Customer Training Material

A
Appendix
di A

Advanced Heat Transfer

Topics

ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

Contents Customer Training Material

A. ANSYS APDL Command Language

B. Using Command Objects
C. Named Selection Control
D. Phase Change
E. Workshop AA, Phase Change

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

A. ANSYS APDL Command Language Customer Training Material

Despite the streamlined user interface the Mechanical application is

command driven behind the scenes
A series of sequential commands are submitted to the program as a
result of various menu picks, however commands can be input
directly
In many cases very few commands are required to leverage
additional features not currently available in the Workbench
Mechanical interface
Command Structure:
Commands are comma , delimited
Extra spaces are unimportant (e.g. N,1 is no different than N, 1)
Commands are not case sensitive (e.g. del = DeL)
Note: we will use caps here simply to differentiate the actual commands
The ANSYS Mechanical APDL Command Reference contains
descriptions and syntax for all commands
Command files can be created, edited and viewed in simple text editors
like Notepad
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. . . ANSYS APDL Command Language Customer Training Material

Command Structure:
Lets look at the N command. This command is used to create a node.
From the commands manual we see the structure is:
N, NODE, X, Y, Z, THXY, THYZ, THZX:
N: the command name to create a node.
NODE: enter a number which will identify the node being created.
X Y,
X, Y Z: coordinate locations in the active coordinate system.
system
THXY, THYZ, THZX: rotations about active coordinate axes.
For example N, 250, 10, 0, 15 would result in node number 250 being created
at x=10, y=0 and z=15 in the active coordinate system (also note that no entry
was required for rotations since none were desired)
desired).
When Mechanical executes a solve command, a batch input file
containing commands is read. Example excerpt:

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B. Using Command Objects Customer Training Material

When a command object is inserted in the Mechanical tree, the

commands are executed in a specific order
Each command object indicates where it will be executed in its header

In some cases local variables are available within a command object

Note a ! symbol beginning a line denotes a comment

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. . . Using Command Objects Customer Training Material

Command objects can be parameterized via their

details
Up to 9 input arguments are available as local
variables
For example, ARG1 is used to enter node number
data into the N command below
The value in the details for ARG1 is substituted in
the expression in the command object

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. . . Using Command Objects Customer Training Material

Command objects may be used to retrieve information as well

Data is extracted using the *GET command (see the ANSYS
Parametric Design Language Guide for full details)
*GET retrieves information assigns a parameter name to the values
Thus: *GET, parameter name, . . .
An output
p search prefix
p allows users to retrieve this parametric
p data
to a command object (default is my_ but is user controlled)
For example MY_temperature could be included in a command object
and the result would be retrieved (see next slide)
The search prefix is not case sensitive

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. . . Using Command Objects Customer Training Material

In this example a command object is included in

the Solution branch
The *GET command is written to retrieve the
temperature at node number 250
That value is to be returned in a parameter called
MY_temperature

Th
The result
lt is
i returned
t d to
t the
th details
d t il off the
th
command object

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C. Named Selection Control Customer Training Material

Workbench Mechanical:
Named selections are groups of entities (e.g vertices, surfaces, etc.)
which are related to one another by a common name
A named selection allows users to control all related entities as a group
rather than individually
In addition to the common Workbench Mechanical uses above, a named
selection is recognized by the ANSYS APDL solver in special ways
Mechanical APDL:
In ANSYS APDL groups like named selections are referred to as
components
components
A named selection created in Workbench Mechanical will become a
component (of the same name) within ANSYS Mechanical APDL
Named Selection to Component transfer:
Vertex, Line or Surface NS = Nodal component
Body NS = Element component

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. . . Named Selection Control Customer Training Material

A named selection provides a bridge from

Workbench to APDL for identifying parts of a
model
Example: we would like to use the SF
command to apply a heat flux using a command
branch
First the surfaces where the heat flux will be
applied are grouped as a named selection
The name is then used in the APDL command

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D. Phase Change Customer Training Material

Phase Change - A change of energy to a system (either added or

taken away) causes a substance to change phase
The Common phase change processes are called freezing, melting,
vaporization, or condensation
Phase - A distinct molecular structure of a substance, homogeneous
throughout
There are three principal phases:

S lid
Solid Li id
Liquid G
Gas

ANSYS Analyses

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Latent Heat:
When a substance changes phase, the temperature remains constant or
nearly constant throughout the change.
For example, solid ice at 0 C is ready to melt:
Heat is added to the ice and it becomes liquid water.
When the ice has just become completely liquid, it is still 0 C.
Where
Wh did the
th heat
h t energy go, if there
th was no temperature
t t change?
h ?
The heat energy is absorbed by changes in the molecular structure of the
substance.
The
eeenergy
e gy required
equ ed for
o the
t e substance
substa ce to c
change
a ge p
phase
ase is
s ca
called
ed its
ts latent
ate t
heat.
A phase change analysis must account for the latent heat of the material.
Latent heat is related using the enthalpy property which varies with
temperature. Therefore, a thermal phase change analysis is non-linear.
Enthalpy, H , is related to density ( ), specific heat (c),
and temperature (T ) according to :
H = cdT
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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

During phase change, a small temperature range exists where both

the solid and liquid phases exist together.
The temperature at which the substance is completely liquid (the
liquidus temperature) is TL.
The temperature at which the substance is completely solid (the solidus
temperature) is TS.
TS = Solid Temperature
TL = Liquid Temperature
A Change of Phase is
H Indicated by a Rapid
Note: In this diagram,
diagram TL -TTS is small
small. For
Variation in Enthalpy
with Respect to a pure material, TL -TS would be zero.
Temperature.

H, Latent Heat

TS TL T
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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Applications involving phase change which can be approached using

ANSYS Mechanical products are:
The freezing (or solidification) of a liquid.
The
Th melting
lti off a solid.
lid
A phase change analysis must be solved as a thermal transient
analysis.
Phase change analysis recommendations:
Transient analysis type.
A small initial and minimum time step sizes.
Use automatic time stepping
stepping.
Generally the Line Search solution option is preferred.
ANSYS enthalpy data (material property) must be specified in units of
energy/volume.
NOTE: the enthalpy material property is not available in Workbench
Mechanical Engineering Data. This property must be added via a command
object.

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Enthalpy Definitions/Calculations (reference):

Equations 1 through 7 can be used to calculate enthalpy values to enter
as material properties
1. Cavg = (CS + CL)/2 : Average specific heat
2. C* = Cavg + (L / (TL TS)) : Specific heat for transition
3. H- = p*C (T T0) : Enthalpy below solid temperature
4
4. HS = p CS (TS T0) : Enthalpy at solid temperature
5. HTR = HS + pC (TL TS) : Enthalpy between solid/liquid temperatures
6. HL = HS + pC* (TL TS) : Enthalpy at liquid temperature
7. H + = HL + p
pCL ((T TL) : Enthalpy
py above liquid
q temperature
p
CS: specific heat of solid
CL: specific heat of liquid
P: densityy
TS: solidus temperature
TL: liquidus temperature
L: latent heat

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Example: solidification of an aluminum flywheel casting contained

in a sand mold
A 2D axisymmetric model is used to represent the 3D one shown
below on left

Mold

Wheel
3D Wheel Model with 2D Axisymmetric Model with
Cutaway S d Mold
Sand M ld

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Description:
The molten aluminum is introduced into the mold at 800 C
The ambient temperature and the mold are initially at 30
30 C
The top and side faces of the mold exchange heat with the
environment by free convection
Axisymmetric
sy et c be
behavior
a o iss assu
assumed ed for
o sa
sand
d mold
oda and
daaluminum
u u
casting
Thermal material properties are assumed constant for the sand, but
vary with temperature for the aluminum
Specific heat and density will be replaced by enthalpy for the
aluminum
The end time for the analysis will be 25 minutes (1500 seconds)

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Set Axisymmetric as the 2D behavior

Material Properties:
Sand:
Thermal conductivity : 0.346 W/m-C
Density : 1520 kg/m3
Specific Heat : 816 J/kg-C
Aluminum:
Thermal Conductivity as a function of
Temperature

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

The enthalpy data for aluminum is not given however we can use the
properties below to calculate enthalpy:
Choose TS = 695 C and TL = 697 C (giving a 2 degree transition zone
between liquid and solid phases)
Property Value
Melting Point 696 C
Density 2707 kg/m3
Cs, Solid Specific Heat 896 J/kg-C
Cl,Liquid Specific Heat 1050 J/kg-C
L,, Latent Heat 395440 J/kgg
(or from L x Density) 1.0704e9 J/m3

Temp (C) Enthalpy (J/m3) Value Equation Number (p 7-19)

0 0 H0 -
695 1.6857E9 HS 4

697 2 7614E9
2.7614E9 HL 6
1000 3.6226E9 H+ 7

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Using these enthalpy calculations a command object containing 2

commands is used to enter the values.
By associating the commands to the Wheel part, the local parameter
matid can be used to specify the material number in the command.

Since the enthalpy property is derived from both density and specific
heat, those properties are overwritten in engineering data.

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Given the nature of the loading we

choose 2 load steps in the analysis
settings
The initial step (0.1 s) is used to establish
the initial temperature for the liquid
aluminum (800 C)
The second step (1500 s) represents the
transient cooling/solidification of the
aluminum
The Initial
Initial Temperature
Temperature branch
accounts for the molds initial 30 C

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

From the tabular data for the temperature load,

the load is deactivated for step 2
Note the load must be deactivated not simply set to
zero
Convection loads are applied as shown below

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

When the solution is complete a plot of temperature vs time show

temperatures leveling off near the materials transition region (695-
697 C) as solidification occurs

696 C
696

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. . . Phase Change Customer Training Material

Temperature plots at discreet time points illustrate the progress of

solidification (red = liquid; green = transition; blue = solid)

T = 60 s T = 500 s

T = 90 s

T = 900 s T = 1100 s

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 Customer Training Material

W k h (Appendix)
Workshop (A di )

Phase Change

ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer

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