Nanomanufacturing PDF
Nanomanufacturing PDF
Nanomanufacturing PDF
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integrated nanodevices. They have a variety, of potential 0.3nm across. People are interested in the nanoscale (which
applications such as nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) we define to be from 100nm down to the size of atoms
and DNA computers etc. Nanomanufacturing requires (approximately 0.2nm) because it is at this scale that the
positioning of nanoparticles in complex 2D or 3D structures. properties of materials can be very different from those at a
The techniques for nanomanufacturing can be classified into larger scale. nanoscience defined as the study of phenomena
bottom-up and top-down methods. Self-assembly in and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and
nanoscale is the main promising bottom-up technique which macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly
is applied to make regular, symmetric patterns of from those at a larger scale; and nanotechnologies as the
nanoparticles. [12] design, characterisation, production and application of
Recent advances and envisioned developments in enabling structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size
nanotechnology provide challenges to academia in educating at the nanometre scale. In some senses, nanoscience and
and training a new generation of skilled engineers and nanotechnologies are not new. Chemists have been making
competent scientists. These engineers and scientists should polymers, which are large molecules made up of nanoscale
possess the ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, subunits, for many decades and nanotechnologies have been
science, and engineering in order to design, analyze and used to create the tiny features on computer chips for the past
fabricate nanodevices and nanosystems, which are radically 20 years. However, advances in the tools that now allow
different when compared with microdevices and atoms and molecules to be examined and probed with great
microsystems. Atomic and molecular comprise nanodevices precision have enabled the expansion and development of
and nanosystems, exhibit distinctive quantum phenomena and nanoscience and nanotechnologies.
unique capabilities that must be utilized. Therefore, advanced The properties of materials can be different at the nanoscale
theories, methods, tools and technologies should be for two main reasons. First, nanomaterials have a relatively
comprehensively covered and effectively delivered [4]. larger surface area when compared to the same mass of
material produced in a larger form. This can make materials
more chemically reactive (in some cases materials that are
II. NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY inert in their larger form are reactive when produced in their
In the simplest terms, the subject of nanoscience technology nanoscale form), and affect their strength or electrical
is defined as the science and technology of the direct or properties. Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the
indirect manipulation of atoms and molecules into functional behaviour of matter at the nanoscale - particularly at the lower
structures, with applications that were never envisioned end - affecting the optical, electrical and magnetic behaviour
before. The prefix nano corresponds to a basic unit on a of materials. Materials can be produced that are nanoscale in
length scale, meaning 109 meters, which is a hundred to a one dimension (for example, very thin surface coatings), in
thousand times smaller than a typical biological cell or two dimensions (for example, nanowires and nanotubes) or in
bacterium. At the nanometer length scale, the dimensions of all three dimensions (for example, nanoparticles) [13].
the materials and devices begin to reach the limit of 10 to 100s The invention of new devices (STM and AFM) in past two
of atoms, wherein entirely new physical and chemical effects decades has enabled scientists and engineers to extend their
are observed.[3] studies to objects at the atomic level [10-14]. With the latest
Nanotechnology covers all aspects of the production of scanning probe microscopes, it is now possible both to "see"
devices and systems by manipulating matter at the individual atoms and molecules and to move them around,
nanoscale[8]. Nanotechnology is a cross-disciplinary area of there by creating new nanostructures in a controlled manner.
technology that involves physics, chemistry, biology, This has led to a paradigm shift in our research into the
molecular biology, medicine, materials science and other nanocosmos and today we are in principle in a position to
disciplines. In the simplest terms, nanotechnology is defined construct new materials atom by atom and molecule by
as the ability to work at the atomic, molecular and molecule, analogously to building a model out of Lego bricks.
supramolecular levels at a scale of 0.1-100 nm for the purpose However, there are a number of major challenges on the path
of designing, manufacturing, manipulating and applying from being able to perform such operations in the research
materials, components and systems with new physical, laboratory to being able to use them in large-scale industrial
chemical and biological functional properties. These new production. If we can tackle those challenges, the reward is the
properties emerge because of the small scale of the structures, prospect of a large number of very promising possibilities for
and can therefore not be obtained in other ways. Integration the use of nanotechnology to help increase growth and
with other scales of length and areas of application will often welfare, and to meet some of society's major challenges in the
be essential to technological applications. Nanoscience is areas of health, energy and the environment [15]. Fig. 1 below
concerned with obtaining an understanding of fundamental illustrates the diversity of current nano-products and
phenomena, properties and functions at the nano-scale, that prospective second-generation nano-applications.
are not scalable outside the nanometre domain. A nanometre
(nm) is one thousand millionth of a metre. For comparison, a
single human hair is about 80,000 nm wide, a red blood cell is
approximately 7,000 nm wide and a water molecule is almost
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also by major hurdles in their manufacturing at the nanoscale quality that can be achieved, have started to converge. A
in a repeatable, economical and high rate for industrial diagram illustrating some of the types of materials and
production. At the same time, nature offers robustly products that these two approaches are used for is shown
producible, effective molecular mechanisms, such as the actin- below in Figure 4.
myosin filament walk-along interactions in our muscle fibers
for linear motion [19] and F1-ATPase biomotor for rotational
motion [20]. Such biomimetic paradigms open up exciting
research opportunities not only in the analysis of biological
archetypes for generating physical movements, but also in the
design and manufacturing of bio-inspired devices and their
large-scale production for efficient and reliable transmissions
at the nanoscale.
C. Bottom-up manufacturing
Bottom-up manufacturing involves the building of
g structures, atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule. The wide
variety of approaches towards achieving this goal can be split
Fig. 3. a. Microscale gear (Sandia National Labs. 1990); b. into three categories: chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and
Nanoscale gear (E. Drexler simulation); c. Biological
positional assembly. As discussed below, positional assembly
nanomotor (H. Noji, Science 1998)
(with its many practical drawbacks as a manufacturing tool) is
the only technique in which single atoms or molecules can be
placed deliberately one-by-one. More typically, large numbers
Nanoscale manufacturing encompasses all materials, of atoms, molecules or particles are used or created by
processes and equipment aimed toward building of nanoscale chemical synthesis, and then arranged through naturally
structures, features, devices, and systems in one, two and three occurring processes into a desired structure
dimensions. It melds both bottom-up assembly of
nanostructure building blocks with top-down processes for
D. Top-down manufacturing
economical devices and systems with complex functions.
Manufacturing techniques at the nanoscale have equal Top-down manufacturing involves starting with a larger
relevance as novel components of traditional industries, and as piece of material and etching, milling or machining a
engines for revolutionary technologies enabling new products nanostructure from it by removing material (as, for example,
and services. They promise to increase in quality, productivity in circuits on microchips). This can be done by using
and efficiency of existing technologies, and to establish techniques such as precision engineering and lithography, and
industries and markets that would have not been possible has been developed and refined by the semiconductor industry
otherwise. Advances in manufacturing at the nanoscale are over the past 30 years. Top-down methods offer reliability and
anticipated to accelerate commercialization of products such device complexity, although they are generally higher in
as: nanostructured materials with novel and improved energy usage, and produce more waste than bottom-up
properties; information technology nanodevices including methods. The production of computer chips, for example, is
advanced semiconductors, molecular electronics and not yet possible through bottom-up methods; however,
spintronics; nanobiotechnology and pharmaceutics techniques using bottom-up (or hybrid top-down/bottom-up)
diagnostics, implants, new drugs and their therapeutic methods are under exploration.[9]
delivery; measuring devices and tools for manufacturing; E. General Framework
higher performance safety and security technology including Nanomanufacturing production systems are becoming more
sensors, adsorbents, filters and decontaminants; and nano- and more important instead of traditional manufacturing
electromechanical systems (NEMS) [21]. systems. Since it is a new area of research and technology
There are a wide variety of techniques that are capable of development, there is still need for systematic approaches and
creating nanostructures with various degrees of quality, speed scientific methodologies to handle nano materials and nano
and cost. These manufacturing approaches fall under two processes as well as their impact on human life. There is also
categories bottom-up, and top-down. These approaches can a need for understanding nanoscale leads and support for the
define as basics elements of nanomanufacturing. In recent development of nano technology. In this part a frameworl for
years the limits of each approach, in terms of feature size and
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the nanomanufacturing systems are developed which will help a new nano material or nano device which can be use them
to researchers on this area. Framework for nanomanufacturing agin in this process. Also end of all this process will produce a
has represented below. new nano production that can be use customers. Fig 5 below
The techniques for nanomanufacturing can be classified into illustrated a nano manufacturing framework.
bottom-up and top-down methods. Self-assembly in
nanoscale is the main promising bottom-up technique which
is applied to make regular, symmetric patterns of nanoparticles
[22]. However, many potential nanostructures and
nanodevices are asymmetric patterns, which cannot be
manufactured using self-assembly.
A top-down method is desirable to manufacture complex
nanosuuctures. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [23] has been
proven to be a powerful technique to study sample surfaces
down to the nanometer scale. Not only can it characterize
sample surfaces, it can also change the sample surface through
manipulation [24], [25], which is a promising top-down
nanofabdcation technique. In recent years, many kinds of
nanomanipulation schemes have been developed [26], [27],
[28] to position and manipulate nanoobjects. The main
problem with these manipulation schemes is that they go Fig. 5. Nano manufacturing Framework
through the scan-design-manipulation scan cycle manually
which is time-consuming and makes mass production
impossible. In order to increase the efficiency in
nanomanufacturing, automated manipulation using collision-
free paths is necessary. However, automated tool path III. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
planning for nanomanufacturing does not receive much Many attempts have been pursued to develop
attention. Makaliwe [29] developed a path planning algorithm interdisciplinary engineering and science curricula that will
for nanoparticle assembly. Object assignment, obstacle allow undergraduate and graduate students to successfully
detection and avoidance, path finding and sequencing are enter and master the engineering and science fields [6, 9]. To
addressed. The obstacles discussed in the paper are polygons, meet academic and industrial challenges, different curricular,
which do not occur often in nanoworld. In AFM manipulation, program, tracks and course models have been introduced. It
NmS around obstacles should be avoided since turns may lose becomes increasingly difficult to achieve educational
nanoparticles during maniputation. To generate a path for objectives and goals without a coherent unified theme. Recent
nanomanufacturing, destination, object and obstacle avoidance advances and envisioned developments in enabling
have to be considered. To make Nano manufacturing efficient nanotechnology provide challenges to academia in educating
using nanomanipulation, it is desirable to develop a general and training a new generation of skilled engineers and
framework to manufacture nanostructurs and nanodevices. In competent scientists. These engineers and scientists should
this paper, a general framework for nanomanufacturing is possess the ability to apply knowledge of mathematics,
developed. Simulations will perform to test the generated science, and engineering in order to design, analyze and
paths for real time nanomanufacturing to manufacture fabricate nanodevices and nanosystems, which are radically
nanostructures. different when compared with microdevices and
In this framework, first step defined as nanomaterials. microsystems. Atomic and molecular comprise nanodevices
Different kind of nano materials can use as an input material and nanosystems, exhibit distinctive quantum phenomena and
which will produce nano device or other nano materials and unique capabilities that must be utilized. Therefore, advanced
process steps follow the nano materials step. Two different theories, methods, tools and technologies should be
process type is defined in the second step. These processes can comprehensively covered and effectively delivered.
be called nano manipulation. First process includes nano The academic community is reacting slowly to prepare the
manufacturing techniques and methods. As it mentioned workforce for emerging opportunities in nanotechnology.
before there are two important technique that can use all in Currently, a small number of universities in the USA, Europe,
nano process which they called top-down and bottom up Australia and Japan offer selective graduate programs in
techniques. Another process step includes nano manufacturing nanoscience and nanotechnology in collaboration with
devices which will direct manipulate to nano materials after research centers. In the United States of America, federal and
positioning and path planning. Some of this manipulation state governments, academic institutions, industry and various
device can make own positioning and planning but generally it for profit and non profit organizations have developed
needs manually image scanning, positioning and path partnerships to establish nanotechnology research centers. The
planning. Some of ASM devices integrated CAD computer primary mission of these centers is to conduct research and
systems to manage all this steps in a device. Last step will give development in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
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courses;
3. Procuring adequate infrastructure and advanced facilities
IV. NANOEDUCATION CURRICULUMS to comprehensibly support learning and scholarship;
The focus on microscopic consideration and 4. Developing an interdisciplinary research opportunities
nanotechnology reflects curriculum changes in response to the and educational collaborations;
engineering enterprise and entreaties of evolutionary industrial 5. Disseminating best practices;
demands. Nanotechnology has been introduced to attack, 6. Developing the student and faculty exchange programs
integrate and coherently solve a great variety of emerging [7, 31].
problems in engineering, science and technology. A diverse
education community has apparently different visions for what
to target, emphasize, cover and deliver in nanotechnology V. TEACHING STRATEGIES
courses. Different approaches have been pursued by various Nanotechnology should be taught by creating both
engineering, liberal art, science, technology and other schools knowledge-centered and learning-centered environments [10]
and departments [6, 4, 30]. The topics and material covered in inside and outside the classroom. Because the technology is
the undergraduate and graduate courses are quite diverse. advancing so fast, activities that encourage creative thinking,
Some nanotechnology-named courses embed and cover critical thinking and life-long learning should be given the
traditional quantum physics, organic chemistry, microscopy, highest priority.
metrology, electronics and other conventional science and Nanotechnology is truly interdisciplinary. An
engineering topics using nano as a magnification prefix. A interdisciplinary curriculum that encompasses a broad
consensus has yet to be reached within the research and understanding of basic sciences intertwined with engineering
education communities for a definition of nanotechnology. sciences and information sciences pertinent to nanotechnology
Engineering and science curricula integrate general is essential. Introductory nanotechnology courses should be
education, science, engineering and technology courses. taught more from the perspectives of concept development
Students typically have some deficiencies in various aspects of and qualitative analysis rather than mathematical derivations.
quantum physics, engineering mathematics, chemistry and Every effort should be made to convey the big picture and
biology. Multidisciplinary courses and curricula represent a how different learning exercises fit together to achieve course
major departure from the conventional curricula. The attempt objectives. Each course should be taught at the appropriate
to substitute basic courses can create significant challenges. level with required prerequisites.
An interdisciplinary education encompasses and requires a Teachers should begin introducing the concept of
broader coverage of cornerstone science in addition to the nanotechnology during freshman and sophomore engineering
specialized in-depth topics, engineering design and courses and continue throughout the subsequent engineering
fabrication. It is difficult, if not impossible, to substitute the science curriculum. Junior and senior design courses,
cornerstone basic science and engineering courses by specifically the capstone design courses, should integrate
multidisciplinary courses which do not duplicate the basic modeling, simulation, control and optimization of nanodevices
courses. The need for traditional courses, such as Biology, and nanosystems into the course objectives. In reality,
Calculus, Chemistry and Quantum Physics is not eased, but is nanotechnology is a branch of engineering and because design
rather strengthened [6, 4, and 8]. This factor should be counted is the essence of engineering, every effort should be made to
in the nanotechnology curriculum developments. Introductory integrate concepts related to nanotechnology into all design
nanotechnology topics can be introduced and emphasized courses.
through the required chemistry, biology, physics and freshman Interactive learning should be the hallmark of
engineering courses. This provides a meaningful starting point nanotechnology education. Technology can play a powerful
for students. An interdisciplinary curriculum encompasses a role in facilitating interactive learning both inside and outside
broad understanding of basic and engineering sciences the classroom. Students can participate in nanotechnology
pertinent to nanotechnology. The nanotechnology-centered research development projects and laboratory experiments all
research and education initiatives require close collaboration over the world via the Internet. Students should be given
between departments and colleges in order to provide viable opportunities to work directly with established
educational and training opportunities. The unified studies of nanotechnology research centers (local, regional, national,
engineering and science potentially can be advanced and international) to gain hands-on experience. University faculty
enhanced through nanotechnology curricula. In order to members must collaborate with industry in order to educate
prepare students to solve nanotechnological challenges, the and train students in the field of nanotechnology. Utilizing a
nanotechnology education should be coherently incorporated team of faculty members specializing in appropriate
into the mainstream undergraduate engineering and science disciplines to teach nanotechnology courses is highly
curriculum by: desirable. The inclusion of guest speakers from industry and
1. Coherently integrating nanotechnology within traditional research centers enhances the quality of available courses.
and modern science and engineering courses; It is important to educate engineering faculty rooted in the
2. Developing new multidisciplinary courses traditional disciplines regarding the advances in
complementing not substituting and duplicating) traditional nanotechnology and the ways in which all engineering
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disciplines will be impacted in the future. Governmental of Innovation Management, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1
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