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The centrifugal force on a particle that is constrained to rotate in a

circular path is given by
Fc = mrw2 (10.5)
where Fc is the centrifugal force acting on the particle to maintain it in the

circular path, r is the radius of the path, m is the mass of the particle, and
w(omega) is the angular velocity of the particle.
Or, since w = v/r, where v is the tangential velocity of the particle
Fc = (mv2)/r (10.6)
Rotational speeds are normally expressed in revolutions per minute, so that eqn.
(10.6) can also be written, as w = 2pN/60 (as it has to be in s-1, divide by 60)
Fc = mr( 2pN/60)2 = 0.011 mrN2 (10.7)
where N is the rotational speed in revolutions per minute.
If this is compared with the force of gravity (Fg) on the particle, which is Fg = mg
, it can be seen that the centrifugal acceleration, equal to 0.011 rN2, has replaced
the gravitational acceleration, equal to g. The centrifugal force is often expressed
for comparative purposes as so many "g".
EXAMPLE 10.3. Centrifugal force in a centrifuge.

How many "g" can be obtained in a centrifuge which can spin a liquid at 2000
rev/min at a maximum radius of 10 cm?
Fc = 0.011 mrN2
Fg = mg
Fc /Fg = (0.011 rN2) / g

= (0.011 x 0.1 x 20002)/9.81
= 450
Rate of separation
The steady-state velocity of particles moving in a streamline flow under the

action of an accelerating force is, from eqn. (10.1),
vm = D2a(p - f) /18
If a streamline flow occurs in a centrifuge we can write, from eqns. (10.6) and
(10.7) as a is the tangential acceleration:
Fc = ma
Fc/m = a = r(2N/60)2
so that
vm = D2r(2N/60)2(p - f) /18
= D2N2r(p - f)/1640 (10.8)
EXAMPLE 10.4. Centrifugal separation of oil in water

A Dispersion of oil in water is to be separated using a centrifuge. Assume that
the oil is dispersed in the form of spherical globules 5.1 x 10-5 m diameter and
that its density is 894 kg m-3. If the centrifuge rotates at 1500 rev/min and the
effective radius at which the separation occurs is 3.8 cm, calculate the velocity
of the oil through the water. Take the density of water to be 1000 kg m -3 and
its viscosity to be 0.7 x 10-3 N s m-2. (The separation in this problem is the
same as that in Example 10.2, in which the rate of settling under gravity was
calculated.)
From eqn. (10.8)
vm = (5.1 x 10-5)2 x (1500)2 x 0.038 x (1000 - 894)/(1.64 x 103 x 0.7 x 10-3)
= 0.02 m s-1.
Checking that it is reasonable to assume Stokes' Law
Re = (Dv/)
= (5.1 x 10-5 x 0.02 x 1000)/(7.0 x 10-4)
= 1.5
so that the flow is streamline and it should obey Stokes' Law.
Liquid Separation
Consider a thin differential cylinder, of thickness dr and height b as shown in

Fig. 10.4(a): the differential centrifugal force across the thickness dr is given
by equation (10.5):
dFc = (dm)r2
where dFc is the differential force across the cylinder wall, dm is the mass of
the differential cylinder, is the angular velocity of the cylinder and r is the
radius of the cylinder. But, dm = 2rbdr where is the density of the liquid
and b is the height of the cylinder. The area over which the force dFc acts is
2rb, so that:
dFc /2rb = dP =2rdr
where dP is the differential pressure across the wall of the differential cylinder.
To find the differential pressure in a centrifuge, between radius r1 and r2, the
equation for dP can be integrated, letting the pressure at radius r1 be P1 and
that at r2 be P2, and so
P2 - P1 = 2 (r22 - r12)/2 (10.9)
Equation (10.9) shows the radial variation in pressure across the centrifuge.
Consider now Fig. 10.4(b), which represents the bowl of a vertical continuous
liquid centrifuge. The feed enters the centrifuge near to the axis, the heavier
liquid A discharges through the top opening 1 and the lighter liquid B through
the opening 2. Let r1 be the radius at the discharge pipe for the heavier liquid
and r2 that for the lighter liquid. At some other radius rn there will be a
separation between the two phases, the heavier and the lighter. For the
system to be in hydrostatic balance, the pressures of each component at
radius rn must be equal, so that applying eqn. (10.9) to find the pressures of
each component at radius rn, and equating these we have:
A2 (rn2 - r12)/2 = B2(rn2 r22)/2
rn2 = (Ar12 - Br22) / (A - B) (10.10)
where A is the density of the heavier liquid and B is the density of the lighter
liquid.
Equation (10.10) shows that as the discharge radius for the heavier liquid is
made smaller, then the radius of the neutral zone must also decrease.
When the neutral zone is nearer to the central axis, the lighter component is
exposed only to a relatively small centrifugal force compared with the heavier
liquid. This is applied where, as in the separation of cream from milk, as much
cream as possible is to be removed and the neutral radius is therefore kept
small. The feed to a centrifuge of this type should be as nearly as possible
into the neutral zone so that it will enter with the least disturbance of the
system. This relationship can, therefore, be used to place the feed inlet and
the product outlets in the centrifuge to get maximum separation.
EXAMPLE 10.5. Centrifugal separation of milk and cream

If a cream separator has discharge radii of 5 cm and 7.5 cm and if the density
of skim milk is 1032 kg m-3 and that of cream is 915 kg m-3, calculate the
radius of the neutral zone so that the feed inlet can be designed. For skim
milk, r1 = 0.075m,A = 1032 kg m-3, cream r2 = 0.05 m,= 915 kg m-3
From eqn. (10.10)
rn2 = [1032 x (0.075)2 - 915 x (0.05)2] / (1032 - 915) = 0.03m2
rn = 0.17 m = 17 cm

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Persamaan yang Digunakan dan Contoh Perhitungan

The centrifugal force on a particle that is constrained to rotate in a

where Fc is the centrifugal force acting on the particle to maintain it in the

Or, since w = v/r, where v is the tangential velocity of the particle

Fc = mr( 2pN/60)2 = 0.011 mrN2 (10.7)

where N is the rotational speed in revolutions per minute.

EXAMPLE 10.3. Centrifugal force in a centrifuge.

Fc /Fg = (0.011 rN2) / g

The steady-state velocity of particles moving in a streamline flow under the

EXAMPLE 10.4. Centrifugal separation of oil in water

Consider a thin differential cylinder, of thickness dr and height b as shown in

EXAMPLE 10.5. Centrifugal separation of milk and cream

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