Open navigation menu
Close suggestions
Search
Search
en
Change Language
Upload
Sign in
Sign in
Download free for days
0 ratings
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
541 views
39 pages
Group Theory (Notes)
Groups, subgroups, cyclic groups, normal subgroups, quotient groups and homomorphism with examples.
Uploaded by
arwachinschool
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here
.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Download
Save
Save Group Theory (Notes) For Later
Share
0%
0% found this document useful, undefined
0%
, undefined
Print
Embed
Report
0 ratings
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
541 views
39 pages
Group Theory (Notes)
Groups, subgroups, cyclic groups, normal subgroups, quotient groups and homomorphism with examples.
Uploaded by
arwachinschool
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here
.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Carousel Previous
Carousel Next
Download
Save
Save Group Theory (Notes) For Later
Share
0%
0% found this document useful, undefined
0%
, undefined
Print
Embed
Report
Download
Save Group Theory (Notes) For Later
You are on page 1
/ 39
Search
Fullscreen
ca Grovp - A at sh heise if i) Clswe ta balde i Ge. te fr abeg. anbeG i) Assoceabwe’ law. hilds in G tei frabhceG. 7 awk sc).= (axb)ee -R).. Ldentrly law halds tn. te br acG , axe cexae a vheve 2 i an idenhly element. NW) Tnverse law Inallds i. ve for acqG A 3/Eq axa = axa such tha =e ae. Tf commutative taw bolds tr Gy thee @ is called abelian svoup: Example:- Ce,+> CR4) (@, +), Cithecg 5 +) ave the examplas ° bo geeup: P14, bjs kKy with the, condita ites pe kek= 1 Inxs x WY xEA thee A is called Soup - #Gauhon: Prove that -(2,, ©) 1s a ovwup. Soluben. eer Bre Fay vw yng Fr abe z, , tes atbez, if arben and 1{ ath 2m jhe af ley divicings a4 by othe Yermandsy is fess than nv andSo baelongs te Zy- - yee binary operation ® ts ele Fined. i) ® is assouahwe tn gene WW) © 2, te an tdewhtly element . WN) Fae a. G By, w-a is inverse of a. “so at M-a)= n=0 | nan & Reraindeve: gv. Zy Ts dsyup undv ©. a Some Lm portant Renult:— Sia G be ‘a Evoup then 1) Canectlakion law holds to G- W) Tdenbty «clement ig unique. - i¥) Tnvevse of the clement is unique. iy) (alyl= a Via€e G- w) “(ab)| = bg!ae Ovder of Group:- an al 2 = defi the numberof _ element: -in..a__grovp ~ scaled ha ardev of . G...and..is denshed by (Gl - \ fh. four. Gq. is. sald Ae__tao Jinike, 4G consists of i a Fintke. umber of elements. Olhewwise G is caid te be an infinite croup: 4+ Orde of Elementi 2 a ae aef.- Sa. a be am. element of a gvoup GR posthive wtegew'n’ is said te be the ovdew ef a if atse and ns the least such - posthue tegen ‘ + Questions : Let 2G amd ordey of ‘a8 ‘w . then the elements a, ay aye a™! ave all dtslact . Solution. : On the convey let ata al Sov Seme pen Yon ,p#Yy, ther. . - at ahee.. nt 3 a’ Vice 2 ys p-y <7 a embvadichem ss ovdey of a issn,” Ron ala ate. : B Sine a? at are dalam to be arbibrery Aherefene’ all clemenh ave diskineh : ‘# Theorem:- Let G: be. 2. group, bv neg lt ace thers Sov Some: integen ko -akee iff n/k. Solutren.- . let -njpk Athen Theve is. a -- such... that k= nq,» some integer = av = (ar)® = ‘eae. Conversely. ut akee yee Kn, So... theve. ave. sokegeve oy and such that = ke mqytr poem, go oe aS 2 aviv age > a’ e > (a )vavae > (eV at ee wom \s order of a. a D. ea-a%n oe vant wich. #2 ont poss ble sf reo thes kang > n [kK “ae Peviodic Group: . te fs— If ever element of a grup Gis of Finthe. ovder. then G is pevtedie gyoup. % Mixed Group:- : def:— If a group G ecotains elements of. Finike as wel® as mftntle order, then *G called mixed dvoup- ag (R5*) ts mixed gvop: \ R= R- So} is+ Sub-grovp def:— Let H be a ve eraply. sulosat’ of a Sroup G ten Wis subgroup of .G if fhaf is a sale group - with the binary opevahin Acfined on G, . L # Theorem: Let qq be a group and H a nen -emn ph subset of G. then His Serep subgroup ff abel 2 ableu Presf: Sa that Hots a subgvoup af then (H+) is a gvoup , ff ben wren hene a ben > ablew Conversely , Suppose Awat ashe & ableu then a,aeH > aableH 3 een Neo e,beH 3 eben s&s BER Agaan abet sa, b'EH S alsly'e ab eh. in G the associative law Thus His clesect Hos He holds, mm geneva halds fv. elements of for the clement of G., Heme atl the axioms of a Sveup ave sakisfied by the clemenk of WH. Heme His a tle linary operation defined on G and so ts a sulogvoup f G- Sroup under# Theayem :- lat. G@_ be a. abeluan eroup and Fo ke subset af alt clement of G tlh Hfaite order, then H fs 2 subgroup. Proof ld a,b & F thew thee ave integers m and n such that a" ne and Wee we have te prove able F- Gaby" 2 ww - ee am Us = amg Gs abelsan (eye 6 (any (By = ee” = @-2€ = & implies that. ab? © F theve fove Elowioa sulogvoup * feorem:- ‘Tatersechay of amy Famcly of subgroups of a droop @ is subgroup of @ Pros fe : Set S Hr} 5 ze Let He Dy . lt a,b Gu IT be -a family af subogroups of @ this abe; fo each 2€ 7 Ginw Hy te a subgraup of G se ablels fer each YET thevefore abl EN US=H ret Hen His sulbgvour of G-oe si ae aal ae — ~tubbgvaup of a geaup “Bee $523 4,8 AL then Z,0% = ee SSR tat ae a ~satgretiy voc Hy ey a theo HUH, SHG see Hyuk ey vo HY RH ave. saeginy oe ts ~~ alse, sakegiony mae - Led Uo ts a Seow. and leh My ZH er a, eH, them there area, 2G such that - AsE Hye oo bei VA) ele dol chute dadls BE add & # Hef aay bi edb ho Ms WU, ave sulogiou therefore alee HPS abet ‘or ab € HW, fhe we @abye ib eH, febch & a cstondit hon“te Thes vera. a - a ghana of a gu Ge Define a relation. f such that fa - Wy. Oe ay ‘EH - then yelabian a2 is sausialema yelation.. “Proof. a — a . Reflexwe oo te EH xe e. HW x eH - — eee ee —— - ve this velation is seflexive. 1) Spomebic a ~ lah xy then xy! oe <> Copy eH ai) Transiive ae — - - ——Letscesy then ape Hh a also yo? then y2lé H ee Nas Gey Cp Eye er xqQ'yz eH ter xfer ze Ho oe -- oN xz eH - KO PE ye eis baste, Re ie is equvalenw3 Ket 2 z= 4, *_te_Theoyem nares hah sutfinp fm as _is_ Syste: _ ——Let_G be a eyebic. é a ~ bet tbe he ule Sonos gered a least sive. uotegene soth thot ake th ee -prove._that . YW is_g enenaticnl _loy ah, Fee this Det gf xa aT™ Gt ¥m>ko oo WW Aho A integes a, and + such Ahab a > ~ 3 € A ‘bt kis. gmallest — cahich ak et. and heve aXe A and vee. $2 ey minimality ef ko _ ae Hany ts Ye bo Wf re og — then gy _ Loh aM = (ak. = eas _genexatar. of HO “ee Bo ise eye4¢ Theorem: = ae __ Diet 6 be a eyclio goup of arlene generated _ then an element ab €@ 5a genocactar of. _& WEE ok and nave reba pein i). a Sais - infinche = ony cot ven aad a! tat “Geta, alee > be Pathe cycle feu - Consider .k and ave_velahvely prime. them theve —euists integers p _amd_« sual that pk tq 5}. tet HE bea —suth ~tenewe bed a af — ste penne He = = G@ — —— eK go a als ai — ——— a KPa. (an = (a)? (eye. Let a FR __ ei Y- of G. _ _ we prove kama a ast sala rime ee ais Senevad a $2 Aac_same integer Pa ahs a > atl e ec - Ren] pk -1 - —se 4 —inkesiew such thas ~ pK = Wane = ~— > pa k— ned a eee aye. xelabvaly pri aiD y= gay be in Fini te oN. Dix ts espe a a fs als a depart of &. _ o¥P-l = 2 > Kp-l ze oy Kp-l=9 —_t Kp =l fo Arena ep-tss kpat Sina aed pave se tea, gl ave—oaly senevaboes -__ ee _ays eT heXeem : - << then Hk is —salgennp oh 65. KekKH —___let__HK be a subgvoup ee let ky 2 HK fer by SH kp eK _ Ss hk yle HE or HK fe uldros —— = _ Ne Unk J! = wh eu wlew, mle: Tre AK KA - QD kek Me! cette Tene ~ _as_ WK is ub fvoup. KH S HK —— id a Sar_some ly hy CH 5 kyoks G1 > (nk ke) = Unde) U6'bS)) _ a = hy (ke bet ae = (ky hp!) for Kaka & _ he ks= kil! € kK = hithitsy 1s KHE UK - et) Kee ho EH, bee he — = hk € UK: — “thew ak is a_subsimue ey See “Cushion if - H_ts_sulodvoup of Ef 6 the _ i) Prove Haat Hoe HH — 2) Proue that He! =_H. payed =4 Theoem:— : te mses —af a inch and HOK = "$e, Hew OT Blin) 20 ab) Sree hens kek} and WOK = fe} at abich atail o ott ste) ok) > —4-=-< a hg ad a FJ ae = bo he 2 ow Bee — _ ky = ky _ _ ye ee sap. ath 2) ag — pret tatt HejHe Bh ey wt} — BE me lon bem ph G Haw = fry ___HK= oe Pore tn - where g =e > Pee, (fzY=e wae Prove. Shat @ 7. _grovp ~~Thensem: = “such “Aha: SOcHni) > 1. “ertace ey Mhena PAARL = etretk) a : : RCL) “otha Tuy = Tee Pee = — ~—— Ufo) =p. oik)= 4 "athe r, altkK}em —as_HK = fhk thee, we KR _— oa foe 2 an 2a > My} Lamy) a, “Mie owing) 2 each Me SANK TSG _ : and nk is a “sibgyoup e yy! e tink Me a2 “to gS mage = cee Choy Oi ky = nk = x! — ERs repeat ymax hr Oe __ Se TT number of clenacks possible in HK is ms _ ae ie _rm= pq —= pm = ty ae Soke OH) = OCH) OOK o(HnK)y> Tog > eK q a > MKEG > ot). olG) _ re 0(G)- o(Hb) | _ __ocH) 10lK): _ pe OCHA) 2 > fete)- focq>. - OCHAK) =. _oty _ OTHHK) - > o(Hatc) | _ > YOK ist fet.* Conch. def: Uk. H be a subgroup of a fraup.G then the set Has Sha > hen? whee a€G- is called right coset of Hin G. Similarly ati= Sah: hen? is eft cosed of Hin G. Iv case of adcibim art, H+a ave left and right unet respectively . 4 Example: - uw a= 32,F, ¢ ef 5g, ef be a group ahgre- . Pee - |. Let H= fe, $97} be a subsvoup- Hee Vey £3 bed tee a gta 9 gts Po eth eg Ses gf HR = CF, gf et = ff, ef fe5 daye=e te 9 ffee a f-7 > Upla) =< |: sa 9 gtdze a ghost! 9 figs gf a igo gt So Hef = Sef of, oF - tafe 5]. His =f¥g, she) , Uh = Te EM SEN = 146 4589} Nios He = Hs = Nata fee gt}. Hf = Use Heh = $F, gf, $3 We we hae ely too disjnnt vight cose ® Index of Sabgivoup:— defi- the number of distinct Left or right coteds of Hin @ is called imdex of WH im G,st _Index_of subg rou —-def:— The number = iio ee ox cc ight essed of a_subgroup Hof _is_called the index of He in G and ts dene oe U8 LHI. a Thesvem.- Lrageange’ « Theavem) + =! Bath the odes onc index of asubpgroup. a finite. anaes Abe -oxder of the one - Precf — Lat Gee 0. cup of ender and Bebe a ot —of. oxder mi. _ ea tea ee dee fo Lat ay Hg AH, nn aH ave the distinct Neft cosets of Hon G@. ae_prove G= ast ates oe end 2 Je Mant and ain ajH = ge Ue gee _ they a; = ace & a;H_-__beca so. G@ & VasH Gy Also each. a;H. is a subset of. G 2 Ua & & 2 Gd. and Wid. ye wo _-G= ait W) ‘Ned, det aH a bH. axe disknct BeSt « and x € aH bH then x= ahi = bhi >. as bh, bi’ Sk ke hah,’ New Sox het, aheab _ bat ah = bhsh is ake an demed of bH _ Fer. some. hy i eH. (say), ah = bH Similerly bH. Gabested ect ha eee Pen ate yale lene ANN bH. - aHnNbnH = => all Jeft essets J 1 in ie define. a. part bron, se. (G\= lah) + lad|as.- + Jag | ——ail) To find number of element mm each eset we. define a mapping pr dtl—r agH by — PC) = azh, he HH, Sein i: eth) = (hn) See nee iia aie 3 Wie ha, P is me- ne Alwo fv. each ach €asH. 4. hed. $0 Piss ante - a ee the numberof clemesads in _H. = az is The same. Py Sa Bare As H has m clement, each. acl. He m_alements - Se Fem cit) we ia We my eee Ck Almes) D> naikm. eran and om] on re a ee and index of sebgvouy eliwidles der of geo =& Centvalizey def: — Let x be a. cabect_ of. a_goup 4 a WX EX, then the set Ca (0). = far 2€G A axaxat is called eentyalrzer of. X in G , tt Centre. of G defr— The. cotvalizer of. G. in Gute calhed eentve of G- 2 te _Theevem:— of G. Prowfi— leh a b e: Le X) then by- definition, Wo x & X ax = xa Ww bx = xb —— (oe Frown an)
- (bx) haben) ke! Sab) =| x (bb) > bow) = oe a (b'x) - A by ity = (ou! = = (xa)! oe = x(ab') > ablé Cg lx)- ema Ca (x) i a subgroup of G -at= b*= (aby=) > vat} ii) x= fla, ata’h yn : bre (aber > _ - — = it abe, ab, ob, arb} o at 4 Le : eo ase? Te viok _ y (ab)*= | — tp (aby 1 - —Cab)(ab) = | 2 ss (ab) (ab) = 2 _ sb ab = Ela! 2 aba) b = a : =—_ba? —ts han ay) _ = 2a%b ee (ba). ae “Goble = oh - -a*(ath) = abn = at. (ate) = arb “abe 1 cab) —__tab).2 2 (ba) a* = bas — (ba)at = ba _— = aeb = at(ab)’ . ey a ee oS sab. __ 2 ——Latb)-a* = ea) -a* = ba? ab} atta b)= ab = at(ab) = ab ——_____ 2b) at a (a?b) _ 28) 12 (22) oo = a(abja* = alba’) a. - __= alba) = a(a*b) = ath = at la Sb) sail stead ef tamale th —slaist fx Aherelete Cand G - _. h = jtoa, wah : _ Lind Mee center of Dg: = De = eee eee are eee a 7 Bree eis Ter oe eo ae Bind tabs (cies wy) if Ge De _ and) 2 aa wt) hae fies atay wee ~ Pietfe Remarke~ oN oe ie ba gag op a= 9 bg oe Ba gags men cl ga” g! end... a= 4 Bg) C6 2 boa so re” eda ota eo. Tf xX = feb = singlckon st oe fhe Celts Nel. — + Self Ce ee A demeact a 6 G. vs < called : ae GQ, as 32.9" in gas Balt Conjyapic ~ cloned. nn _Corbyes. clemadth. a Corallary i nape Ge ic -ai axjigote io. oe : “Lat 1 wlhnconpiale Ban a te a -—sich that a= gece go gt cs _ — _--—_s—- Xj =—9 2 ——_ > — a a ‘6 Ce(G) > Cot = =—hrrhrrr——s—CseeEeOOOS wt Conjagancy “Glass ole Fs- Led aeG thers. “Me csubect of all -clemeat of G_toojup'ate te a is called. conjugacy. . class. Co = $b bEGs baqagig EGF. teeSie Gaia dined a 2 ceria la ao normalizer of 3a} ing. diue_Ng(Gah)is No _ ~ a Aak A. be the enlleckion of alk vighh. cosels of nevmalizer = — . ~—then se havo. tapos that vuyber of elements... — aia aby “gins = Jag. +504. iG ise che fine _ ~ teh tg gt thee gp q-& q ab. F-(Ng,).=—FONG,) — = 7 "defined We hate wh every, - a9 & ay we hee wight eased Ng. —ee a PNG} = (ng,} ——— FG 4, CHEE ee es a PAGEG IAG = 2 Ga3aG,s aye _ es 7 > 3g EN EEE oG bak, gs — aos Ng, <= Sg o . aan QeiontDady ee eae ue Ng Sts, : _ ae 25 Nig Sa Eevetenont a 3 @ & bijective ——aad_sin_ly Lagvango’s Mneryera index (0 of. ——wigtht_toseh | divides order af \he_ grou oo. t & Review —— oo ne ne de dowd a ee 4G so ae ~cattea_cogpegacy ela —— oe eg ee fe rb eG, oo 34a} iia /a {ei then. Ne) ane aoe te Notmabszen ef Xin G8 Conkealiane of Xi an on :a 2 HAL ia a aulgeoap: ola: gmap a ood - 7 a ee ee de ate a ee ieee Prof _ ae ite sug. aighj's he ne a ee - oa a= ghig' ba ghag— os \ ew “aka (gn )Gh3). SeUuLanEE as ahegiiCgiieg) a a ats gk'g ale = : =te. Normal_ Sub gre _ — lef. — Let Hee. a subgroup of a &oup Gq. if Sask fev aE G o ahach fer héH,aeGq, then His cael normal subgroup. -and we write HAG.at_Theow - a - <= Lf Hand K ave narmall. subs FG. — with HOK = Jet. Shaw that. every ‘ced at ae a ui th_¢ es tt Koo Tat a _ = khk eu for Wen, Kekeq, ae h(kR Me) eH by. closuve,..lane_as he ew hk kik eH ——— Milse Kk novmnal subpvoup.of Go ~>hkb'e Ky kek het Wed e oS (kh ee KO by —elesuve. law 26 KE K = | == ==s=seses we oa hie! te K. Wk HN ~$eh TS hk Ee SL hke kh - a Corollary 22 _— et Let_G be an abel cap thew. oad _ pancag of Gis normals in oe Proof, - - . - - Leb He isa S subgiep. of GQ. - 2G bade, - | 1. ye a,b 6G. \? ahsha. wv h€H and 2eG p> ho aha eH Ce ee _._ae Ask H bea subgroup of a group 4 then follasing are equivalent. D. H is normal subgrowp of G . i) ghg\~ H for each 53 6G. W. gH = Hg. Proof ad) =>. di) Lek Hts nova subsioup of G - then ghg é@u a 9§eS a gh = Whew od he (9994 (95') + ghg E4594 = -gbgihgngt oo = qWgl € gh! > HE gg! ce) From (A) and 1B) - $45! Ee New Gi 3 WW Ne sng = H - 3 ghjl-Wo phheH obs a9 fer ghé gH , qh= 9(9 hg) 0: eho © iG a Ulewise qh SHG SAH > gle Hq. ©)Gi) <2 dy _ —_— Se = feat Rotana ec —~ >. guise oo st Eaery sulegicoup of index eo ts saormal) 4 suber, OR la G_bea._¢' grup. Anda. siege t — --—indox tuto Vhew bp AG - Peek a gy fae a corr ier distinc right (or tefh) cased io. G..- : Awsn ight det is Hae and egies Ha. ~ wp then a BU if a eH Mken Mas Ho Svoifacdy one. A eset is. (=e) and the —- okher deft coset ig a Ho a — e's. Yheavem. al night (ov. sake). catch _ — tiie, —— eG = HUHa. =-HUal. — oe Sera reer res P. a scan = Ha — > eer ele ~~ thabe q mo# Factor ov_Qustient - Group. _ at _H. be anormal subgroup of a geoup Ge ees a collection all vght udels Ha — oa ie — : _ : re QQ =4/u = “Sua: aegs oe is called he quotiewt ees of -G = H. - We define emutlip lication to : "a -Hbh ois . __ This soulbiphi cakienis well define . 2 hb € Hb h, (ahs) BE eave = hy (haa). whee hoa yb GH =. (hhs}tab) — ra ahs Gsay) & H _hyab — . > Hab = are ae - ~Also_Qis Es _ ere ae tea as a Yb x Mab
Q. a Inverse _ each vig cwsct . oe Q= G/H= Fhe: ae gt oe _ - — is. a _qushewt Soup —wat tet _G) be a ele. Hasulgroup. and -K a normal subgroup of Gey 2 > HNK ts movmal..subpreup.— : fi) WK ts. subgroup of G- —- = ai) Afank HK Ag Proofs 2. i. Te pve BOK hee ae rr let 2e une He ae sb x€H and x € Ke Kf normal subgroup : _ aa he eK. fee he EG: connec also hal € 1 ee => hank! @ HK - ~ > MOK is novmad subsioup on i) Te prove WK isa a tpeup _ 2 Ag a Se wthen 7 = ky 2 hae fav hohe en, Koln eK Nee ny Ki = Cink) Gia _wheve rae K Dk kyt = Ks Cay? Ieee bee ee Thskakzl€ Kas. K is nord) SNK ig subgroup 3f 4. epee Hing = BM DeFhre. a mappin So - = Aaa n> WK fe _by _ eth) = hK —= (aba'b') blacd a) ——- -= [arb] ta,ey? [a, 5) ‘ec abla@y! = abla! : proxect ¢ uw = 6 Cba bia") b = 6) (bablaly (sty? [bale . = proved = a'(babla')a = a (ba ba) tay! 2 = |bal- : proved 6 # Derive Group._or Commutative subgvaup. defi Let G be a group and @ ve a subgroup -ef GIVE ic gemevated by a set of commutators then Gis called clevived group G = 4% 4. Ze isle: Praduct of thee commutators mdf ast sloe. e-tonmfater ae Theorem:- at het G be a group thea i) Ahe devived group @ wa nowmal Subgroup of G ii) The quottert group Geo is abdian . i) If K. is namal subs gvoup af G such that “/q iS abelian -then GSK Proof To prove GAG, Sia Lr 36G gfasb]g' = 9(aba'k') 5!: — 23a gig.bgig alg'g og! - tong seat OF 57 a = (gag ytars STS) CesT ef es eet ager oo -carmal ahpinap oh: ee a et “3G bG fA Gf e wh cuheve - 4 eG - hey __ faa’, Sb ] = (ag bg ad) Tie = alee ad LO @) — = (aba!) by malliplinhin < ; ee [ajbl=e | aba be ~ab= ba We. / | oe - e Si @/ is abelam, Sina ak. BK Lak). “teksa Direct Product of Groups ee _.def:—_ tet Hand Kaye ste subdvoups. of a EOP Gwe define the diveet product of these Fue groups. by. , HxK = 3(h,k) hehak eK? under rowltipLieation Chis ks Un ka) Chvha kyla) Note: Under malhpleahon Hx Kis a group with idenkily (2,2) where eis ideah ly of 1 and -e/ ts idenhdy of Ku. And inverse of Ch, k) ais (Wa). _ te Theavem _=ileba group G bea divecl product of Hs clue novmak sabdvoups H with Hak = fe}, G = HK_Ahem. —: _ / 1) Evey element of His permatable (commute ) wtth every clement of Ko i). Every, elemant.cf. Gis uniquely expressible as ge hk. ne em itt), GS UxKKk ve HK SS Axk. Preof: Consider an_element hk kik! then. khIK'_€ HL ve HAG _ Ss hk) € a @- he. also hkkle K_ "KEG | > (hk Ee K ~ ke Te hee enw tk = Fee Céiven)- > hkh'Klee > hk=_lh every clemect of His. permafabile = ge clementif) Lek if potsiele gi has tive expresstins ~ =k) ge bes ay ig hi He ke eee ee ee SS hehe | a > Why = ko) eK ad HO, Vee - bys hs 44 ke = - — Oo ok od met Gm byl 8 unique representation,# Lemmai__ - Hoang ko ae_eychic. wp ae -ardev am . and ively, wheve. m_andn = el prime then HxK is a —— group. = Proef : Ho 2s. — Kee. and. element oF Hx is of dhe “Bove (4.5) fr a,b) = fab) = level iff mika nik. sm, 0 _avevelahvely” prime —_ Sonal k oe 7 _.......... $0 _ - (aby = (a, Bm") won 7 (cary, co") yn) = a be Mek ea os fab se SD HxK & eke Sveun. of ovdex nm.
You might also like
Math
PDF
No ratings yet
Math
550 pages
40-PGTRB Maths - Unit 6 Study Materials - English Medium PDF Download
PDF
No ratings yet
40-PGTRB Maths - Unit 6 Study Materials - English Medium PDF Download
15 pages
Lattice Solution PDF
PDF
100% (1)
Lattice Solution PDF
142 pages
Delhi University Notes 2ND Semester Real Nalysis
PDF
75% (4)
Delhi University Notes 2ND Semester Real Nalysis
18 pages
Groups Handwritten Notes
PDF
No ratings yet
Groups Handwritten Notes
82 pages
II Sem B.Sc. (NEP) Mathematics Lab Manual UOM
PDF
100% (1)
II Sem B.Sc. (NEP) Mathematics Lab Manual UOM
48 pages
Descriptive Statistics and Probability
PDF
No ratings yet
Descriptive Statistics and Probability
34 pages
Lecture Notes in Discrete Mathematics Part 1
PDF
No ratings yet
Lecture Notes in Discrete Mathematics Part 1
17 pages
Project On Discrete Mathematics
PDF
No ratings yet
Project On Discrete Mathematics
7 pages
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota: Differential Geometry and Tensors-1
PDF
No ratings yet
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota: Differential Geometry and Tensors-1
358 pages
Calculus and Analytic Geometry: University of Calicut
PDF
No ratings yet
Calculus and Analytic Geometry: University of Calicut
135 pages
ZN Is A Ring
PDF
100% (1)
ZN Is A Ring
4 pages
Government Arts College Department of Mathematics Udumalpet Libraray Books Stock
PDF
No ratings yet
Government Arts College Department of Mathematics Udumalpet Libraray Books Stock
60 pages
04 - Frobenius 04 02 2015 Hermite - PP PDF
PDF
No ratings yet
04 - Frobenius 04 02 2015 Hermite - PP PDF
25 pages
Unitary and Orthogonal Operators and Their Matrices-Pt2
PDF
100% (1)
Unitary and Orthogonal Operators and Their Matrices-Pt2
22 pages
UG - B.Sc. - Mathematics - 113 51 - Modern Algebra - BSC MATHS - 5665
PDF
100% (1)
UG - B.Sc. - Mathematics - 113 51 - Modern Algebra - BSC MATHS - 5665
424 pages
Analytic Function - Unit-4
PDF
No ratings yet
Analytic Function - Unit-4
24 pages
La MCQ
PDF
No ratings yet
La MCQ
108 pages
Neha Maam Notes
PDF
No ratings yet
Neha Maam Notes
125 pages
Problems On Ring Theory Avishek Adhikari 1 Problem Set
PDF
No ratings yet
Problems On Ring Theory Avishek Adhikari 1 Problem Set
8 pages
Numerical Methods
PDF
No ratings yet
Numerical Methods
351 pages
Math
PDF
No ratings yet
Math
234 pages
Basic Mathematical Analysis
PDF
No ratings yet
Basic Mathematical Analysis
305 pages
ODE & PDE (Practice Solutions Set) by Dr. A.P. Singh
PDF
100% (1)
ODE & PDE (Practice Solutions Set) by Dr. A.P. Singh
44 pages
Group Theory
PDF
No ratings yet
Group Theory
29 pages
Numerical Methods SRK Iyenger Jain Rotated
PDF
0% (1)
Numerical Methods SRK Iyenger Jain Rotated
163 pages
Number Theory KSOU Textbook
PDF
No ratings yet
Number Theory KSOU Textbook
190 pages
Clean Elements and Clean Rings
PDF
No ratings yet
Clean Elements and Clean Rings
22 pages
Reference Book For Csir
PDF
0% (1)
Reference Book For Csir
2 pages
DPP-2 Normal Subgroup
PDF
No ratings yet
DPP-2 Normal Subgroup
4 pages
Group Theory (Isomorphism and Homomorphism)
PDF
No ratings yet
Group Theory (Isomorphism and Homomorphism)
6 pages
Ring
PDF
No ratings yet
Ring
28 pages
Reviewer in Discrete Mathematics
PDF
No ratings yet
Reviewer in Discrete Mathematics
14 pages
Unit 4: Linear Transformation: V T U T V U T U CT Cu T
PDF
No ratings yet
Unit 4: Linear Transformation: V T U T V U T U CT Cu T
28 pages
Abstract Algebra
PDF
100% (5)
Abstract Algebra
111 pages
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
PDF
No ratings yet
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
22 pages
Programme Project Report (PPR) of Master of Science (Mathematics) M.Sc. (Mathematics)
PDF
No ratings yet
Programme Project Report (PPR) of Master of Science (Mathematics) M.Sc. (Mathematics)
23 pages
International Islamic University, Islamabad BS Mathematics Real Analysis II
PDF
No ratings yet
International Islamic University, Islamabad BS Mathematics Real Analysis II
29 pages
PART I: Ordinary Differential Equations
PDF
No ratings yet
PART I: Ordinary Differential Equations
5 pages
TRB
PDF
0% (1)
TRB
8 pages
Week 13
PDF
No ratings yet
Week 13
17 pages
Discrete Mathematics
PDF
No ratings yet
Discrete Mathematics
3 pages
Numerical Analysis Booklet
PDF
No ratings yet
Numerical Analysis Booklet
32 pages
Posets
PDF
No ratings yet
Posets
25 pages
Discrete Structure Unit 2 Notes
PDF
No ratings yet
Discrete Structure Unit 2 Notes
33 pages
Project Name: P-Adic Integers
PDF
No ratings yet
Project Name: P-Adic Integers
51 pages
Number Theory Notes Anwar Khan
PDF
No ratings yet
Number Theory Notes Anwar Khan
219 pages
07 Partial Order
PDF
No ratings yet
07 Partial Order
42 pages
A Geometric Interpretation of The Riemann-Stieltjes Integral
PDF
No ratings yet
A Geometric Interpretation of The Riemann-Stieltjes Integral
9 pages
Lattice Theory
PDF
No ratings yet
Lattice Theory
36 pages
Herstein Topics in Algebra Solution 5 3
PDF
No ratings yet
Herstein Topics in Algebra Solution 5 3
9 pages
Functional Analysis Klka PDF
PDF
No ratings yet
Functional Analysis Klka PDF
51 pages
MA 201 (Complex Analysis) Lecture - 01
PDF
No ratings yet
MA 201 (Complex Analysis) Lecture - 01
33 pages
Unit-Iii - Complex Integration: F (Z) DZ 0
PDF
No ratings yet
Unit-Iii - Complex Integration: F (Z) DZ 0
20 pages
Cosets
PDF
No ratings yet
Cosets
24 pages
Module 2
PDF
No ratings yet
Module 2
43 pages
Functional Analysis
PDF
No ratings yet
Functional Analysis
8 pages
Basic Definitions and Properties of Groups
PDF
No ratings yet
Basic Definitions and Properties of Groups
34 pages
M.sc. Mathemetics
PDF
No ratings yet
M.sc. Mathemetics
52 pages
Chapter 1 Sets, Relations and Functions
PDF
No ratings yet
Chapter 1 Sets, Relations and Functions
20 pages