RTK GPS

Training Guide

Survey Pro 4.x

for Windows

January 2007
 Survey Pro RTK GPS

What is a GPS Measurement ..................................................................................................................... 3

Differential GPS........................................................................................................................................ 3
Differential Solutions: Types and Quality ...............................................................................4
Managing GPS Coordinates with TDS.................................................................................................... 4
Import a .GPS File .................................................................................................................................... 4
File Export ................................................................................................................................................. 5
GPS Coordinates .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Horizontal Datums - North American Datums ................................................................................... 6
North American Vertical Datums.......................................................................................................... 7
International Vertical Datums..................................................................................................8
Coordinate Systems ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Horizontal Coordinate Systems ............................................................................................................. 9
Map Projections..........................................................................................................................9
Vertical Coordinate Systems................................................................................................................. 11
Geoid Models in TDS Software................................................................................................11
Raw Data Information .............................................................................................................12
RTK Data Collection ................................................................................................................................. 14
Setting Projection Mode ........................................................................................................................ 14
Mapping Plane Setup ............................................................................................................................ 15
Selecting Geoid Model........................................................................................................................... 16
Using Ellipsoid Heights ........................................................................................................................ 16
Hardware Configuration.........................................................................................................16
Base Setup ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Set the Rover ............................................................................................................................19
Solve Localization Parameters..............................................................................................20
Manual Entry of Parameters................................................................................................................. 22
One Point Localizations ........................................................................................................................ 22
Check Points.............................................................................................................................23
Localization Parameters Explained......................................................................................................... 24
Quality of Localization Solution:.............................................................................................25
Ground - TDS Localization Explained: ...................................................................................26
Collecting Data ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Data Collection Methods....................................................................................................................... 28
Data Point ................................................................................................................................28
Offset Point...............................................................................................................................28
Feature Collection....................................................................................................................29
Post Processing Point...............................................................................................................29
Stake Out ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Post Processing Data Collection.............................................................................................................. 30
Projection Utilities ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Projection Calculator ............................................................................................................................. 32
Tutorial Jobs................................................................................................................................................ 34
Starting a New Job: One Point Localization .........................................................................34
Existing Job: Ground – TDS Localization .............................................................................35
Reuse Localization Solutions...................................................................................................37
Mapping Plane with Ground Coordinates ..............................................................................38
Trouble Shooting ....................................................................................................................................... 42

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

What is a GPS Measurement

This section gives a brief explanation of GPS measurements. First, a discussion of the basic theory of
differential positioning will familiarize you with different solution types and their expected precision.

Pseudo-Range Positioning
GPS solutions are computed using pseudo-range positioning: Position is determined from multiple
pseudo-range measurements to different satellites at a single measurement epoch. The position of the
GPS receiver antenna is computed by intersecting these psuedo-ranges from the known SV position in
a manner similar to survey resection. Four SVs are required to determine three position dimensions
and time. Position dimensions are computed by the receiver in Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed X, Y, Z
coordinates (ECEF XYZ). A GPS solution will be one of two types: autonomous, or differential. A
single GPS receiver can compute an autonomous position from ranges to four or more SV. This single
receiver position is extremely coarse. One can expect errors in the order of 15-m on a bad day. For
this reason, any precise GPS must be performed using differential positioning.

Differential GPS
Differential GPS (DGPS) positioning involves subtracting a combination of ranges measured to various
satellites from multiple receivers. When the signals are subtracted, the major error sources cancel
each other out. However, because you are computing a difference in ranges, the DGPS measurement
solves for a coordinate difference and not a coordinate. To compute a coordinate using a coordinate
difference, you must specify a starting point.

Error in the Pseudo-Range

GPS solutions are less than perfectly accurate because of errors in acquiring their pseudo-ranges.
With the Government no longer degrading the signal the majority of the error come from five factors:
• Atmosphere
As the signal passes through the ionosphere (a band of ions and free electrons, between 80 and
120 mile up) its speed is reduced. This delays the signals arrival at the receiver, thereby
effecting the distance calculation. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere can also
affect this time delay.
• Timing
The clocks in the satellites are very near perfect (million dollar atomic clocks) but the clocks in
the receivers are not as good. A discrepancy of 1/100th of a second can make for an 1800-mile
change in position, maybe putting you in a different Country or even continent.
• Multipathing
The signal from a satellite can be reflected off of a building or some other large reflective object
before reaching the receiver, again delaying its arrival. If the direct signal is also acquired, the
software in most modern receivers can reject the indirect signals. But multipath can confuse
the calculations for position.
• Satellite Positional Errors
The gravitational pull of the sun and moon on a satellite can distort its orbit. These minor
disturbances can add some error.
• Satellite Geometry
The relative position of the satellites to each other in the sky above you can affect the accuracy.
The intersection of four or more pseudo-ranges gives you a position but as the angle between the
satellites gets smaller (or as the satellites get closer to each other) the effect of the above errors
on the resulting position is increased. If all of the satellites are grouped together in one part of
the sky the results will be less accurate than if the satellites well spread over the whole sky.

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Differential Solutions: Types and Quality
Code Differential
Code differential solutions use the Coarse Acquisition (C/A) navigation code transmitted on the GPS
carrier wave. Because the wavelength of the code segment is long (300m), code differential is the least
precise differential solution. Accuracies of 1-10 meters are possible with DGPS using C/A code
differential positioning.

Carrier Phase Differential

Highly precise coordinate differences can be measured using pseudo-range positioning with the carrier
signal wave. Because the wavelength of the carrier wave is only 19 cm, mm level positioning is
possible. When the signal arrives at the antenna, we can measure the fractional part of the carrier
wave. If we can then calculate the whole number of wavelengths between the SV and the antenna (the
ambiguity), we can multiply it by the length of one cycle and then add the fractional part to measure a
precise range. Calculating the exact number of wavelengths uses a complicated least squares process,
which is often called ambiguity resolution. The ambiguity resolution will yield either a float or a fixed
solution.
• Fixed Solution
We know the number of wavelengths will be a whole number. Techniques are used to constrain
the least squares solution to yield a whole number. If we get an acceptable solution, we say that
this solution is fixed. A fixed solution will generate coordinate differences precise to about 15-ppm
(single frequency) or 5ppm (dual frequency), which translates into 15-mm or 5-mm over a 1-km
base line. Several things may prevent you from achieving a fixed solution: bad multi-path, low
number of satellites and bad constellation geometry, poor radio link for corrections (RTK).
• Float Solution
If the constraint algorithm does not produce an acceptable fixed solution, then the ambiguity is
allowed to be a decimal (float) number. A float solution will generate coordinate differences precise
to about 100 to 500-ppm, which translates into 0.1-m to 0.5-m over a 1-km base line.

Differential GPS with Survey Pro

DGPS requires raw data measured from separate receivers to be combined into a single range
difference. For Real Time Kinematic (RTK) data collection, the raw data can be broadcast using a
radio link or cell phones and the differential solution is solved in real time. For Post Processing data
collection, the raw data is collected in each receiver’s internal memory and downloaded to a PC. Then,
software is used to combine the raw data and produce the differential solution.
Survey Pro supports three different modes of differential GPS data collection: RTK, Post Processing,
and Simultaneous RTK and Post Processing data collection.

Managing GPS Coordinates with TDS

Survey Pro for Windows uses a binary file with the extension *.job. A .JOB file point record will
contain a point name, plane location (N, E, Z), and a description. It may also contain geodetic
coordinates for points calculated, imported, or measured with GPS, as well as poly lines, alignments,
layers, attributes, and automatic line work structures.
You can edit all of a point’s values using the Edit Points screen from the Job menu. This is described
in more detail in the users and reference manual.

Import a .GPS File

You can use Import Coordinates from the Job menu to merge DOS control point measurements (in a
*.GPS file) with the local plane coordinates in a job file.
• Open the job with the project’s plane coordinates. You can open the *.CR5 file directly and it
will be converted into a .job file or you can open a new .job file and import the CR5 coordinates.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

• Go to Import Coordinates from the Job menu. For file Type, select, (*.GPS) and pick the *.GPS
file associated with the plane coordinates. Specify the units of the *.GPS file (for the heights)
and tap OK. The GPS coordinates and control point flags for each point in the *.GPS file will
be merged with the plane coordinates for the corresponding points.
• If you have more than one *.GPS file associated with a set of coordinates, you can import them
one at a time. The coordinates from each .GPS file will be assigned a unique set up group so
you can use them for different localization solutions.

Note: If duplicate points are found, you will be prompted to overwrite or rename. If you choose to rename,
a new point is created with the original plane coordinate and the new geodetic coordinate.

File Export
You can export either an ASCII text file or a .CR5 file your Geodetic coordinates with the File Export
routine.

GPS Coordinates
You need two things to represent positions in space. First, you need a datum to define an origin and
orientation. Second, you need a coordinate to specify your location in the datum. GPS positions are in
a global geocentric datum, using latitude and longitude angles to specify location. Most engineering
and surveying jobs require positions in a 2D Cartesian coordinate system. In order to use GPS with
most coordinate systems, we must transform the GPS measurements into local coordinates.
Some jobs require a coordinate system based on a specified mapping plane and geodetic datum, such
as a State Plane or UTM. Other jobs have an arbitrary coordinate system, such as a re-survey of an
old conventional traverse or starting a new job from scratch. This section contains a description of
datums and coordinate systems common for surveying applications including a description of the
availability of different datums and coordinate systems in TDS software.

Datums
A datum consists of three basic components: an origin, an orientation, and a scale. The origin defines
the start point, the orientation defines the direction of the bearings (often with respect to astronomic
north), and the scale defines the relative magnitude of the distance units. For example, a surveyor
shows up at a new job site, places a nail in the ground and calls it (5000, 5000, 100). The surveyor has
just established the origin of a datum. The surveyor does a sun shot and calculates the azimuth to a
reference object. The surveyor has just established the orientation of the datum. Finally, the
surveyor begins measuring distances with a total station. The EDM has just established the scale of
the datum.
GPS measurements are taken in a global geocentric datum, the World Geodetic System of 1984
(WGS84). The WGS84 datum has its origin at the earth’s center of mass, its orientation defined by the
earth’s spin axis and the intersection of the mean meridian of Greenwich with the mean equatorial
plane, and its scale defined by metric standard measurement. Geocentric datums such as WGS84 use
a rotational ellipsoid to model the shape of the earth. The WGS84 ellipsoid was based on and is
virtually identical to the Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS80) ellipsoid. The ellipsoid origin is
at the earth’s center of mass. Its minor axis corresponds with the earth’s rotation axis and its major
axis corresponds to the mean equatorial plane.
For many surveying applications, the horizontal and vertical datums are separate. This is the case
when the vertical measurements must be orthometric elevation, which depends on the local gravity
field rather than the earth’s center of mass. Below are descriptions of common horizontal and vertical
datums used in surveying and mapping.

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Horizontal Datums - North American Datums
• NAD27
The North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) horizontal datum was established in the early part
of the twentieth century to define a horizontal coordinate system in North America. The datum
originated at a central point, Meades Ranch in Kansas. From there, conventional triangulation
and trilateration networks radiated outward to establish new monuments in the system. The
datum was based on the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, which was the best fitting ellipsoid for the North
American continent at the time.
• NAD83 = WGS84
Later in the twentieth century, satellite and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
measurements were added to the numerous conventional measurement networks and re-adjusted
to define the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). NAD83 was created to conform to the new
global datum, WGS84, and uses the same reference ellipsoid.
• NAD83 ≠ WGS84(1996.0)
Continuing improvements in GPS and VLBI technology as well as increased cooperation among
world wide agencies, like the International Earth Rotation Society (IERS), led to a much better
solution for the Earth’s center of mass and spin axis. The IERS’s solution is adopted as the
International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). Because the earth’s center of mass and spin
axis drift over time, you will often see the WGS84 datum followed by brackets (1996.0). The date
in the brackets indicates the epoch defining the datum.
Note: Do not allow all this to confuse you. The significant part of the datum difference is the origin shift, and
you automatically correct this when you specify the base station coordinate. Except for high precision
applications, the axes rotations are small enough to be ignored for GPS differential baselines.
• High Accuracy Reference Network (HARN)
The bulk of the measurements used to establish NAD83 were conventional. These measurements
contain slight systematic errors that conflict with GPS measurements, which are more precise over
long distances. To address this problem in the U.S.A., in 1988 the National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
began to update NAD83 coordinate datums with HARN GPS surveys on a state-by-state basis.
These HARN surveys determined small (<5cm) corrections to the location of A and B order control
monuments across the states. Survey Pro performs a grid transformation for HARN networks in
the United States using the NADCON datum files in *.DGF format. To use a grid datum, you
must have the pair of *.dgf files for latitude and longitude shift the Disk\Geodata directory.
• Custom Datum Transformations
Most North American and international datums are pre programmed into the Survey Pro coordinate
system database. If you require a datum not programmed into the database, you can use the
Projection Key In Wizard to create a custom Molodensky or similarity datum transformation.

Datum Conversions with TDS Software

GPS coordinates in the Survey Pro job file are always stored in WGS84 Plane coordinates in the job file
are stored in the user specified datum and coordinate system. When configuring GPS receivers with
reference position, we transform the project coordinate into WGS84 (lat,lng, ht) to send to the receiver.
When calculating new coordinates from measurements, we transform the WGS84 (lat,lng,ht) into project
plane coordinates.
• WGS84 and NAD83
TDS software maintains the convention that WGS84 = NAD83. This means you can work with
either one without needing to worry about datum transformations. RTK is differential GPS, so all
measurements are all relative to the base station position. The significant part of the datum
difference is corrected when the set up coordinate is specified.
Note: If you need the job file GPS coordinates in WGS84(ITRF) and the plane coordinates in NAD83, you
can use a custom coordinate system. The transformation between the two datums is exactly defined by a
seven parameter Helmert (similarity) transformation. For the latest transformation parameters, see the NGS
web site http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/Derivation.html.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

• NAD83 to NAD27
The compilation of NAD83 revealed errors in the NAD27 datum. Because of the nature of the
conventional measurements used to establish NAD27, the errors are not consistent across the
continent; the magnitude and direction of the shift is a function of your location. The procedure to
transform NAD83 to NAD27 coordinates in the U.S.A. involves data files (.las and .los) containing
approximate values for the shifts in each region1. Because these files are approximations, it is only
possible to transform coordinates with a limited accuracy (0.5 – 0.15m). However, the shifts will
be consistent over a local area, so the precision of the transformed coordinates is still appropriate
for most surveying applications.
• NAD83 to HARN
The compilation of HARN coordinates revealed errors in the NAD83 datum. The errors are not
consistent across each state, the magnitude and direction of the shift is a function of your location.
The procedure to transform from NAD83 to a HARN involves data files (.las and .los) containing
shifts for each region. Because these files are approximations, it is only possible to transform
coordinates with a limited accuracy (0.05m). However, the shifts will be consistent over a local
area, so the precision of the transformed coordinates is still appropriate for most surveying
applications2.
Note: To perform the NGS NAD27 or HARN transformation, the *.las and *.los file must be in the
directory specified in the Path to Geodetic Files edit box on the Job, Settings, Projection card.

Vertical Datums
GPS satellites orbit the Earth’s center of mass. On the other hand, objects on the surface of the planet
are affected by the force of the local gravity field. Although it is possible to accurately model the orbits
of satellites about the Earth’s center of mass, modeling the local gravity field is much more difficult
because of the unequal distribution of masses within the earth.
We all know that water flows downhill from a higher elevation to a lower one. However, water will not
always flow from a larger ellipsoid height to a smaller one. Ellipsoid height is simply the altitude
above the reference surface, and may not match the slope of the local gravity field. When surveying
with GPS, we need to correct for the local gravity field to convert measured ellipsoid heights (h) into
orthometric elevations (H).

North American Vertical Datums

• NGVD29
The first continental height datum in the United States was the National Geodetic Vertical Datum
of 1929 (NGVD29). According to the technology of the day, this datum was based on normal
gravity, that is, the gravity field at the instrument when it was leveled. Points along the coast
were chosen and their elevation above sea level was determined from a network of tide gauges.
Spirit level networks were then run across the country and closed on the opposite coast. This
datum contained a number of systematic errors including un-modeled local gravity effects and
refraction errors. Also, it was later discovered that the “mean sea level” from the Atlantic to the
Pacific Oceans was not the same.
• NAVD88
In an effort to address these errors, the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) was
realized from a single datum point in Rimouski, Quebec. This datum is based on actual gravity,
which provides a better representation of true orthometric elevations. The primary consideration
in the choice of this datum point was to minimize the recompilation of national mapping products.

1 NGS NADGRD v.1.00 Release Notes ftp://ftp.ngs.noaa.gov/pub/pcsoft/nadcon/source/readme.grd

2 NGS NADCON v.2.10 Release Notes ftp://ftp.ngs.noaa.gov/pub/pcsoft/nadcon/Readme.txt
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 A side effect of this choice is that the NAVD88 datum and the theoretical level surface used to
define GRS80 do not agree. The offset between the NAVD88 vertical datum and the ITRF global
geopotential model is in the neighborhood of 0.27m3.

Note: When doing RTK data collection, all measurements are relative to the base station. This means you
can ignore the small systematic biases between NAVD88 and the level surface used to define GRS80.
However, if you are doing point conversions with Survey Link Geodetic Calculator, you need to make sure
you select the correct data file for the desired vertical datum.

International Vertical Datums

• EGM96
The National Imagery and Mapping Agency publishes the global geopotential model EGM964.
This geopotential model was used to generate the worldwide 15-minute geoid height grid data file,
WW15mGH.grd. This file contains geoid separation values at 15-minute intervals for the entire
globe and provides a good estimate of geoid slope
Z
corrections.

Gr
nwi ee
Coordinate Systems

c h M eridia n
A coordinate system is the way one represents positions in a
datum. Coordinate systems range from simple Cartesian (y,x) φ
Y
or (N,E) positions on a flat plane to complex geodetic latitudes λ
and longitudes on a reference ellipsoid. Equator
Below is a description of some coordinate systems common in
surveying: X

• Northing, Easting, Elevation

Survey projects usually use simple plane coordinates. We Fig. 1: Ellipsoidal
assume our local datum models a flat earth, and we calculate Geodetic Coordinates
coordinates in a Cartesian system where the simple laws of
plane trigonometry apply. When a vertical coordinate is required, most survey projects require
orthometric elevations.
• Lat, Lng, Ht Z
Geodetic horizontal coordinates are usually expressed as
two angles called latitude and longitude (φ, λ). Geodetic y h
x
Gr

vertical coordinates are usually expressed as the distance

ee

above the ellipsoid called height. The angles describe a

nwi

z
point’s position on the surface of the reference ellipsoid.
c h M eridia n

The height describes the altitude normal to the surface of φ

the reference ellipsoid. Y
λ
• ECEF XYZ Equator
Geodetic coordinates are some times given in the Earth
Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) Cartesian coordinate X
system. This coordinate system has its origin at the Fig. 2: Earth Centered
Earth’s center of mass, the primary (Z) axis is the earth’s Earth Fixed Geodetic
spin axis; the secondary (X) axis is the intersection of the Coordinates
equatorial plane and the mean meridian of Greenwich; the
tertiary (Y) axis is orthogonal in a right handed system. An ECEF XYZ coordinate can be
converted into the corresponding lat, lng, ht using standard formulas.

3 Milbert D.G. Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model

http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/gislis96.html p. 4
4 http://164.214.2.59/GandG/wgs-84/egm96.html

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Horizontal Coordinate Systems

For many surveying applications, the horizontal and vertical coordinate systems are separate. Below
are descriptions of common horizontal and vertical coordinate systems used in surveying and mapping.
Survey projects use horizontal coordinates on either a local plane or a map projection. For small
projects, you can assume a simple flat earth plane and calculate coordinates directly with measured
distances. For large projects, a mapping plane is used to accurately represent the curved surface of the
earth on a flat plane and conventionally measured distances need to be scaled to the mapping plane
grid.

Map Projections
A map projection uses equations to transform latitude and longitude into (y,x) Cartesian coordinates
on a flat plane. Map projections attempt to minimize distortions to the following properties5:
• Conformality
A map projection is conformal when local angles are preserved. Conformal maps are important for
surveying because, for second order surveys, angles measured on the ground are angles on the
map. Meridians (lines of longitude) and parallels (lines of latitude) intersect at right angles and
shape is preserved locally. The physical characteristic of conformality is that the scale factor at
any point on the map is the same in all directions.
• Distance
A map projection is equidistant when it correctly plots distances from the center of the projection
to any other place on the map. Most map projections involve some distortion of scale.
Consequently, when converting distances measured on the ground to distances on the grid, a scale
factor must be applied.
• Direction
A map projection is azimuthal when azimuths (angles from a point on a line to another point) are
correctly plotted in all directions.
• Area
A map projection is equi-areal when it correctly plots areas over the entire map. That is, all
mapped areas have the same proportional relationship to the areas on the Earth that they
represent.

Common Conformal Map Projections in Surveying

• Transverse Mercator
The Transverse Mercator (TM) projection results from projecting the ellipsoid onto a cylinder
tangent to a central meridian. Scale distortion is maximum from east to west and minimum from
north to south, so the TM projection is often used to portray areas with large north-south extent.
Distortion of scale, distance, direction and area increase away from the central meridian.
Many national grid systems are based on the TM projection. The Universal Transverse Mercator
grid system divides the world into 60 6-degree zones. About half of the U.S. states use a TM
projection for their State Plane Coordinate Systems. The British National Grid (BNG) is a TM
projection with origin at 49 degrees north latitude and 2 degrees west longitude.

5 http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html

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• Oblique Mercator
The Oblique Mercator projection is similar to the Transverse Mercator projection; the ellipsoid is
projected onto a cylinder. However, instead of the cylinder tangent to the ellipsoid along a
meridian, it is tangent to the ellipsoid along any great circle other than the Equator or a meridian.
This makes the Oblique Mercator projection appropriate for regions centered along lines, which
are neither meridians nor parallels. The Oblique Mercator projection is used for Alaska State
Plane zone 1, which covers the panhandle.

• Lambert Conformal Conic

The Lambert Conformal Conic projection results from projecting a sphere onto a cone tangent at
two (or one) parallels of longitude. Scale distortion is maximum from north to south and minimum
from east to west, so the Lambert projection is used to map areas of large east-west extent.
Distortion of scale, distance, direction and area increase as you move away from the standard
parallels. Lambert projections are used for about half of the State Plane Coordinate System zones
in the USA.

• Stereographic
The Stereographic projection results from projecting an ellipsoid onto a plane. Directions are true
from the center point and distortions in scale, area and shape increase uniformly away from the
central point. The stereographic projection is azimuthal.
Because the scale is distorted more or less evenly in all directions, stereographic map projections
are a good representation of a surveyor’s typical flat earth ground coordinate system. For this
reason, the stereographic map projection is used by the TDS localization algorithm to convert
(lat,lng) into local ground level coordinates.

Scale Factors
When converting distances on a map to distances on the ground, you must correct for two different
scale distortions. First, the effects of the map projection distortion must be corrected with the
mapping plane scale factor. Second, the geometric effect of your height above the reference surface
(ellipsoid height) must be corrected with the ellipsoid scale factor. Generally, these two scale factors
are multiplied together into the combined scale factor.

Mapping Plane Scale Factor

This scale factor accounts for the distortions caused by the mapping plane equations as they fit a
curved surface onto a flat plane. It is a function of the mapping plane equations and its exact value
depends on your location on the map. Although the scale factor is computed with differential
equations of the map projection, one can visualize it in a geometric sense. Consider the following
diagrams:
K=1.0 K=1.0
K>1.0 K<1.0 K>1.0
• Universal Transverse Mercator Projection K=0.9996
The scale factor at the central meridian Distance on Ellipsoid
(CM) is 0.9996. The scale factor is 1.0 Mapping Plane
approximately 170-km east and west of the so
id
Distance on Map
CM. The scale factor is less than one
p
li
El

between the CM and the point of tangency.

The scale factor is greater than one beyond
the point of tangency. Therefore, at the Central Meridian
central meridian, a geodetic distance of 100-m Fig. 3: Transverse Mercator Mapping Plane
scales into a mapping plane distance of A side view of the cylinder shows the effect of
99.96m. scale distortion.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS
K=1.0
• TDS Localization Stereographic Projection K>1.0 K>1.0 Distance on Map
Mapping Plane
The scale factor at the base station is 1.0. The
scale factor increases more or less uniformly in
o id
all directions as you move away from the base. lli
ps
The scale factor does not change appreciable Distance on Ellipsoid

E
within the range of RTK GPS, so this map
projection is an excellent way to model simple
flat earth ground level coordinate systems. Base Station (lat, lng)
Fig. 4: Localization Stereographic Mapping Plane
Ellipsoid Scale Factor A side view of the plane shows the effect of scale
distortion.
This scale factor accounts for the height of the
ground above the reference surface (the ellipsoid). This scale factor is
defined geometrically: Consider the following diagram: Distance on
Ground
distground/(R+h) = distelip/R
Ellipsoid
distelip/distground = R/(R+h) Height, h

kelip = R/ (R+h) Fig. 5: Ellipsoid Scale Factor Distance on

Ellipsoid
R+h
Note: The radius of the ellipsoid varies slightly with your location and the
azimuth of the line. TDS calculations use the global average radius of the Radius of
ellipsoid of 6378000.0 m. This approximation is sufficient for second order Ellipsoid, R
applications using RTK.

Combined Scale Factor

Generally, the two scale factors are multiplied together into a combined scale factor. The combined
scale factor is then applied to grid distances to get ground distances:
kcf = kelip * kmap
distgrid = distground * kcf

Vertical Coordinate Systems

GPS measurements provide ellipsoid heights. Most survey projects require orthometric elevations. To
convert heights into elevations, you need to correct for the difference between the surface of the
reference ellipsoid and the level surface representing the gravity field.
The procedure to convert heights (h) to elevations (H) involves
the use of a geoid model. The geoid is a theoretical surface that Terrain
h
H
approximates mean sea level. If one knows the separation Geoid N
between the reference ellipsoid and the geoid, called the geoid
undulation (N), then one can determine orthometric elevations Ellipsoid h=H+N
from ellipsoidal heights.

Geoid Models in TDS Software

Different geoid models are available in Survey Pro for North American and international coverage.

Note: To use a geoid model, geoid data files must be in the directory specified in the Path to Geodetic Files
edit box on the Job, Settings, Projection card.

• Users in the U.S.A., Mexico, and the Caribbean can use either the NGS Geoid96 standard *.geo data
files or the new NGS Geoid99 standard *.bin files. Because the Geoid99 .bin files are so large, users

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 can also use Survey Link to generate a smaller local geoid file from the Geoid99 .bin file. This
coverage includes the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico, and the Caribbean.
• Users in Canada can use the Geodetic Survey Division standard *.bin data files. This coverage
includes both the GSD95 model for latitudes below N71º, and the Arctic96 model for latitudes up to
N89º.
• Users anywhere in the world can use the NIMA worldwide 15-minute geoid height grid data file,
WW15mGH.grd. This file covers the entire globe on a 15’ x 15’ grid. Because the file is very large,
users should use Survey Link to generate a smaller local geoid file from the WW15mGH.grd file.
• Users in Australia can use the AUSGEOID98 data set. This data set is available in several
overlapping sub grid files in the *.GGF format at the TDS web site.

Note: To use any of these geoids with Survey Pro, you need to convert the files from their native format into
the *.GGF format. This is done with the Geoid Sub Grid function in survey Link. The required NGS and
the NIMA geoid model data files are supplied free of charge on the TDS Survey Works CD or from the NGS
web site6. EGM96 and the associated data file WW15MGH.grd are available from the NIMA web site7. The
Canadian GSD geoid models are a licensed data set, so you have to contact Natural Resources Canada to
obtain the data in the NGS.bin format to use with the Survey Link Geoid Sub Grid extraction utility. See
their web site for more information8. The Australian geoid model is available in *.GGF format for download
at the TDS web site on the GPS page.9

Raw Data Information

Using the Measure Mode card under the Job and then Settings menus, you can select what will be
stored to the Raw Data File. The Store GPS Raw Data: field is where you set the mode for raw data
storage. The following options are available:
• Lat, Lng, Ht (EP): stores just a geodetic position (EP) record in the Survey Pro .RAW file for
each measurement.
• EP + Bl,CV: stores EP, the RTK base line measurement (BL) and associated covariance matrix
(CV) in the Survey Pro .RAW file for each measurement.

Note: Ashtech receivers do not store base lines (BL) and covariance (CV) records in the Survey Pro raw data
file. Instead, they use a separate Ashtech format .OBN file to store this information. The user interface for
Ashtech receivers will show OBN in place of BL,CV.

• EP + Bl,CV + Rx Raw: stores EP, and the base line and covariance matrix (BL,CV) in the
Survey Pro .RAW file. Also sends the station and antenna information to the receiver’s
internal raw data file for post processing.
• EP + Rx Raw: stores EP in the Survey Pro .RAW file. Also sends the station and antenna
information to the receiver’s internal raw data file for post processing.

6 http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/GEOID99/
7 http://164.214.2.59/GandG/wgs-84/egm96.html
8 http://www.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/products/html-public/GSDinfo/English/factsheets/gpsht_fact.html
9 Go to www.tdsway.com and select Downloads.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Note: All receivers need to be in static mode to record Rx. Raw, and some receivers always record Rx. Raw
when in static mode. If the combination of settings you select is not compatible for your receiver, you will
be prompted to change the settings.

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RTK Data Collection
RTK data collection uses differential GPS corrections broadcast by a base receiver to solve for coordinates at a rover
receiver in real time. This section describes how to use Survey Pro for RTK GPS data collection. Topics include:
¾ How to select a projection method
¾ How to configure the base and rover hardware
¾ How to set a base point in the Survey Pro software
¾ How to collect control points and solve the horizontal and vertical projections
¾ How to collect data and stake out measurements

Before You Leave the Office

1. Make sure your software is registered. Go to Register Modules from the Job menu. Check to
see if the Standard and GPS modules are registered.
2. If you are using localization with control points, make sure the .JOB or .CR5 file with the local
coordinates is on the data collector.
3. If you are using a geoid model, make sure the correct *.GGF data file is on the data collector.
4. If you are using a grid datum transformation, make sure the correct pair of *.DGF files are on
the data collector.
Note: Geodetic data files must be in \Disk\Geodata.

Setting Projection Mode

Survey Pro offers a choice of methods for transforming your GPS measurements into horizontal and
vertical coordinates. Your choice of method will depend on the requirements of your project. When you
open a new job in Survey Pro, the Projection Mode is set to Ground - TDS Localization. This is the
default mode to produce ground coordinates in any arbitrary coordinate system, such as a resurvey of
an old job or a brand new job from a single start point. Using Ground - TDS Localization, the user does
not need to select a datum or map projection. Survey Pro will automatically initialize a default
projection for ground level distances when you configure the first RTK base station in the job.
If your job requires a specified map projection and datum from the coordinate system database, then you
should switch Projection Mode to Mapping Plane. In Mapping Plane mode the user selects a map
projection zone from the database or creates a custom zone and datum transformation using Survey Pro.
In either horizontal projection mode, the user can choose one of two methods for vertical projection:
Localization (+Geoid), or Ellipsoid Heights. Use Localization (+Geoid) mode when you want the local
vertical coordinate to be orthometric elevations. Use Ellipsoid Heights to use the GPS measured height
as the local vertical coordinate.
The chart below will guide you through choosing the correct method. Once you have chosen a projection
method, check the appropriate section for details on how to correctly configure the settings and solve
parameters. At the end of each section is a detailed description of the algorithms used for each solution.

Ground- TDS Localization Mapping Plane

Horizontal Local coordinates are at ground level, based on Local coordinates are on a conformal map
the project height. projection grid.
EDM distances are 1:1 with ground level EDM distances are scaled by the
coordinates solved by the projection. combined scale factor to grid distances.
Default map projection and datum are User selects or creates map projection
automatically initialized with RTK base setup. from coordinate system database.

Localization (+Geoid) Ellipse Height

Vertical Vertical coordinate is orthometric elevation. Vertical coordinate is ellipsoid height.
User solves parameters for h to elevation adjust No setup beyond setting Ellipse height
using a localization, geoid model, or both. mode is required.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

If you are using Ground- TDS Localization for your horizontal projection mode, and you are not using a
geoid model, Survey Pro is ready to start the RTK survey upon opening the new job. No projection
setup is necessary, so you should move ahead to the next section on Configuring Receivers.
Note: If you are using Ground- TDS Localization for your horizontal projection mode, and you want to use
a geoid, you only need to select the geoid model once. Survey Pro remembers the geoid model you last used
and will automatically assign this geoid in a new job's Localization map projection zone. You can go
directly to Receiver Setup after opening a job.
If you are using a map projection zone and/or you want to use a geoid, but have never selected one, you
will need to choose a zone and/or geoid record from the user interface. The following section describes
how to select a map projection and geoid model from the coordinate system database.
1. Go to Projection from the Survey menu. Tap the Settings button at the top of the screen to open
the Projection card of the Settings screen. Select the appropriate Horizontal and Vertical
Projection Mode and tap OK.
2. If you selected either Mapping Plane or Geoid Model, you can set them up now. Tap Select Zone… on
the Horizontal card and Select Geoid… on the Vertical card of the Projection screen. You can also
wait and you will be automatically prompted to set them before the first operation that requires
these settings. In Mapping Plane mode, when you select a zone record from the coordinate system
database, it may have a geoid model attached. If the selected record has a geoid model attached, this
record will become the geoid for the job file and you do not need to tap Select Geoid separately.

Mapping Plane Setup

Use the Mapping Plane Setup screen to either select a map projection zone from one of the zone groups,
or select a localized map projection site from the database. This screen can also open the Projection Key
In Setup wizard where you can key in the parameters of a custom map projection and datum.
1. Tap Select Zone… on the Horizontal card of the Projection screen to open the Mapping Plane Setup screen.
2. To pick a map projection zone from the database, tap View Zones in the Data Base box. To pick a localized
map projection site from the database, tap View Sites in the box.
3. If you are picking a map projection zone, select the Zone Group from the drop down list.
4. Select the Zone or Site from the drop down list.
5. If you have selected a zone with a datum and a geoid model attached, the datum and geoid name will be
displayed. If you have selected a UTM zone, you must select a Datum from the drop down list.
6. Finish to set the selected zone or site as the current projection record.
Note: When you select a zone with no datum, after you tap Finish, the datum selected in the drop down
list will be added to a copy of the selected zone record and you will be prompted to save the new zone
record with a unique name.
• Use the Delete button to delete zones or sites from the database. You can only delete user created
sites, you cannot delete the original 'system' records in the database. Note: You cannot undo
the deletion of a zone.
• Use the Key In Parameters button to open the Projection Key In Setup screen where you can
configure a custom map projection and datum.

Projection Key In Setup

Use the Projection Key In Setup screen to create a custom map projection and a custom datum
transformation to use as the selected mapping plane zone:
1. Tap Select Zone… on the Horizontal card of the Projection screen to open the Mapping Plane Setup screen.
2. Tap Key In Parameters > on the Mapping Plane Setup screen to open the Projection Key In Setup screen.

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3. Pick the Zone Type for the new map projection zone. Supported zone types are:
• Transverse Mercator • Stereographic (oblique and polar)
• Lambert 1 parallel • Oblique Mercator Angle
• Lambert 2 parallel

4. Pick the Datum Type for the new map projection zone. Choices for datum are:
• Pick from Data Base. Select this choice to use a datum from the coordinate system database.
• Custom Molodensky. Select this choice to enter a custom three-parameter datum transformation.
• Custom Similarity. Select this choice to enter a custom seven-parameter datum transformation.

5. Select the Azimuth type for the new map projection zone. Choices are:
• North Azimuth. Select this choice to have a north azimuth grid.
• South Azimuth. This choice to have a south azimuth grid.

6. Select the Grid direction for positive coordinates in the new map projection zone. Choices for grid direction are:
• North\East Grid. Select this choice to have coordinates increase positive in the north and east directions.
• South\West Grid. Select this choice to have coordinates increase positive in the south and west directions.

Note: The geodetic calculation engine and the Survey Pro coordinate geometry engine are separate
components. While the geodetic engine can properly handle southwest grid systems, Survey Pro can only
operate on a northeast grid system. However, since a southwest grid with a south azimuth is a mirror image
of a northeast grid with a north azimuth, Survey Pro can handle this configuration with the following work
around: You must set the Azimuth Type to North Azimuth on the Units card of the Job, Settings screen.
You then treat north as south and east as west, and the coordinates will be correct for a southwest grid and
south azimuth zone.

7. Tap Next to enter the zone parameters for the new map projection.
8. Key in the five or six parameters for your new map projection zone.
9. If your zone is Oblique Mercator Angle, the next screen is used to pick the Origin and Azimuth values.
10. Tap Next to select the datum. The screen that opens will depend on the datum type you specified on the first
screen.
11. If you selected Pick from Data Base, pick the database Datum from the list. If you selected either Custom
Molodensky or Custom Similarity, then select an ellipse for the new datum. You can select Ellipse from Data
Base to use an ellipsoid record from the database, or you can select Key In Ellipse to input parameters for a
custom ellipse.
12. Tap Next to open the next screen. If you are using a database datum, the next screen displays the parameters for
the new map projection zone and you can Store the record.
13. If you are using a custom datum, enter the datum translations from WGS84 to Local.

Note: Note the sign of the datum shift and rotation parameters. Some datum transformations are given in
terms of local datum to WGS84. Survey Pro always assumes datum transformation parameters are WGS84
to local. You might need to reverse the sign of the datum parameters you have to use them in Survey Pro.

14. Tap Next. If you are using a Custom Molodensky datum, the next screen will be the final screen where you can
Store the record.
15. If you are using a Custom Similarity datum, enter the rotation from WGS84 to Local. Also enter the scale, in
parts per million from WGS84 to the local datum.
16. Tap Next to open the final screen where you can review the parameters for the new map projection zone and
where you can Store the record to save it in the coordinate system database file.

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Selecting Geoid Model
Use the Geoid Model Setup screen to select a geoid model and data file to use with either the
localization zone or the selected map projection zone. This screen is also used to remove the geoid from
the current projection record.
1. Tap Select Geoid… on the Vertical card of the Projection screen to open the Geoid Model Setup screen.
2. Select a Geoid Model to use from the list.
3. If there are no data files for the selected geoid model, the File control will display "No .ggf files for this geoid." If
there is only one data file for the selected geoid, the File control will display that .GGF file name. If there are
multiple data files for the selected geoid, select the geoid you wish to use from the list. When there is a geoid file
displayed, the File Name control displays the data file name from the .GGF file header.
4. Tap Accept to set the geoid for the current projection record and/or change the data file used by the current geoid
model.
• Use the Remove Geoid From Zone button to remove the geoid model from the current
projection record.

Using Ellipsoid Heights

Ellipsoid height is a method that stores the local ellipsoid height measurement as the vertical
coordinate. Use ellipsoid heights if the vertical is not important to the project, or when you intend to
transform heights to elevations in the office using a separate program.
1. Set the Vertical Projection Mode on the Job, Settings, Projection card to Ellipsoid Height.
2. Tap OK. Using vertical ellipsoid heights requires no additional projection solution.

+ - Power
Serial
Hardware Configuration Serial
Battery
GPS Antenna
• Connect the power cable or insert
the internal battery into the GPS
receiver. Receiver
• Connect the antenna cable.
• Plug the data collector serial cable
into a receiver comm. port.
• If your receiver does not have an
internal radio, plug the radio serial
cable into a receiver comm. port.
The radio may also need external Radio Data Collector GPS Antenna
power. If the radio comm. port
does not supply power, plug the
radio into external power. Some systems do not require an external battery.
• Turn the receiver power on. The baud rates can be different on each serial port.
• Plug the data collector into the
receiver.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Settings for RTK GPS Mode

Select Instrument
1. Go to the Settings screen from the Job menu. The
Receiver Settings card is used to select the GPS
receiver make and model as well as the mode of
differential data collection. The Brand: is where you
specify the manufacturer of the receiver you are using
from a dropdown list.
2. Model: is where you specify the model of the receiver you are using from a dropdown list.
Select RTK in the GPS Mode list box and Tap OK.
Note: Many dialogs require connection to a receiver to work. To open dialogs without a receiver, set the
Brand to Manual Mode and the Model to Manual Entry. To simulate RTK for training and
demonstrations, set the Model to Demo Mode.
Note: You can collect GPS raw data for post processing on the receiver’s internal memory and RTK
measurements simultaneously. Simply specify a recording interval on the Job/Settings/Post Process
card and the receiver will be configured for post processing data collection when you set the RTK
base and rover. Then specify to collect +Rx. Raw on the Job/Settings/Measure Mode card to get a
post processing session simultaneous with your RTK points.

Format for RTK Corrections

3. Go to the Receiver card from the Job, Settings screen. Tap Receiver Settings. Select your
Format for RTK Corrections from one of the choices in the combo box.

Data Collector to Receiver Communications

4. Verify the comm. port settings are correct. On the Receiver card, tap Change and then Auto
Detect. If the port and baud rate detected are not appropriate for your receiver, correct them
now. If this is not the correct port, then plug the serial cable into the correct port on the
receiver and redo Auto Detect . If this is not the correct baud, then select the correct baud and
tap Receiver Set. Communications is now set. Tap OK.

Receiver to Radio Communications

5. Choose a Radio Modem type from the list of available options for your brand and model.
6. If you are not using an internal modem, make sure the baud, parity, and port are correct for
the radio. On the Base Radio card, verify the settings. If settings are not correct, tap
Configure Serial and set the correct values.
7. Depending on the modem selected, you may be able to configure certain parameters of the
modem using Survey Pro. Tap Configure Modem to connect to the modem, query existing
settings, and open the Radio Settings screen. Configure the appropriate settings and tap Set
to change the modem’s settings.
Note: Survey Pro cannot detect the radio’s serial baud rate. If you are doing everything else right and you still
cannot get a radio link, you may need to use the PC software provided with your radio to ensure the radio’s
internal settings are correct.

General Settings
8. Set the elevation cutoff. On the General card, select the elevation cutoff to be used when you
configure the receiver. Set any other parameters specific to your brand and model. On the
General card, different receiver brands have special settings available.
Hardware configuration is complete. Tap OK twice to return to the Base Setup screen.

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Base Setup

1. Go to Base Setup from the Survey menu. The Setup … button will start the Base setup wizard.

Note: If menu item (3,B) is Start Static Rx. and not Base Setup then you are in Post Processing mode. Go to
the Receiver card of the Job, Settings menu and set the GPS Mode to RTK.

2. Tap Setup HR to open the Receiver Antenna screen. Choose an antenna type and measure to mark and
measure the antenna height. If your type is Manual, you also have to supply the Offset and Radius. Tap
Set when you are done.

Pick Base Point

3. Enter a name for the Base Point. Enter a new point name if this is a new point and you wish to GET an
autonomous position. Enter an existing point to set up over a known coordinate. Tap Next.

Set the Base

The next steps will depend on the base point chosen. If the base (lat,lng,ht) are known or can be computed, the final
step is to SET the base at the known geodetic position. If the base (lat,lng,ht) are not known, the final step is to GET
an autonomous position.

SET Base at Known Geodetic Coordinate

When the base point geodetic coordinates are known or can be computed, we use those geodetic coordinates to SET
the base.
4. Tap SET to configure the base receiver with this position and begin broadcasting RTK corrections over the
radio link.
5. Depending on your horizontal and vertical projection mode, you may be prompted to reset or resolve one of
the projections. You can choose to Solve Now or Solve Later.
6. When you are done, you will return to the Current GPS Base Station screen where the base setup details are
displayed.
7. Tap OK to return to the Survey menu.

GET Autonomous Base Position

When the base is a new point in the survey, we can GET an autonomous position from the receiver to use as a base
reference position.
4. Tap GET Position From Rx. to get an autonomous position from the receiver. If you wish to get an
averaged position, set a number in Average position [n] epochs before GET.
5. Check the results displayed in the edit boxes. If it looks good, tap SET to configure the base receiver with
this position and begin broadcasting RTK corrections over the radio link.
6. If the position returned from the receiver looks bad, you can redo the GET or you can edit it by hand.

Note: When using TDS Localization mode, the height of the base station is used to calculate the ground
scale factor. You should verify the autonomous height value is reasonably accurate before you set the base.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Rover
1. Plug the data collector into the rover receiver. Next go to Rover Setup from the Survey menu. Tap
Settings at the top of the screen. Make sure the brand and model are correct and then tap Receiver
Settings. See instructions under Base Setup (above) to configure the data collector to receiver
communication. Also check the General settings (see instructions under Base Setup above).
2. Tap Setup HR to open the Receiver Antenna screen. Choose an antenna type and measure to mark and
measure the antenna height. If your type is Manual, you also have to supply the Offset and Radius. Tap
Set when you are done.

Set the Rover

Rover setup procedure depends on how the base was set. If the base was set with this data collector, then you
need to SET the rover with the known base position. If the base was set with a different data collector, you
need to GET the base position from the radio link.

Set Rover with Known Base Position

3. Tap SET Rover to configure the receiver and begin receiving broadcast corrections.
When done, you will return to the Survey menu.

Get Base Position from Radio Link

4. Tap GET from Base to configure the rover to begin receiving broadcast corrections and receive the base
station reference position over the radio link.
If the base coordinate already exists in your job file, then that point will be chosen by Survey Pro as the
base point. If the coordinate is new to the job file, then you will be prompted to give this new point a name
and Survey Pro will create the new base point.
The Base Setup screen opens with the chosen Base Point name displayed. If your receiver does not
support antenna height configuration, Survey Pro will attempt to calculate the height. You must verify the
values are correct.
Tap Next> and the base position received from the radio link is displayed.

5. Tap SET to configure the base position in Survey Pro.

Depending on your horizontal and vertical projection mode, you may be prompted to reset or resolve one of the
projections. You can choose to Solve Now or Solve Later. When done, you will return to the Survey menu.

Check Radio Communication

6. Verify the base receiver is transmitting data. Your base radio probably has a light labeled Tx (transmit).
This light should be blinking slowly at a regular rate.
7. Verify the rover receiver is receiving data. Your rover radio probably has a light labeled Rx (receive).
This light should be blinking slowly at a regular rate.
8. Verify the rover receiver is receiving valid differential corrections. Go to GPS Status from the Survey
menu. Tap the Data Link card. Check the values for signal latency and quality in the Radio Reception
box.

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Solve Localization Parameters
When you start a GPS survey from an autonomous base position, you need to solve a Localization to
adjust GPS measurements into local coordinates. This is the case for both horizontal projection modes.
Using Ground - TDS Localization, you need to solve a localization to relate your arbitrary GPS start
point into your non-geodetic local system. Using a Mapping Plane, you need to solve a localization to
shift the autonomous GPS start point into accurate geodetic coordinates.
In either horizontal mode, the procedure is the same. Starting from an autonomous GPS setup, you
measure GPS positions on control points with know local plane (N,E) coordinates. The parameters for
a 2D similarity transformation are calculated with a least squares solution using the control points.
These parameters are added to the zone record (selected map plane zone or default Localization zone)
to create a zone based site record.
Vertical Localizations, with or without a geoid model, uses the same field procedure. Starting from an
autonomous GPS setup, you measure GPS positions on control points with know local elevations. The
vertical adjustment parameters are calculated from the control points. The vertical adjustment will be
either a shift to correct geoid elevations to local elevations, or an inclined plane to correct for vertical
shift and tilts. Localization with Control Points

Localization with Control Points

Horizontal localization is a simple 2D similarity transformation from mapping plane coordinates in an
intermediate system to coordinates in your local system. In Ground - TDS Localization mode, the
intermediate system is the default map projection initialized for ground distances at the base height.
In Mapping Plane mode, the intermediate system is the inaccurate map projection calculated from the
autonomous GPS base.
Vertical localization is a correction from measured ellipsoid heights or geoid elevations calculated from
heights, into local elevations. This correction can be a simple shift or a three-parameter inclined plane.

Localization with Control Points: Summary

¾ Select horizontal and vertical projection mode on the Projection card of the Job, Settings screen.
¾ Configure the hardware and set up the base and rover receivers.
¾ Take GPS measurements to a minimum of two horizontal control points, and either one
vertical control point (to calculate shift for geoid model) or three vertical control points (to
calculate an inclined plane).
¾ Go to Projection from the Survey menu. Tap Solve Localization …
¾ Select the points to use for horizontal and vertical control and tap Solve>.
¾ Verify solution residual or misclosure quality. Tap Next> to review the parameters and tap
Accept to finish setup.
¾ Occupy additional local points as check points to verify solution quality. If desired, additional
points can be added as control points and included in solution.
Note: When you resolve the localization, all of your GPS measured points will automatically be
recalculated based on the latest solution. Therefore, your local coordinates derived from GPS measurements
will always be calculated using the latest solution.

Detailed Procedure
Since the field procedure is the same for both horizontal and vertical localization solutions, the instructions below
cover both cases.
1. After choosing the projection settings and configuring the base and rover receivers, go to
Control Points from the Survey menu.
2. Select a control point to occupy and enter the name into the Point control. Horizontal control
points must have a valid northing and easting coordinate in the local system. Vertical control
points may have a valid horizontal coordinate (although it is not used in the calculation) but
must have a valid elevation.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Note: If you select a point from the job’s control file, you will be prompted to make a local copy of the
point. Control point collection will add a geodetic coordinate to the point record and points in the job’s
control file cannot be modified.

Note: If Store GPS Raw Data on the Measure Mode card of the Job, Settings screen is set to EP + Rx Raw
(or + OBN for Ashtech users), when you begin a point occupation the control point name is checked as a
valid site ID for the receiver. If it is not a valid site ID, we will use a modified point name in the receiver’s
internal file and make a note of the modified name in the job’s .RAW file. The point name in Survey Pro is
not changed.
3. Occupy the point and tap Control Point to begin data collection.
4. When you are happy with the measurement, tap Accept.
5. Check the Results tab for details of the previous measurement. Check the Map tab to see the
number and position of control points for this set up group.
6. Collect a minimum of 2 control points to solve horizontal localization. Collect a minimum of three
vertical control points to solve vertical localization. Collect one vertical control point to solve just
the localization vertical shift when using a geoid model.
7. When you have collected the minimum number of control points, tap Projection to open the
Projection screen.
8. Tap Solve Localization to open the Solve Localization wizard.

Note: If you are using localization for the vertical transform mode, then the next screen will look like the
illustration below. If you are using ellipsoid heights, then the vertical column will be missing.

9. In the list box, control points collected will be identified

with an H and/or V. Points marked H will be used to
solve horizontal localization. Points marked with a V
will be used to solve vertical localization. You can select
or deselect any point by highlighting that point and then:
tap the H and/or V column beside that point; press H
and/or V on the keyboard.
Note: If your base was set up on a known point, that point is an
eligible control point. If your base was set up on a new point,
then it is not visible on the control point list.

10. If you wish to hold the scale of the GPS measurements,

but you want the localization adjustment to correct for a rotation, check the Solve Rotation Only
control in the Fix H Scale to 1.0 box.
11. Double check the selection of control points and tap Solve >. The localization parameters are
computed using the selected control points, and the next screen is opened with solution RMS values.
12. For both horizontal and vertical, the solution type and
RMS value from the control points are displayed. The
solution type will be one of:
• Unique: the solution was calculated using less than
the minimum number of control points (1 horizontal
or 2 vertical). In this case, there is no least squares
solution so the numbers in the N Err, E Err, and/or V
Err columns are misclosures calculated from the
control points not used in the solution.
• LSQ: the solution was calculated with at least the
minimum number of control points (2+ horizontal
and/or 3+ vertical). In this case the N Err, E Err,
and/or V Err columns show residuals for each point used in the solution.

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13. If you are not happy with the solution residual or misclosure values for any point, you can change
the control points used by tapping in the H and/or V columns. This will change the Next> button
to a Solve> button. Tap the Solve> button to recalculate the solution and update the residual /
misclosure display.
14. When you are happy with the solution quality, tap Next> to review the parameters.
15. Examine the scale and rotation values to verify they are reasonable. See the explanation of
localization parameters (page 31) to determine what is reasonable.
16. When you are happy with the solution, tap Accept to set the horizontal and/or vertical adjustment.
If this is the first localization solved, you will be prompted to name the site record. If you are
resolving a localization, the parameters of the existing site will be updated.
17. Tap Close to return to the Control Points screen.

Manual Entry of Parameters

Manual entry of parameters is used when you already know the appropriate horizontal and vertical localization
parameters for a site. Manually enter the site parameters and set it as the current projection record.
If you already know the scale, rotation, translation, and
origin for a horizontal site, or if you know the slope, shift
and origin of a vertical site, you can manually set the
localization parameters.
1. After receiver setup, go to Projection from the Survey
menu.
2. Tap Solve Localization to open the Solve Localization
wizard and then tap Manual Entry>.
3. Enter the Scale, Rotation, Translations, and Origin of
the horizontal system.
4. Enter the Slope N, Slope E, Separation, and Origin of
the vertical adjustment.
5. Tap Solve> to show the horizontal and vertical parameters
entered.
6. Review the results and tap Accept when you are done.

One Point Localizations

When you open a new job and you want to do a ground level survey starting at the coordinate of the
first point, you can do a one-point localization when using TDS Localization horizontal projection mode.
Below is a description of the easiest way to setup a new job projection and start a survey.
1. Open a new job and assign the desired local north, east, and elevation to the first point.
2. Set the GPS base receiver up on this point and GET an autonomous position and SET the base.
3. At the projection prompt, choose Solve Now to open the Solve Localization screen. With your base
as the one control point, tap Solve>.
4. Review the parameters of the solution.
• Scale factor of 1.0 means coordinates will be at ground level at the base station height.
Distances measured with an EDM at this height will be 1:1 with GPS measured coordinates.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

• Rotation of 0.0 means that the coordinate system's grid north is equal to geodetic north at the
meridian of the initial base. This is equivalent to using a sun shot azimuth as grid bearing
through this meridian.
• Delta N and E are the translations between the desired local start coordinate and the origin of
the TDS Localization map projection (100000, 100000) m.
5. Tap Accept. You are now ready to start data collection.

Localization Calculator
Note: The Localization calculator is used to provide the field procedure for a workflow supported in Survey
Pro versions prior to 3.5. This routine is similar to a one-point Localization, except that rotation is
calculated parallel to a selected map projection. The easiest way to start a ground survey is with the one
point Localization procedure described above.

1. After choosing the projection settings and configuring the base and rover receivers, go to Projection
from the Survey menu
2. Tap Solve Localization… to open the Solve Localization wizard and then tap Calculator>.
Note: The vertical card will be the vertical manual parameter screen described in the previous section.

3. Leave the scale at 1.0. For an explanation of the scale factor or to review the reference height used
for ground scale, tap the Calc Scale button.
4. Calculate the rotation for this setup. Tap Calc. Rotation to open the Localization Calculator. If you
have not already selected a mapping plane, you will be prompted to do so now.
5. Tap Solve Rotation> to calculate rotation of the localization origin in the selected map projection zone.
6. Examine the results. The Rotation is the negative of meridian convergence between the central
meridian of the selected map projection zone and the base point.
7. If you set your base up on a known point, then the base station coordinates are already entered
into the Base Station Local Coordinate fields. Tap Solve> to calculate the localization parameters.
Tap Accept to finish setup and return to the Projection screen.
8. If you set your base up on a new point, you need to tap
Occupy Control. You will be prompted to make sure your Scale and Rotation are correct before the
Control Points screen is opened. You need to select and occupy a single control point. When you
are done, tap Accept to return to the Solve Localization screen and the calculated coordinates are
returned to the North and East fields.
9. Tap Solve>. Examine the results and tap Accept when you are done. You will be prompted to
name the new localization site and save the record in the database.

Check Points
1. After you solve localization, it is a good idea to check an independent point, or a point not included in the solution.
2. Go to Control Points from the Survey menu. Choose a valid local point and enter the name in the Point field.
3. Tap Check Point. The Check Control Point screen displays the difference between the point’s coordinate and the
coordinate calculated from measurements.
4. When you are happy with the measurement, tap Accept to return to the Control Points screen.
5. Check the Results tab. If the differences are within the measurement precision of your instrument, then you can
confidently collect data. If the difference is outside the measurement precision of your instrument, check for
problems with the localization solution.

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Localization Parameters Explained
Before you accept a localization solution, you should evaluate the parameters and the quality of the
solution. This section describes the meaning and the expected values for the six horizontal and five
vertical localization parameters. Guidelines for the quality and geometry of control points plus the
solution redundancy and residuals are also described.

Ground - TDS Localization Mode:

Scale: is the scale difference between the intermediate
mapping plane and the local system. Scale should be very
close to 1.0. A value of 1.0 corresponds to ground level
distances at the base reference height.
Scale values are often reduced to parts per million in order
to relate the factor to a distance. One ppm (the sixth
decimal place ie. 1.000001 or 0.999999) is equal to 1mm in
1km; this is well below RTK precision. Fifteen ppm
(1.000015 or 0.0.999985) is equal to 15mm in 1km; this is a
usual RTK precision, so anything in this range is expected.
A scale value significantly greater or smaller than 1.0 may indicate problems with the control point
accuracy and/or the control measurement precision. It might also indicate a base reference height too
high or low for the survey area, or a scale bias in the control point local coordinates.
Rotation: is the rotation between the Localization map projection zone and the local system. The
rotation represents the difference between grid north and geodetic north at the meridian passing
through the origin of the Localization transformation.
Origin: is the coordinate on the intermediate mapping plane of the centroid of the control points. It is
calculated by average of (N,E) coordinate of all control points.
Translation: is the shift between the origin and the local coordinate of the centroid of the control
points

Mapping Plane Mode:

Scale: is the scale difference between the intermediate mapping plane using the autonomous GPS
position and the actual mapping plane control coordinates. Scale should be very close to 1.0. A value
of 1.0 corresponds to grid distances on the selected conformal mapping plane.
A scale value significantly greater or smaller than 1.0 may indicate problems with the control point
accuracy and/or the control measurement precision. It might also indicate a scale bias in the control
point plane coordinates, which you may want to correct by solving a fixed scale transformation.
Rotation: will be 0.0 for Localized map projections.
Origin: is the coordinate on the intermediate mapping plane of the centroid of the control points. It is
calculated by average of (N,E) coordinate of all control points.
Translation: is the shift between the origin and the local
coordinate of the centroid of the control points. This value
represents the shift from the inaccurate autonomous GPS
start point and the actual coordinates for that position.
This value should be less than 15 m with Selective
Availability turned off.

Vertical:
Slope: is the North and East tilt of the inclined plane
adjustment. These values are given in parts per million, and
represent the radian angle values of the deflection between
the ellipsoid normal and the local gravity vector. These
values are also called 'deflection of the vertical'.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Separation: is the shift between the local elevation and the vertical reference surface (geoid
elevations when using a geoid model or ellipsoid height when using Localization vertical only).
Origin: is the local coordinate of the first point used in the control point list. The slope values are
applied from this point.

Normal
Normal to to Geoid
Ellipsoid
Vertical Calibration and Geoid Deflection (a,b)
Modeling
If you do not use a geoid model, vertical
localization will solve for slope and Separation
separation using the measured heights and
the control elevations. If you do use a geoid
model, vertical localization will solve for the Geoid Su
rface
separation between the geoid elevation and Ellipsoid
Surface
your control elevation. Geoid elevations are
computed from measured heights and
geoid undulation using the height Fig. 9: Vertical Localization
equation Three control points calculate a plane to model the deflection and shift
between the geoid and ellipsoid surface.
h=H+N

Quality of Localization Solution:

Starting from an autonomous GPS base position and solving a
Localization with control points is like starting a conventional survey
from an unknown setup and solving a resection. The quality of the
solution depends on both the precision of the measurements to the
control points and the accuracy of the control point coordinates. When
solving a Localization with control points, the following guidelines
should be followed:

• Quality of control points: the control point coordinates Fig. 10: Good Control Point Geometry
should be at least as precise as the specified survey Three control points surround the
requirements. project area.
• Geometry of control points: the control points should
be distributed evenly surrounding the survey area.
• Check points: after solving for localization parameters
with a minimum number of control points, you should
occupy an independent checkpoint to verify the solution
quality. If you desire, this point can be added as a control
point and used for subsequent solutions. If the checkpoint
measurement is within the tolerance, this step should not
be necessary.
• Redundancy and residuals: After solving localization
parameters with more than the minimum number of
control points, you should examine the solution Fig. 11: Poor Control Point Geometry
residuals. The residuals should be close to the Three control points in one corner of the
measurement precision of your instrument and the project area. Also, for vertical localization,
control points. the three control points are close to co-linear.

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Ground - TDS Localization Explained:
When the horizontal projection mode is Ground - TDS Localization, a default map projection is
automatically set up to produce ground coordinates at the base station height. The TDS Localization
map projection is an oblique stereographic map projection with the following parameters:
o Origin is at the initial base station location
o False northing and false easting of 100000.0 m
o Scale at the origin of the stereographic map projection zone is calculated to produce ground
scale distances at the height of the first GPS setup. This projection scale factor is simply the
inverse of the ellipsoid scale factor described earlier.

Origin Scale (kmap) = (R+h)/ R

a
R= 1
(1 − e 2 sin 2 φ ) 2

Localization Setup Groups

When you set up different base stations with autonomous positions from a GET, each position is only
accurate to +- 30m (+- 10 m with Selective Availability (SA) turned off). Geodetic coordinates
measured from your first autonomous base will not be accurately connected to geodetic coordinates
from a different autonomous base. Although the localization parameters will accurately transform
both sets of data to the local coordinate system, it is not possible to compare the geodetic coordinates
from the different sets of data.
Survey Pro solves this problem by assigning a set up group each time a new autonomous base is set. A
set up group is a unique flag attached to each point record generated by GPS. Setup groups are
assigned as follows:
• When you set a new base point with an autonomous GET, Survey Pro creates a new set up group
for this point.
• When you collect geodetic measurements, each new point is assigned the set up group of the
current base station.
• When you set the base on an existing point with geodetic coordinates, the point’s existing set up
group is used as the new base station set up group.
• When you set the base on a point with existing plane coordinates and compute geodetic coordinates
using the ‘Move Base’ algorithm, the existing base station set up group is used as the new base
station set up group.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Collecting Data
Once your horizontal and vertical projections are solved, you are ready to collect data. Different measure mode
settings and data collection options are described below.

Measure Mode
1. Go to Data Collection from the Survey menu. Tap Settings at the top of the screen.
2. Select the receiver dynamics.
¾ Static on occupy will set the receiver to ‘static’ mode for point occupations. When in static
mode, the receiver assumes no antenna movement and uses advanced averaging
techniques to compute the most precise position possible.
¾ Dynamic always will leave the receiver in ‘dynamic’ mode for point occupations.
3. Select how to Store GPS Raw Data.
¾ Lat, Lng, Ht will store an EP record in the .RAW file for each point accepted.
¾ EP + Bl,CV will store an EP record, plus the raw base line (dX,dY, dZ) and variance
covariance information in the .RAW file.
¾ EP + Bl,CV + Rx Raw will store an EP record, plus the raw base line and variance
covariance information in the .RAW file, and send the station information to the
receiver’s internal file for post processing.
¾ EP + Rx Raw will store an EP record in the .RAW file and send the station information to
the receiver’s internal file for post processing.
Note: Ashtech users store an Ashtech format .OBN record in a separate file and do not store BL,CV records
in the .RAW file.
Note: Raw data types + Rx Raw (and/or + OBN for Ashtech users) are only available when Receiver
Dynamics is set to Static on occupy.
Note: All receivers need to be in static mode to record Rx. Raw, and some receivers always record Rx Raw
when in static mode. If the combination of settings you select is not compatible for your receiver,
you will be prompted to change the settings.

4. Select the Accept filter.

¾ Fixed RTK only will reject all positions that are not fixed. Code, Float, or Fix will allow
you to accept any position accept autonomous or invalid data.

Note: If you are collecting simultaneous RTK and post processing data, you can accept an autonomous
position based on the Job/Settings, Post Process card. If enabled, you will either be prompted to put the
autonomous position on a separate layer, or it will automatically be stored on a separate layer.

5. Set the Acceptance Criteria.

¾ Acceptance Criteria is used to check each solution you accept. If the measurement
exceeds the criteria, you will be prompted to accept or reject the point. Check this box if
you want to enable criteria checking. Enter a maximum value for HRMS, VRMS, and/or
PDOP in the fields. Only fields with a non-zero value will be used for criteria checking.
¾ To accept data points automatically using the selected criteria, check the Auto Accept box
at the bottom of this page.
6. Tap OK to return to the Data Collection screen.

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Data Collection Methods

Data Point
Use this method if you want to occupy points one at a time.
1. Go to Data Collection from the Survey menu. Enter a point name in the Point field. If this
point already exists, you will be prompted to overwrite or choose the next available point.
Note: If you have Store GPS Raw set to +Rx Raw (or +OBN for Ashtech), your point name must be a valid
Site Id for the receiver model. If your point name is not valid, you will be prompted to change it.
2. Enter a Description.
3. If your antenna height has changed, enter a new value in the Rover field to update the value in
Survey Pro and in the receiver. If your antenna type and measure to method have changed
since Rover setup, then tap Setup HR to change and update it.
4. Tap Point to begin measurement. The receiver dynamics are switched from motion to static
(for Static on occupy mode) and a site occupation begins. The Occupy Data Point screen is
updated with the local coordinate calculated from the measurement. When you are satisfied
with the measurement tap Accept to return to the Data Collection screen
5. Check the Results tab for details on the last measurement. Check the Map tab to see the
points plotted, as they are stored.

Offset Point
Use this method if you cannot occupy a point directly, but you can occupy a location close by and
provide an azimuth and distance to the point.
1. Go to Data Collection from the Survey menu. Enter a point name in the Point field. If this
point already exists, you will be prompted to overwrite or choose the next available point.
2. Enter a Description.
3. Tap Offset to open the Offset Shots screen. You can enter the offset data before or after you
occupy the reference point with GPS.
4. Tap Occupy GPS to occupy the GPS reference point. You will be prompted for a point name to
store the reference point. The receiver dynamics are switched from motion to static (for Static
on occupy mode) and a site occupation begins. When you are happy with the measurement,
tap Accept to return to the Offset Shots screen.
5. Enter the distance from the GPS reference point to the offset point. You can enter the distance
by hand or you can get it from the selected conventional instrument by tapping Shoot Laser.
You have to switch to conventional mode to configure the laser range finder or total station.
6. Enter the direction (azimuth/bearing) from the reference point to the offset point. You can
enter a direction in one of the following ways:
¾ Using the horizontal angle returned from the conventional instrument if you took a shot.
¾ Occupying a point on line with the reference point and the offset point. After you occupy
the reference point, tap Direction from Two Points and then occupy a point on line with
the reference point and the offset point. When you are done occupying the on line point,
you will be prompted for the direction to your offset point.
¾ Entering a value by hand.
7. Tap Store to store the point.
8. Store any number of additional offset points from this GPS reference point. The shot data for
each point is recorded in .RAW data. Tap Close when you are done storing points.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Feature Collection
Use this method if you want to collect multiple points using either a measurement interval or by
manually accepting each point. You can select from five different data collection modes.
1. Go to Data Collection from the Survey menu.
2. Enter a point name in the Point field. If this point already exists, you will be prompted to
overwrite or choose the next available point.
Note: If you have Store GPS Raw Data set to + Bl,CV or + Bl,CV + Rx Raw, feature collection will not
store base line records because there is no discrete site occupation of each point. Therefore, the point name
does not need to be a valid Site Id.
3. Enter a Description.
Note: For continuous data collection (except Manual: multi descriptions), once the first point is accepted,
all additional points will be stored with the same description, layer, and attributes. When using Manual:
multi descriptions mode, you will be prompted for description, layer, and attributes (if set) after every
point.

4. Tap Feature. On the Feature Collection screen, select a Method. An explanation of the
selected method is displayed at the bottom of the screen.
5. If you select a continuous method, you must specify an appropriate Interval.
6. Tap Start to begin measurements. The Occupy Data Point screen displays the local coordinate.
7. When you are ready to begin continuous collection, tap Accept.
8. If you are using a continuous interval, Accept disappears and points are stored when the
interval is exceeded.
9. If the mode is Manual, tap Accept when you want to collect a point. If the mode is Manual: multi
descriptions, you will be prompted for a description, layer, and attributes (if set) for each point.
10. If you want to see a list of points stored so far, tap View Points.
11. Tap Done to end feature collection and return to the Data Collection screen.

Note: When doing continuous data collection, if your interval is exceeded, but your acceptance criteria or
RMS criteria are not met, then you will be prompted to Accept the point anyway or to Wait for the
measurement to pass. If you choose to Wait, and then Cancel, you will be prompted to Accept the point
anyway or to Exit.

Post Processing Point

Use this method if you want to record a post processing session independent of an RTK data collected point .
1. Tap Post Process from either the Control Points or Data Collection screens.
2. Select a Session Duration or specify to Log Until Stop.
3. Enter a Site ID for this session. By default the Site ID is the last stored point.
4. Tap Start to begin a post processing session.
5. Tap Stop to end a Log Until Stop session, or wait for the timer to expire, automatically ending the session.
6. Tap Close when you are done collecting post processing only points.

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Stake Out
Stake out with GPS is very similar to stake out with conventional instruments. See the user’s manual for details on the
different staking procedures. Below is a description of the two special features of stakeout with GPS.
>Roving & >Occupying
1. When you first start any GPS staking screen, measurements are started in the GPS receiver in dynamic
(moving) mode. This is necessary as you navigate to the design point, and is indicated on the screen with the
toggle button in the >Roving position.
2. When you arrive at the design point, if you want to take a more precise measurement, you need to switch to
>Occupying mode. This will switch the receiver from motion to static (depending on your Receiver
Dynamics setting).

Note: When Store GPS Raw Data on the Job/ Settings/ Measure Mode card (see the GPS Reference
Manual) is set to + Rx. Raw (and / or +OBN for Ashtech), switching from ROVING to OCCUPYING will
start a session in the receiver, so you will be prompted for a point name and description. The receiver
session will be completed and the measurement stored when you tap Done. The occupation is not stored in
the Survey Pro .RAW file if you toggle back to ROVING.

5 Hz Mode
1. When you first start any GPS staking screen, measurements are started in the GPS receiver in
one Hz mode. If your receiver supports it, you can switch to five Hz mode by checking this
button. This will configure the receiver to calculate positions five times a second and the
display will update in near real time.

Post Processing Data Collection

Post Processing data collection uses GPS raw data stored in a receiver’s internal memory. Raw data from multiple
receivers is combined and then PC software is used to process the base line measurements. This section describes:
¾ how to start recording raw data in the receiver internal memory
¾ how to start and stop static (fast static) and stop and go data collection

Set GPS Mode to Post Processing

1. Go to Settings from the Job menu. On the Receiver card select Post Process in the GPS Mode list box.
2. On the Post Process card, select a Recording Interval to define the receiver’s internal recording epoch.
Recording Interval must be greater than None.
3. If you want to use the Survey Pro Session Monitor to warn you when data collection conditions are poor,
check Warn me if. Enter the desired SV, HDOP, and Memory thresholds. You will be warned when these
thresholds are exceeded. Tap OK.

Start Recording in Receiver

1. Go to Start Static Rx or Start Stop/Go Rx. from the Survey menu to open the Rx. Recording screen and query
the current status of data logging in the receiver.
2. Tap Change Settings to select a new Rec. Interval or Threshold values.
3. Tap Setup HR to select an antenna type, measure to mark, and to enter the measured height.
4. Tap Start Recording to create a new file in receiver memory and begin logging GPS raw data.
5. Tap Stop Recording to close the open file and stop logging GPS raw data.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Note: Tapping Start Recording only begins the logging of raw data to the receiver internal memory. It
does not send an event marker to indicate a site occupation has begun. You will be prompted to go to the
Static Rx. Session to set the Site ID and description for this station.

Data Collection
1. Go to Data Collection from the Survey menu.
2. The Static Receiver Session screen displays the current session info.
3. Select to Store point in either the Receiver and job file or in the Receiver file only. If you choose to store
in Receiver file only, then the Site ID does not need to be a unique point name in the Survey Pro job file and
the only record of this occupation in Survey Pro is a note in the RAW file. If you choose Receiver and job
file, a point record will be created in the Survey Pro job file and the point name will advance to the next
available point name.

Note: By default, post processing points stored in the Survey Pro job file are put on a special layer to
distinguish them from other data collected points. Points stored in Survey Pro job file will have a plane
coordinate of (0,0,0) and a geodetic coordinate from the receiver’s autonomous position.

4. Enter a Site ID and Description for this point.

5. Enter a Duration for this session. If you enter 0 or if you check Log Until Stop, the session will continue
until you tap Stop.

Note: If you choose to do a timed session, you must not exit from the Static Receiver Session screen until
the timed session is stopped.

6. Tap Start to mark the beginning of this site occupation in the receiver’s raw data. If you are also storing the
point in the Survey Pro job file, it is written to the file and to the RAW data now.
You can end a session (even a timed session) by tapping Stop.

File Processing
1. Use the software supplied by the receiver manufacturer to download the files from receiver internal memory
onto your PC.
2. Use your GPS baseline processing software to combine the raw data from different receivers and generate
GPS base lines.

Note: See the documentation supplied with your PC software for details on downloading and processing
GPS raw data from the receiver’s internal memory.

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Projection Utilities

Projection Calculator
You can use the Projection Calculator to calculate combined scale factor for scaling conventional
distance measurements to the mapping plane. You can also use the Projection Calculator to calculate
meridian convergence for reducing geodetic azimuths (like a sun shot) to grid bearings.

Scale Factor Calculator

1. Go to Projection Calculator from the Survey menu. Choose a point on the mapping plane for
scale computation in the Select Point control. Tap Solve Scale>.
2. Enter a height to compute Ellipsoid Scale Factor. This calculation uses the height of the point
above the ellipsoid to correct for the effect of the terrain above the reference surface.
3. Tap Solve> to calculate the combined scale factor with the selected values. The combined
scale factor is displayed in the Ground to Grid box. The inverse combined factor is displayed
in the Grid to Ground box.
4. Tap Accept when you are done. Both numbers are saved in the Past Results list so you can
use them in other calculations.

Convergence Calculator
1. Go to Projection Calculator from the Survey menu. Choose a point on the mapping plane for
convergence computation in the Select Point control. Tap Solve Rotation>.
2. The convergence and rotation are calculated. The convergence is displayed in the Geodetic N
to Grid N box. The rotation is displayed in the Grid N to Geodetic N box.
3. Tap Accept when you are done. Both numbers are saved in the Past Results list so you can
use them in other calculations.

Readjust Points
The Readjust Points screen is used to transform geodetic coordinates to plane coordinates and vice versa.
If you resolve a localization adjustment, the plane coordinate of all of the geodetic point records is
automatically updated. It is not necessary to use this screen to update job file coordinates with Survey Pro.

Geodetic to Plane
This function recomputes the plane coordinates of the selected points using the geodetic coordinates
and the latest projection solution.
1. Go to Readjust Points from the Survey menu. Select some points to readjust.
2. Tap the Adjust Horizontal and/or Adjust Vertical check boxes to specify what to adjust.
3. Tap Geodetic to Plane>. You will be warned that coordinates will be changed. If you are
sure you are ready to proceed, tap OK.
The final page displays the results. The Results box displays the number of points adjusted. If some
points were not adjusted, a list of these points and an explanation why they were not adjusted is displayed.

Reasons Points are Not Adjusted

• Setup Group Not Compatible: If you selected a point that does not belong to the current set
up group, then it is not adjusted. If the set up groups do not match, we cannot be sure the
geodetic coordinates are accurate with respect to the current projection solution.
• Geodetic Coordinates Not Valid: If you selected a point without a geodetic coordinate, it is
not adjusted. Without geodetic coordinates, we cannot re-calculate a new plane position.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

• Control Point: If you have selected a control point it is not adjusted. Control point locations
cannot be modified.

Plane to Geodetic
This function checks or re-computes geodetic coordinates of the selected points using the plane
coordinates and the latest projection solution.
1. Go to Readjust Points from the Survey menu. Select some points to readjust.
2. Tap the Adjust Horizontal and/or Adjust Vertical check boxes to specify what to adjust.
3. Tap Plane to Geodetic> to open the second screen. You can choose to Check> or Recalculate>
point coordinates.
4. Tap Check> if you want to compare the plane coordinates to the geodetic coordinates. The
projection will be applied to the GPS coordinate and the result will be compared to the plane
coordinate. This operation does not change coordinate records.
5. Tap Recalculate> to generate new GPS coordinates based on the plane coordinates. This
action will change point records and you will be prompted to ensure you are ready to proceed.
The final screen displays the results. The Results box displays the number of points checked or
adjusted. If you checked points, the Results box also displays the horizontal and/or vertical error and
if any points were not checked. If you adjusted points, and some points were not adjusted, a list of
these points and an explanation is displayed.

Reasons Points are Not Checked or Adjusted

• Coordinates Not Valid: If you selected a point that does not have a valid (northing, easting)
and/or elevation coordinate, it is not checked or adjusted.
• No Geodetic Coordinates for Comparison: If you have selected a point without a geodetic
coordinate, it is not checked. Without geodetic coordinates, we cannot re-calculate a
comparison plane position.
• Control Point: If you have selected a control point it can be checked, but it cannot be
readjusted. Control point locations cannot be modified.

Changing Projection Definitions

It is highly recommended that you have only one projection definition in a job. This will ensure not only
that the local coordinates are all in the same system, but also that the geodetic coordinates always
match the local coordinates using the projection solution. If you have to switch projections in a job, the
local coordinates of all the geodetic point records can be computed using Geodetic to Plane. However,
this will not adjust plane only coordinates. To readjust all coordinates in a job, use the procedure below.

Note: If your projection is a localized site, then any errors in the localization solution will propagate
through to the new coordinate system, possibly degrading precision of the conventionally measured
coordinates.

1. Select all job file points, and select to adjust H and V.

2. Tap Plane to Geodetic and tap Check to verify the accuracy of the geodetic to local transformation.
Rectify any problem coordinates.
3. Re - open the Readjust Points screen, select all points, and to adjust H and V. Tap Plane to Geodetic and
Recalculate. This will add geodetic coordinates to all the local point records.
4. Set the new projection definition.
5. Re-open the Readjust Points screen, select all points, tap Geodetic to Plane to update the local
coordinates based on the latest projection.
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Tutorial Jobs
This section contains sample jobs to illustrate all of the main functions of Survey Pro GPS Module. Each job
illustrates different horizontal and vertical projection methods as well as different GPS field procedures.

Before Starting
• Make sure you have the file demofile.txt in the same directory as the Survey Pro executable
(usually in Disk\Program Files\Survey Pro or Built In Storage\Program Files\Survey Pro).
• Make sure you have the files TDSControl_Ground.job and TDSControl_ORNorth.job loaded on the
data collector.
• Make sure you have the geoid files Oregon G99.ggf and North America EGM96.ggf in the geodata
directory ( \Disk\Geodata for the Ranger and \Built in Storage\Geodata on the Recon).
• Make sure the Standard and GPS modules are registered.
• Make sure you are in GPS Mode, and make sure Demo Mode is the current active instrument

Starting a New Job: One Point Localization

Scenario
You show up at a new job site where no previous coordinates exist. You want to use RTK to create a
new ground level coordinate system for a legal and topo survey.

Objectives
This tutorial job will teach you:
¾ How to start a new job with one point and begin measuring ground level distances without any existing
control.
¾ How to set the base and rover receivers
¾ How to collect data points
¾ How to check to existing points.

Procedure
1. Create a new job.
• Enter Point Name 2 as the starting point and enter a starting location of (5000, 5000, 100).
2. Set the base and rover.
• Go to Start GPS Survey, choose Start Survey with One Point Setup>.
• Choose Set New Base and ‘connect’ to the Demo Mode receiver. A simulated autonomous base
position is received, and you can Set the base.
• Connect to the Demo Mode rover, Set the Rover.
• You are now ready to collect data in your new coordinate system.
3. Data collect points 3,4,54, and CHAP.
4. Move the base receiver to a different setup.
• Go to Start GPS Survey, choose Set New Base.
• Pick point 54, tap Next > and Set to set the base. Tap Set to set the rover.
• You are now ready to collect data from this setup.
5. Check a point to verify setup and solution.
• Tap Control to open the Control Points screen. Occupy points CHAP and 3 as Check points.
The results should be perfect.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Existing Job: Ground – TDS Localization

Scenario
You have already done a job at an existing site. The original job was completed with a closed traverse
starting from of an assumed bearing, so there is no projection and no datum to define the local
coordinate system. You want to measure new points on this site with your RTK GPS equipment, and
calculate coordinates in the original local system.

Objectives
This tutorial job will teach you:
¾ How to start a job from a control file.
¾ How to set the RTK base and rover.
¾ How to occupy control points and solve a localization adjustment in Ground – TDS Localization mode.
¾ How to move the base station receiver to existing local points.
Procedure
1. Open a new job and import control points.
• Open a new job, tap Import a Control File and select TDSControl_Ground.job.
2. Start the Survey from a new autonomous base.
• Go to Start GPS Survey, the first step will be the Choose Projection Mode screen. Since you
have a local ground level coordinate system with no projection and no datum, tap Use Ground –
TDS Localization.
• Tap Set New Base to ‘connect’ to the Demo Mode receiver. Before connecting, tap Receiver
Settings and go to the Post Process card to turn on the Recording Interval.
• Enter a new point name for the Base Point Tap Next> and then Set to set the base and
configure the reference position in Survey Pro.
• Connect to the Demo Mode rover and tap Set Rover> to complete equipment setup
3. Collect control points.
• Tap Collect Control> to open the Control Points screen..
• Occupy the existing points 2 and CHAP as GPS control points by entering their names in the
Point control and tapping Control.

Note: Because you imported points as job file control points, you will see a message that GPS control point
collection will modify the job file control point. Geodetic coordinates will be added to the plane only point.
Tap OK at this warning.

• You will see a prompt telling you now have enough points for the localization adjustment. You
can choose to Solve Localization, or you can Collect more control. It is usually advisable to
collect at least more control point than the minimum required so you have some redundancy in
your solution.
• Occupy 54 as an additional GPS control point.
4. Solve the localization adjustment.
• Tap Projection and then Solve Localization… to open the Solve Localization wizard. Your three
control points are selected as horizontal and vertical adjustment points in the list.
• Tap Solve> to calculate the localization adjustment and display the residual/misclosure values
for each point. In this case, the residuals are all 0.0, since the measurements were simulated
and mathematically perfect.

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 • Tap Next> to examine the solution parameters.
• The scale is 0.9999972. This is approximately –2.2 ppm, or less than 3mm in 1Km, and
would be considered near perfect. Solutions using actual field measurements will usually
have a scale around 15-25 ppm.
• The rotation is 1-57-47. You may or may not be able to evaluate this answer. In this
example, the ground coordinates were created by scaling Oregon North map projection
coordinates, so the rotation is the negative of the meridian convergence on that mapping
plane zone. In other jobs, the bearings may have arbitrary orientation, in which case the
rotation value will adjust to the local bearings.
• The Delta values represent the shift from the TDS default stereographic zone false
northing and easting (100000.0, 100000.0) to the local system (5000.0, 5000.0).
• Tap Accept to complete the wizard. The Adjust with Projection wizard will adjust the job with
the new coordinate system and display a preview. In this case, you will see the new base point
updated. You can tap Show all points to see which job file points were not adjusted and why.
5. Check points.
• The Data Collection screen is open and you are ready to collect data in your local coordinate
system. However, before you begin, it is advisable to check to an additional control point to
verify the solution. Tap Control to open the Control Points screen.
• Enter Point 3 and tap Check. Results should be perfect in our example. In the field you would
expect check points to be within the measurement precision of your GPS system.
• Tap Accept and review the results on the Results tab.
• Tap Close to return to the Data Collection screen.
6. Collect some points with maximum precision
• Enter a starting point number. For this example, enter b1. Tap Point to ‘measure’ the point,
the Occupy Data Point screen opens and the session on this point is timed. Tap Store SS when
you have occupied the point for the desired length of time. This is the most precise way to
collect a data point.
7. Collect an additional observation to a point in the post processing log file.
• Tap Post Process to open the RTK Rover Session screen. The point name of the last point
collected is the default name in the Site ID field.
• Set the Duration to 1 minute and tap Start. When the session is over, you will hear a beep. You
can close the Receiver Session screen.
8. Collect some quick points.
• Enter a new point range, say 301, and tap Store SS. This is the quickest way to store a point,
although the measurement is slightly less precise than if you occupy the data point.
9. Collect some feature points.
• Tap Feature to open the Feature Collection screen. Using a Time Interval of 5 seconds, tap Start
to open the Occupy Data Point screen.
• Tap Start to begin continuous collection, you will be prompted for a description, feature, and
attribute (depending on your Survey settings) for this first point. All additional points will be
stored with these properties.
• Store a few points, then tap Done
• Tap Feature again, this time choose the Manual: prompt every point method. Tap Start to open
the Occupy Data Point screen.
• Tap Store SS to store each point, you will be prompted for the properties of each point stored.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

10. Move the base to a point in the coordinate file measured with GPS.
• Close the Data Collection screen, and tap Start GPS Survey.
• Tap Set New Base>, and enter Chap as the Base Point.
• Tap SET to set the base and configure the base position in Survey Pro. Tap Set Rover> to set
the rover.
• The coordinate system is already solved, so you are ready to collect data. The Data Collection
screen opens.
11. Check points and add more GPS control points.
• Tap Control to open the Control Points screen. Select point 52 and tap Check. The results
should be perfect.
12. Move the base to a point in the coordinate file not measured with GPS.
• Tap close to close the Data Collection screen, and open Start GPS Survey again. Tap Set New
Base>
• Choose point 1 as the Base Point. Tap Next> and you are prompted to compute the geodetic
coordinates from the plane coordinates using the current coordinate system. Tap OK.

• The geodetic coordinates for point 1 are computed. Tap SET to set the base and configure base
position in Survey Pro.
• Tap Set Rover> to finish equipment setup. Because the coordinate system is already solved,
the Data Collection screen opens and you are ready to collect more points.
13. Check points.
• Tap Control to open the Control Points screen. Select point CHAP and tap Check. The results should be perfect.
14. Collect more data
• You are now ready to add more points to the job.

Reuse Localization Solutions

Scenario
You want to return to the project site from the previous tutorial to add some new measurements. You
want to use a new job file for this new work, but you want to reuse the coordinate system you have
already solved without the need to occupy the control points again.
Objectives
This tutorial job will teach you:
• How to export a job file of selected points.
• How to reuse a localization solution from a control file.
• How to solve a fixed scale horizontal adjustment.
• How to save and select a localization solution to the coordinate system database.
• How to use the Adjust with Projection wizard when updating the coordinate system site.

Procedure
1. With the job from the previous tutorial open, create a new job to use for a control file on this site.
• Go to File | Export and select .JOB as the file type to export and tap Next>.

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 • Tap To/From and enter points 1-4,52,54,chap,new. Tap Export and save the file.
2. Open a new job with the control file created.
• Go to File | Open/New. Create a new job, selecting the file you just exported as the control file.
• At the prompt to set the coordinate system, tap Yes. The localization solution solved in the
previous tutorial is set for this job.
3. Assuming your base is set up, you can go directly to rover setup.
• Open the Start GPS Survey wizard and select Use Remote Base>. Tap Set Rover>.
• The base reference position is received over the radio link, and Survey Pro finds your original
base point. Tap Next> and Set to complete GPS Setup.
• The Data Collection screen opens and you are ready to collect data
4. Check point
• Tap Control, and select point 1 to occupy as a Check. The results should be near perfect.
5. Data Collection
• Occupy b1,b2,b4,bChap,bMane as data collection points.
6. Resolve the horizontal localization adjustment with a fixed scale adjustment
• Tap Control, Projection, Solve Localization to open the Solve Localization wizard.
• Tap Solve Rotation Only to constrain this adjustment to fix the scale to 1.0. You can use only
two points with a fixed scale adjustment, so select 2 and CHAP as horizontal control. Tap
Solve> to open the Residuals screen.
• The horizontal solution is now unique, so the misclosures to the points not used in the solution
are show. Review these results and tap Next> to open the Results screen
• The results now indicate a scale of 1.0, and the same rotation you had before. Tap Accept to
open the Adjust with Projection wizard and preview the changes to the points.

Mapping Plane with Ground Coordinates

Scenario
You need to lay out a petroleum well site at coordinates specified in a US State Plane map projection
zone. You wish to use your RTK GPS to do the stake out, but the site may require some total station
measurements to collect points not accessible with GPS. You want to be able to work with your job file
points in both the map projection grid coordinates and in ground level coordinates.

Objectives
This tutorial job will teach you:
• How to start a job and import ASCII coordinates.
• How to start a survey and select a map projection zone.
• How to do a mapping plane localization.
• How to use GPS Stake Out.
• How to use the Ground Coordinates setup.
• How take conventional measurements on the ground with a selected map projection zone.
• How to switch from Ground Coordinates back to grid coordinates.
• How to set the survey scale factor for a point on a map projection.
• How to use the survey scale factor when storing COGO points on a map projection grid.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

Procedure
1. Start a new job.
• Choose not to use a control file. Use point 1 and accept default starting coordinate.
2. Import control coordinates from ASCII file
• Go to File|Import, and set the type to Text files .csv. Select TdsControl_Oregon North metric.csv.
• Create a layer named CONTROL to import the points onto. This will protect these points as
job file control.
3. Start a mapping plane survey.
• Go to Stakeout | Stake Points to open the Start GPS Survey wizard. Choose to Select a Mapping
plane zone> to open the Select Coordinate System screen. Choose US State Plane 83 zone
Oregon North 3601. The default geoid is Geoid99, but you can also select Geoid03, or EGM96.
• Tap Finish to set the coordinate system. Because you selected a new coordinate system, the
Adjust with Projection wizard will run. In our example, our imported ASCII points have only
plane locations, so no job points will be updated. Tap Next> and you will see a message that
no job points would be changed by the adjustment. You can review the report anyway, or just
tap Apply to finish setting the coordinate system.
4. Set the base and rover.
• Select Set New Base>, ‘connect’ to the Demo Mode base receiver. Enter ‘new’ for the name of
the base point and tap Next> to start the survey from an autonomous position. Tap Set to set
the base and configure the base reference position in Survey Pro.
• Tap Set Rover> to set the rover
5. Solve the mapping plane localization adjustment.
• Tap Collect Control> to open the Control Points screen.
• Occupy point 54 as control. You will then be prompted that you have enough to solve the
adjustment. It is always recommended that you get at least one additional control point. In
this example, choose to collect more control, and occupy CHAP as a GPS control point.
• Tap Projection and Solve Localization… to open the Solve Localization screen. Tap Clear All,
then select point 54 as the only horizontal and vertical control point.
• Tap Solve> and view the misclosures. You could then choose to include some of these points in
the adjustment and hit Solve> to compute new parameters. In our example, everything is
perfect, so you will tap Next> and Accept to solve the adjustment with just one control point.
• The Adjust with Projection wizard shows us the update to the autonomous base position. Tap
Apply to update the job coordinate system and calculate the plane location of the autonomous base.
• You are now ready to collect data, and the Stake Points screen is opened
6. Stake out the well site.
• Choose point 1 as the design point. Tap Solve> to preview the picture, and Stake> to start the
GPS Staking screen.
• Watch the stake out graphics, and observe the azimuth and distance display to navigate to the
point. Once you reach the point, you would put the stake out mark in the ground.
• By default, when you are roving to a point, the screen is in 5Hz update mode. You can toggle
this on and off using by tapping 5 Hz Mode.
7. Occupy the as built point in static mode for the most precise measurement.
• Make sure your settings are correct for static RTK shots. Tap Settings and make sure Receiver
Dynamics are set to Static on Occupy. Tap OK.

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 • Tap >Roving to toggle to >Occupying mode. You will be prompted for a name and description
for the as built point name. The receiver is set to static mode and static measurements are
taken. Watch the status bar for the session timer.
• When you are satisfied with the length of the occupation, tap Done to store the point. The
receiver is switched back to roving dynamics and the results are displayed. If you wish to
stake another point tap Stake Next>.
8. Occupy a pair of points with the RTK rover for total station setup.
• Go to Survey | Data Collection
• Occupy points bCHAP and b54.
• Open the inverse screen, and inverse between bChap and b54.
9. Switch to Ground Coordinates.
• Tap Control and Projection to open the Projection screen. Tap Setup Ground Coordinates to
open the Ground Coordinates screen.
• Tap to Use Ground Coordinates, then choose the Ground Coordinates Origin. It is best to choose
a point that is close to the center of your survey area, and is at a similar elevation to your
survey area. Tap Pick point to define origin and select point b54.
• Tap Next> to review the scale calculated for this location.
• Tap Next> and enter the Desired Local Ground Coordinate for the chosen origin location. Use
5000, 5000 in this example.
• These values are used to calculate the ground coordinate system parameters. Review the
parameters on the final page and then tap Finish.
10. Set the scale factor for conventional measurements.
• When using ground coordinates, distances on the ground are 1:1 to the coordinate grid. Therefore,
the survey scale factor, found on the Job | Settings | Surveying screen, should be set to 1.0.
• If the survey scale factor is not set to 1.0, you will be prompted to set it back to 1.0 for use with
the ground coordinate system. Tap Set Scale to 1.0 to update the scale now.
11. Adjust your job points to ground coordinates.
• The Adjust with Projection wizard opens and converts all of your job file points to the ground
coordinate system. Tap Apply to update the coordinate system and the job file points.
12. Set up the backsight and take come conventional measurements.
• Tap the receiver icon to switch to Conventional Mode. Make sure your active instrument is
Manual Mode.
• Go to Survey | Traverse / Sideshot. Tap Backsight and select b54 for the occupy point and
bChap for the backsight point.
• Tap Solve to set the backsight. Make sure to set the backsight circle to 0-00-00. You can use
the new Backsight Solved screen or the old Backsight Circle screen.
13. Side shot some points to be coordinated in ground coordinates.
• Tap Side Shot to point 100, enter AR = 90-00-00 ZE = 90-00-00 and SD = 1000 ft.
• Tap Side Shot to point 101, enter AR = 135-00-00 ZE = 90-00-00 and SD = 1000 ft.
• Review the Results tab and notice the horizontal distance is exactly what you entered
14. Do some COGO in the Ground Coordinates system.
• Go to COGO | Point in Direction
• Select your occupy point as the From Point.
• Set the backsight azimuth as the azimuth. You can enter b54 – bchap.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

• Set the +- angle the same as the previous shot. You can enter 135 here, or use the power
button to choose Past Results, and pick your last horizontal angle.
• Set the horizontal distance to 1000.
• Choose to Store Point at PiD101.
• Examine the inverse between PiD101 and 101, they should be at the same location.
If you wish to complete all of your total station survey using Ground Coordinates, you will not have to
worry about using the survey scale factor on your distances. However, if you need to switch back to
grid coordinates, you do need to use a scale factor with your total station measurements and when
using the COGO calculations. The next part of the tutorial explains the use of scale factors when in
Mapping Plane mode.
15. Switch back to the mapping plane coordinate system
• Switch back to GPS mode. Go to Survey | Projection, and tap Setup Ground Coordinates.
Choose to Use Grid Coordinates to switch back to the mapping plane coordinate system.
• The Adjust with Projection wizard opens and converts all of your job file points to the ground
coordinate system. Tap Apply to update the coordinate system and the job file points.
• You will be prompted to set a conventional survey scale factor. Tap Update Scale to set the
proper scale factor now.
• Select Use Scale Factor and tap Compute Scale to open the Scale Calculator wizard. Select
point b54 as the reference and tap Calc. Scale>. Use the point’s height to calculate the Ellipsoid
Scale Factor, and tap Solve>. Review the calculated combined scale factor to be used for
ground to grid reductions. Also notice that the inverse combined factor is what you used for
our Ground Coordinates system scale factor
• Tap OK to close the Job | Settings screen.
16. Examine the inverse between points to see the effects of scale factor.
• Examine the inverse between PiD101 and 101, they should still be at the same location.
• Examine the inverse between bChap and 101, notice the horizontal distance is now less than 1000
17. Take more measurements in grid coordinates.
• Switch to Conventional mode, and go to the Survey | Traverse/Sideshot screen.
• Tap Backsight, and setup on point b54 and backsight point bChap.
• Tap Side Shot to point 200, enter 90-00-00 and 1000 ft.
• Tap Side Shot to point 201, enter 135-00-00 and 1000 ft.
• Review the Results tab and notice the horizontal distance is scaled by the combined factor.
• Examine the inverse between 201 and 101, these two points are at the same location.
18. Do some COGO in the grid system.
• Go to COGO | Point in Direction
• Select your occupy point as the From Point.
• Set the backsight azimuth as the Azimuth. You can enter b54 – bchap.
• Set the +- angle the same as the previous shot. You can enter 135 here, or use the power
button to choose Past Results, and pick your last horizontal angle.
• Set the horizontal distance to 1000. Tap the power button and select Apply Scale Factor to
scale this distance to the grid.
• Choose to Store Point at PiD201.
• Examine the inverse between PiD201 and 201, they should be at the same location. Also
inverse between 101 and 201, they should be at the same location.

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Trouble Shooting
Hardware Configuration
o You attempt to auto detect and the program fails to find the baud rate of the receiver.
¾ Check to make sure you selected the correct brand and model.
¾ The port you are connected to may be ‘broken’ or temporarily unavailable. Plug into
another port and try again.
¾ If you cannot detect the baud from any of the ports, toggle the power on the receiver Off
and On again, then try again.
¾ If you still cannot connect, do a soft reset of your receiver hardware.
¾ If you still cannot connect, do a hard reset of your receiver hardware.

o You attempt to auto detect baud rate and port and it takes several seconds to check each baud rate.
¾ You are plugged into a port that is sending out other traffic, this receiver is probably in
base mode and is sending RTK corrections out the port you are connected to.
¾ Plug into a different port and try again.

o You attempt to change or check the radio channel and the radio does not go into command
mode after you toggle the power
¾ Older versions of the radio firmware do not behave well at faster bauds. Set the data
collector to receiver baud rate to 9600 and try again.
¾ If this still does not work, try leaving the radio unplugged for five seconds before plugging
it back in.

o You attempt to change the radio channel on a radio that supports software breaks and you are
still prompted to toggle the power on and off.
¾ The radio baud rate is not set at the correct value for this radio. Make sure the radio baud
rate is set correctly and try again.

Base Setup
o You attempt to get an autonomous position from the base receiver and you get the message:
"Not enough satellites for solution. Try again."
¾ Check to make sure the antenna is connected.
¾ Check the Sky View card on the GPS Status screen to make sure you are tracking
satellites.

o You attempt to get or set the base or rover and you get the message: “Survey Pro could not
execute that command in the receiver. Check receiver settings and communication and try again.”
¾ Check to see if you are communicating with the receiver. Check the GPS Status screen
and make sure you are not getting the No COM message on any of the cards.
¾ The receiver may be busy doing other things. If you attempt to set the receiver when it is
still doing a cold start, it will not respond to all commands.

Radio Communication
o You set up the base and the Tx. Light on the base radio is not blinking at a regular rate.
¾ Make sure the radio serial cable is connected.
¾ Make sure the radio antenna is connected.
¾ Make sure the base radio COM port and baud rate is correct.

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 Survey Pro RTK GPS

o You set up the rover and the Rx. Light on the rover radio is not blinking.
¾ Make sure the radio serial cable is connected.
¾ Make sure the radio antenna is connected.
¾ Make sure the rover radio COM port and baud rate is correct.
¾ Make sure the base and rover radios are on the same channel.

o You set up the rover and the Rx. light is blinking sporadically.
¾ The radio is receiving interfering signals on this channel. Switch the base and rover radios
to a different channel.

o You set up the rover and the Rx. light is blinking but the Data Link card on the GPS Status
screen says No Data from Radio.
¾ Make sure the radio serial cable is connected.
¾ Make sure the rover radio COM port and baud rate is correct.

Projection Solutions
o You set up a mapping plane requiring data files for datum conversion or you are using geoid
modeling and you get a message about files not found.
¾ Make sure the required data files are in the directory specified on the Path to Data Files
field on the Projection card of the Job, Settings screen.

o You select a custom projection file and you get a message about file format not valid.
¾ The .CS5 or .PJ5 custom projection file has been corrupted. Open the file in the text editor
and repair it or generate a new file using Survey Link.

o You solve localization and the horizontal or vertical residuals are larger than the measurement
precision of the instrument, or when you do a check point, the errors are larger than the
instrument precision.
¾ Make sure you did not occupy the wrong control point. Check the Map tab on the Control
Points screen to visually inspect the location of control points.
¾ The measurements to one or more control points are of poor precision. Check the control
point records in the .RAW file and verify the RH and RV values.

Taking measurements
o The rover receiver status reports No Data.
¾ Communication with the receiver is OK, but the receiver is not returning a complete
response to the status or position message. Check antenna cable and try again.

o The rover receiver status reports No RTK solution and 0 satellites used even when more than 4
satellites are being tracked.
¾ Some receivers will not calculate position when there are no RTK corrections received over
the radio link. Check the Data Link card on the GPS Status screen and remedy any radio
problems.

Post Processing
o You attempt to start recording in a receiver and you get the message “Survey Pro could not
execute that command in the receiver. There is a problem with the receiver internal memory."
¾ The internal memory card is full or missing. Check the internal memory card and try
again.

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