Instrument Parts PDF

Name: _______________________ Instruments of the Orchestra
Instruments of
the Orchestra
Photocopiable Factsheets & Worksheets
on the String Section
2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

This sheet may be printed from a personal computer and/or photocopied for educational use within the purchasing establisment
Name: _______________________ Instruments of the Orchestra 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE ORCHESTRA - Factsheet

An orchestra is a group of musicians who play together. The main difference between an orchestra
and a band is that an orchestra contains stringed instruments as well as brass, woodwind and
percussion.
There are several types of orchestra:

a string orchestra, which as the
name suggests contains only
stringed instruments Strings
a dance orchestra, which has a
Woodwind
small string section but is mainly
woodwind and percussion Percussion
instruments
a symphony orchestra which Brass
usually has a large string section
as well as brass, woodwind and Sections of the Symphony Orchestra
percussion sections.
In a symphony orchestra the instruments are divided up into four main sections or groups.
Strings Woodwind Brass Percussion
The size of an orchestra can vary enormously from a small chamber orchestra which has between
15 and 40 players and a full symphony orchestra which can have as many as 100 people.
THE SCORE & THE ROLE OF THE CONDUCTOR

Orchestral music is written out on a score. A full score is used by the conductor and shows all the
music for all the instruments together. Each instrument will then have a copy of the music of their
part rather than having to follow a score with all
the instruments on it. In full scores the instruments
are usually grouped together by section so that it is
easier for the conductor to follow.
The violin section of the orchestra is usually divided

up into two groups: 1st violins and 2nd violins. The
leader of the orchestra is the leader of the 1st violin
section and sits at the front to assist the conductor.
Orchestras have steadily increased in size through
the centuries and originally the leader of the violins
would have also directed the orchestra and there
wouldnt have been a conductor. As orchestras grew
in size it became difficult to play and conduct so a
separate conductor began to direct the orchestra.
It is the conductors job to make sure that the

musicians keep time with one another and to help
with the interpretation and performance of a piece.
This may include the tempo (speed), dynamics
(whether the music should be loud or soft) and
phrasing. Often the conductor will choose the music
that is to be performed and even help to audition
the musicians.

INTRODUCTION TO THE ORCHESTRA - Worksheet

The modern day orchestral plan is shown below. Try and place the instruments in the correct
places. In following lessons we will learn more about each instrument.
HORNS 1st VIOLINS

OBOES FLUTES
CELLOS 2nd VIOLINS
T
TIMPANI P PERCUSSION
CLARINETS HARP
T
TROMBONES T DOUBLE BASSES
TRUMPETS BASSOONS
B
VIOLAS
C
H
O
F D
H
2
V
1
C
Here are several instruments. Can Question Time! Answer the questions
you match them up with their correct below on a separate sheet.
section?
1. What is the main difference
Violin Woodwind
between an orchestra and a band?
Tuba Strings 2. What is the largest section of the
orchestra?
Double Bass Percussion
3. What is a full score?
Piccolo Brass 4. What are dynamics?
5. Who uses a full score and why?
Clarinet Strings
6. Where would you find the leader
Marimba Woodwind of the orchestra?
7. Why did orchestras begin to be
Timpani Brass
directed by a conductor?
Trombone Percussion 8. What does the word tempo relate to?

THE VIOLIN - Factsheet

The violin is the smallest member of the string
family found in an orchestra. The earliest violins Point
were made in Italy around 1550 and developed
from the medieval fiddle and rebec. Scroll
Stick
The bow is a stick with horsehair stretched tightly Peg Box
Tuning pegs
across it. As the bow is drawn across the strings
it makes them vibrate and so sound is produced.
The modern bow is called a tourte bow after Hair
Franois Tourte who invented it. The pitch of the Fingerboard
notes is altered as the violinist presses down on Strings
the strings along the fingerboard at the same time
as drawing the bow across the strings. Shortening
the strings produces higher notes.
Soundboard
If you see the word pizzicato (pizz.) written on

music it indicates that the performer should pluck
the strings rather than play using the bow. When
the bow is needed again you will see the word
arco written in the music.
A mute looks rather like a three-pronged comb

Bridge
that is fitted over the bridge. It limits the
vibrations of the strings and so softens the sound Sound hole
of the instrument. If a string player is asked to
play con sordino this means play using the mute. E-string tuner
Tailpiece
The most famous makers of the violin were
Stradivari and Guarneri and their instruments
command very high prices today. Chinrest
Button
Famous works for violin: Nut
Six Solo Partitas J.S.Bach
Four Seasons Concertos Vivaldi Screw
Haffner Serenade Mozart In a string quartet there are
Violin Concerto in D Major Beethoven usually two violins. The folk
Sonata in G Major Brahms violin is sometimes known as
the fiddle.
Violin pitch range Famous violinists:
Niccolo Paganini
Yehudi Menuhin
Vanessa Mae
Nigel Kennedy
Orchestral position

THE VIOLIN - Worksheet

Label the diagrams and then try to find the words associated with the violin in the wordsearch.
S T R A D I V A R I Y B P
B E M N A G A B J Z S R I Bridge
Neck
D C M E N U H I N F G I Z Four Seasons
E M I C W E L M K W N D Z Mute
Stradivari
H D M K C V I U M J I G I
Pizzicato
A P E R J H N T U C R E C Bow
T U N I N G P E G S T E A Menuhin
Strings
F O U R S E A S O N S I T Tuning Pegs
S B O W T S E B A S S T O
THE VIOLA - Factsheet

The size of the viola can vary although it is
Point
always larger than the violin, usually around
7.5cm (3 inches) longer. However it is made
in exactly the same way as the violin. Because Scroll Stick
of its extra size the viola has a more mellow Peg Box
Tuning pegs
sound than the violin and its pitch is lower.
Early violas were rather large so few Hair
musicians could play it comfortably. As a Fingerboard
result the viola was not very popular until
Strings
the size became more manageable.
It wasnt until the eighteenth century that

composers really began to explore the
Soundboard
musical possibilities of this instrument. Some
of the later string quartets by Haydn and
Mozart were the first examples of the viola
having a prominent part to play. Before this
time the viola usually doubled the cello part.
In a string quartet there is one viola.
Bridge
Music for the viola is written in the alto clef
Sound
except for very high notes which are written hole
in the treble clef. The alto clef looks like this:
2 In the alto clef middle C is found on

the middle line.
Famous works for viola:

E-string
tuner
Tailpiece
Brandenburg Concerto No.6 J.S.Bach Chinrest

Symphony No.10 (opening) Mahler
Button
Sinfonia Concertante Mozart
Nut
Harold in Italy Berlioz
Sonata in D Minor Glinka
Screw
Viola pitch range Famous viola players:
Middle C William Primrose

Yuri Bashmet
Lionel Tertis
Paul Hindemith
Orchestral position

THE VIOLA - Worksheet
Fill in the other half of the diagram

of the viola and the bow and see how
many parts of the instrument you
can name.
Here are ten statements about the viola. Answer true or false.
1. Yehudi Menuhin and Vanessa Mae are famous viola players? __________
2. The viola has four strings? __________
3. The viola is the highest member of the string family? __________
4. The violas are usually divided up into 1st violas and 2nd violas in the orchestra? __________
5. The viola was developed from the viola da gamba? __________
6. In a string quartet there is usually one viola? __________
7. The viola is sometimes called the fiddle? __________
8. Glinka wrote a Sonata in D Minor for the viola? __________
9. Music for the viola is mainly written in the alto clef? __________
10. The lowest note that can be played on the viola is the C below middle C? __________

THE CELLO - Factsheet

The cello or violoncello was first developed in Scroll
the sixteenth century. For many years the viola
da gamba which is a close relative of the cello Peg Box
was the more popular instrument. However, Tuning pegs

by the eighteenth century the cello had rapidly
increased in popularity both as a solo
instrument and as part of the orchestra. You Fingerboard
can also find a cello in a string quartet. Strings
The Baroque cello provided the bass line in

both orchestral and smaller chamber pieces
along with the harpsichord. This bass line
playing is called continuo playing.
Soundboard
The cello uses a shorter and thicker bow than
the violin or viola and is fitted with a
retractable spike on the base of the
instrument so that it can rest on the floor.
Cello music is written in the bass clef

although sometimes the tenor or treble clef
is used for very high notes. The tenor clef
Bridge
looks very similar to the alto clef but
middle C is found on the fourth line and not Sound hole
the middle line.
Famous works for cello:

Six Suites for Solo Cello J.S.Bach Tailpiece
Cello Concerto Elgar
The Swan Saint-Saens
Cello Concerto Dvorak
Sonata for Cello & Orchestra Penderecki
Spike
Cello pitch range Famous cellists:
Pablo Casals
Jacqueline DuPre
and Mstislav
Rostropovich
Orchestral position

THE CELLO - Worksheet
Label the diagram of the cello then fill

in the missing words to complete the
sentences below.
1. The cello has __________ strings.

2. The cello rests on a ___________.
3. The full name for the cello is the
_________________.
4. The cello was developed in the
_________________.
5. The name given to someone who

plays the cello is a ______________.
6. ________________ was an English
composer who wrote a concerto

for the cello which was made
famous by Jacqueline DuPre.
7. In a string quartet the cello is the

_________________ instrument.
8. The cello is usually played with a
_________________ although the

strings can be plucked.
9. If a performer is asked to play con
sordino this means that they

should play using the ___________.
10. The cello uses the __________ clef.
4 1500s Elgar
Bass Lowest Mute
Spike Cellist Bow
Violoncello

THE DOUBLE BASS - Factsheet

The double bass is the lowest sounding Scroll
member of the orchestral string family. It
was developed during the sixteenth century Peg Box
from the violone or double bass viol. Because Tuning pegs
of its size it was a difficult instrument to play
and through the years several attempts have
been made to make it easier to play. Fingerboard
Strings
There are two types of bow used with the
double bass; a French bow which is held
overhand like a violin bow and the Simandl
bow which was named after its inventor and
is held with the palm of the hand facing up.
The double bass is often used in jazz and

Soundboard
dance bands as well as in the orchestra. The
average size of the double bass is 1.8m high
(around 6ft), so performers have to either
stand or sit on a stool to play. Most double
basses have four strings although some
instruments have five strings.
Double bass music is usually written using

the bass clef although it does occasionally Bridge
use both the tenor and treble clef. It always
Sound hole
sounds an octave lower than written.
Famous works for double bass:

Trout quintet for piano Tailpiece
& strings Schubert
Septet Op.20 Beethoven
Also sprach Zarathustra Strauss
The Elephant Saint-Saens
Spike
Double bass pitch range Famous double bassists

(sounds one ocatve lower
than written)
Charlie Mingus
Dominico Dragonetti
Stuart Knussen
Duncan McTier
Serge Koussevitsky
Orchestral position

THE DOUBLE BASS - Worksheet

Use the outside of the codebreaker to help you find the name of a famous piece of music and its
composer that is associated with the double bass.
BUODNKUT FM ECX UDNAUTR I Y U L

P B
Y Z A B
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ H X C
Z
W D
K
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
X
V
E
R E G
M S C N
T U
F G H
ECX XTXJCUDE
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ R S
O
I
Q
J
V
BUANTTX RUNDERUXDR P K
Q
J L M N O W
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
T A D F
__ __ __ __ __
Fill in the missing word to complete the sentences below.
1. The double bass is the _______________ member of the string section in an orchestra.
2. The double bass is often used in _______________ music.
3. Double bass players usually _______________ to play although sometimes they sit on a stool.
4 The double bass usually has _______________ strings although sometimes it can have 5.
5. The double bass was developed in the _______________century.
6. The double bass developed from the older instrument the _______________.
7. The double bass can be played using either a _______________ bow or a _______________ bow.
8. The double bass usually sounds one_______________ lower than written.
9. The double bass usually uses the _______________ clef although it can sometimes use the tenor
clef and even occasionally the treble clef.
10. The double bass is the _______________ sounding member of the string section.
Octave Largest Bass

Lowest Jazz French Simandl
4 Violone Stand Sixteenth

THE HARP - Factsheet

The harp has the largest range of any Neck
orchestral instrument. It became a regular
feature of the orchestra in the Romantic period Tuning
(the nineteenth century). Simple harps Pegs
however existed for many centuries before.
Disks
The harp is a very versatile instrument indeed.
A harpist can pluck single strings or play
several strings at one time producing chords.
Some of the strings are differently coloured to
guide the player. On a modern harp there are
47 strings.
Harps have a double action mechanism, this

enables the player to alter the pitch of the
instrument by up to a tone by using one of
three pedals. Some harps have up to seven
pedals so that the pitch of all strings with the
same letter name can be altered. Strings
Harp music is written on two staves rather

Pillar
like piano music and it uses both treble and
bass clef.
Soundboard
When a harpist plays a fast, rippling scale it
is called a glissando and it is perhaps this
sound that most people associate with the
instrument.
Pedals
Famous works for harp:
Base
Carmen Bizet
Introduction et allegro Ravel Feet
Sonata for harp Hindemith
Concerto for flute, The harp may be known as the instrument of
harp and orchestra Mozart the angels but with all its strings and pedals
it can be a devil to play!
Harp pitch range Famous harpists
Marcel Grandjany
Alfonse Hasselmans
Henriette Renie
Carlos Salzedo
Orchestral position

THE HARP - Worksheet

Read the statements below and answer true or false, then label the diagram of the harp.
1. The pedals on a harp are used to change the pitch of the instrument? _________
2. When a harpist plays a rippling scale it is called a glissando? _________
3. The strings on a harp are usually just one colour? _________
4. The harp can have as many as seven pedals? _________
5. The harpist usually leads the string section of an orchestra? _________
6. Mozart wrote a concerto for flute, harp and orchestra? _________
7. The harpist usually plays using a bow? _________
8. The harp became a regular member of the orchestra in the 19th century? _________
9. There are 57 strings on a modern harp? _________
10. Harp music is written on two staves? _________

THE STRING SECTION - Factsheet
The orchestra has steadily grown in size Violin pitch range Harp pitch range
throughout the centuries and the string

section forms the largest part of an orchestra.
In a Baroque orchestra there would have
been around six violins, three violas, two
cellos and one double bass. By the Romantic
period the violins had been divided into two Viola pitch range
groups; 1st violins and 2nd violins and like

today there were generally at least thirty
violins, twelve violas, ten cellos and eight
double basses.
Cello pitch range

Another stringed instrument that can be
found in the orchestra is the harp. Only one
or two of these instruments, if any, are used
as many composers do not include this
instrument when writing music.
Double bass pitch range
(sounds one octave lower
than written)
Harp
2nd Violins
Violas Double
Bass
1st Violins Cellos
Harp
Orchestral positions of the string section
Violin Viola Cello Double Bass

THE STRING SECTION - Worksheet

Here is a diagram of the layout
of an orchestra. Shade in where
the string section would sit and
write the instrument names in the
appropriate boxes.
Here is a picture of a cello

and its bow, try to label the
various parts.
Tuning Pegs Fingerboard

Bridge Soundboard
Strings Nut
Tailpiece Hair
Scroll Point
Peg Box Stick
Spike Sound Hole

Instruments of
the Orchestra
on the Woodwind Section

THE FLUTE & PICCOLO - Factsheet

The flute as we know it first came to Europe in the
twelfth century and was originally used in military
bands. By the seventeenth century the flute was
used mostly in orchestras and its design gradually
began to change. Mouthpiece
Blow hole
The Hotteterre family from France were the first to
really alter the design of the flute. The design of
the Hotteterre flute had three sections and one key
rather than just holes. Theobold Boehm added more
keys and his flutes which were developed in the Head joint
nineteenth century, have become the basis for
modern flute design. This is called the Boehm
System.
Both the flute and the piccolo are transverse or side

blown instruments in which the player blows across
Middle joint
the hole in the mouthpiece. The piccolo sounds one or Body
octave higher than the flute and its music is written
one octave lower than it sounds. The word piccolo
means little in Italian and you can see from the
picture that it is smaller than the flute. Flutes and Keys
piccolos can be made of either wood, silver, nickel
or gold plated. The instruments commonly found
in the orchestra are usually made of metal rather
than wood. The fingering for both the flute and
Piccolo
piccolo is identical. Foot joint
The alto flute or flute in G is larger than the Famous works for flute:
standard flute and is not used very often in the Peter & the Wolf (Bird) Prokoviev
orchestra. The alto flute is what is called a Suite in A Minor Telemann
transposing instrument. This means that the notes Orchestral suite 2 J.S.Bach
sound a fourth higher than written. If for example, Concerto in D Major Mozart
you see the written note C, the note actually played Famous works for piccolo:
and heard is an F which is four notes higher. There Overture to The Thieving
are also many different types of wooden flutes used Magpie Rossini
in world music. Flute
Flute & Piccolo pitch range Famous flautists
James Galway
Jeanne Baxtresser
Sebastian Bell
Johann Quantz
The flute sounds as written
and the piccolo sounds one Jean-Pierre Rampal
octave higher.
Orchestral position

THE FLUTE & PICCOLO - Worksheet

Label the diagrams of the flute and piccolo.
Remember that most of the names are shared
between the two instruments.
Below are 8 questions and answers. Match the

answer to the question.
1. What is another name for the modern flute?
__________________________
2. What is the literal meaning of the word piccolo

in Italian? __________________________
3. How much higher does the piccolo sound than

the flute? __________________________
4. What was the name of the French instrument

makers who first developed the design of the
flute? __________________________
5. What is the name of the key system used on

most flutes today __________________________
Piccolo
6. When was the flute first introduced into
Europe? __________________________
7. The flute was first used in what kind of band?

__________________________
8. The other name for the flute in G is?

__________________________
Little Twelfth Century Flute

Transverse Flute Military Bands
Alto Flute Boehm System
One Octave Hotteterre

THE CLARINET - Factsheet

The clarinet developed from the older
Mouthpiece
instrument called the chalumeau in the early
1700s by a German instrument maker called
J.C.Denner. The clarinet had a separate Socket
mouthpiece and extra keys which meant that
it could play a wider range of notes. In the
1840s the Boehm system of keys which had Upper joint
been developed for the flute were also added A clarinet

to the clarinet. single reed -
this fits
onto the
The clarinet is a single reed instrument with a mouthpiece
piece of cane or plastic shaped to fit to the main on the
underside.
part of the mouthpiece. The clarinet generally Keys
found in the orchestra is a B flat or A clarinet.
Lower joint
Clarinets are what are called transposing
instruments. In music for a B flat clarinet a
written note C actually plays a B flat on the
instrument - one whole tone lower. In a clarinet
in A if you see the note C the clarinet will sound
an A which is two tones or a minor third lower.
The clarinet is often used in jazz bands and

Bell
one of the most famous performers on the
clarinet was Acker Bilk. The clarinet has seen a
rise in popularity in recent years and has
become much easier for young people to learn
with the development of the C clarinet. This
instrument is made of a lightweight plastic and
enables players to start at an earlier age, as it Famous works for clarinet:
is smaller and lighter. Rhapsody in Blue Gershwin
Concerto in A Major Mozart
The basset horn in F is a lower sounding clarinet Peter & the Wolf (Cat) Prokoviev
that is rarely found today but it was popular Quintet for clarinet & strings Brahms
during the Classical period. There are also The Miraculous Mandarin Bartok
clarinets in E flat and a bass clarinet in B flat.
B flat Clarinet pitch range Famous clarinetists
Acker Bilk
Jack Brymer
Gervase de Payer
Emma Johnson
Orchestral position

THE CLARINET - Worksheet

Label the diagram of the clarinet and then find
these words associated with the clarinet in the
wordsearch below.
Reed Chalumeau
Denner Boehm
Contrabass Transposing
Acker Bilk Jazz
Basset Horn Woodwind
T B S U T K X D F B C
A R E E D C M E Y A O
C T A S U E V N A S N
H R R N A W L N C S T
A O D Q S Z V E K E R
L P Q V E P B R E T A
U F J P N Z O G R H B
M P A O G M E S B O A
E H Z B I A H L I R S
A K Z N H J M K L N S
U D G E C M S F K J G
W O O D W I N D L I K
Answer true or false to the following statements about the clarinet.
1. The clarinet developed from the earlier instrument the chalumeau? ________
2. The basset horn was most often found in the orchestra during the
Romantic period? ________
3. The B flat clarinet is becoming a popular instrument for young musicians
to start learning on? ________
4. The clarinet is a single reed instrument? ________
5. The B flat and A clarinet are transposing instruments? ________

THE OBOE - Factsheet
The oboe was originally They vibrate when a player Reed

developed from the early blows air through the reed
reed instrument the shawm. and sound is produced. In
It was the Hotteterre family France the oboe is called the
who worked for the court of hautbois which literally
Louis XIV that developed the means high wood and you Upper joint
earliest known oboes. The will sometimes see this
nineteenth century saw the written in musical scores.
development of a key
mechanism and although The oboe damore which
these can vary from maker to literally means the oboe of
maker they are fairly love was developed around
standardised today. 1720 in Germany and is
larger than the oboe. It was Keys
The oboe is made in three popular during the Baroque
sections and there are several period and Bach used it Plates
different sizes used in the extensively. Lower Joint
orchestra including the cor

anglais which is slightly The oboe sounds as it is
larger than the oboe. written, whereas the cor
anglais sounds a fifth lower
The oboe is a double reed and the oboe damore a third Bell
instrument unlike the lower than it is written.
clarinet, which is a single
reed instrument. To make an
oboe reed a length of cane is Famous works for oboe:
Peter & the Wolf (Duck) Prokoviev
split into three and the pieces
Concertos Albinoni
are shaped, bent and tied The Silken Ladder Overture Rossini
tightly to form a mouthpiece. Famous works for cor anglais:
New World Symphony Dvorak
Oboe pitch range Famous oboe players
Georges Gillet
Robert Bloom
Lady Evelyn Barbirolli
Myrtile Morel
Orchestral position

THE OBOE - Worksheet
Label the diagram then answer the following questions.
1. What instrument was the oboe developed from?

___________________________
2. Which instrument maker produced the first oboes
for the French court? _________________________

3. Which clef does both the oboe and cor anglais
use? ___________________________
4. What kind of reed does an oboe use?

___________________________
5. What was the main development in oboe design
during the nineteenth century?

___________________________
6. Which instrument related to the oboe sounds
fifth lower than it is written?

___________________________
7. The oboe damore was most popular in which
period? ___________________________
8. How many sections does an oboe have?
___________________________
9. The oboe is used to depict what animal in Peter

and the Wolf? ___________________________
10. The French name for the oboe is?
___________________________
The answers to the questions above can be found

mixed up below.
Cor anglais Hautbois Three
Baroque Double reed Keys
Shawm Hotteterre Duck
Treble

THE BASSOON - Factsheet

The bassoon is the largest instrument maker called
member of the woodwind family Heckel designed this in the Bell
found in an orchestra. It was nineteenth century .
first developed during the
seventeenth century from an Like the oboe the bassoon is a
instrument called the curtal and double reed instrument but the
Crook
was introduced into the orchestra reed is fitted into a crook - a
during the Baroque period. curved metal tube that fits into
the tenor joint or section.
Bassoons have two tubes that Tenor joint
run parallel to one another The French bassoon developed

which are joined by a U shaped by a company called Buffet-
tube. The bassoon can be taken Crampon is also used in many
apart into four sections or joints parts of the world although
Bass joint
and if it were laid out straight not often in England.
the bassoon would stretch to
around 2.4m! The contrabassoon or double
bassoon is occasionally used in
The earliest bassoons only had the orchestra. It is rather like
the double bass in relation to Keys
two keys but gradually this was
developed into the key system the cello as its pitch is one
we know today. A German octave lower than the bassoon.
A bassoon
double reed
Famous works for bassoon:
Peter & the Wolf (Grandfather) Prokoviev
Rite of Spring Stravinsky
The Sorcerers Apprentice Dukas
Famous works for double bassoon: Butt joint
Mother Goose (The Beast) Ravel
Bassoon pitch range Famous bassoonists
Archie Camden
Milan Turkovich
Maurice Alard
Daniel Smith
Orchestral position

THE BASSOON - Worksheet

Label the diagram of the bassoon then answer true or
false to the following statements.
1. The bassoon is a single reed instrument? ________
2. The bassoon has four sections or joints? ________

3. The reed in a bassoon fits into the crook? ________
4. The bassoon was developed from the shawm in
the 17th century? ________

5. Music for the bassoon is usually written in the
bass clef? ________
6. The contrabassoon is higher in pitch than the

bassoon? ________
7. The bassoon is used in the Sorcerers Apprentice
by Paul Dukas to play the main theme? ________

8. The German instrument maker who devised a
system of keys for the bassoon is Wilhelm Heckel?
________
9. The bassoon was not found in the orchestra until
the Romantic period? ________
10. The company Crampon-Buffet made the French

bassoon? ________
11. The bassoon is the largest member of the
woodwind section commonly found in the

orchestra? ________
12. The bassoon originally only had two keys?
________
13. The crook is attached to the butt joint? ________
14. The bassoon is used in the Rite of Spring by
Shostakovich? ________
15. Archie London is a famous bassoonist? ________

THE WOODWIND SECTION - Factsheet
The instruments in the woodwind section can

vary greatly and it depends in what period the
music being performed was written as to which
instruments are found. In a Baroque orchestra
you would generally have found two oboes,
one oboe damore, one oboe de caccia and one
bassoon.
The oboe damore is slightly lower in pitch than

the oboe and the oboe de caccia which literally
means hunting oboe was a predecessor to the
cor anglais. It has a lower pitch than the oboe.
In a Classical orchestra the woodwind section

would have comprised of two flutes, two
Piccolo
oboes, two clarinets and two bassoons.
The Romantic orchestra which was much larger

in size included one piccolo, three flutes,
three oboes, one cor anglais, three clarinets,
one bass clarinet, three bassoons and
one contrabassoon. These numbers are Oboe Clarinet Flute
approximate as different pieces of music would

have required different instruments. Modern Oboe pitch range
orchestras have very similar woodwind

sections to Romantic orchestras but in some
more modern music you will occasionally find
Double Single
the saxophone added to the wind section. Reed for Reed for
Bassoon Oboes & Clarinets
Bassoons B flat Clarinet pitch range
Clarinets Oboes
Bassoons
Flutes &
Piccolos Flute & Piccolo pitch range
Bassoon pitch range
The flute sounds as written

and the piccolo sounds one
Orchestral position of the woodwind section octave higher.

THE WOODWIND SECTION - Worksheet

Here is a diagram of the layout
of an orchestra. Shade in where
the woodwind section would sit
and write the instrument names
in the appropriate boxes.
Here is a list of some woodwind instruments. Place them in the table below according to
what kind of mouthpiece they use.
Flute Oboe Clarinet Piccolo

Bassoon Cor Anglais Saxophone Bass Clarinet
Oboe damore Contrabassoon C Clarinet Recorder
Mouthpiece Single Reed Double Reed
Answer the following questions on the woodwind section. Use a notebook or the back of
the paper to write on.
1. Which is the highest member of the woodwind section found in the orchestra?
2. Which is the lowest instrument of the woodwind family commonly found in the
orchestra today?
3. Which instruments would you find in a Romantic period orchestra in the woodwind
section that you would not find in a Baroque period orchestra?
4. Is the oboe damore higher or lower in pitch than the orchestral oboe?
5. Which instrument more often used in jazz is sometimes found in the modern orchestra?

Instruments of
the Orchestra
on the Brass Section

THE TRUMPET - Factsheet
Mouthpiece Valves Finger hook Bell
Water release
Finger ring
The modern trumpet developed from the If you blow down a trumpet without a valve
natural trumpet which was an instrument with pressed down then the air can pass straight
a very limited range as it had no valves or keys through the instrument. By pressing down one
and could only play high notes. or more valves the air passes through extra
sections of tubing and different notes can be
The natural trumpet was extremely difficult to played. Most trumpets have three valves.
play and in the eighteenth century instrument
makers began to try to find a solution to this Like the clarinet the trumpet is a transposing
problem. It wasnt until the nineteenth century instrument and the modern B flat trumpet,
however that Stlzel and Blhmel produced the which is most commonly found in the
first valve trumpet. The addition of valves made orchestra, sounds one tone lower than written.
the trumpet both easier to play and increased Using a mute, a cup or a wow-wow can vary
its range. the sound of a trumpet! These all fit into the
flared bell and alter the tone of the instrument.
Famous works for trumpet:
Trumpet Concerto Haydn
Trumpet Voluntary Clarke
Brandenburg Concerto No.2 Bach
The Messiah (The trumpet shall sound)
Handel
Natural Trumpet
Trumpet in B flat pitch range Famous trumpeters
Miles Davis
Hakan Hardenberger
Wynton Marsalis
Clifford Brown
Louis Armstrong
Orchestral position

THE TRUMPET - Worksheet

Label the diagram and then answer the questions about the trumpet below.
1. How many valves does a modern trumpet have? _______________________________________
2. What is a natural trumpet? ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the name of the company that developed the valved trumpet in the 19th century?
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. What clef does the trumpet usually play in? _____________________________________________
5. Name two famous trumpeters? _________________________________________________________
6. The trumpet is a transposing instrument. What does this mean? ________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the flared end of a trumpet called? _____________________________________________
8. Which type of trumpet is commonly found in orchestras today? _________________________
9. What can be placed into the end of a trumpet to alter the sound? _________________________
10. Why did the addition of valves to the trumpet have such an impact on the development of
the instrument? _________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

THE TROMBONE - Factsheet

Bell
Slide
Mouthpiece
The trombone generally found in orchestras The trombone is developed from the earlier
today is the slide tenor trombone although in instrument the sackbutt, which was popular
the twentieth century a three-valve trombone during the 1400s and 1500s. Originally used
was successfully developed. There are usually mostly in church music, it wasnt until the
three or four trombones in a symphony orchestra. nineteenth century that the trombone became
a regular member of the orchestra.
As with other brass instruments the vibrations
of the performers lips produce and vary the There are several different sizes of trombone
sound. The slide trombone uses a slide to extend the tenor, bass and tenor bass trombones.
the length of tubing. There are seven playing Unlike many brass instruments the tenor
positions, which combined with the players trombone which is the most popular in
breath pressure change the pitch of the notes. orchestral music is not a transposing
instrument, so its music sounds as written. A
Famous works for trombone: strange fact is that if the same instrument is
Ride of the Valkyries Wagner used in brass bands its music is written a ninth
Symphony No.5 Beethoven higher than played and written in the treble
William Tell Overture Rossini
clef and not the tenor or bass clef. The tenor
Requiem (Tuba Mirum) Mozart
Tannhuser Overture Wagner trombone usually uses the bass clef or
tenor clef.
Trombone pitch range Famous trombone players
Simon Hogg
Christian Lindberg
Bill Watrous
Don Lusher
Orchestral position

THE TROMBONE - Worksheet

Draw in the missing instrument parts and label the diagram and then answer true or false to
the 10 statements about the trombone.
1. The trombone was developed from the earlier instrument the sackbutt? ________
2. There are five playing positions on the trombone? ________
3. The tenor trombone usually uses the alto clef? ________
4. The valve trombone was invented in the twentieth century? ________
5. There are usually six trombones in a modern symphony orchestra? ________
6. Wynton Marsalis is a famous jazz trombonist? ________
7. The tenor trombone when used in the orchestra is a transposing instrument? ________
8. The most popular type of trombone is the soprano trombone? ________
9. Symphony No.9 by Beethoven includes a famous trombone solo? ________
10. Trombones were originally most popular in church music? ________
Below write a short paragraph about the trombone.

THE HORN - Factsheet
Bell
Mouthpiece
Natural Horn
Tubes players had had to use a series of crooks to

vary the length of tubing and so alter the range
of notes. Some early players also used a
technique called hand stopping which involved
Valves the performer placing their hand in the bell of
the instrument to alter the pitch of the notes.
The horn has been found throughout history
and was originally used as a signal both when There are two types of horn commonly found
hunting and in battle. The earliest horns were today, the horn in F and the double horn in B
made of animal horn but in the fourteenth flat. The double horn in B flat can alternate
century instrument makers began to use metal between F and B flat by use of a valve,
instead. The orchestral or French horn was therefore living up to its name of double horn
developed in the seventeenth century. by being able to be played as either a B flat or
F horn. The double horn is most commonly
It was the addition of valves which found in orchestras as it is more versatile.
revolutionised horn playing as previously
When playing a horn the performer supports
Famous works for horn: the instrument by placing their hand into the
Peter & the Wolf (Hunters) Prokoviev bell. By changing the hand position the player
4 Horn Concertos Mozart
can alter the pitch, mute the sound or produce
Brandenburg Concerto No.1 J.S.Bach
Concerto in D Major Haydn various other effects. A pear shaped mute can
Concerto for 4 Horns Schumann also be inserted into the bell to change the
sound.
Horn in F pitch range Famous horn players

(written)
Dennis Brain
Michael Thompson
Hermann Baumann
Anthony Halstead
Orchestral position

THE HORN - Worksheet

Label the diagram of the horn.
Answer true or false to the following statements about the horn.

1. The triple horn is the most commonly found in the orchestra? _________
2. The horn was originally used as a signal in hunting? _________
3. The orchestral horn was developed in the seventeenth century? _________
4. The double horn in B flat can alternate between F and B flat by use of a valve? _________
5. You can alter the pitch of the instrument by moving your hand in the bell? _________
Find the words connected

F A H B E M L A D O P with the horn in the
wordsearch.
R E V C N U O D O D R
E A L A V T S A U N O Bell
Hunting
N T U E L E X C B E K Crook
Valve
C R O O K V D L L U O Double Horn
H C F C B T E A E N V French Horn
Brass
H U N T I N G V H I I Prokoviev
Mozart
O O N G O S R B O M E Mute
R C B R A S S E R I V
N L N O Y X E L N D Z
W M O Z A R T L K H F

THE TUBA - Factsheet
The tuba is the largest member of the brass The marching tuba is used in military bands
family commonly found in the orchestra. For and rests on the players shoulder with a
a large instrument it is surprisingly versatile. lighter fibreglass bell pointing forwards.
It was invented in the 1830s in Germany

although it was rarely found in orchestras
before 1850. The inventor was a bandmaster Bell
named Wieprecht who patented his design
with an instrument maker called Moritz. There
have been various sizes and shapes of tuba
Valves
and there are three types used in orchestras
today: the contrabass, E flat bass or
Mouthpiece
bombardon and the F bass tuba.
The orchestral tuba usually plays in the bass

clef. The word tuba actually comes from the
Latin for trumpet which is a little confusing!
Wagner invented a tuba called the Wagner

tuba to be used in his series of operas called
The Ring Cycle. It is however more closely
related to the horn than the tuba.
Tubes
Famous works for tuba:

Concerto for Tuba Vaughan Williams
Symphonie Fantastique Berlioz
Tragic Overture Brahms
Pictures from an Exhibition Mussorgsky/Ravel
Tuba pitch range Famous tuba players
John Fletcher
Arnold Jacobs
John Griffiths
Mark Nelson
Orchestral position

THE TUBA - Worksheet

Here are 8 questions and answers about the tuba. Draw a line to match the correct question
with its answer.
1. The name of the men who patented the tuba in the 1830s? Wagner
2. How many valves does a tuba have? Fibreglass
3. What does the word tuba literally mean? Moritz and Wieprecht
4. Which composer invented a tuba to be used in his music? Trumpet
5. The bell of tubas used in military bands are made of this? Three
6. What is the other name for the E Flat bass tuba? Germany
7. What clef does the orchestral tuba usually play in? Bombardon
8. In which country was the tuba invented? Bass
Fill in the missing parts of this drawing of

the tuba and then label the instrument.

THE BRASS SECTION - Factsheet
Between 1600 and 1750 the brass section in a Trumpet

Baroque orchestra was quite limited often
consisting of only trumpets and horns. It
wasnt until around 1850 during the Romantic
period that improvements in design made the
instruments more reliable. This as well as new
instruments being invented led to the brass
section increasing in size dramatically. Trombone
In the Romantic period the brass section quite

often included four horns, four trumpets, four
trombones and one tuba.
Wagner sometimes used what is known as the Horn

Wagner Tuba in his music. It is more like an
orchestral horn than a tuba and is made in
two sizes - tenor and bass. It was developed to
Wagners specification and is still used in The
Ring Cycle of operas along with a bass tuba.
Trumpets
Horns
Trombones
& Tubas
Tuba
Orchestral positions of the brass section
Trumpet pitch range Horn in F pitch range

(written)
Tuba pitch range

Trombone pitch range

Name: _______________________ 7 17
Instruments of the Orchestra
THE BRASS SECTION - Worksheet

Here is a diagram of the layout of
an orchestra. Shade in where the
brass section would sit and write
the instrument names in the
appropriate boxes.
Answer the questions below on the brass section of the orchestra.

1. Which brass instrument uses a slide? ________________________
2. How many valves does a trumpet have? ________________________
3. Which brass instrument is the lowest commonly found in the orchestra? ________________
4. Which instrument that looks as though it should belong to the brass family is actually a
woodwind instrument and is used in jazz music? ________________________
5. Is the orchestral trumpet a transposing instrument (one that plays a different pitched
note to the one that is written on the page)? ________________________
6. Which brass instrument was developed from the sackbutt? ________________________
7. How many horns are there in a Romantic period orchestra? ________________________
8. Which is the highest brass instrument commonly found in the orchestra? ______________
9. How many positions are there on the trombone? ________________________
10. Which composer invented a tuba to be used in his operas? ________________________

Instruments of
the Orchestra
on the Percussion Section

TUNED PERCUSSION - Factsheet

The marimba is very similar to the xylophone
but is deeper in pitch. Its name comes from an
instrument found in both Africa and South
America.
The glockenspiel has metal bars rather than

the wooden bars found on the xylophone and
Marimba
marimba. It also has a smaller range - typically
The main feature of tuned percussion is that around 2 1/2 octaves. The glockenspiel is
they can play a melody rather than simply usually played with quite hard beaters so that
make a noise or effect. The most commonly found the sound is bright and bell-like. A celeste is a
tuned percussion instruments found in the orchestra kind of keyboard glockenspiel in which the
are the glockenspiel, xylophone, tubular bells, metal bars are hit by felt covered hammers.
vibraphone, marimba and the celeste.
Glockenspiel
The orchestral xylophone has two rows of
wooden bars with a range of between 3 1/2
and 4 octaves. The sound is made louder and
clearer by resonating tubes which hang
underneath the instrument. The wooden bars
can be struck with different kinds of beaters to
produce a different sound but performers most The layout of the bars on all these instruments
often use wooden beaters. is very similar to the arrangement of the keys
on the piano. However as the pitch of the notes
becomes higher the metal or wooden bars
Famous works for percussion: shorten in length and so the longer the bar
1812 Overture Tchaikovsky
the deeper the pitch.
(Tubular Bells, Vibraphone & Wind Machine)
Danse Macabre (Xylophone) Saint-Saens
Sorcerers Apprentice Dukas The layout of the tubular bells is different to
(Glockenspiel)
that of the glockenspiel, xylophone and
marimba. A series of 18 brass or steel tubes
are hung from a frame ranging from longer,
lower pitched tubes to shorter tubes which
produce a higher sound. To play the tubular
bells the tubes
Famous percussionists are struck with a
hammer. Sometimes
Evelyn Glennie the tubular bells have
James Blades
Dave Hassel a mechanism that is
Orchestral position Jimmy Holland operated by the foot
to stop the sound.

TUNED PERCUSSION - Worksheet

Answer the following questions about tuned percussion.
1. What is the main feature of tuned percussion instruments? ____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the range of notes on an orchestral xylophone? ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between a xylophone and glockenspiel? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a celeste? _________________________________________________________________
5. What is the range of notes on an orchestral glockenspiel? _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. What kind of beaters are usually used on a glockenspiel? _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. The layout of the bars on the glockenpiel, marimba,xylophone,celeste and vibraphone is
very similar to the keys on which instrument? _______________________________________
8. What is different about the layout of tubular bells? ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. What are the tubes on tubular bells usually hit with? _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10. What is sometimes used to stop the sound on tubular bells? __________________________
Unscramble the words below and draw a line across to the instrument that they should spell.
onphexloy glockenspiel
llebs ubutlra xylophone
bammira vibraphone
llokgneciesp celeste
eteselc tubular bells
onpherabvi marimba

UNTUNED PERCUSSION - Factsheet
Sleigh bells Tambourine Castanets Triangle
Untuned percussion instruments cannot play The cymbals are often used to create grand
a melody as they do not produce a pitched note crashes of lightning or a dramatic flourish in
or sound. They are usually used to create effects a piece. They can be clashed together or
in a piece of music or to play a rhythm. Untuned sometimes a single cymbal is hit with a beater.
percussion instruments are usually hit or
shaken. The triangle has been used for around two
hundred years in the orchestra. It is made
The type of percussion instruments used in an from a steel bar which is bent into a triangle
orchestra can vary greatly depending on the shape. The triangle is then suspended from
period that the piece was written and the effect one corner so that when hit by a metal beater
that the composer is trying to create. it produces a bright clear sound.
Tambourines are made using a wooden or

Famous works for percussion:
metal hoop over which a skin is stretched
Facade Walton
(Wood Block) tightly. By adding metal discs around the
Carmen Bizet outside of the tambourine it makes a jingly
(Castanets) sound. The tambourine originated in the
Middle East although it has been used in
Western music for many centuries.
Castanets originated in Spain and are often

used in music with a Spanish flavour.
By clicking together the two hollowed-out
shaped pieces of wood a strong and
surprisingly loud rhythmic effect can be
achieved. In the orchestra castanets are often
attached to a wooden stick rather than clicked
Orchestral position
between the fingers.

UNTUNED PERCUSSION - Worksheet
Find the percussion

C O W B E L L A N O B instruments in the
wordsearch.
H E M C N C O D S D A Celeste
I A L R V J S A N N S Snare Drum
Gong
M T U E S L X C A E S Claves
Cow Bell
E V O S S Z D L R U D Chimes
Wood Block
S C F C B T F A E N R Bass Drum
Cymbals
A G O N G N E V D I U Bongos
B O N G O S R E R M M Which instrument is
O C Y M B A L S U I O the odd one out
because it is NOT
V L N O Y X E S M D Z untuned percussion?
W O O D B L O C K H F ____________________
Answer the following questions about untuned percussion.
1. What is the main feature of untuned percussion instruments? _______________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. How are untuned percussion instruments usually played? ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the two ways in which a percussionist can play cymbals in an orchestra. _______
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. How many years has the triangle been used in the orchestra? _______________________
5. Where did the tambourine originally come from? ___________________________________
6. Where do castanets originally come from? _________________________________________

TIMPANI / KETTLEDRUMS - Factsheet

Screws
Drum head
Shell
Pedal
Timpani are large drums which can be tuned

to different pitches. The main difficulty with
timpani drums is that it is difficult to change
the pitch of them quickly.
Timpani Drum
As with all drums the timpani drums have a
skin or membrane which is stretched tightly around the drum. This however was too time
across a frame. Tightening or loosening this consuming and so in the nineteenth century a
membrane across the drumhead alters the system was developed where a handle turned
pitch. By loosening the membrane the pitch all the screw heads at once both evenly and
will lower. In early timpani this was done using more quickly.
a series of keys which turned screws fitted
The best timpani drums today use a pedal to
Famous works for timpani: shift the tension between several set points on
Symphonie Fantastique Berlioz a tuning gauge. However, hand screw timpani
(Thunderstorm) (Timpani)
Festival Overture (Timpani) Smetna are still very popular
Ruslan and Lyudmilla Glinka and much cheaper!
(Timpani)
Other drums that

are used in the
orchestra are bass
drums and snare
drums, although
neither of these are
tuned percussion
instruments like the
timpani.
Orchestral position
Snare Drum

TIMPANI / KETTLEDRUMS - Worksheet

Label the diagram of the timpani drum.
Answer true or false to the following statements about timpani drums.
1. Timpani drums are sometimes known as kettledrums? ___________
2. Timpani drums are tuned percussion? ___________
3. If a timpani player tightens the drumhead it makes the pitch of the notes lower?
___________
4. In older timpani drums a series of keys was used to tighten the drumhead? ___________
5. The best drums use a pedal to change the tension? ___________
6. A famous piece which uses the timpani drums is The Swan by Saint-Saens? ___________
Write a short paragraph about timpani drums below.

ORCHESTRAL PERCUSSION - Factsheet
Here are some tuned percussion instruments:

Orchestral Xylophone Celeste
Orchestral Glockenspiel Marimba
Tubular Bells Timpani Drums
(Timpani can be tuned to different notes)
Tambourine Triangle
The percussion section of the orchestra varies Untuned percussion instruments can include:
enormously depending on which piece of music Wood Blocks Triangles
is being performed and in which period it was Cymbals Castanets
written. Up until the Romantic period the Whips Claves
percussion section of the orchestra consisted Gongs Sleigh Bells
only of the timpani or kettledrums. It was in Cow Bells Maracas
the nineteenth century that composers really Snare Drum Bass Drum
began to explore the possibilities of percussion
instruments although in the eighteenth century Sometimes composers ask for sounds like
some composers began to add cymbals and thunder, horses hooves or train whistles and
triangles to pieces. so the percussion section has to be very
versatile and inventive!
Percussion instruments fall into two types -
tuned and untuned. Tuned percussion
instruments are capable of playing a tune or Glockenspiel
melody whereas untuned percussion can only

provide effects or rhythmic ideas.
Famous works for percussion:

1812 Overture Tchaikovsky
(Tubular Bells, Vibraphone & Wind Machine)
Danse Macabre (Xylophone) Saint-Saens
Famous percussionists James Blades
Sorcerers Apprentice Dukas
(Glockenspiel)
Dave Hassel
Evelyn Glennie Jimmy Holland
Orchestral position
Gong Timpani Drum

ORCHESTRAL PERCUSSION - Worksheet

Below are some tuned and untuned percussion instruments. Write the names of the instruments
in the box they belong to.
Xylophone Cow Bells Celeste Gongs
Glockenspiel Claves Sleigh Bells Marimba
Tubular Bells Cymbals Timpani Drums Wood Blocks
Triangles Castanets Maracas Bass Drum
TUNED UNTUNED
Identify the following instruments.
3.
1.
4.
5.
2.
Here is a diagram of the layout of an
orchestra. Shade in where the
percussion section would sit.


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What are the main sections of an orchestra?

What are the main sections of an orchestra?

How are timpani drums tuned?

How are timpani drums tuned?

Name: _______________________ Instruments of the Orchestra

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

INTRODUCTION TO THE ORCHESTRA - Factsheet

There are several types of orchestra:

THE SCORE & THE ROLE OF THE CONDUCTOR

The violin section of the orchestra is usually divided

It is the conductors job to make sure that the

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

INTRODUCTION TO THE ORCHESTRA - Worksheet

HORNS 1st VIOLINS

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

THE VIOLIN - Factsheet

If you see the word pizzicato (pizz.) written on

A mute looks rather like a three-pronged comb

Violin pitch range Famous violinists:

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

THE VIOLIN - Worksheet

THE VIOLA - Factsheet

It wasnt until the eighteenth century that

2 In the alto clef middle C is found on

Famous works for viola:

Brandenburg Concerto No.6 J.S.Bach Chinrest

Viola pitch range Famous viola players:

Middle C William Primrose

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

THE VIOLA - Worksheet

Fill in the other half of the diagram

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

THE CELLO - Factsheet

was the more popular instrument. However, Tuning pegs

can also find a cello in a string quartet. Strings

The Baroque cello provided the bass line in

Cello music is written in the bass clef

the middle line.

Famous works for cello:

Cello pitch range Famous cellists:

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

THE CELLO - Worksheet

Label the diagram of the cello then fill

1. The cello has __________ strings.

3. The full name for the cello is the

5. The name given to someone who

6. ________________ was an English

composer who wrote a concerto

famous by Jacqueline DuPre.

7. In a string quartet the cello is the

8. The cello is usually played with a

_________________ although the

9. If a performer is asked to play con

sordino this means that they

10. The cello uses the __________ clef.

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

THE DOUBLE BASS - Factsheet

The double bass is often used in jazz and

Double bass music is usually written using