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Problems in Desalination

This document contains 5 problems related to evaluating the performance of different desalination systems including single effect evaporators, multi effect evaporators, vapor compression systems, and multi stage flash systems. The problems require calculating parameters like heat transfer areas, temperatures, flow rates, performance ratios, and conversion ratios given operating conditions of the different systems.

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Abdelrahman Aboud
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511 views5 pages

Problems in Desalination

This document contains 5 problems related to evaluating the performance of different desalination systems including single effect evaporators, multi effect evaporators, vapor compression systems, and multi stage flash systems. The problems require calculating parameters like heat transfer areas, temperatures, flow rates, performance ratios, and conversion ratios given operating conditions of the different systems.

Uploaded by

Abdelrahman Aboud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Master of Mechanical Power Engineering

Assignment (1)
Problems
1. A single-effect evaporator generates a distillate product
at a flow rate of 1kg/s. The system operating temperatures
are as follows:
- The boiling temperature, Tj,, is 90 C.
- The feed temperature, Tf, is 85 C.
- The steam temperature, Tg, is 102 C.
Determine the heat transfer areas in the evaporator and
the condenser, the performance ratio, the flow rates of
feed seawater and reject brine, and the flow rate of
cooling seawater. Assume that the specific heat of
seawater is constant and equal to 4.2 kJ/kg C.

2. A single stage evaporator has a thermal load, Qg, of


2355 kJ/s and the heating steam temperature is 105 C.
The seawater temperature, T(>, is 15 C and the feed
seawater temperature, Tf, is less than the boiling
temperature, T, by 5 C. If the distillate product flow rate is
1 kg/s calculate
Determine the boiling temperature, the heat transfer
areas, and the flow rate of the cooling seawater. Assume
the specific heat for the brine is constant and equal to 4.2
kJ/kg C.

3. The heat transfer area in the evaporator and condenser


for a single stage evaporator is 90 and 30 m, respectively.
The system is designed to operate at temperature of 85 C
for the boiling brine and an intake seawater temperature of
15 C. Calculate the feed seawater temperature, the
heating steam temperature, the steam flow rate, the
cooling seawater flow rate, and the system performance
ratio.

4. Reanalyze problem 5 by varying the steam temperature


to achieve the same
performance ratio in problem 4. Also, introduce a mixer
unit, in which the
cooling seawater stream, Mcw is mixed with the intake
seawater in order to
raise its temperature to the design value of 20 C. Which of
the two schemes
is more feasible in actual operation, i.e., increasing Ts or
use of a mixer
recycle unit?

VAPOR COMPRESSION

3. Calculate the thermal performance ratio and the specific


heat transfer area
for a TVC system operating the following conditions:
- Motive steam pressure = 845.4 kPa
- Distillate product temperature = 100 C
- Boiling temperature = 95 C
- Feed salinity - 42000 ppm
- Feed temperature = 30.44 C

4. A TVC system generates a distillate product at a flow


rate of 1 kg/s. The
system operating temperatures are as follows:
-The boiling temperature, T, is 90 C.
- The feed temperature, Tf, is 85 C.
-The compressed vapor temperature, Tg, is 102 C.
-The motive steam pressure, P, is 15 bar.
Determine the heat transfer areas in the evaporator and
the condenser, the
thermal performance ratio, the flow rates of feed seawater
and reject brine,
and the flow rate of cooling seawater. Assume the
following:
- The specific heat of seawater and brine streams is
constant and equal to
4.2 kJ/kg oC.
- Use the correlations for the overall heat transfer
coefficient given in
Appendix C.
- Neglect thermodynamic losses in the demister and
during condensation.
5. A single effect evaporator with a thermal load, Qg, of
26500 kJ/s and the
heating steam temperature is 105 C is converted into a
TVC system. The
seawater temperature, Tw, is 15 C and the feed seawater
temperature, Tf,
is less than the boiling temperature, T, by 5 C. The motive
steam pressure
80

FLASH SYSTEMS

Problem 1
Calculate the performance ratio, specific heat transfer
area, specific flow rate of
cooling water, conversion ratio, and salinity of brine
blowdown for a single stage
flash desalination unit operating at the following
conditions:
- Feed salinity = 45000 ppm
- Feed temperature = 25 C
- Heating steam temperature = 90 C
- Production capacity = 1 kg/s
- Brine blowdown temperature = 35 C
- Top brine temperature = 80 C
- Terminal temperature difference in the condenser = 3 C
- Thermodynamic losses = 2 C.
Problem 2
An MSF-OT system operates at the following conditions
- Feed salinity = 45000 ppm
- Heating steam temperature = 100 C
- Feed temperature = 25 C
- Production capacity = 1 kg/s
- Brine blowdown temperature = 35 C
- Top brine temperature = 90 C
- Terminal temperature difference in the condenser = 3 C
- Thermodynamic losses = 2 C.
Calculate the system performance parameters if the
number of stages is equal to 30.

Problem 3
Compare the performance of MSF-OT and MSF-M
systems at the following
conditions:
- Feed salinity = 45000 ppm
- Heating steam temperature = 112 C
- Feed temperature = 28 C
- Production capacity = 1 kg/s
- Brine blowdown temperature = 38 C
- Top brine temperature = 105 C
- Terminal temperature difference in the condenser = 3 C
- Thermodynamic losses = 2 C.
- Number of stages = 40.

Problem 4
A brine circulation MSF system has the following
operating data
- Feed salinity = 57000 ppm
- Brine blowdown salinity = 70000 ppm
- Heating steam temperature = 116 C
- Production capacity = 1 kg/s
~ Brine blowdown temperature = 40 C
- Feed temperature = 30 C
- Top brine temperature = 106 C
- Terminal temperature difference in the condenser = 3 C
- Number of stages = 24 (with 3 stages in the heat
rejection section).
Compare the system performance if the thermodynamic
losses are equal to 1.5 C

Problem 5
A brine circulation MSF system operates at the following
conditions:
- Feed salinity = 34000 ppm
- Feed temperature = 25 C
- Heating steam temperature = 100 C
- Production capacity = 1 kg/s
- Brine blowdown temperature = 35 C
- Top brine temperature = 90 C
- Terminal temperature difference in the condenser = 3 C
- Thermodynamic losses = 1.5 C
Calculate the system performance parameters for the
following conditions:
a) Number of stages 40 with 3 stages in the heat rejection
section.
b) Number of stages 19 with 3 stages in the heat rejection
section.

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