30, 40, 20) , (40, 20, 30) polythene , handmade bags and newspapers envelopes respectively. The
shopkeepers A, B, C spent `250, `220 & `200 on these carry bags respectively. Find the cost of each
carry bags using matrices. Keeping in mind the social & environmental conditions, which shopkeeper
is better ? & why?
Ans : Polythene = ` 1, Handmade bag = `5, Newspapers envelop = `2.
Expected answer :
(i) Shopkeeper A is better for environmental conditions, as he is using least no of polythene.
(ii) Shopkeeper B is better for social conditions as he is using handmade bags
Q. 2 In a Legislative assembly election, a political party hired a public relation firm to promote its
candidate in three ways; telephone, house calls and letters. The numbers of contacts of each type in
three cities A, B & Care (500, 1000, 5000), (3000, 1000, 10000) and (2000, 1500, 4000) respectively.
The party paid ` 3700, ` 7200, and `4300 in cities A, B & C respectively. Find the costs per contact
using matrix method. Keeping in mind the economic condition of the country, which way of
promotion is better in your view?
Ans : Telephone = ` 0.40, House calls = `1.00, Letters = ` 0.50
Expected answer : Telephone is better as it is cheap.

Q. 3. A trust fund has `30,000 is to be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
interest per annum which will be given to orphanage and second bond pays 7% interest per annum
which will be given to an N.G.O. cancer aid society. Using matrix multiplication, determine how to
divide ` 30,000 among two Bonds, if the trust fund obtains an annual total interest of ` 1800.
What are the values reflected in the question.
Ans : `15000 each type of bond.
Expected answer : (i) Charity. (ii) Helping orphans or poor people.
Q. 4. Using matrix method solve the following system of linear equations x + 2y + z = 7, x y + z = 4 ,
x + 3y +2z = 10. If x represents the no. of persons who take food at home, y represents the no. of
parsons who take junk food in market and z represent the no. of persons who take food at hotel.
Which way of taking food you prefer and why?
Ans : x = 3, y = 1, z = 2. Expected answer : Food taken at home is always the best way.
Q. 5. A school has to reward the students participating in co-curricular activities (Category I) and with
100% attendance (Category II) brave students (Category III) in a function. The sum of the
numbers of all the three category students is 6. If we multiply the number of category III by 2 and
added to the number of category I to the result, we get 7. By adding second and third category
would to three times the first category we get 12. Form the matrix equation and solve it.
Ans : No of Students in Category I = 3, Category II = 1, Category III = 2
Expected answer : Participating in co-curricular activities is very important.
It is very essential for all round development.
Q. 6. For keeping Fit X people believes in morning walk, Y people believe in yoga and Z people join gym
Total no of people are 70. Further 20%, 30% and 40% people are suffering from any disease who
believe in morning walk, yoga and gym respectively. Total no. of such people is 21. If morning
walk cost Rs 0 Yoga cost ` 500 per month and gym cost ` 400 per month and total expenditure is

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 ` 23000. (i) Calculate the no. of each type of people using matrix method (ii) Why exercise is
important for health?
Ans : (i) X = 20, Y = 30, Z = 20 (ii) Exercise keeps fit and healthy to a person.
Q. 7. An amount of ` 600 crores is spent by the government in three schemes. Scheme A is for saving
girl child from the cruel parents who dont want girl child and get the abortion before her birth.
Scheme B is for saving of newlywed girls from death due to dowry. Scheme C is planning for good
health for senior citizen. Now twice the amount spent on Scheme C together with amount spent on
Scheme A is ` 700 crores, and three times the amount spent on Scheme A together with amount
spent on Scheme B and Scheme C is ` 1200 crores. Find the amount spent on each Scheme using
matrices? What is the importance of saving girl child from the cruel parents who dont want girl
child and get the abortion before her birth?
Ans : A = `300 crores, B = `200 crores, C = `100 crores
Expected answer : Saving a girl child will make the society balanced, and maintain the system of a
nature.

Q. 8. There are three families. First family consists of 2 male members, 4 female members and 3 children.
Second family consists of 3 male members, 3 female members and 2 children. Third family consists
of 2 male members, 2 female members and 5 children. Male member earns `500 per day and spends
`300 per day. Female member earns `400 per day and spends `250 per day child member spends
`40 per day. Find the money each family saves per day using matrices? What is the necessity of
saving in the family?
Ans : I = ` 880, II = `970, III = `500.
Expected answer : Saving is necessary for each family as in case of emergency our saving in good
Time helps us to survive in bad time.
Q. 9. The cost of 4 chocolates, 3 samosas and 2 apples is `60 and that of 2 chocolates, 4 samosas, and 6
apples is `90. The cost of 6 chocolates, 2 samosas, 3 apples is `70. Find the cost of each item by
matrix method. What do you think is the healthiest diet? Suggest an item that could replace
chocolates and samosas to make the diet healthier?
Ans : Chocolate = ` 5, Samosa = `8, Apple = `8
Expected answer : The healthiest diet above is apple.
Alternate to Chocolates and Samosas can be : fruits, sprouts, salads, fresh juices
Q. 10. A school wants to award its students for the values of Honesty, Regularity and Hard work with a
total cash award d of `6000. Three times the award money for Hard Work added to that given for
Honesty amounts to `11000. The award money given for Honesty and Hard work together is
double the one given for Regularity. Represent the above situation algebraically and find the award
money for value, using matrix method. Apart from these values, namely Honesty, Hard work and
Regularity, suggest one more value which the school must include for award.
Ans : Honesty : `500 , Hard work : `3500, Regularity : `2000
Expected answer : discipline, goodness, punctuality, obedience

3. Continuity & Differentiation

Q.1. A car driver is driving a car on the dangerous path given by ; x1
f (x) =
m1 ; x=1
Find the dangerous point (point of discontinuity) on the path. Whether the driver should pass
that point or not? Justify your answers.
Ans : x = 1 is the point of discontinuity
Expected answer : No, because Life is precious. Or Drive carefully.

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4. Applications of Derivative
Q. 1. In a competition a brave child tries to inflate a huge spherical balloon bearing slogans against child
labour at the rate of 900 cubic centimeters of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the
balloon is increasing when its radius is 15 cm. Also write any three values / life skill reflected in this
question.
Ans : cm. / sec.
Expected answer : (i) Bravery (ii) Awareness about child labour (iii) Right of a child

Q. 2. In a kite festival, a kite is at a height of 120 m and 130 m string is out. If the kite is moving
horizontally at the rate of 52 m/sec, find the rate at which the string is being pulled out at that instant.
How a festival enhance national integration.
Ans : 20 m / sec.
Expected answer : In such festivals, many people participated with full happiness and share their
lives and enjoy it without the bar of religion, cast and creed.

Q. 3. The bottom of a rectangular fish tank is 30 cm 15 cm. Water is pumped into the tank either by
man made pump at the rate of 50 cm3/ minute or by motor pump at the rate of 75 cm3/ minute. Find the
rate at which the level of the water in the tank is rising when water is pumped by motor pump. Which
pump would you prefer and why?
Ans : cm / minute.
Expected answer : The man made pump should be preferred as it reduces the power consumption
(electricity) so it is environment friendly, also it reduces the dependence on electricity for such works.

Q. 4. The edge of a cubical gold is measured as 8 cm with an error of 0.03 cm. Find the approximate error
in its volume. What is the loss to the buyer of the gold, if the cost of gold is ` 3000 / cm3. What lesson do
you get?
Ans : Loss : `17280.
Expected answer : While purchasing something in market we should be cautious that it is measured
or weighted correctly, so that no one can cheat us.

Q. 5. Check whether the function f (x) = x 100 + sin x 1 is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing or
none of both on (1 , 1) Should the nature of a man be like this function? Justify your answers.
Ans : strictly increasing.
Expected answer : Though the nature of a man should always be same, just as the function is always
strictly increasing , but strictness in not always good in life.
Q.6. If y = x4 , when x denotes the number of hours worked and ydenotes the amount (in Rupees)
earned. Then find the value of x (in interval) for which the income remains increasing? Explain the
importance of earning in life?
Ans : .
Expected answer : It is the earning by which one can manage the requirements of life like, food,
residence, cloths, health, and education, for all those who depend on him/her.

Q.7. An expensive square piece of golden color board of side 24 cm. is to be made into a box without top
by cutting a square from each corner and folding the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the
square piece to be cut from each corner of the board to hold maximum volume and minimize the wastage?
What is the importance of minimizing the wastage in utilizing the resources?
Ans : 4 cm.

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Expected answer : As our country is still developing and most of the Indian people are from the middle
class, so we should utilize our resources in proper way. Students should buy only those books which they
feel really important. Instead of buying books for only one or two chapters. They should borrow it from
the library.

Q.8. A student is given card board of area 27 cm2. He wishes to form a box with square base to have
maximum capacity and no wastage of the board. What are the dimensions of the box so formed?
Do you agree that students dont utilize the resources properly? Justify.
Ans : Length of base = 3 cm, Height of the box = 1.5 cm.
Expected answer : Yes, I agree that students dont utilize the resources properly. They get various
notes photocopies and waste one side of the paper. Whereas other side of paper can be utilized for making
comments on those notes.s

Q. 9. A manufacturer can sell x items at a price of ` 5 each. The cost price of x items is ` + 500
Find the number of items he should sell to earn maximum profit. What is the maximum profit of the
manufacturer? The manufacturer feels its social responsibility and decided to contribute 10% of his profit
for the orphanage. What is the amount contributed by the manufacturer for the charity? Justify that every
manufacturer / company should do it.
Ans : Item sold x = 240 Maximum profit = Rs 646.24 , Amount to charity = 64.62.
Expected answer : Yes it is good for society, as charity to orphanage will help the orphan children in
their well being.

Q. 10. A car parking company has 500 subscribers and collects fixed charges of ` 300 per subscriber per
month. The company proposes to increase the monthly subscription and it is believed that for every
increase of ` 1, one subscriber will discontinue the service. What increase will bring maximum income of
the company? What values are driven by this problem?
Ans : Increase = Rs.100
Expected answer : (i) The sharing (2-3 persons on the same route) will be promoted.
(ii) Decrease vehicle density on road. (iii) Saving of energy (fuel).

5. Integral & Applications of Integrals

Q. 1. A farmer has a piece of land. He wishes to divide equally in his two sons to maintain peace and
harmony in the family. If his land is denoted by area bounded by curve y2 = 4x and x = 4 and to divide the
area equally he draws a line x = a, what is the value of a?
What is the importance of equality among the people?
Ans : 4 cm.
Expected answer : Equality helps to maintain peace and harmony in all aspect of society.

Q. 2 A circular Olympic gold medal has a radius 2cm and taking the centre at the origin, Find its area by
method of integration. What is the importance of Olympic Games for a sportsman and why?
Ans : 4 cm2.
Expected answer : Olympic game is a supreme platform for a sportsman. In Olympic Games almost
all countries of the world participate and the sportsmen try their best to make their countrymen proud.

Q. 3 A poor deceased farmer has agriculture land bounded by the curve y = cos x, between x = 0 and
x = 2. He has two sons. Now they want to distribute this land in three parts (As already partitioned). Find
the area of each part. Which parts should be given to the farmer & why? Justify your answer.
Ans : Son I = 1 sq. units, Son II = 1 sq. units, Farmer = 2 sq. units.
Expected answer : 1. Respect for the parents 2. Helping the elders (parents).

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Q. 4 If a triangular field is bounded by the lines x + 2y = 2, y x = 1 and 2x + y = 7. Using integration
compute the area of the field.
(i) If in each square unit area 4 trees may be planted. Find the number of trees can be planted in the field.
(ii) Why plantation of trees is necessary?
Ans : 6 sq. units , 24 trees
Expected answer : Plants provide us oxygen and play major role in rain, All living animals on earth
are depending on plants (some are directly and some are indirectly) for their existence. So plantation is
essential for all human beings / living animals.

Q. 5. A farmer has a piece of land enclosed by the curve y2 = x and x + y = 2. Find the area of the land
piece.The farmer plans to construct an electrical fence around this field to protect his crop. But his son
rejects this idea and wants a wooden fence to be erected.
(i) Who would you favour ? (ii) Mention two values demonstrated by the son.
Ans : sq. units.
Expected answer : (i) Son (ii) Concern for animals, kind hearted, not being cruel, bold, decision making.

6. Differential Equations
Q. 1. Show that the given differential equation, x2 dy + y (x + y) dx = 0, is homogeneous and solve it.
Which is advantageous to life homogeneity or heterogeneity? Justify your answer.
Ans : y + 2x = 3x2y.
Expected answer : Homogeneity : equal rights, uniformity, oneness.
Heterogeneity : independently thinking and acting individuals who work for
thesociety.Unity in diversity.
Q. 2. The temperature T of an object decreases at a rate which is proportional to the difference T S,
where S is the constant temperature of the surrounding medium. Solve the differential equation if it is
given that the temperature of surrounding is C, and the object cools from C to C in 4
seconds. Find the temperature of the object after 8 seconds. If the surrounding temperature is very high
then an object takes higher time in cooling, what are the other demerits of global warming?
Ans: C
Expected answer : (i) Abnormal weather conditions
(ii) Frequent occurrence of tremors, earthquakes and tsunami.

Q. 3. The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the number of its
inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the village was 20,000 in 1999 and 25,000 in the year
2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009 ? Give two demerits of population growth.
Ans: 31250
Expected answer : (i) The fast deforestation (ii) Decrease in per capita agricultural land.

Q. 4. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5 % per year. An amount of ` 1000 is
deposited with this bank, how much it will worth after 10 years. What are the benefits of saving money
for future? ( e 0.5 = 1.648 )
Ans: 1648
Expected answer : we can meet the need of tomorrow, we can make the life of our dependent safe.

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7. Linear Programming

Q. 1. A firm manufactures jute bags and cloth bags. The total number of items it can manufacture is at
most 24. A Jute bag requires 1 hour to be made while a cloth bag requires only half an hour. The
maximum number of hours available per day is 16 hours. If the profit on a jute bag is ` 30 and on a cloth
bag is ` 20, how many bags of each type must be made for maximum profit? Solve it graphically. The
manufacturer wants to replace cloth bags by plastic bags to increase his profit margin. Is it a good idea? If
not, give reasons.
Ans: Jute bag = 8, Cloth bag = 16
Expected answer : No, replacing cloth bags by plastic bags to increase the profit margin is a very
bad idea. As, cloth bags are biodegradable while plastic is not. Also cloth bags can be reused.

Q. 2. A manufacturer makes cycles and scooters. Processing of these products is done on two machines
A and B. The cycle parts need 1 hours on machine A and 3 hours on machine B. Parts of a scooter needs 3
hours on machine A and 1 hours on machine B. Both machines are available for 12 hours per day. Profit
gained by the manufacturers from a cycle and a scooter is ` 1000 and ` 3000 respectively. Find with the
help of a graph what should be the daily production of each of the two products to maximize the profit?
Which of the above modes of transport is a better option and why?
Ans: Cycle = 3, Scooter = 3, Max Profit = ` 12000
Expected answer : Using cycles is a better option since it is environment friendly and reduces
pollution. It is also a good exercise option.

Q. 3.There are two types of fertilizers that a farmer uses in his farm namely A and B. A consists of 10 %
of nitrogen and 6% phosphoric acid while B contains 5% nitrogen and 10% phosphoric acid. The farmer
needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphoric acid. If A costs ` 8 / kg and B costs ` 6 / kg,
determine how much of each type of fertilizer should be used by the farmer so that the required nutrient
levels are met at minimum cost. What is the minimum cost? The farmer is considering the option of using
pesticides to increase his yield. What is your opinion? Can he convert it into an organic farm?
Ans : F1 = 100 kg , F2 = 80 kg ; Min Cost = Rs 1280
Expected answer : Pesticides may increase the yield but are harmful to mankind. Organic farming is
a good option, as in Organic farming no chemicals are used.

Q. 4. A farmer decides to plant upto 10 hectares with cabbages and potatoes. He decides to grow at least 2
but not more than 8 hectares of cabbages and at least 1 but not more than 6 hectares of potatoes. He can
make a profit of ` 1500 per hectare on cabbages and ` 2000 per hectare on potatoes. How should he plan
his farming so as to maximize his profit. Keeping in mind the nutritional value of both vegetables, do you
think the farmers production will help the community? Mention one value point the farmer display?.
Ans : Cabbages = 4 hec. , Potatoes = 6 hec. Max Profit = Rs. 18000
Expected answer : Potatoes are produced more and the farmers production will help the community
as the potatoes have high protein value than cabbages. So the farmer promotes health awareness.

Q. 5. A principal decides to buy colour boxes and books as prizes for children. A colour box costs ` 5 and
a book costs ` 10. He wants to buy at least 4 of each of them. How many of each should he buy so that the
expenditure does not exceed ` 100 and at the same time can give maximum number of prizes? Which of
the two, do you think will benefit the children more and mention one value point as the reason.
Ans: Colour Boxes = 12 , Books = 4, Max Number = 16.
Expected answer : Books can benefit more as it promotes reading habit of the children.
Or Colour Boxes helps to improve their creativity.

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Q. 6. A dietician wishes to mix two types of food in such a way that the vitamin content of the mixture
contain at least 8 unit of vitamin A and 10 unit of vitamin C. Food I contains 2 unit / kg of vitamin A and
1 unit / kg of vitamin C, while Food II contains 1 unit / kg of vitamin A and 2 unit / kg of vitamin C. It
cost ` 5 / kg to purchase Food I and ` 7 / kg to produce Food II. Determine the minimum cost of the
mixture. Formulate the LPP and solve it. Why a person should take balanced food?
Ans : Minimum Cost = Rs. 38.00, x = 2, y = 4
Expected answer : Balanced diet keeps fit, healthy and disease free life to a person.
Q. 7. A manufacturer produces two types of disposable plates, one using plastic and the other using
bamboo. Three machines are required to produce the plates and the time in minutes is given below.
Type of Plate Machine I Machine I Machine I
Plastic 12 18 6
Bamboo 6 0 9

Each machine is available for a maximum of 6 hours per day. If the profit on each plate of plastic is
` 0.75 and profit on bamboo plate is ` 0.50, how many plates of each type should the factory produce to
maximize the profit.
Which type of plates do you think should be promoted more and mention one value point as the reason.
Ans : Plastic = 15, Bamboo = 30, Max Profit = Rs. 26.25
Expected answer :Bamboo plates should be promoted more as they are bio degradable and eco
friendly.

Q. 8. A farmer has a supply of chemical fertilizers of type A which contains 10% nitrogen and 6%
phosphoric acid and type B contains 5% of nitrogen and 10% of phosphoric acid. After soil testing it is
found that at least 7 kg of nitrogen and same quantity of phosphoric acid is required for a good crop. The
fertilizers of type A and type B cost ` 5 and ` 8 per kilograms respectively. Using L.P.P, find how many
kgs of each type of fertilizers should be bought to meet the requirement and cost be minimum solve the
problem graphically. What are the side effects of using excessive fertilizers?
Ans : Fertilizers A = 50 kg, Fertilizers B = 40 kg. Minimum Cost = ` 570
Expected answer : Excessive use of fertilizers can spoil the quality of crop, also it may cause
infertility of land.
Q. 9. If a class XII student aged 17 years, rides his motor cycle at 40 km / hr, the petrol cost is ` 2 / km.
If he rides at a speed of 70 km / hr, the petrol cost increases ` 7 / km. He has ` 100 to spend on petrol and
wishes to cover the maximum distance within one hour. Express this as an L.P.P and solve graphically.
What is benefit of driving at an economical speed? Should a child below 18 years be allowed to drive a
motorcycle? Give reasons.
Ans : x = km at 40 km / hr, y = km at 70 km / hr
Expected answer : Benefits : (i) It Saves petrol (ii) It saves money.
No because according to the law driving license is issued when a person is above the 18 years of age.

Q.10 Vikas has been given two lists of problems from his mathematics teacher with the instructions to
submit not more than 100 of them correctly solved for marks. The problems in the first list are worth 10
marks each and those in the second list are worth 5 marks each. Vikas knows from past experience that he
requires on an average of 4 minutes to solve a problem of 10 marks and 2 minutes to solve a problem of 5
marks. He has other subjects to worry about; he cannot devote more than 4 hours to his mathematics
assignment. With reference to manage his time in best possible way how many problems from each
listshall he do to maximize his marks? What is the importance of time management for students?
Ans : 20 problems from first list and 80 problems from second list.
Expected answer : Students who divide the time for each subject per day according to their need dont
feel burden of any subject before the examination.

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Q. 11 An NGO is helping the poor people of earthquake hit village by providing medicines. In order to do
this they set up a plant to prepare two medicines A and B. There is sufficient raw material available to
make 20000 bottles of medicine A and 40000 bottles of medicine B but there are 45000 bottles into which
either of the medicine can be put. Further it takes 3 hours to prepare enough material to fill 1000 bottles of
medicine A and takes 1 hour to prepare enough material to fill 1000 bottles of medicine B and there are
66 hours available for the operation. If the bottle of medicine A is used for 8 patients and bottle of
medicine B is used for 7 patients. How the NGO should plan his production to cover maximum patients?
How can you help others in case of natural disaster?
Ans : 10500 bottles of medicine A and 34500 bottles of medicine B and they can cover 325500
patients.
Expected answer : We should not get panic and should not create panic in case of natural disaster. We
must have the helpline numbers of government agencies and NGO working in case of Natural Disaster.

9. Probability
Q. 1 An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The
probability of an accident involving a scooter driver, car driver and a truck is 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15
respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a
scooter driver? Write down any two practices that would enhance road safety.
Ans :
Expected answer : (i) Obeying traffic signals (ii) Not using cell phones while driving
(iii) Proper maintenance (pollution control, mileage) of vehicles. (iv) Moving within the speed limit
Q. 2 In a test, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to a multiple choice question
with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is and the probability that he copies the

answer is . The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copied it, is . Find the probability
that he knew the answer to the question, given that he correctly answered it. Copying is akin to using a
painkiller. Explain the analogy.
Ans :
Expected answer : Painkillers do not provide cure for the infection. They merely relieve us of the
pain (a symptom). Similarly copying in exams will not help us sort out our trouble in the subject. It only
postpones it for another day.
Q. 3 In a group consisting of equal number of men and women, 10 % men and 45 % women are
unemployed. What is the probability that a person selected at random is employed? Suggest two steps to
enhance employability of youth.
Ans : 72.5 %
Expected answer : (i) Education up to class 12th (minimum) (ii) Acquiring soft skills
(iii) Acquiring linguistic skills (iv) enrolling in vocational courses
(v) Cultivating working qualities like responsibility and team work
Q. 4 A Panchayat committee contains 10 men and 4 women. A three member committee is formed from
the group, containing at least 1 woman. Find the probability that the committee so formed has more
women than men. Write any two benefits of including more women in Panchayat committees.
Ans :
Expected answer : (i) Family needs will be addressed faster
(ii) Gender bias and social evils targeted at women will wane
(iii) Needs of women will come to the fore and improve self confidence amongst
them.

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Q. 5 Three rifle men take one shot each at the same target. The probabilities of the first, second and third
rifle men hitting the target are 0.4, 0.5, 0.8 respectively. Find the probability that exactly two of them hit
the target. The National Cadet Corps (NCC) provides opportunities for training in gun firing. Write two
benefits of students joining NCC.
Ans : 0.44
Expected answer : (i) Personal discipline (ii) acquiring survival skills (iii) patriotism
(iv) team spirit and learning to work as a team (v) Care for others and social service

Q. 6 A lot of 100 CFL bulbs from a manufacturing unit is known to contain 10 defective and 90 non-
defective bulbs. If a sample of 4 bulbs is selected at random, what is the probability that
(i) the sample has exactly 3 defective and bulbs. (ii) The sample has at least 1 defective bulb.
Write two advantages of using CFL (Compact fluorescent lamp) bulbs over incandescent bulbs.
Ans : (i) 0.0036 (ii) 0.3439
Expected answer : (i) Uses energy more efficiently (saves energy) (ii) lower electricity bill
(iii) Brighter (more light) (iv) Releases lesser amount of heat.

Q. 7 Probability of winning when batting coach A and bowling coach B working independently are

and respectively. If both try for the win independently find the probability that there is a win. Will the
independently working may be effective? And why?
Ans :
Expected answer : No the independently working is not effective as it is against the team spirit.

Q. 8 A person has undertaken a construction job. The probabilities are 0.65 that there will be strike, 0.80
that the construction job will be completed on time if there is no strike and 0.32 that the construction job
will be completed on time if there is strike. Determine the probability that the construction job will be
completed on time. What values are driven by this question?
Ans : 0.448
Expected answer : Peace is better than strike. As the probability of completion of job on time if there
is strike is less then 0.5.
Q. 9 A clever student used a biased coin so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin
tossed twice find the probability distribution and mean of numbers of tails. Is this a good tendency?
Justify your answer.

Ans : X 0 1 2
P(X)

Expected answer : No, it may be seem good for meanwhile, but honesty pays in a long run.

Q. 10 A man is known to speak truth 5 out of 6 times. He draws a ball from the bag containing 4 white
and 6 black balls and reports that it is white. Find the probability that it is actually white? Do you think
that speaking truth is always good?
Ans :
Expected answer : speaking truth pays in the long run. Sometimes lie told for a good cause is not bad.

Q. 11 A drunkard man takes a step forward with probability 0.6 and takes a step backward with
probability 0.4. He takes 9 steps in all. Find the probability that he is just one step away from the initial
point. Do you think drinking habit can ruin ones family life?
4
Ans : 126(0.24)
Expected answer : Yes, addiction of wine or smoking is definitely harmful for a person and its family.

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Q. 12 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is six. Find the
probability that it is actually a six. Write any three benefits of speaking the truth.
Ans :
Expected answer : (i) It gives positive thinking &satisfaction (ii) Everyone loves it
(iii) It is good life skill

Q. 13. If Group A contains the students who try to solve the problem by knowledge, Group B contains the
students who guess to solve the problem Group C contains the students who give answer by cheating. If
n (A) = 20, n (B) = 15, n(C) = 10, two Students are selected at random. Find the probability that they are
from Group C. Do you think that cheating habit spoils the career?
Ans :
Expected answer : Yes, because a cheater finds it difficult to do any work independently. But it is
harmful in long run.

Q. 14 In a school, 30% of the student has 100% attendance. Previous year result report tells that 70% of
all students having 100% attendance attain A grade and 10% of remaining students attain A grade in their
annual examination. At the end of the year, One student is chosen at random and he has an A grade. What
is the probability that the student has 100% attendance? Also state the factors which affect the result of a
student in the examination.
Ans :
Expected answer : (i) Regular study (ii) Hard work (iii) Well time management (iv) Writing skills.

Q. 15 There are 20 people in a group. Out of them 7 people are non vegetarian, 2 people are selected at
random. Write the probability distribution of nonvegetarian people. Explain whether you would like to
be vegetarian or non- vegetarian and why? Also keeping life of animals in mind how would you promote
a person to be vegetarian?
Ans :
X 0 1 2
P(X)

Expected answer : I would like to be a vegetarian because vegetarian food is much easier to digest
than non vegetarian (may be given other reason) Or For non- vegetarian food we have to kill animals this
is not good thing because everybody has right to survive, etc.
Q. 16 Two third of the students in a class are sincere about their study and rest are careless Probability of
passing in examination are 0.7 and 0.2 for sincere and careless students respectively, A Student ischosen
and is found to be passed what is the probability that he/she was sincere. Explain the importance of
sincerity for a student.
Ans :
Expected answer : A Student is future of a country. If a student is sincere then he/she can serve the
country in a better way.

Q. 17 A company has two plants of scooter manufacturing. Plant I manufacture 70% Scooter and Plant II
manufactures 30%. At plant I, 80% of the scooters are maintaining pollution norms and in plant II, 90%
of the scooter maintaining pollution norms. A Scooter is chosen at random and is found to be fit on
pollution norms. What is the probability that it has come from plant II. What is importance of pollution
norms for a vehicle?
Ans :
Expected answer : Pollution free environment minimize the health problems in the human being.

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Q. 18. A chairman is biased so that he selects his relatives for a job three times as likely as others. If there
are three posts for a job. Find the probability distribution for selection of persons other than their relatives.
If the chairman is biased than which value of life will be demolished?
Ans : X 0 1 2 3
P(X)

Expected answer : Honesty, Integrity.

Q.19 A manufacturer has three machine operators A (skilled), B (Semi- skilled) and C (non-skilled).The
first operator A produces 1% defective items where as the other two operators B and C produces 5% and
7 % defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of time B in the job for 30% of the time and C
is on the job for 20 % of the time. A defective item is produced what is the probability that it was
produced by B? What is the value of skill?
Ans :
Expected answer : Skilled person can complete a work in better way than other person.

Q. 20 In a group of 100 families, 30 families like male child, 25 families like female child and 45 families
feel both children are equal. If two families are selected at random out of 100 families, find the probability
distribution of the number of families feel both children are equal. What is the importance in the society
to develop the feeling that both children are equal?
Ans : X 0 1 2
P(X)

Expected answer : To maintain the ratio of male and female equally, it is important to consider
both children are equal.

Q. 21. In a group of 200 people, 50% believe in that anger and violence will ruin the country, 30% do not
believe in that anger and violence will ruin the country and 20% are not sure about anything. If 3 people
are selected at random find the probability that 2 people believe and 1 does not believe that anger and
violence will ruin the country. How do you consider that anger and violence will ruin the country?
Ans : 0.225
Expected answer : People in anger cannot use their presence of mind and become violent and
destroy public property in riots which is indirectly their own property.

Q. 22. In a group of students, 200 attend coaching classes, 400 students attend school regularly and 600
students study themselves with help of peers. The probability that a student will succeed in life who
attend coaching classes, attend school regularly and study themselves with help of peers are 0.1, 0.2 and
0.5 respectively. One student is selected who succeeded in life, what is the probability that he study
himself with help of peers. What type of study can be considered for the success in life and why?
Ans : 0.75
Expected answer : Self studies, With the help of peers is best as through it students can get the
knowledge in depth of each concept. But students should be regular in school and if they feel need they
could join different classes.
******

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