Listing-Order In a listing-order paragraph, you divide the topic into separate points.

Then you discuss one

Paragraphs point, and then another point, and then a third point, and so on.

There are three keys to writing a listing-order paragraph:

1. Begin with a sentence that names your topic and says it has several points.
2. Write about each point separately.
3. End with a sentence that reminds your reader about the points you just discussed.

As you read the model paragraph, notice the separate points discussed.
MODEL
Listing-Order Flight Attendants
Paragraph Flight attendants have three important characteristics. First of all, flight attendants are
friendly. They enjoy greeting passengers and making them feel comfortable.
Sometimes passengers are afraid of flying. A friendly flight attendant can talk to them
and help them feel calm. For example, he or she can explain strange noises made by
the aircraft. Second, flight attendants are self-confident. They give instructions to
passengers, and they must be firm enough so that passengers obey them. This
characteristic is especially important in emergencies. Third, flight attendants are
physically strong. They push heavy carts of food and drinks up and down the aisles.
They also have to open and close the heavy doors of airplanes. In short, flight
attendants are friendly, self-confident, and strong.

Questions on the Model

1. Look at the title. What is the topic of this paragraph?
2. Look at the first sentence. What does it say about the topic?
3. How many points should the reader look for in this paragraph?
4. List the points here: ____________________________________________________
5. Now look at the last sentence. What information does it repeat?
 In previous classes, you have learned that a paragraph has three parts: a topic sentence,
The Three
supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.
Parts of a
Paragraph
The Topic The MOST IMPORTANT sentence in a paragraph is the topic sentence. It is here where the
Sentence reader learns what the actual topic is. Also, usually, the topic sentence is the first sentence in the
paragraph.

The Two A topic sentence has two parts: a topic and a controlling idea. The topic part names the topic.
Parts of a The controlling idea part tells what the paragraph will say about the topic. It tells the reader:
Topic This paragraph will discuss these things and only these things about this topic.
Sentence
For example, the topic of the model paragraph on page 1 is Flight Attendants. What will the
paragraph say about flights attendants? The controlling idea tells us: They have three
characteristics. The paragraph will not tell us about their uniforms, their training, or their
duties. It will only discuss three characteristics that flight attendants have.

Here are examples of other topic sentences. The topic in all three examples is the same: English.
The controlling idea in each says something different about English. From the controlling ideas,
you can imagine what the rest of the paragraph will say about English?

1. English is constantly adding new words.

2. English borrows words from other languages.
3. English is necessary for many different jobs.

Usually, the topic comes first and the controlling idea comes second in the topic sentence.
However, the controlling idea may come first. In the a sentences, the topic is first. In the b
sentences, the controlling idea is first.

a. English borrows words from other languages.

b. Other languages give words to English.
a. English is necessary for many different jobs.
b. Many different jobs require English.

PRACTICE 1 The following paragraphs show how the controlling idea of a topic sentence controls a
paragraph. The topic of all three paragraphs is the same: beaches. However, the content of each
Two Parts of a paragraph is quite different because the controlling idea is different.
Topic
Sentence
Step 1 Find the topic sentence in each paragraph.
Step 2 Draw a circle around the topic and underline the controlling idea. There is one topic
sentence in which the topic comes after the controlling idea.
Paragraph 1
Beaches
Beaches offer different pleasures to different kinds of people. Solitary people can enjoy
sunbathing or reading. Social people can usually find someone to talk to or take a walk with.
Curious individuals can collect seashells or study the habits of seashore creatures, such as sand
crabs or seagulls. Athletes can swim, surf, job, or play football or volleyball. Indeed, every type
of person can find enjoyment at a beach.

Paragraph 2
Beaches
Beaches are fun in summer and in winter. In summer, you can swim and do many other
water sports. If you dont like water sports, you can play beach games or relax on the warm
sand. In winter, beaches are less crowded, so they are good places for solitary walks. Also, on a
clear winter night, nothing is more fun than sitting with a group of friends around a big bonfire,
talking, laughing, and singing. Indeed, a beach is a place to have fun all year.

Paragraph 3
Beaches
Beaches differ in various parts of the world. Thailand has miles of empty beaches. They
are beautiful, clean, and uncrowded, even in summer. You can spend the whole afternoon on a
beach and not see another person. In Japan, on the other hand, the beaches are very crowded.
You can hardly find a place to sit down at the more popular Japanese beaches. The beaches in
Northern Europe differ in another way. The water is cold, so most people go to the beach only
to sunbathe. Along the French Riviera, the beaches are rocky, not sandy as they are on tropical
islands. Each type of beach empty or crowded, sandy or rocky has its own special
characteristics to enjoy.

Paragraph 4
Beaches
People of all ages have fun at beaches. First, young children love going to a beach.
Children love to splash in the water, jump in the waves, and play in the sand. They happily dig
holes, fill buckets, and build sand castles all day long. A second group of people who have fun
at a beach are teenagers. Teenagers enjoy active water sports, such as surfing, jet skiing, and
boardsailing. They also like to just hangout at the beach with their friends. Third, senior
citizens have a good time at the beach, too. They take long walks along the waters edge or
simply relax and enjoy the sunshine. In brief, children, teenagers, and grandparents can all have
fun at a beach.
PRACTICE 2 A. Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea in each of the following topic
Topic sentences. There is one topic sentence in which the topic comes after the controlling
Sentences
idea.

1. Good roommates have four characteristics.

2. College students take many kinds of tests.
3. Small cars have several advantages.
4. Big cars are safer than small cars for two reasons.
5. A baseball player must master several skills.
6. Living with your parents has certain advantages.
7. Living with your parents has certain disadvantages
8. Talent and dedication are two characteristics of Olympic athletes.
9. Tokyo has excellent public transportation systems.
10. Tokyo is one of the worlds most expensive cities.
B. Read each paragraph. Then choose the best topic sentence and write it on the line
provided.
1. ___________________________________________________________. First,
living in a foreign country helps you learn another language faster than studying it
at school. Second, you can learn directly about the history, geography, and culture
of a country. Third, you become a more tolerant person because you experience
different ways of living. Fourth, living in a foreign country makes you appreciate
your own country better.

Living in a foreign country helps you learn.

Everyone should live in a foreign country for a while.

Living in a foreign country has four benefits.

2. ___________________________________________________________. Some
colleges and universities in the United States are private. Private colleges and
universities do not get money from taxes, so they are usually more expensive.
Other colleges and universities are public; that is, the citizens of each state pay some
of the costs through their taxes. As a result, public colleges are cheaper for students
to attend. No matter which type of college you attend-public or private, you can get
a good education.

There are two main types of colleges and universities in the US.

Public colleges and universities get money from taxes.

There are many colleges and universities in the US.

 C. Write a topic sentence for each other following paragraphs.
1. ___________________________________________________________. Green
curry is the hottest Thai curry. People who like very spicy food will enjoy green
curry. Red curry is medium hot. It is flavorful, but it doesnt burn your mouth.
Yellow curry is the mildest of all. It is usually the choice of people who eat Thai
food for the first time. In short, you have three delicious choices when you order
Thai curry.
2. ___________________________________________________________. First,
good teachers know their subject very well. That is, a math teacher has advanced
education in mathematics, and an English teacher is an expert in English grammar.
Second, good teachers must be good communicators. Being a good communicator
means presenting information in ways that students can understand. Third, good
teachers are enthusiastic. That is, they are so interested in their subject that they
make it fun to learn. To summarize, good teachers have expert knowledge, good
communication skills, and contagious enthusiasm.

D. Add two different controlling ideas to these topics to make complete topic sentences.
1. Sports
Different sports are played at different times of the year.
Each country has its own favorite sport.
2. International students
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. Hollywood movies
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. Restaurants
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Supporting Sentences
The middle sentences of a paragraph are the supporting sentences. Supporting sentences explain
or prove the idea in the topic sentence. They are the fillings in a paragraph sandwich. The
supporting sentences are the biggest part of a paragraph.
PRACTICE 3 Work with a partner or in a small group. Discuss possible supporting points for these topic
Supporting sentences from Practice 2A.
Sentences 1. Good roommates have four characteristics.
Are neat, tidy
Are cheerful
Share housework
Pay their share of the rent on time
2. College students take many kinds of tests.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. Small cars have several advantages.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. Big cars are safer than small cars for two reasons.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Listing-Order A transition signal is a word or phrase that show how one idea is related to another idea. In a
Transition
listing-order paragraph, use transition signals such as First, Second, and Third to tell you reader
Signals
that these are the main points.
Here are some transition signals that show listing order.
Listing-Order Signals
1. First, 2. also
First of all, , also.
Second,
Third,
In addition,
Also,
Finally,
 1. Place most listing-order transition signals at the beginning of the sentence, and put a
comma after them.
First, living in a foreign country helps you learn another language faster than
styding it at a school.

In addition, small colleges are friendlier, so new students make friends more
quickly.

Also, on a clear winter night, nothing is more fun than sitting with a group of
friends around a big bonfire, talking, laughing, and singing.
2. Also may come in the middle of a sentence (between the subject and the verb) without a
comma or at the end of a sentence with a comma.
They also like to hang out at the beach with their friends.
They like to hang out at the beach with their friends, also.

CONCLUSION
SENTENCES Concluding Sentences
How to end a paragraph
The final sentence of a paragraph is called the concluding sentence. It sums up the main
points or restates the main idea in a different way. A sentence that sums up the paragraph
reminds the reader of what the writers main idea and supporting points were. A sentence that
restates the main idea should give the same information in a slight different way, perhaps by
using different words or by using different word order. A concluding sentence should not
introduce a new point.

Work with a partner. Take turns reading these paragraphs aloud. Is there a concluding
sentence? Circle yes or no. If there is no concluding sentence, write one with your partner.

Even simple study habits can improve your grades. In college, I

learned how important it is to get enough sleep. When you are well rested, it is
easier to learn. Research shows that when people dont get enough sleep, their
memories arent as effective. If students are really tired, they might even fall
asleep in class! So its easy to see how getting enough sleep can improve your
performance in school.
a) Concluding sentence? yes / no

...

My favorite class is psychology. I enjoy learning about the ways people

think and behave. I also am interested in learning about the way childrens
minds develop.
a) Concluding sentence? yes / no
 I am too nervous to sing karaoke songs with my friends. The last time
I tried was on my birthday, when my friends took me to a karaoke club. I told
my friends I didnt want to sing, but they encouraged me until I said yes.
When I stood up in front of the microphone, I was so scared, I felt dizzy. It was
hard to hear the music, and my mouth was too dry to make a sound. I just
stood there until a friend jumped up next to me and finished the song.
a) Concluding sentence? yes / no

...

For me, a friend is someone who accepts you the way you are. A
friend doesnt want you to change your personality or your style. I like people
who dont care if the people they are with are wearing popular clothes or
listening to trendy music.
a) Concluding sentence? yes / no

...

Therefore / Thus / For this reason / Accordingly / Consequently / So