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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Simplorer Getting Started Guide 18.2

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Simplorer Getting Started Guide 18.2

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digital2000

Available Formats

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Release 18.2
ANSYS, Inc.
July 2017
Southpointe
2600 ANSYS Drive ANSYS, Inc. and
Canonsburg, PA 15317 ANSYS Europe,
[email protected] Ltd. are UL
registered ISO
http://www.ansys.com
9001:2008 com-
(T) 724-746-3304 panies.
(F) 724-514-9494
Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Copyright and Trademark Information

2017 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited.

ANSYS, ANSYS Workbench, Ansoft, AUTODYN, EKM, Engineering Knowledge Manager, CFX,
FLUENT, HFSS and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brand, product, service and feature names, logos
and slogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the
United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark used by ANSYS, Inc. under license.
CFX is a trademark of Sony Corporation in Japan. All other brand, product, service and feature
names or trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer Notice

THIS ANSYS SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION INCLUDE

TRADE SECRETS AND ARE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF
ANSYS, INC., ITS SUBSIDIARIES, OR LICENSORS. The software products and doc-
umentation are furnished by ANSYS, Inc., its subsidiaries, or affiliates under a software license
agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use,
compliance with exporting laws, warranties, disclaimers, limitations of liability, and remedies, and
other provisions. The software products and documentation may be used, disclosed, transferred,
or copied only in accordance with the terms and conditions of that software license agreement.

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agreement, the use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restric-
tions stated in the ANSYS, Inc. software license agreement and FAR 12.212 (for non-DOD
licenses).

Third-Party Software

See the legal information in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS pro-
prietary software and third-party software. If you are unable to access the Legal Notice, please con-
tact ANSYS, Inc.

information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Contents-1

1 - Introduction 1-1

Overview of the Simplorer Interface 1-1

2 - Creating a New Project 2-1

About the Three-Phase Rectifier 2-1

Expected Results 2-2

Using Simplorer to Create and Improve the Design 2-3

Creating the New Project 2-4

Add the New Project 2-4

Rename the Design 2-5

Add Design Notes (Optional) 2-6

Save the New Project 2-6

3 - Create the Rectifier Model 3-1

Create the Three-Phase Rectifier Schematic 3-1

Choosing, Placing, and Arranging Components on the Schematic Sheet 3-2

Connecting the Components 3-8

Defining Component Properties 3-8

Property Displays for Components 3-11

Specifying Simulation Outputs 3-15

Defining Solution Options and Analysis Parameters 3-17

Starting an Analysis 3-18

Plotting Rectifier Model Simulation Results 3-19

4 - Hysteresis Current-Controlled DC-Motor Start-Up 4-1

Modify the Rectifier Model Design 4-1

Deleting the Resistive/Inductive Load 4-2

Saving the Sheet with a New Name 4-2

Contents-1

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Defining DC Machine Values 4-3

Defining Mechanical Load 4-4

Freewheeling Diode 4-5

Chopper Transistor 4-5

Controller Modeling Using Block Elements 4-7

Modifying Report Elements 4-9

Display Diode Characteristic 4-9

Defining Simulation Parameters 4-11

Starting Simulation (Block Components) 4-11

Simulation Results (Block Components) 4-11

Controller Modeling Using State Graph Components 4-12

Connecting the State Graph Components 4-13

Defining the Properties of State Graph Components 4-13

Using Name References 4-16

Deactivating Components on the Sheet 4-16

Starting Simulation (State Graph) 4-18

5 - Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor 5-1

Modify the State Graph Design 5-1

Deleting the State Graph 5-2

Saving the Sheet with a New Name 5-3

Defining Mechanical Load (Block) 5-4

Defining the PI Controller 5-6

Starting Simulation 5-9

Adding a Rectangular Plot (PI Controller) 5-9

Adjusting Plot Properties 5-11

Checking the Block Sequence 5-12

Using Automatic Block Sorting 5-13

Using Manual Block Sorting 5-13

Contents-2

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Rerun the Simulation (PI Controller) 5-14

Simulation Results (PI Controller) 5-14

6 - Using VHDL-AMS Components for Modeling 6-1

VHDL-AMS Components 6-1

Modify the PI Controller Design 6-1

Save the Project with a New Name 6-2

Delete the DC Machine Component 6-3

Placing and Arranging the New VHDL-AMS Components on the Sheet 6-3

Connecting the New VHDL-AMS Components 6-3

Defining VHDL-AMS DC Machine Values 6-3

Defining Connections for Machine Current 6-4

Defining Simulation Parameters 6-5

Analyze and Display Simulation Results (VHDL-AMS) 6-5

7 - Variants of PWM Modeling 7-1

PWM Modeling Overview 7-1

Create a New Project for the PWM Models 7-2

Setting Initial Conditions 7-2

PWM Modeling Using Equations 7-3

Defining Simulation Parameters 7-3

Displaying Simulation Results with Reports 7-4

Simulation Results 7-4

PWM Modeling with Equations and Time Function 7-5

PWM Modeling with State Graph Components 7-6

Place and Arrange the Components on the Sheet 7-7

Define Component Properties 7-7

PWM Modeling with Block Diagram Components 7-9

Placing and Arranging the Components on the Sheet 7-9

8 - Using Legacy Schematics 8-1

Contents-3

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Translating a Legacy Schematic using Release 16.2 or Earlier 8-2

Importing the Legacy Schematic into Simplorer Release 16 or earlier 8-2

Opening the Translated Schematic in Simplorer 2017.1 or Later 8-7

Starting an Analysis 8-8

Plotting Simulation Results 8-9

Index Index-1

Contents-4

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

1 - Introduction
This Getting Started guide is written for Simplorer beginners as well as experienced users who are
using Simplorer for the first time.

Simplorer is a simulation package for multi-domain designs that are commonly found in automotive,
aerospace, power electronics, and electric drive systems.

Simplorer provides an approach for the virtual prototyping of large-scale systems by letting you to
develop a design that combines predefined basic and industry-specific components with user-
defined models. You can create models in common programming languages or standard modeling
languages such as VHDL-AMS. The basic and industry-specific model libraries available for Sim-
plorer provide ready-to-use parameterized components, making Simplorer accurate, and flexible.

l Chapter 2 of this guide shows you how to create and save a new Simplorer project.
l Chapter 3 leads you step-by-step through creating, solving, and analyzing the results of a
Three-Phase Rectifier.
l Chapter 4 modifies the example of Chapter 3 by replacing the resistive/inductive load with
a real machine model. The example is then expanded to include a control circuit modeled
first using discrete components, then using state graph components.
l In Chapter 5 the state graph controller is replaced with a PI (proportional-integral) con-
troller implemented using block components.
l Chapter 6 substitutes the use of VHDL-AMS opponents for modeling the DC motor.
l Chapter 7 explores several different methods for modeling a PWM Controller to demon-
strate Simplorers versatile modeling capabilities.
l Chapter 8 leads you through the process of importing a legacy Simplorer 7 Three-Phase
Rectifier schematic into Simplorer Release 16.2, saving it, migrating it into Simplorer
2017.2, and then solving and analyzing the translated model.

Overview of the Simplorer Interface

Below is an overview of the major components of the Simplorer interface.

Introduction 1-1

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Project Man- The Project Manager window shows all the components, models, and other ele-
ager win- ments of each design in the project. Each project has its own expandable Project
dow and Tree. Many operations on the design elements can be performed directly from the
Project Tree Project Manager window.
Message Displays error, informational, and warning messages for the active project.
Manager
window
Progress Displays solution progress information.
window

Introduction 1-2

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Properties Displays the attributes of a selected object in the active model, such as the objects
window name, electrical or other associated physical quantities, orientation, and color.

Also displays information about a selected command that has been carried out.
For example, if a circle was drawn, its command information would include the
commands name, the circles center position coordinates, and the size of its
radius.
Design area Displays one or more editor windows such as the Schematic Editor, model editors,
window and symbol editor. It also displays various report windows.
Component Displays, on the Components tab, the component categories, including Favorites,
Libraries Most Recently Used, Simplorer Elements, and Project Components. You can pin
window the window to make it remain visible or make it visible only when it is being used.

The following elements are defined as favorites by default:

l R (resistor)
l L (inductor)
l C (capacitor)
l D (diode)
l E (voltage source)
l AM (ammeter)
l VM (voltmeter)

The Project Components section lists the elements that are active in your projects.

If you have created any personal libraries, a Personal Libraries section displays
them.

The Component Manager window also provides a search feature on the Search
tab.
Menu bar Provides various menus that enable you to perform Simplorer tasks, such as man-
aging project files, designs, and libraries; customizing desktop components; draw-
ing objects; and setting and modifying project parameters and options.
Toolbars Provides buttons that act as shortcuts for executing various commands.
Status bar Shows current actions and provides instructions.

Introduction 1-3

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PDF layout 1-4

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

2 - Creating a New Project

This guide assumes that you have installed Simplorer.

In this chapter you will complete the following tasks:

l Create and save a new project.

l Add and rename a Simplorer design in the project.

About the Three-Phase Rectifier

The following example describes a three-phase power supply and a rectifier bridge with res-
istive/inductive load. For the input signals, time-controlled voltage sources will be used. The diodes,
the capacitor, and the resistor are ideal components; the diodes are determined by an exponential
function (their characteristic).

Creating a New Project 2-1

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Expected Results
After the simulation is run, the results are displayed in Report windows. For example, the first sim-
ulation variation demonstrates these results:

l Voltages of the sources ET1.V, ET2.V, and ET3.V

l Voltage of the smoothing capacitor CD.V
l Current of the load resistor R_LOAD.I

Creating a New Project 2-2

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Using Simplorer to Create and Improve the Design

As you step through this Getting Started guide, you will be introduced to several key concepts:

l There are numerous ways to perform most tasks.

For example, several methods are presented for selecting and for assigning design para-
meter values.

Creating a New Project 2-3

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

l There is no required sequence of events when creating a design. A convenient method

for creating the three-phase rectifier will be demonstrated, but the design setup steps can be
completed in any logical order.
l You can quickly modify design properties at any time.

For example, you can draw a box freehand, then specify its exact dimensions in the Prop-
erties window.

l You can easily manage your design in the project tree.

The branches of the project tree in the Project Manager window provide access to setup
dialogs, where you can modify design properties.

l You can modify the model view at any time.

You will learn shortcut keys like Ctrl+D, which fits the model in the view window.

l You can save time by parameterizing design properties.

This enables you to quickly modify design properties and generate new results.

l You can use Simplorers extensive post-processing features to evaluate solution results.

Creating the New Project

The first step in using Simplorer to solve a problem is to create a project in which to save all of the
data associated with the problem. A project is a collection of one or more designs saved in a single
*.aedt file. By default, opening Simplorer creates a new project named Projectn and inserts a new
design named Simplorern, where n is the order in which each was added to the current session.

Add the New Project

To add a new Simplorer project:

l Click File>New.

Creating a New Project 2-4

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

A new project named Projectn containing a new design named Simplorern is added in the
project tree in the Project Manager window.

Hint l If the Project Manager does not appear, click View>Project Manager.
l If a new design does not appear automatically, click Tools>Options> General
Options. Under Project Options, select Insert a design of type.
l To automatically expand the project tree when an item is added to the project, click
Tools>Options> General Options. Under Project Options, select Expand Pro-
ject Tree on Insert.

The new project contains a file structure that organizes design elements such as: Ports, Ana-
lysis, Optimetrics, and Results. Project Definitions such as Components, Symbols, Models,
Packages, Materials, and Scripts are also listed.

Rename the Design

You can rename the default Simplorer design name as follows:

1. Right-click Simplorern in the project tree, and choose Rename on the shortcut menu. You
can also click the name to select it, then press F2.

This enables the text cursor for the design name.

2. Type Rectifier (or some other name of your choosing), and then press Enter to complete
the change.

Creating a New Project 2-5

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Add Design Notes (Optional)

You can optionally include notes about your design, such as a description of the design being
modeled, with the project. These notes can be a useful tool for keeping a running log of your
designs.

To add notes to your design:

1. Click Simplorer Circuit>Edit Notes.

The Design Notes window appears.

2. Click in the window and type your notes.

3. Click OK to save the notes in the project tree under the current design.

Note To edit existing design notes, double-click Notes in the project tree to open the
Design Notes window in which you can edit the notes.

Save the New Project

To save the new project:

1. Click File>Save.

The Save As dialog box appears.

2. Use the file browser to find the directory where you want to save the file.
3. Type the desired file name in the File name text box.
4. In the Save as type list, ensure that Simplorer Project Files (*.aedt) is chosen. Simplorer
project files are given an .aedt extension by default.
5. Click Save to save the project to the specified location.

Note For further information on any Simplorer topic, schematic editor commands or win-
dows, you can view Simplorers context-sensitive online help in one of the following
ways:

Creating a New Project 2-6

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

l Click the Help button in a pop-up window.

l Press Shift+F1. The cursor changes to ?. Click on the item for which you
need help.
l Press F1 to open the Help window. If you have a dialog box open, the Help
window opens to a page that describes that dialog box.
l Use the commands in the Help menu.

Now you are ready to create the Rectifier model.

Creating a New Project 2-7

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PDF layout 2-8

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3 - Create the Rectifier Model

In this chapter you will complete the following tasks:

l Basic Simplorer functions

l Choosing Simplorer components from a library
l Placing and arranging components
l Connecting components on the sheet
l Controlling the display of component properties
l Modeling with electric circuit components
l Modeling time controlled sources
l Setting up and running an analysis (simulation)
l Using Reports for displaying simulation results

Create the Three-Phase Rectifier Schematic

The following example contains a three-phase power supply and a rectifier bridge with res-
istive/inductive load. For the input signals, time controlled voltage sources will be used. The diodes,
the capacitor, and the resistor are ideal components; the output characteristics of the diodes are
determined by an exponential function.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-1

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Note If you make a mistake, click Rectifier in the project tree, and then click Undo on the Edit
menu to undo design operations. Simplorer lets you undo every command performed since
the last save.

Choosing, Placing, and Arranging Components on the Schematic Sheet

First, you need to locate and choose the components you want to use in the simulation model, and
then place and arrange the components on the schematic sheet.

1. In the Component Libraries window, select the R: Resistor element. The R: Resistor
element is listed under Favorites by default.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-2

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Note An alternative path is to click the + symbol to expand the Simplorer Elements tree, and
then continue to click the + symbols next to the Basic Elements folder, the Circuit
folder, and the Passive Elements.The R: Resistor element is listed under Passive Ele-
ments.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-3

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Note You can also click the toggle triangle at the upper right of the Component Libraries window
to undock the window and move it to another location.You can also expand the size of the
Component Libraries window.

2. To place the resistor onto the sheet, select R: Resistor, hold the mouse button down, and
drag the selection onto the sheet.

As you drag a library component over the Schematic Editor window, the symbol for that
component is displayed. At this point, you can press the R key to rotate the component
before placing it on the sheet. The component rotates 90 degrees counter-clockwise each
time you press the R key.

3. Release the mouse button to place the component on the sheet.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-4

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After placing one resistor, notice that the cursor retains a selected resistor symbol.

This feature permits you to place several instances of a component by clicking without hav-
ing to reselect the component from the library.

4. Right-click to display the short-cut menu for a selected component.

The Finish command exits the place mode without placing a component and frees the
cursor for selecting additional library components or other actions.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-5

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The Place and Finish command places an additional component before exiting place
mode.

Note You can also press the Esc key to exit place mode without placing a component.

5. To continue the design, repeat the process outlined above and place the following com-
ponents from the Basic Elements library onto the Schematic Editor sheet.

Module Group Component Quantity

Circuit Passive Elements R: Resistor 4
L: Inductor 4
C: Capacitor 1
Sources E: Voltage Source 3
Semiconductors System Level D: Diode 6

6. When you have placed the elements, use the Three-Phase Rectifier schematic at the start of
this chapter as a guide to arrange the components.

Note Please note the counting direction when arranging components. This direction is
marked by the red dot or the plus sign on the symbol of electrical components.

Once components are placed, you can select, move, copy, delete, rotate, or flip them. You
can select elements:

l By clicking on them individually.

l By holding the mouse button down to draw a selection rectangle around multiple
instances.
l By holding down the Ctrl key and clicking on multiple instances.

Selected instances are highlighted.

Commands for flipping and rotating selected elements appear in the toolbar icons and also in
the schematic editor shortcut menu.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-6

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Hint Save your project frequently: Click File>Save.

7. To align specific components, click and hold the mouse button, and drag the cursor to specify
a selection area. Selected elements are highlighted.

Use Draw>Align Horizontal to horizontally align the components, and Draw>Align Ver-
tical to vertically align components.

8. A ground node is necessary for each separate circuit on a sheet. To place a ground node,
click Draw>Ground (or click the ground symbol on the toolbar).

Hint l You can zoom in and out by using the View menu commands, the Zoom icon
functions in the toolbar, or Ctrl+E (Zoom In) and Ctrl+F (Zoom Out). Ctrl+D
(Fit Drawing) scales the drawing to include all of its components in the current
window.
l To move the sheet and its contents around within the window, while pressing
Shift, click and hold the mouse button (the cursor changes to a hand icon)
and drag the sheet to the desired position.

The ground symbol will stick to the mouse pointer.

9. Position the terminal of the ground node over the terminal of the device you are grounding
and click to place the ground node and connect it to the device. You may rotate the ground
node to the desired position if necessary.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-7

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All of the components required for the Three-Phase Rectifier simulation model should now be on
the sheet and placed in the appropriate positions. In the next section, you will connect the com-
ponents.

Connecting the Components

When you have arranged all of the components, you are now ready to connect them as required for
this example.

1. To connect components, activate wire drawing mode by choosing Draw>Wire. The cursor
changes to crossed wires.

Note You can also activate wire drawing mode by pressing Ctrl+W or simply by placing
your cursor over an element pin (the cursor automatically changes to cross wires)
and clicking on the pin.

2. Connect the components as required for the example circuit.

a. Place the cursor on the element pins and set the beginning, the corners, and the end of a
wire by clicking and dragging.
b. Press Esc to exit wire drawing mode. The cursor changes back to a pointer.

Defining Component Properties

The components that you have placed and connected still have their default parameter values, as
defined in the Basic Elements model library. You will now assign values to these components to
match the schematic at the beginning of this chapter by performing the following steps:

1. First, define the parameters of the three voltage sources. All sources are time-controlled sine
function generators with a phase shift of 120 degrees with respect to each other.
a. Double-click the first Voltage Source symbol to open the components Parameters dia-
log box.
b. Change the Name parameter to ET1.
c. Select the Time Controlled radio button and ensure that Sine is selected in the drop-
down list. Keep the Phase value as-is at 0 (zero) degrees. Keep all other values at their
default values.
d. Click OK to apply the changes.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-8

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2. Double-click the second voltage source symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
a. Change the Name parameter to ET2.
b. Select the Time Controlled radio button.
c. Set the Phase value to 120 degrees. Keep all other values at their default values.
d. Click OK to apply the changes.
3. Double-click the third voltage source symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
a. Change the Name parameter to ET3.
b. Select the Time Controlled radio button.
c. Set the Phase value to 240 degrees. Keep all other values at their default values.
d. Click OK to apply the changes.

Note l Properties of the currently selected element are also displayed in the Prop-
erties window similar to the one shown below.

l Many component properties can be modified in this window. Refer to the

Simplorer help for details.
l Clicking the Info button opens detailed online help for the current com-
ponent.
4. Next, define the parameters of the phase resistors.
a. Double-click the top-most phase resistor symbol to open the resistors Parameters dia-
log box.
b. Change the Name to R_A.
c. Change the Resistance from 1000ohm to 10mOhm.
d. Click OK to apply the changes.
e. Repeat steps a through d for the other two phase resistors, naming them R_B and R_C,
respectively.
5. Define the parameters for the phase inductors.

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a. Double-click the top-most phase inductor symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to L_A.
c. Change the Inductance from 0.001H to 0.3mH.
d. Check Initial Value and set the value to 0 (zero).
e. Click OK to apply the changes.
f. Repeat steps a through d for inductors L_B and L_C.
6. Define the parameters of the diodes. In this example, all diodes are static models using an
exponential function as their characteristic.

Note For most applications static semiconductor models supply sufficient simulation data.
If switching, losses, thermal analysis, and other properties are targets of your sim-
ulation, you need dynamic elements. However, using many dynamic elements in a
simulation model can increase the simulation time.

a. Double-click the upper left diode symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to D1.
c. Change the Type by clicking the Type radio button, then choosing Exponential Func-
tion from the drop-down menu.
d. Keep all other values as they are and click OK to apply the changes.
e. Repeat steps a through d for the remaining diodes D2 through D6.
7. Define the parameters of the smoothing capacitor.
a. Double-click the capacitor symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to CD and change the Capacitance from 1e-006F to 1mF.
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
8. Define the parameters of the load resistor.
a. Double-click the resistor symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to R_LOAD.
c. change the Resistance from 1000ohm to 1.2ohm.
d. Click OK to apply the changes.
9. Define the parameters of the load inductor.
a. Double-click the inductor symbol to open the Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to L_LOAD.
c. Change the Inductance from 0.001H to 9.5mH.
d. Check Initial Value and set the value to 0 (zero).
e. Click OK to apply the changes.

All components of the simulation model should now have their correct values. The table below lists
the components of the simulation model and their parameter values.

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Name Type Quantities

ET1 Sine Amplitude [V]=326; Frequency [Hz]=50; Initial Delay [s]=0; Phase
[deg]=0;
(Time-controlled)
Offset [V]=0
ET2 Sine Amplitude [V]=326; Frequency [Hz]=50; Initial Delay [s]=0; Phase
[deg]=120;
(Time-controlled)
Offset [V]=0
ET3 Sine Amplitude [V]=326; Frequency [Hz]=50; Initial Delay [s =0; Phase
[deg]=240;
(Time-controlled)
Offset [V]=0
R_A R Resistance [mOhm]=10

R_B (Linear)

R_C
L_A L Inductance [mH]=0.3;
L_B
(Linear) Initial Current [A]=0
L_C
D1D6 DEXP Saturation Current [pA]=1;

(Exponential Func- Thermal Voltage[mV]=35;

tion)
Reverse Resistance[kOhm]=100
CD C Capacitance [mF]=1;

(Linear) Initial Voltage [V]=0

R_ R Resistance [Ohm]=1.2
LOAD
(Linear)
L_ L Inductance [mH]=9.5;
LOAD
(Linear) Initial Current [A]=0

Next you will define the component properties that will be displayed on the schematic sheet.

Property Displays for Components

While most component properties are accessible in the dockable Propertieswindow, you control
the display of component properties via the Property Displays tab in the Propertiesdialog
boxes.

Create the Rectifier Model 3-11

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1. For example, select Voltage Source 1 (ET1) and open its Properties dialog box. (Right-click
on the component and select Properties from the context menu.)
2. On the Property Displays tab, click the Add button.

This adds a line with three fields: Name, Visibility, and Location. Each of these fields con-
tains drop-down selection menus.

l For the Name field, select the Label ID of interest.

The drop-down menu for the Name field includes all available property names for the selected
instance. For each kind of component in the schematic, you will select another property value. For
now, start with the name.

l The Visibility field allows you to specify what to display about the selected Label ID on
the schematic. This can be None, the property Name, the propertys Value, the Evalu-
ated Value, Both (the name and value) or Evaluated Both. Select Value from the
menu.
l The Location field lets you select initial locations relative to the default orientation of the
component instance.
3. For this example, OK the dialog box, and locate and click to select the ET1 label in its initial
placement.

Selecting the label highlights it.

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4. Drag the label to a position above the component instance.

5. With the label highlighted, you can click the Rotate icon on the toolbar, or use Draw>Rotate
to rotate the label as needed.
6. Open the Properties dialog again, and select the Property Displays tab again.

Note that the Location field for the Name property now shows Custom.

7. Now click the Add button again.

8. This time, use the drop-down menu in the Name field to locate and select PHASE.
9. For Visibility, select Evaluated Both and OK the dialog.

The label PHASE=0 should now be visible on the schematic.

10. Drag the PHASE=0 label to a position to the left of the component as shown in the figure.
11. Use the foregoing techniques to activate labels for the rest of the components to match the
schematic figure.

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l For the Resistors, add Name and R name.

l For the Inductors, add Name and the L name.
l For the Diodes, add only Name to the display.
l For the Capacitor, add Name and C.
12. Save your work before continuing to the next step.

Note You can also set the visibility and initial location for properties you wish to display by double-
clicking on a component to open its Parameters dialog box. The Output/Display tab has
drop-down menus for setting the Visibility and Location for each property.

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Specifying Simulation Outputs

During a simulation many types of data are generated based on outputs that you specify. These
can include quantities such as voltage, current, frequency, phase angle, torque, and displacement.

Using the outputs you define, you can also create reports of simulation results, or plot output quant-
ities specified by probes that you place in the schematic.

To define simulation outputs for the example model:

1. Click Simplorer Circuit>Output Dialog. This displays the Output dialog. The Add/Re-
move list shows all of the schematic elements. Checkboxes control which quantities are vis-
ible in the selection window.
2. Type ET in the Find field.

This moves the displayed list to the ET elements, and opens a list of check boxes that show
the kinds of outputs you can select.

3. For ET1, check the V box.

ET1.V is now listed as a Defined Output.

Similarly, check the V boxes for ET2 and ET3 to add ET2.V and ET3.V to the Defined Out-
put list.

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4. Use the Find field to locate the R_LOAD item and check the I box.
5. Use the Find field to locate the CD element, and check the V box.

When you have finished, the Defined Output field will list the items you selected.

6. Click OK to close the dialog box.

Next, you will define the Solution Options and Analysis Parameters to be used when analyzing the
circuit.

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Defining Solution Options and Analysis Parameters

Simulation parameters control the simulation process. The choice of simulation parameters is
important for a successful simulation. There are general and circuit simulator parameters. The val-
ues obtained during a simulation provide valuable information about the quality of a simulation res-
ult.

To set up solution options:

1. Right-click on Analysis in the Project Manager window, and select Add Solution
Options from the short-cut menu.

This displays the Solution Options dialog box.

2. On the TR tab, change the Integration formula to Euler, the Maximum number of iter-
ations from 40 to 20 and the Local truncation error from 1 to 0.1. Change the Name to
ThreePhaseOptions. Leave all other settings unchanged.
3. Click OK to apply the changes.

An icon for the new options named ThreePhaseOptions appears under Analysis in the
Project Manager window.

4. Right-click on Analysis in the Project Manager window, and select Solution Setup>Add
Transient from the shortcut menu.

This opens a Transient Analysis Setup dialog box.

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5. Change simulation End Time from 40ms to 0.1s; Min Time Step from 10us to 1us, and
Max Time Step from 1ms to 0.5ms.
6. Click the Analysis Options button and select ThreePhaseOptions from the Select Solu-
tion Options dialog box.
7. Click OK to close the Select Solution Options dialog box. Click OK again to close the Tran-
sient Analysis Setup dialog box.

Now that you have set up the necessary conditions for finding solutions for the example circuit, the
next step is to start an analysis.

Starting an Analysis
To start an analysis:

1. Start the analysis (simulation) by selecting the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu com-
mand.

You can also right-click on Analysis in the Project Manager window and click Analyze on
the short-cut menu, click the Analyze icon on the Simplorer Simulation toolbar, or press
F12 on your keyboard to start the analysis.

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The simulation model is compiled and outputs are calculated. During the simulation run, the
name of the model is visible in the simulation toolbar in the Progress window, and a button
to stop the simulation is available.

2. After the simulation, the output quantities are displayed in the plots on the sheet or in the
report windows. Output data are also saved in an .sdb file (Simplorer Database).

Plotting Rectifier Model Simulation Results

In this section, you will create reports that graph the following outputs:

l Voltages of the sources ET1.V, ET2.V, and ET3.V

l Voltage of the smoothing capacitor CD.V
l Current of the load resistor R_LOAD.I

The resulting plots should resemble those shown below.

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Begin by creating a 2D rectangular report that plots the three-phase voltage source outputs.

1. Right-click on Results in the Project tree and select Create Standard Report>Rect-
angular Plot from the context menu.

A new Report window appears.

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2. Under Category, select Voltage. While pressing the Ctrl key, select ET1.V, ET2.V, and
ET3.V in the Quantity list. Keep all other settings unchanged.

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3. Click the New Report button to create a report similar to the following:

A Result named XY Plot 1 appears in the Project Manager tree.

4. Without closing the New Report dialog, select CD.V in the Quantity list.
5. Click New Report to create a report showing the smoothing capacitor voltage similar to the

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following:

A Result named XY Plot 2 appears in the Project Manager tree.

6. Without closing the New Report dialog, select Current in the Category list; then select R_
LOAD.I in the Quantity list.
7. Click New Report to create a report showing the load resistor current similar to the fol-

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lowing:

A Result named XY Plot 3 appears in the Project Manager tree.

8. Click Close to close the New Report dialog box.

Simplorer allows you to customize reports such as the one you created in this example in many
ways. For example, you can rename plots by right-clicking on a plot name in the Project Manager
tree, and selecting Rename from the context menu. You can also adjust the background color; grid
scale and color; text font, size, and color; trace color, line style, and thickness; legend text; add vari-
ous data markers, etc.

You can also use the tools in Simplorers Draw menu to add your own custom elements and text to
your reports. Detailed information on Generating and Modifying Reports is available in the online
help.

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4 - Hysteresis Current-Controlled DC-Motor

Start-Up
In this chapter, the example from chapter 3 is modified as follows:

l The resistive/inductive load is replaced with a real machine model (DC motor with per-
manent excitation).
l The example is then expanded to create a simple, current-controlled machine model by
adding a two-point hysteresis element, a chopper transistor, and a freewheeling diode.
The other parts of the circuit the three-phase power supply with rectifier bridge remain
unchanged.
l In the second example, the controller is modeled with state graph components.

Modify the Rectifier Model Design

The figure below shows a Schematic sheet of the simulation model you will design in this section.
The model consists of a three phase power supply, a rectifier bridge with static diodes and their
characteristics, a smoothing capacitor, a DC machine model, Chopper transistor, and freewheeling
diode.

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Deleting the Resistive/Inductive Load

First, you need to delete the components which are not used in the modified simulation model. In
place of the resistive/inductive load, you will add a DC machine model, a freewheeling diode, and a
chopper transistor.

1. Select and delete resistor R_LOAD and inductor L_LOAD.

You can select them one at a time (selected elements turn red); or drag the mouse around
them to select both elements.

To delete the selected components you can:

l Choose Edit>Delete.
l Right-click and choose Delete from the short-cut menu.
l Press CTRL+X.
2. Select and delete the remains of the interconnecting wires.

Saving the Sheet with a New Name

1. Choose File>Save As.
2. Enter a new file name.
3. Click OK.

Placing and Arranging the New Block Components on the Sheet

First, place and arrange the new components needed for the PI Controller in the extended sim-
ulation model. The Component Libraries provides access to the library containing the Simplorer
basic components, which are used for this example.

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Module Group Component Quantity

Blocks Continuous Blocks GAIN: Gain 2

INTG: Integrator 1
Sources Blocks CONST: Constant Value 1
Signal Processing Blocks LIMIT: Limiter 1

SUM: Summation 3
Tools Time Functions DATAPAIRS: 2D Look-up Table 1

1. Open the Simplorer Basic Elements model library folder by clicking the + symbol next to the
folder. You can also double-click the Basic Elements folder icon or name to open it.
2. Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder Blocks and then the folder
Continuous Blocks. Select the component Gain and drag the component onto the sheet.
3. Arrange the component on the sheet. To connect the components, you must place
them in appropriate positions. See the simulation model figure on "Current and Speed Con-
trolled DC Motor" on page5-1. Orient each component as needed so that it can be easily con-
nected with the other components.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all new components used in this example are placed on the sheet.

Connecting the New Components

When all the components are arranged, you can connect them as required for this example.

Connect the components as required for the controller. Using the simulation model shown
on "Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor" on page5-1 as a guide, place the cursor on the ele-
ment pins and set the beginning, the corners, and the end of a wire with the mouse. Press Esc to
exit the wire mode.

Note Connections to the motors LOAD (load torque), IA (armature current), and N (rotor
speed) parameters are not visible on the schematic. These connections will be added later.

Defining DC Machine Values

1. Define component properties. Double-click the DCMP machine symbol to open its Para-
meters dialog box.
2. On the Parameters tab, change the Name from DCMP to DCM., and define the following
machine parameters:
l RA: Armature Resistance:1.2 ohm
l LA: Armature Inductance:9.5 mH

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l KE: Back EMF Constant: 0.544 Wb

l J: Rotor Moment of Inertia:0.004 kgm2
3. In the Default Outputs section of the Parameters tab, check N and IA to enable them as
outputs. You will use these later when creating reports.
4. Make the names of the mechanical load and armature current properties visible on the
sheet. (These two properties will be used later.)
a. Click the Output/Display tab. In the Name column, select LOAD (Load Torque). Under
Visibility, select Name. Leave Location as-is.
b. Similarly set visibility and location for IA (Armature Current).
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
5. Move the property names to appropriate positions.

You can rotate property names displayed on the sheet by clicking the name to highlight it,
then pressing Ctrl+R repeatedly until the name is oriented as desired. Activate the move
mode by moving the mouse pointer over the name you want to move until the mouse-pointer
changes into a pointer with a four-headed arrow. Click and drag the name to the new pos-
ition.

Defining Mechanical Load

The mechanical load of the machine model can be set in many different ways. The variant used in
this example is based on an initial value (ICA) component. This component is useful when initial val-
ues are used for different models on the sheet. In this example, the equation defined within the ICA
component is used to connect an initial value, 0, to the load torque parameter of the machine com-
ponent. Values in the ICA component are set only once at the simulation start.

1. Define a new entry within the initial value list.

a. Double-click the ICA symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. On the State tab, change the Name to FML_INIT and check Show Name.
c. Create a new Equation entry with the Add (yellow lightning-bolt) button.
d. Click in the Equation field and type LOAD:=0. This creates a new ICA parameter
named LOAD and assigns it a value of 0 (zero).

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e. To display the LOAD parameter name and value, check the LOAD parameters Show
check box.
f. Click OK to apply the changes. The new parameter is now defined and is available for
connecting with a quantity.
2. Connect the ICA initial value to the LOAD property of the DC machine.
a. Double-click the DC machine symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. On the Parameters tab, type LOAD in the Value cell for the LOAD property, and click
OK. This connects the DC machine LOAD property to the LOAD value specified in the
ICA component.

Freewheeling Diode
Define the parameters of the diode.

1. Double-click the diode symbol to open its Parameters dialog box and set parameters.
2. Change the Name from Dn to D7.
3. Select Type and choose Exponential Function from the list.
4. Leave all other values as they are. Click OK to apply the changes.

Chopper Transistor
The transistor turns on and off depending on the machine current, IA. Initially, the transistor is set
on to start the process.

Define the parameters of the transistor.

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1. Double-click the transistor symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.

2. Change the Name from BJTn to TR1.
3. Select Type and choose Exponential Function from the list.
4. Leave all other values as they are. Click OK to apply the changes.

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Controller Modeling Using Block Elements

Initially, the current-controller is designed using a two-point element with hysteresis. The block ele-
ment input signal is the DC machine current, IA. The output signal controls the chopper transistor,
TR1.

1. Define component properties of the Two-point element. Double-click the symbol to

open its Parameters dialog box. On the Parameters tab, change the Name from TPHn to
CONTR_OUT, then define the following parameters:
l THRES1 (Threshold T1): 17.5
l THRES2 (Threshold T2):22.5
l VAL1 (Value A1):1
l VAL2 (Value A2):0
l Y0 (Initial Value):1
2. Define the Block sample time, TS. The smaller the block sample time, the more precise
the current control of the machine. In this example, the system sample time is used, i.e., the
block is calculated using the same sample time that the circuit models use. To ensure that
the system sample time is used, set the TS (Sample Time) parameter to 0 (zero).
3. Connect the IA parameter of the DC machine (DCM) to the input of the hys-
teresis block.
a. First, on the Output/Display tab, uncheck Show Pin for the INPUT parameter. For Vis-
ibility, select Both to display the parameter and its value.
b. Next, on the Parameters tab, type DCM.IA in the INPUT parameter Value field.
c. Click OK to apply the changes. Position the text as needed.
4. Connect the output pin of the block with the input pin of the control signal of the
bipolar junction transistor. The cursor changes to cross wires. Connect both pins by click-
ing them. Press ESC to finish the wire mode.

All parameters of the modified simulation model should now have the correct values. The table
below lists all new components of the simulation model and their parameter values.

Name Type Parameters

DCM RA (Armature Resistance)=1.2 ohm

LA (Armature Inductance)=9.5 mH

KE (Back EMF Constant)=0.544 Wb

J (Rotor Moment of Inertia)=0.004 kgm2

FML_INIT1 LOAD:=0
D7 Exponential Function ISAT (Saturation Current)=1e-012 A

VT (Thermal Voltage)=0.035 V

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Name Type Parameters

RR (Reverse Resistance)=100k ohm
TR1 Exponential Function ISAT (Saturation Current)=1e-012 A

VT (Thermal Voltage)=0.035 V

RR (Reverse Resistance)=100k ohm

CTRL (Control Signal)=CONTR_OUT.VAL (pin)

CONTR_OUT THRES1 (Threshold T1)=17.5

THRES2 (Threshold T2)= 22.5

VAL1 (Value A1)=1

VAL2 (Value A2)=0

Y0 (Initial Value)=1

TS (Sample Time)=0 (System time)

INPUT (Input Signal)=DCM.IA

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Modifying Report Elements

1. Define the model output DCM.N.
a. In the Project Manager window, under Results on the Project tab, double-click the XY
Plot 1 report icon to open the report window.
b. Ctrl+click each of the traces to select them all, then press Delete to remove the traces.
You can also right-click and select Edit>Delete from the context menu.
c. Right-click the XY Plot 1 report icon and select Modify Report to open the report dialog
box.
d. In the Category list, click All, then select DCM.N in the Quantity list.
e. Click the Add Trace button to display the output.
f. Click Close to close the dialog box.
g. In the Project Manager window, right-click XY Plot 1 and select Rename from the con-
text menu. Change the title of the plot to Speed. Press Enter to apply the change.
2. Define the model output DCM.IA.
a. Double-click the XY Plot 2 symbol to open the report window.
b. Select the CD.V trace and use the Delete button to delete it.
c. Create a new output for DCM.IA.
d. Change the title of the plot to Current. See also Plotting Rectifier Model Simulation Res-
ults.

Display Diode Characteristic

Plots can also be used to display component characteristics. For such cases, the X-axis is defined
in some quantity other than simulation time.

1. Define the axes quantities.

a. In the Project Manager window, under Results on the Project tab, double-click the XY
Plot 3 symbol to open the report dialog box.
b. Select the R_LOAD.I trace and Delete it.
c. Create a new Y-axis output for D1.I. Remember to use Simplorer Circuit>Output Dia-
log to define output quantities as needed.
d. Select a new X-axis quantity by unchecking Default. Then click [...] and select D1.V on
the Select X Component dialog box.

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e. Click OK to close the Select X Component dialog box.

f. In the report dialog box, click Apply Trace to apply the changes; then click Close to
close the dialog box.
g. By default, the trace type is a continuous (solid) line. To edit the trace properties so that
you can see the individual simulation points on the curve, click the trace to select it (The
cursor changes color when hovering over a selectable display element). In the dock-able
Properties window, change the Trace Type to Discrete.

To view the area of interest on the characteristic curve, you need to manually edit the X- and Y-axis
properties.

a. Double-click the X-axis to select it and open its Properties dialog box.
b. On the Scaling tab, uncheck Auto Units and select V as the Units value. Check Spe-
cify Min, then enter 0.55 in the Min Value field. Similarly, check Specify Max and enter
0.9 for the Max value. Next check Specify Spacing and enter 0.05 in the Spacing field
to set the interval between major tick marks on the X-axis. Leave the rest of the settings
as they are and click OK to apply the changes and close the dialog box.
c. Double-click the Y-axis to select it and open its Properties dialog box.
d. On the Scaling tab, uncheck Auto Units and select A as the Units value. Check Spe-
cify Min and enter 0 in the Min Value field. Check Specify Max and enter 0.1 for the
Max value. Check Specify Spacing and enter 0.025 in the Spacing field to set the inter-
val between major tick marks on the Y-axis. Leave the rest of the settings as they are and
click OK to apply the changes and close the dialog box.
e. Change the title of the plot to Characteristic.

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Defining Simulation Parameters

Simulation parameters control the simulation process. The values chosen for a simulation determ-
ine the success, and affect the quality, of a simulation result.

1. Choose Simplorer Circuit>Add Solution Setup>Transient to define the simulation para-

meters.
2. Change the default values for simulation End Time from 40ms to 0.5ms, for Min Time Step
from 10us to 1ns, and for Max Time Step from 1ms to 1us. Click OK to apply the changes.

Starting Simulation (Block Components)

Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command or right-click on the
Analysis icon in the Project Manager window and select Analyze from the short-cut menu. The
simulation model is compiled and calculated.

Simulation Results (Block Components)

The Speed and Current plots display the simulation results for the machine armature current
(DCM.IA) and speed (DCM.N). Depending on the armature current, the two-point element with
hysteresis controls the switching behavior of the chopper transistor. The speed for the DC motor
no-load starting torque approaches 2613 rpm.

The Characteristic plot displays diode D1s current as a function of its voltage and should look sim-
ilar to the image below.

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Controller Modeling Using State Graph Components

Simplorers state graph module, which is based on the Petri Net theory, allows you to model event-
driven, discontinuous processes. The theoretical basis of the modeling divides a system into sig-
nificant states and events, and transitions from one state to the other. The following procedure
explains the modeling of the two-point hysteresis controller with state graph components.

First, place and arrange the state graph components used in the modified simulation model. Any
unused area of the sheet may be used.

1. Choose the Simplorer model library Basic Elements.

2. Place the component onto the sheet. Select the folder States. Select the component State
11and drag it onto the sheet.
3. Arrange the component on the sheet. Orient the component so that it can be connected with
the other components in the manner show in figure below.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all new components used in the state graph are placed on the
sheet

Module Group Component

States State 11 2x
Transition 2x
Tools Equations Initial Values 1x

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5. All of the required components for the state graph are now on the sheet. To connect the com-
ponents, you must place them in appropriate positions as shown in the figure below. Note in
particular the directions of the arrows on the Transition components and rotate or flip com-
ponents as needed.

Connecting the State Graph Components

When all of the state graph components are arranged, you can connect them as required for this
example. Make certain to consider the direction of the transition components.

1. Activate the wire mode. Choose Draw>Wire or use the Ctrl+W keyboard shortcut. The
cursor changes to cross wires.
2. Connect the components as required for the circuit. Place the cursor on the element
pins and set the beginning, the corners, and the end of a wire with the mouse. Press Esc to
finish and exit the wire mode.

Defining the Properties of State Graph Components

A process sequence can be considered as a sequence of states. The current state is called active.
Switching the activity from a given state to its successor state is called an event. An event occurs
only if: all previous states are active, all following states are inactive, and the transfer condition in
the form of a logical expression is true. At the beginning of the simulation, one state must be
defined as active.

1. Define the parameters of the state ON.

a. Double-click the STATE11 symbol on the left to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name from STATE to ON.
c. Create a new SET Action Type entry with the Add button.

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d. Type CS in the Name field and 1 in the Value field. This entry means that the variable
CS (control signal) is set to 1 if the state is active. You can click the [...] button to open the
Calculator window and confirm the expression CS:=1 is present. (Click OK or Cancel
to close the window.)
e. Check the Activate State box to set the state active at the beginning of the simulation.
f. Ensure that the TR radio button is selected.
g. Click OK to apply the changes.

The blue circle in the symbol indicates the state is active. During a simulation, the state mark-
ers run through the state graph, depending on the active states in the simulation process.

2. Define the parameters of the OFF state.

a. Double-click the state symbol on the right to open the property dialog and set para-
meters.
b. Change the Name from STATE to OFF.
c. Create a new SETAction Type entry with the Add button.
d. Type CS in the Name field and 0 in the Value field. This entry means that the variable
CS (control signal) is set to 0 if the state is active.
e. Click OK to apply the changes.
3. Define the parameters of the initial value component.
a. Double-click the ICA symbol to open the component dialog box and set parameters.
b. Turn off the Name and then create four new entries with the Add button.

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c. Click in the Equation field and type the name:=value corresponding to the picture.

You can also enter a description of each equation in the Information field and display the descrip-
tions on the schematic by enabling Show.

d. Click OK to apply the changes.

4. Define the parameters of the first transition.
a. Double-click the top Transition symbol to open the parameter dialog box.
b. Type DCM.IA>=IUPR in the Condition for transition field. This entry means that the
condition becomes true if the machine armature current (DCM.IA) is greater-than or
equal-to the variable IUPR. The variable IUPR is defined in the initial value component.
c. Clear Show Name.
d. Check Show Condition to display the condition on the schematic.
e. Click OK to apply the changes.
5. Define the parameters of the second transition.
a. Double-click the lower Transition symbol to open the parameter dialog box to define the
transfer condition.
b. Type DCM.IA<=ILWR in the Condition for transition field. This entry means that the
condition becomes true if the machine armature current is less-than or equal-to the vari-
able ILWR. This variable is also defined in the initial value component.
c. Turn off the name, and check Show Condition to display the parameter value.
d. Click OK to apply the changes.

Note Using the = operator type forces the simulator to synchronize on the condition
with the minimum time step. Because of this, the state graph works more pre-
cisely than the two-point hysteresis component, but the processing time of the
simulation is longer.

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Using Name References

To control the switching behavior of the transistor, TR1, you need to enter the control variable CS
in the transistor dialog.

1. Double-click the transistor symbol to open the Parameters dialog to define the control para-
meter.
2. Clear the Control SignalUse Pin box, and enter the control variable CS in the Control Sig-
nal field.
3. Click OK to apply the changes.

Deactivating Components on the Sheet

You can deactivate separate components or parts of a model sheet for a simulation run. The com-
ponents and all of their properties remain on the sheet, but the simulator ignores the deactivated
components. The connection between the terminals is considered open. This feature is especially
helpful when you want to test simulation models with several different elements and parameters.
Components can be deactivated with the Edit>Deactivate (Open)menu command or the same
command in the shortcut menu for the selected element. A deactivated (Open) component will
have a large red X over it.

Select the hysteresis block CONTR_OUT and choose Edit>Deactivate (Open). The wires, con-
nected with the machine model and transistor, remain on the sheet.

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All parameters in the modified simulation model now have the correct values. The table below lists
all new components of the simulation model and their parameter values.

Name Type Parameters

TR1 Exponential Function Saturation Current [A]=1e-12

Thermal Voltage[V]=0.035

Reverse Resistance[]=100k
Control Signal=CS
CONTR_OUT Deactivated Threshold T1=17.5

Threshold T2= 22.5

Value A1=1

Value A2=0

Initial Value=1

Sample Time=0 (System)

Input=DCM.IA
TRANS1 DCM.IA>=IUPR
TRANS2 DCM.IA<=ILWR
ON SET: CS:=1
OFF SET: CS:=0
FML_INIT2 IREF:=20

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Name Type Parameters

DELTA:=2.5

IUPR:=IREF+DELTA

ILWR:=IREF-DELTA

Starting Simulation (State Graph)

Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command or the right click on the
Analysis icon on the Project window and select Analyze from the short-cut men. The simulation
model is compiled and calculated.

Simulation Results (State Graph)

The Speed and Current plots display the simulation results for the machine armature current
(DCM.IA) and speed (DCM.N). Depending on the armature current, DCM.IA, the state graph con-
trols the switching behavior of the chopper transistor. The speed for the DC motor no-load starting
condition approaches 2550 rpm.

The tolerance band of the state graph controller is more precise than for the hysteresis controller,
because the = operator type in the state graph forces the simulator to synchronize on the con-
dition with the minimum time step. To force any of the block models to calculate more precisely, you
can define a special sample time in the models property dialog.

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5 - Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor

In this chapter the example from Chapters 3 and 4 is extended further:

l The state graph/hysteresis controller is replaced with a PI (proportional-integral) controller

implemented using block components.
The other parts of the circuit, such as the three-phase power supply with rectifier bridge,
remain unchanged.

In addition to basic functions (selecting, placing, arranging, and connecting components), this
chapter introduces the following Simplorer features:

l Modeling with block components

l Examining Block Sequence
l Using Pins for parameter transfer
l Using Characteristic components

Modify the State Graph Design

The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the simulation model with the corresponding val-
ues of components: three phase power supply, the rectifier bridge, smoothing capacitor, motor,
and the PI controller.

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Deleting the State Graph

First, you need to delete the components that are not used in the modified simulation model.
Instead of the state graph or simple hysteresis controller, you will use a PI controller consisting of
block diagram components.

1. Select the components to delete. Hold down the Ctrl key and select the state graph com-
ponents: FML_INIT1, and FML_INIT2, STATE_11 (both ON and OFF), and the two Trans-
ition components by clicking them to highlight the components.
2. Delete the components. Choose Edit>Cut. The components are removed from the sheet.
You can also press Ctrl and the X key at the same time; or you can use the Delete key on
your keyboard.

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3. Delete the remaining wires. Select any remaining unused wires by holding down the Ctrl
key and clicking to select them. Press Ctrl+X to remove the wires.

Saving the Sheet with a New Name

1. Choose File>Save As.
2. Enter a new file name.
3. Click OK.

Placing and Arranging the New Block Components on the Sheet

Module Group Component Quantity

Blocks Continuous Blocks GAIN: Gain 2

INTG: Integrator 1
Sources Blocks CONST: Constant Value 1
Signal Processing Blocks LIMIT: Limiter 1

SUM: Summation 3
Tools Time Functions DATAPAIRS: 2D Look-up Table 1

Connecting the New Components

When all the components are arranged, you can connect them as required for this example.

Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor 5-3

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Note Connections to the motors LOAD (load torque), IA (armature current), and N (rotor
speed) parameters are not visible on the schematic. These connections will be added later.

Defining Mechanical Load (Block)

The DATAPAIRS: 2D Look-up Table (already placed on the sheet) allows the definition of
wave-forms from a set of fixed data points either with linear interpolation between them (straight
lines from point-to-point), or rectangular lines between them (two orthogonal lines parallel to the
coordinate axes from point-to-point). The X-values of the data-pairs must be monotonously
increasing. The last slope is effective for all values outside the X range. If you want to have a con-
stant value outside the X-range, you need to define two data-pairs with the same Y-value at the
end. In this example, the 2D Lookup Table is used to define the mechanical load of the DC
machine.

1. Define the load characteristic.

a. Double-click the 2D Look-up Table symbol to open the Parameters dialog box and set
parameters.
b. Change the Name to LOAD.
c. Choose Without from the Interpolation list.
d. Click Characteristic to open the Characteristic dialog box.
e. Choose the Internal Reference radio button, then click Datasets to open the Datasets
dialog box.
f. Click Add to open an Add Dataset dialog box. Enter the values as shown in the figure
below.
g. A default unique name is assigned to each dataset. Change the Name to something
more descriptive such as Load_Torque.

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h. Click OK to save the dataset. The Add Dataset dialog box closes - returning you to the
main Datasets dialog box.
i. Click Done to close the Datasets dialog box. The Characteristic dialog box should now
show the name of the dataset you created in its Dataset field.
j. Click OK to close this dialog box.
k. On the 2D Look-up Table Parameters tab, check Value in the Outputs section.
l. Click OK to close the 2D Look-up Table Parameters dialog box.
2. Connect the output parameter value of the LOAD characteristic with the load of
the DC machine.
a. Open the LOAD characteristic Parameters dialog box.
b. On the Output/Display tab, uncheck Show Pin for the VAL parameter, and click OK to
close the dialog box.
c. On the Parameters tab of the DC machine Parameters dialog box, type LOAD.VAL in
the Value field for the LOAD parameter. This connects the LOAD element characteristic
output to the machines LOAD input parameter.
d. In the Default Outputs section, ensure that N and IA are checked to enable them to be
used later when creating reports.
e. Click OK to close the dialog box.

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Defining the PI Controller

The components that have been placed and connected still have their default parameter values.
You will now assign proper values for the components that comprise the PI Controller. Use the sim-
ulation model figure "Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor" on page5-1 as a guide.

1. Define the parameters of the first gain block.

a. Double-click the Gain block symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. On the Parameters tab, change the Name to N.
c. Type -16.6667 for the KP (Proportional Gain) parameter Value and select m for its
Units.
d. Change the parameter Value to DCM.N*1. This connects the gain block input to the
DC machines rotor speed output parameter with a scaling factor of 1. On the Out-
put/Display tab, uncheck Show Pin for the INPUT parameter.
e. Click OK to close the dialog box.
2. Define the parameters of the constant value block.
a. Double-click the CONST block symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to N_REF and the Value to 16.6667. Ensure that Use System
Sample Time is checked and that Block Output Signal is unchecked.
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
3. Define the parameters of the summation of the N gain block and the N_REF constant block.
a. Double-click the summation symbol to the right of the N gain block to open its Para-
meters dialog box.
b. Ensure that Use System Sample Time is checked and that Block Output Signal is
not checked.
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
4. Define the parameters of the second gain block.
a. Double-click the GAIN block symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to P_GAIN and the Proportional Gain (KP) to 50.
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
5. Define the parameters of the integrator block.
a. Double-click the I block symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to I_GAIN and the Integral Gain (KI) to 20. The specification of 0 for
upper limit (UL) and lower limit (LL) means that there is no limitation.
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
6. Define the parameters of the summation of P_GAIN and I_GAIN.
a. Double-click the summation symbol to the right of the P_GAIN block to open its Para-
meters dialog box.

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b. Ensure that Use System Sample Time is checked and that Block Output Signal is
not checked.
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
7. Define the parameters of thelimiter block.
a. Double-click the limiter symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. Change the Name to LIMITER and the Upper Limit of Output Signal (UL) to 20.
c. Click OK to apply the changes.
8. Define the parameters of thesummation of machine current and limiter value.
a. Double-click the summation symbol to the right of the LIMITER block to open its Para-
meters dialog box.
b. For INPUT[1], un-check Use Pin.
c. Enter DCM.IA in the Input Signal field to link the DC machine armature current to
INPUT[1].
d. Click in the Sign column and select from the list. The sign is applied to the DCM.IA
input signal.
e. Ensure that Use System Sample Time is checked and that Block Output Signal is
not checked.
f. Click OK to apply the changes.

9. Modify the parameters of thehysteresis block.

a. Right-click the hysteresis block symbol and choose Activate on the context menu.
b. Double-click the hysteresis block symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
c. Define the parameters as follows:
l THRES1 (Threshold T1):-2.5
l THRES2 (Threshold T2):2.5
l VAL1 (Value A1):0
l VAL2 (Value A2): 1
l Y0 (Initial Value):1
l TS (Sample Time):5with units us

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d. Click OK to apply the changes.

10. Modify the parameters of transistor TR1.
a. Right-click the TR1 symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. On the Parameters tab, clear the Control Signal field, then check Use Pin to recon-
nect the transistor's control pin to the output of the hysteresis block.
c. Click OK to close the dialog box.

All parameters of the PI controller should now have the correct values. The table below lists all com-
ponents of the PI controller and their parameter values.

Name Output To Parameters

N SUM1 KP (Proportional Gain)=-16.6667m

TS (Sample Time)=System (0)

INPUT (Input Signal)=DCM.N

N_REF SUM1 Value=16.6667

Sample Time=System
SUM1 P_GAIN Sample Time=System

I_GAIN Input[0]=N.VAL

INPUT[1]=N_REF.VAL
P_GAIN SUM2 KP (Proportional Gain)=50

TS (Sample Time)=System (0)

INPUT (Input Signal)=SUM1.VAL

I_GAIN SUM2 KI (Integral Gain)=20

Y0 (Initial Value)=0

UL (Upper Limit)=0

LL (Lower Limit)=0

TS (Sample Time)=System (0)

INPUT (Input Signal)=SUM1.VAL

SUM2 LIMITER Sample Time=System

Input[0]=P_GAIN.VAL

INPUT[1]=I_GAIN.VAL
LIMITER SUM3 UL (Upper Limit)=20

LL (Lower Limit)=0

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Name Output To Parameters

TS (Sample Time)=System (0)

INPUT (Input Signal)=SUM2.VAL

SUM3 CONTR_OUT Sample Time=System

Input[0]=LIMITER.VAL

INPUT[1]=-DCM.IA
CONTR_OUT TR1.CTRL THRES1 (Threshold T1)=-2.5

THRES2 (Threshold T2)= 2.5

VAL1 (Value A1)=0

VAL2 (Value A2)=1

Y0 (Initial Value)=1

TS (Sample Time)=5us

INPUT (Input Signal)=SUM3.VAL

LOAD DCM.LOAD Interpolation=Without

TPERIO (Period)= 0.1

PHASE (Phase)= 0

PERIO (Periodical)= Yes

TDELAY (Initial Delay)= 0

CHARACTERISTIC DATASET= $Load_Torque

x=0 y=0
x=0.075 y=10
x=0.1 y=10

Starting Simulation
Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command or the right click on the
Analysis icon on the Project Manager window and select Analyze from the short-cut men. The
simulation model is compiled and calculated.

Adding a Rectangular Plot (PI Controller)

1. Add a Rectangular Plot.
a. In the Project Manager tree, right-click the Results icon and select Create Standard
Report>Rectangular Plot.

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b. A Report dialog box opens.

2. Define the model outputs DCM.IA, DCM.N, LOAD.VAL.
a. Under Category, select All.
b. In the Quantity list, select DCM.N and click New Report to create the report.
c. Without closing the New Report dialog, select DCM.IA in the Quantity list. DCM.IA
appears in the Y trace field. Its blue color signifies that it is a valid expression.
d. Simplorer allows you to apply various functions such as a scale factor to the selected
quantity. Place the cursor at the beginning of DCM.IA in the Y field and type 10* to mul-
tiply DCM.IA by a factor of ten. As you are entering the factor, the color of the expression
may change to red at times indicating that the expression as shown at that point is
invalid. The finished expression should be: 10*DCM.IA and be blue indicating that it is
valid.

e. Click Add Trace to add the new scaled trace to the report.
f. Next select LOAD.VAL and apply a scale factor of 0.1k to it. The finished Y expression
should be 0.1k*LOAD.VAL.
g. Click Add Trace to add the trace to the report.

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h. Click Close to close the report dialog box. The plot should look similar to the following:

Adjusting Plot Properties

Many of a plots properties can be adjusted. In the following procedure you will make changes to
various properties of the X- and Y- axes.

1. Change the Y-axis Properties.

a. Position the cursor over any part of the Y-axis labeled 0.1k*LOAD.VAL on the plot. The
arrow will turn green when hovering over a selectable area of the axis. Click the axis to
select it for editing. The axis scale will become bold when selected. The axis name and
scale numbers will also be underlined.
b. In the Properties window, select the Scaling tab.
c. Check the Specify Min check box and type -0.5k in the Min Value field below it.
d. Check the Specify Max check box and type 1.5k for the Max Value.
e. Check the Specify Spacing box and change the Spacing value to 500. This setting con-
trols the interval between major tick divisions on the axis scale.
f. Change Minor Tick Divs to 1. This setting controls the number of divisions between
major divisions.
g. Repeat steps a through f for the Y- axis labeled DCM.N.

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h. For 10*DCM.IA Y-axis, first clear the Auto Units check box and set Units to A, then
repeat steps a through f.
2. Change the X-axis Properties.
a. Select the X-axis for editing.
b. On the Scaling tab, uncheck Auto Units and select a Units setting of s (seconds).
c. Set Min value to 0, Max value to 0.1, Spacing to 0.01, and Minor Tick Divs to 1.

The finished plot should look similar to the following:

Refer to the online help for additional information on adjusting plot properties.

Checking the Block Sequence

The sequence of block computation can significantly influence the simulation result. You can
change the block sequence with the Schematic>Sort Components menu command.

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Using Automatic Block Sorting

When Block Sequence sorting is determined Automatically, the blocks are sorted according to
their signal direction after simulation begins. Automatic block sequence sorting is the default mode
used for simulation.

Using Manual Block Sorting

To sort blocks manually, you can select block items in the Determine Block Sequence dialog box
list and use the up and down arrow buttons to change the sort order.

You can also click the Interactive button which closes the dialog box and displays the current
sequence in digits next to the blocks. You can then change the sequence by clicking the blocks in
the desired sequence on the sheet or by arranging the block list in a new sequence in the dialog.

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Rerun the Simulation (PI Controller)

After changing the Block Sequence, rerun the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze
menu command. The simulation model is recompiled and recalculated.

Simulation Results (PI Controller)

The plot displays the simulation results for the machine armature current (DCM.IA), speed
(DCM.N), and the LOAD. Depending on the armature current, the PI controller adjusts the switch-
ing behavior of the chopper transistor. The no-load starting speed for the DC motor approaches
1000 rpm.

Current and Speed Controlled DC Motor 5-14

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6 - Using VHDL-AMS Components for

Modeling
This example describes the modeling of a PI controlled DC motor system using a VHDL-AMS com-
ponent for the DC machine Simplorer functions you will use in this example:

l Basic functions (selecting, placing, arranging, and connecting components)

l Modeling with VHDL-AMS components
l Using plots for displaying simulation results

VHDL-AMS Components
The Basic Elements VHDLAMS library provides the user with the most common basic func-
tionality, circuit components and block elements as VHDL-AMS models developed according to
IEEE 1076.1 (VHDL Analog and Mixed Signal Extensions Standard).

The functionality of the VHDL-AMS models is a subset of that available in the equivalent Simplorer
SML (Simplorer Modeling Language) models provided in the Basic Elements library. VHDL-AMS
models can be used in parallel with SML models. VHDL-AMS block and circuit models are sim-
ulated by the analog solver; while SML block elements are solved by a separate block diagram sim-
ulator. Consequently, unlike SML models. VHDL-AMS models will not display step delays along
the simulator backplane. Numerical values of the VHDL-AMS data type generic are defined at t = 0
and remain unchanged for the remainder of the simulation.

You can view the inputs and outputs of a VHDL-AMS model using the appropriate analog or digital
report. You can also view internal values used within the architecture of a model on reports and use
them as variables between models. However, if the VHDL-AMS design needs to be exported to
other simulators then internal values of the model should not be used outside the model.

Modify the PI Controller Design

The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the simulation model and corresponding values of
the three-phase power supply, the rectifier bridge with static diodes and their characteristics, the
smoothing capacitor, and the VHDL-AMS machine component, DCM.

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Save the Project with a New Name

1. Choose File>Save As.
2. Enter a new file name, and click OK.

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Delete the DC Machine Component

Delete the DC machine component that will be replaced with a VHDL-AMS machine component.

1. Select the DC machine component by clicking it.

2. Press the Delete key to delete the component.

Placing and Arranging the New VHDL-AMS Components

on the Sheet
1. In the Component Libraries window, select the component AM: Ammeter from the Favor-
ites folder and drag it onto the sheet.
2. Open the Basic Elements VHDLAMS>Circuit>Electrical Machines folder. Select the com-
ponent dcmp: DC Permanent Magnet Excitation and drag it onto the sheet.
3. Arrange the components in appropriate positions. See the simulation model figure in"Modify
the PI Controller Design" on page6-1.

Connecting the New VHDL-AMS Components

1. Connect the VHDL-AMS DC machine and ammeter component pins as indicated on
"Modify the PI Controller Design" on page6-1.

Some pins are not available yet. Leave these connections out in this step. The connections are cre-
ated later.

Defining VHDL-AMS DC Machine Values

1. Open the VHDL-AMS DC machine Properties dialog box.
2. On the Parameter Values tab, change InstanceName to DCM, la (Armature Inductance)
to 9.5 mH, ke (Back EMF Constant) to 0.544 Wb, and j (Moment of Inertia) to 0.004 kgm2.
3. On the Quantities tab, change ra (Armature Resistance) to 1.2 ohm. For the load (Load
Torque) property, type LOAD.VAL in its Value field to connect it to the LOAD char-
acteristic component.

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4. On the Property Displays tab add the following property and visibility settings:

5. Click OK to apply the changes.

6. Open the Properties dialog box of Gain block N. Override the default INPUTValue by enter-
ing DCM.n to connect it to the VHDL-AMS motor speed property.

Defining Connections for Machine Current

1. Make the ammeter Current parameter pin available for connecting with the SUM3 com-
ponent input pin.
a. Double-click the ammeter symbol to open its Parameters dialog box.
b. On the Parameters tab, change its Name to AM1.
c. On the Output/Display tab, check Show Pin for the I (Current) property.
d. Click OK to apply the changes.
2. Make the SUM3 summation input pin available for connecting with the ammeter Current
pin.
a. Double-click the SUM3 component to open its Parameters dialog box. If a message dia-
log displays informing you that DCM.IA is not a defined variable, just click OK to con-
tinue.
b. On the Parameters tab, for INPUT[1], delete DCM.IA in the Input Signal field and check
Use Pin.
c. Ensure that Use System Sample Time is checked and that Block Output Signal is
unchecked.
d. On the Output/Display tab, change the Visibility of the INPUT[1] entry to None.
e. Click OK to apply the changes.

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3. Connect the input pin of the SUM3 with the current pin of the ammeter.

Defining Simulation Parameters

Simulation parameters control the simulation process. The values chosen for a simulation determ-
ine the success, and affect the quality, of a simulation result.

1. Choose Simplorer Circuit>Add Solution Setup>Transient to define the simulation para-

meters.
2. Change the default values for simulation End Time from 40ms to 0.5ms, for Min Time Step
from 10us to 1ns, and for Max Time Step from 1ms to 1us. Click OK to apply the changes.

Analyze and Display Simulation Results (VHDL-AMS)

1. Select Simplorer Circuit>Output Dialog and check DCM.n and AM1.I to add them to the
Defined Outputs. Click OK to close the Output dialog box
2. Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command.
3. In the Project Manager tree, expand the existing XY Plot and note that the DCM.N and
10*DCM.IA icons show that these traces are no longer valid because the variable names to
which they were linked have been removed.
4. Right-click DCM.N, select Modify Report, and set the Y trace to DCM.n.
5. Similarly modify 10*DCM.IA to 10*AM1.I. Click OK to apply the changes.

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6. Double-click the XY Plot icon to display the plot which should look similar to the one below.

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7 - Variants of PWM Modeling

A frequently used component in power electronic applications is a Pulse-Width Modulation con-
troller. This device works using a constant frequency, variable impulse width, and a pulse duty
factor.

Simplorer offers several ways to generate a model of this kind of device. In addition to the imple-
mentation of the internal circuit structure, behavioral models are increasingly important because
they provide high simulation speed combined with sufficient accuracy.

The following example contains PWM controllers designed using several distinct Simplorer mod-
eling methods. All methods are included in one sheet so that you can easily compare the dif-
ferences between them.

Simplorer functions you will use in this example:

l Basic functions (selecting, placing, arranging, and connecting components)

l Modeling with block components
l Using Display Elements for displaying simulation results
l Using equations
l Defining block Sequence

PWM Modeling Overview

The figure below shows the Schematic sheet of the PWM controllers with the corresponding values
of components. The sheet contains the following modeling variants:

l Equation
l Equation and Time Function
l State Graph
l Block Diagram

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Create a New Project for the PWM Models

Create a new Project and Schematic sheet for the Pulse-Width Modulation models that you will be
designing. Refer to Creating a New Project for details.

Setting Initial Conditions

The initial values defined in this section are used by all modeling examples in this chapter. These
values are set only once at the start of simulation.

1. In the Simplorer model library Basic Elements > Tools > Equations in the Component
Libraries window, select the component Initial Values and drag it onto the sheet.
2. Double-click the ICA symbol to open the FML_INIT parameters dialog box. Create a new
entry using the Add button . Click in the Equation field and enter FREQU:=10k.
3. Repeat step 2 to define the remaining initial values:
l HI:=5
l LO:=0

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l DUTY:=0.8
4. Click OK to apply the changes.

PWM Modeling Using Equations

This first example describes the modeling of a PWM controller with the use of equations only. You
can separate the description into the following steps:

l Triangle function
l Real value output
l Normalized value output

As you build this model, note that Time and PI are used in the expressions describing the sim-
ulation model.

l The Simplorer simulator uses intrinsic variables for internal computation. One of these
intrinsic variables is the simulation time: Time. You can use this read-only variable in expres-
sions.
l The simulator also provides some natural and mathematical constants which can be used in
mathematical expressions within component dialogs. One such constant is PI.
l In addition, some standard mathematical functions, such as cos, are used in the expres-
sions. Refer to the online help for information on Simplorers standard functions.
1. Choose the Simplorer Basic Elements>Tools>Equations library in the Component Librar-
ies window. Select the FML:Equation component and drag it onto the sheet.
2. Double-click the EQU symbol to open the FML dialog box. Create a new Equation entry
with the Add button. Click in the Equation field and enter:
TRIANG1:=1/PI*acos(cos(2*PI*FREQU*Time))
3. Repeat step 2 and enter the following equations:
l EPWM1:=HI*(TRIANG1<DUTY)+LO*(TRIANG1>DUTY)
l EPWM1_NORM:=TRIANG1<DUTY
4. Ensure that the Calculation Sequence for all equations remains at the default Before Ana-
log Solver setting. Click OK to apply the changes.

Defining Simulation Parameters

Simulation parameters control the simulation process. The values chosen for a simulation determ-
ine the success, and affect the quality, of a simulation result.

1. Choose Simplorer Circuit>Add Solution Setup>Transient to define the simulation para-

meters.
2. Change the default values for simulation End Time from 40ms to 0.5ms, for Min Time Step
from 10us to 1ns, and for Max Time Step from 1ms to 1us. Click OK to apply the changes.

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-3

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Displaying Simulation Results with Reports

During a simulation several types of data are generated. These data can be displayed and printed
by means of Simplorer reports, or can be saved in files. Simplorer reports can be either stand-
alone, or can be placed directly on the sheet like components.

1. To add an on-sheet plot, choose Draw>Report>Rectangular Plot. A hollow rectangular

box appears with the cursor at its center. Move the rectangle and click in the schematic win-
dow to place the plot center. The cursor moves to the lower right corner of the rectangle.
Drag the cursor to resize the rectangle as needed, then click again to finish placing the plot.
2. Choose Simplorer Circuit>Output Dialog to open the Output dialog box. Define outputs
for TRIANG1, EPWM1, and EPWM1_NORM by checking the output boxes of these quant-
ities. Click OK to apply the changes.
3. Double-click the on-sheet report to open the Report dialog box. Ensure that the Solution is
TR, the Domain and Primary Sweep are Time, and that the X channel is set to Default via
the checkbox.
4. Click All in the Category list. In the Quantity list Ctrl+click TRIANG1, EPWM1, and
EPWM1_NORM. Click Add Trace to add the traces to the plot, then Close to exit the dialog
box.
5. Name the plot Equation Models by right-clicking its current name under Results in the Pro-
ject Manager and selecting Rename. Press Enter to apply the change.
6. Save the project by choosing File>Save As and entering a name.
7. Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command. The simulation
model is compiled and calculated.

Simulation Results
The plot displays the simulation results for the triangle function (TRIANG1), actual PWM signal
(EPWM1) and normalized PWM signal (PWM1_NORM). The value of DUTY determines the pulse
width.

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-4

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

PWM Modeling with Equations and Time Function

The second example models a PWM controller using both equations and a time function. The
same initial value assignments set in the first example are also used in this example. It is unne-
cessary to connect the components directly because references will be created using component
and parameter names.

1. In the Basic Elements>Tools>Time Functions library folder, select the TRIANG:Tri-

angular Wave component and drag it onto the sheet. Select the folder Equations and drag
an FML:Equation component onto the sheet.
2. Right-click the TRIANG symbol to open the Parameters dialog box. On the Parameters
tab, change the Name to TRIANG2. Set the Amplitude (AMPL) to 0.5, Frequency (FREQ)
to FREQU, and Offset (OFF) to 0.5.
3. Select Value (VAL) and clear the Show Pin box. Click OK to apply the changes.

Note You can leave the Value (VAL) output pin visible; however the pin is not used in this
example.

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-5

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

4. Double-click the EQU symbol to open the FML Parameters dialog box. Create a new Equa-
tion entry with the Add button. In the Equation field enter: EPWM2:=HI*
(TRIANG2<DUTY)+LO*(TRIANG2>DUTY).
5. Repeat the above step to add the following equation: EPWM2_NORM:=TRIANG2<DUTY

Click OK to apply the changes.

6. Add an on-sheet Rectangular Plot as in the first example. However, for this plot, define out-
puts and add traces for the TRIANG2.VAL, EPWM2, and EPWM2_NORM signals.
7. Name the plot Equation and Time Function Model; and save the project using File>Save
As.
8. Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command. The simulation
model is compiled and calculated.

The resulting plot should be identical to the one plotted in the first example.

PWM Modeling with State Graph Components

This example models the PWM controller using state graph components. The same initial value
assignments set in the first two examples are also used in this example. Simplorers state graph
simulator, which is based on the Petri Net theory, allows you to model event-driven, discontinuous
processes. This modeling method divides a system into significant states and events, then trans-
itions from one state to another.

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-6

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Place and Arrange the Components on the Sheet

1. In the Basic Elements library, open the States folder and drag a State_11 component onto
the sheet. Change its name to OFF and rotate it to match the figure above. Drag a second
State_11 instance onto the sheet and label it ON. Next, drag two TRANS components onto
the sheet and name them TRANS1 and TRANS2. Make sure to rotate them so that their
arrows match the figure.
2. Drag a TRIANG component from the Basic Elements>Tools>Time Functions folder
onto the sheet. Change the component name to TRIANG3.
3. Connect the components as shown in the figure.

Define Component Properties

A process sequence can be considered as a sequence of states. The current state is called active.
Switching an activity from the current state to its successor state is called an event. An event occurs
only if:

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-7

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

l All previous states are active.

l All following states are inactive.
l The transfer condition in the form of a logical expression is true.

At the beginning of the simulation, one state must be defined as active.

1. Double-click the OFF state symbol to open its Parameters dialog box. Create a new SET
Action type entry with the Add button. Enter EPWM3 in the Name field and LO in the Value
field. This entry means that the variable EPWM3 is set to the value LO if the state is active.
Create another SET entry and enter EPWM3_NORM in the Name field and 0 in the Value
field. Check the Activate State box to set the state active at the beginning of simulation.
Click OK to apply the changes. A blue circle in the symbol indicates the state is active.

2. Similarly define the parameters of the state ON component in its Parameters dialog box.
Create a new SET entry and enter EPWM3 in the Name field and HI in the Value field.
Create another SET entry and enter EPWM3_NORM in the Name field and 1 in the Value
field. Do not check Activate State. Click OK to apply the changes.
3. Double-click the TRANS1 symbol and enter TRIANG3<DUTY in the Condition for trans-
ition field. This entry means that the condition becomes true if the value of the triangular func-
tion, TRIANG3, is lower than the DUTY value as defined in the initial value condition. Click
OK to apply the changes. Similarly, for TRANS2, enter TRIANG3>DUTY in the Condition
for transition field. In this case, the condition becomes true if the value of the triangular func-
tion is lower than the DUTY value. Click OK to apply the changes.
4. Double-click the TRIANG3 symbol to open its Parameters dialog box. On the Parameters
tab, set the Amplitude (AMPL) to 0.5, Frequency (FREQ) to FREQU, and Offset (OFF) to
0.5. On the Output/Display tab uncheck Show Pin for Value (VAL) as the pin is not used in
this model. Click OK to apply the changes.
5. Add an on-sheet Rectangular Plot as in the previous examples. However, for this plot, define
outputs and add traces for the TRIANG3.VAL, EPWM3, and EPWM3_NORM signals.

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-8

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

6. Name the plot State Graph Model; and save the project using File>Save As.
7. Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command.

The resulting plot should be identical to the one plotted in the first example.

PWM Modeling with Block Diagram Components

This example models the PWM controller using block diagram components. The PWM is a com-
parator with two input signals: One input is the triangular wave and the other is the modulation sig-
nal. The comparator compares the signals and provides an output signal proportional to the
modulation signal.

Placing and Arranging the Components on the Sheet

1. In the Basic Elements>Blocks>Sources Blocks folder, select the CONST (Constant
Value) component and drag the component onto the sheet.
2. In the Basic Elements>Blocks>Signal Processing Blocks folder, locate and place one
SUM (Summation) and two COMP (Comparator) components onto the sheet.
3. In the Basic Elements>Tools>Time Functions folder, locate and drag a TRIANG (Tri-
angular Wave) component onto the sheet.
4. Arrange and connect the components as shown in the figure above.
5. Double-click the TRIANG symbol to open its Parameters dialog box and change the Name
to TRIANG4. On the Parameters tab, set the Amplitude to 0.5, Frequency to FREQU, and
Offset to 0.5. Click OK to apply the changes.

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-9

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

6. Double-click the CONST block symbol to open the Parameters dialog box. Change the
Name to DUTY_CYCLE and Value to DUTY. Click OK to apply the changes.
7. Double-click the SUM symbol to open its Parameters dialog box. Click in the Sign column
of the triangular wave Input SignalTRIANG4.VAL and select the minus sign () from the
list. Click OK to apply the changes.
8. Double-click the uppermost comparator symbol to open its Parameters dialog box. Change
its Name to EPWM4. On the Parameters tab, set Val1 to LO. and Val2 to HI. On the Out-
put/Display tab, clear the Show Pin box for the output VAL. Click OK to apply the changes.
9. For the remaining comparator, change its Name to EPWM4_NORM, Val1 to 0. and Val2 to
1. Clear the Show Pin box for the output VAL. Click OK to apply the changes.
10. Add an on-sheet Rectangular Plot as in the previous examples. However, for this plot, define
outputs and add traces for the TRIANG4.VAL, EPWM4.VAL, and EPWM4_NORM.VAL
signals.
11. Name the plot Block Diagram Model; and save the project using File>Save As.
12. Start the simulation with the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu command.

The resulting plot should be identical to the one plotted in the first three examples.

Variants of PWM Modeling 7-10

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

8 - Using Legacy Schematics

To use a legacy Simplorer project, you must first translate it using Simplorer Release 16.2 or earlier
and then migrate it into Simplorer R17.

In this chapter you will complete the following tasks:

l Translate a legacy Simplorer 7 schematic file using Release 16.2 or earlier.

l Migrate the translated *.asmp file into Simplorer (ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2017.2) as an
*.aedt file.
l Set up and run an analysis on the translated model.
l Create reports.

Using Legacy Schematics 8-1

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Translating a Legacy Schematic using Release 16.2 or

Earlier
If you want to use your legacy version 7 schematics in Release 18.0 or later projects, you must first
use Simplorer Release 16.2 or earlier to translate and save the project to make it compatible.

In the following example, you will import a Three-Phase Rectifier .ssh file created in Simplorer ver-
sion 7. The legacy files component parameters, simulation setup parameters, and outputs are all
translated into a Simplorer Release 16.2 project, which you can then bring into Simplorer Release
18 for analysis and reports.

Importing the Legacy Schematic into Simplorer Release 16

or earlier
To import a legacy .ssh file:

1. Click File>Open.

A standard Windows Open dialog box appears.

2. Select Legacy Simplorer Schematic (*.ssh) in the Files of type drop-down list to filter
the window contents.
3. Locate the desired .ssh file (LegacyRectifier.ssh for this example) and click OK to begin
the import process.

Hint You can also drag the file directly onto the open Simplorer window.

A Legacy Translation Options dialog box appears.

Using Legacy Schematics 8-2

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

l The Text Language panel allows you to choose the Target language into which the pro-
jects text strings will be translated. If the target language has no equivalent text for a given
element, you can tell the translation tool either to Ignore elements for which there are no
target language strings; or to use Substitute strings.
l The Symbol panel allows you to select whether the symbols in the translated schematic
will be Normal size or five times (5x) normal size. You can also select the symbol Type
and associated Symbol Language available for display on the translated schematic.
4. For this example, we will use the default values, so leave the settings unchanged and click
OK to begin translation.

The Message Manager window informs you of the progress of the translation.

Using Legacy Schematics 8-3

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Note l Virtually all of the projects pre-processing data is translated.

l Optimetrics setup information, including design variables, is not translated.
However, the nominal model is translated.
l Solution data is not translated. Therefore, you must solve legacy Simplorer projects
again after translation. Existing solution data can be imported either by right-clicking
Analysis in the project tree and selecting Import SDB File from the context menu,
or by selecting Simplorer Circuit> Import SDB File on the main menu bar.
5. When translation is complete, choose File>Save As and save the translated project with a
name of your choosing before proceeding.
6. In the Project Manager, browse the project tree.

7. Double-click the Options and TR icons to open the Solution Options and Transient Ana-
lysis Setup dialog boxes, and confirm that the legacy settings have been transferred cor-

Using Legacy Schematics 8-4

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

rectly.

Using Legacy Schematics 8-5

information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Simplorer Getting Started Guide

8. Select Simplorer Circuit>Output Dialog to open the Outputs dialog box and observe
that the defined outputs have been translated.

Using Legacy Schematics 8-6

information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Now that you have confirmed that the necessary conditions for finding solutions for the translated
circuit have been correctly set up, the next step is to open the translated schematic in Simplorer.

Opening the Translated Schematic in Simplorer 2017.1 or

Later
To open the translated schematic:

1. Click File>Open.
2. Navigate to the location of the *.asmp project file, and open the file. The File Migration
Required dialog is displayed:

Using Legacy Schematics 8-7

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Select either Copy or Convert.

l Select Copy if you want to create the new *.aedt file and save the original *.asmp file.
l Select Convert if you want to create the new *.aedt file without saving the original *.asmp
file.
3. Click OK.

The next step is to start an analysis

Starting an Analysis
To start an analysis:

1. Start the analysis (simulation) by selecting the Simplorer Circuit>Analyze menu com-
mand.

You can also right-click on Analysis in the Project Manager window and click Analyze on
the short-cut menu, or press F12 on your keyboard to start the analysis.

Using Legacy Schematics 8-8

information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Simplorer Getting Started Guide

At the end of the simulation, the simulator program remains open so that the simulation can
be run again if any of the model parameters are changed.

2. After the simulation, the output quantities can be displayed in plots on the sheet or in report
windows. Output data are also saved in a .sdb file (Simplorer Database).

Plotting Simulation Results

Refer to Plotting Rectifier Model Simulation Results for information on plotting simulation results.
Detailed information on Generating and Modifying Reports is also available in the online help.

Using Legacy Schematics 8-9

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Simplorer Getting Started Guide

PDF layout 8-10

information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Index Placing 4-2, 4-2, 5-3, 5-3, 6-3, 7-9

Connecting components 3-1

. Constant block 5-6

.aedt file 2-4, 8-1 Controller

.asmp file 8-7 Modeling using state graph 4-12

.ssh file 8-7 PI controller 5-6

A D

Adding a Rectangular Plot 5-9 Deactivating components on the

sheet 4-16
Adjusting Plot Properties 5-11
Deleting, Components 4-1, 5-1
Automatic block sorting 5-13
design
B adding a solution setup 4-1
Block sample time 4-7 Diode 3-1, 4-5
Block sequence 5-12 Characteristic 4-9

Displaying
C
Diode characteristic 4-9
Capacitor 3-1
Property Names 4-4
Chopper transistor 4-5
Simulation results 3-1, 6-5, 7-4
Component Libraries 1-3

Components F

Connecting 3-1, 4-3, 4-3, 4-13, 5- File Migration Required dialog 8-7
3, 5-3, 6-3
Freewheeling diode 4-5
Deactivating 4-16

Deleting 4-2, 5-2

Index-1

information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Simplorer Getting Started Guide

G N
Gain block 5-6 Name Reference 4-16
Ground node 3-8
P
H PI controller 5-6
Hysteresis block 4-7, 5-7 project

creating 8-1
I
saving 8-1
Inductor 3-8
Project Manager 2-4, 8-1
Initial value component 4-14
project tree
Integrator block 5-6
introduction 8-1
Intrinsic Variables 7-3
Properties
L Circuit components 3-1
Limiter block 5-7 DC machine 4-3

State graph components 4-13

M
Time functions 7-5
Manual block sorting 5-13
Property Names
Mechanical load
Moving 4-4
Characteristic 5-4
PWM Modeling
Initial value 4-4
Modeling with block diagram 7-9
Modeling
With equations and time function 7-5
Hysteresis controller 4-12
With state graph 7-6
PWM controller 7-1

With block diagram 7-9 R

With state graph components 4- Resistor 3-1
12, 7-6

Index-2

information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Simplorer Getting Started Guide

Setting initial conditions 7-2

Simulation parameters 3-17, 4-11, 4-

11, 6-5, 6-5, 7-3, 7-3

Simulation results 3-1, 6-5, 7-4

3-phase rectifier with res-

istive/inductive load 3-1

solution setup, adding 4-1

Starting, Simulation 3-1

Summation 5-6

Three-Phase Rectifier

About 2-1

creating the schematic 3-1

Time function 7-5

Transistor 4-5, 4-16

Two-point Element 4-7

Using name references 4-16

Variants of PWM modeling 7-1

VHDL-AMS components 6-1

Voltage source 3-1

Index-3

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