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CH 10

The document discusses vibration measurement techniques and applications. It covers various transducers used for vibration measurement like strain gages, piezoelectric transducers, accelerometers, and velocimeters. It also discusses vibration exciters, modal testing, equipment needed for vibration analysis, and machine condition monitoring techniques like time and frequency domain analysis. The goal is to measure machine vibrations to monitor machine health and diagnose issues.

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raja
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52 views36 pages

CH 10

The document discusses vibration measurement techniques and applications. It covers various transducers used for vibration measurement like strain gages, piezoelectric transducers, accelerometers, and velocimeters. It also discusses vibration exciters, modal testing, equipment needed for vibration analysis, and machine condition monitoring techniques like time and frequency domain analysis. The goal is to measure machine vibrations to monitor machine health and diagnose issues.

Uploaded by

raja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vibration Measurement and

Applications
Introduction
High Productivity, Economical Design, Efficient
use of material
Operational speed selection
Theoretical assumption
Active vibration control
Balancing Survivability
Continuous system assumptions
Mass, Stiffness damping
Ground vibrations
Vibration Measurement Scheme
Expected Range of Frequencies
Size of Machine/Str
Condition of operation
Type of data Processing
Transducers
Variable Resistance Transducers
Strain Gage
Electrical component
Bonded to material
Strains as material strains
Strain Gage
Calibration information
Manufacturer provides gage factor or GF
2.x typical
R/R

m=GF

L/L
Strain Gage
Equation
R / R
=
GF
Measure R and change in R
Calculate strain ()
So how do we measure R?
Measure R
Measure R directly
Data to PC if desired
Piezoelectric Transducers
K- Piezoelectric constant
V voltage sensitivity
k and Voltage sensitivity
v valid only when largest
face is along the x-axis of
crystal
Electrodynamic Transducers

D Magnetic Field Intensity


L Length of Conductor
V- Velocity
F force on coil
I - Current
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer Transducer
Vibration Pickups
Vibrometer
Accelerometer

LHS of Eq lies b/w .96 and 1.04


for 0r 0.6 for 0.65 0.7
Velometer
Typical Shaker Setup
Vibration Exciters
Mechanical Exciters

F<30Hz
Wt<700N
250N to 25,000 N
Electrodynamic Shaker

D Magnetic Flux
L length of coil
I current in coil
30,000 N
5 to 20 KHz
Dynamic Testing of Machines
Operational Deflection Shape measurement
Steady-state (Operating) Frequency
Reference Accelerometer
A moving Accelerometer
Amplitude and Phase Difference b/w accelerometers is
measured.
Measurement is important for that particular case

Model Testing
Modal Testing
Excitation
Sharp peak at Resonance
Phase of Response changes by 180 deg as
forcing frequency crosses the natural
frequency of structure
Phase Will be 90 deg at resonance.
The Necessary Equipment
An Exciter
Transducer (Piezoelectric)
Signal Conditioning amplifier
An Analyzer
Machine Condition Monitoring and
Diagnostics
Vibration Severity
Criteria
ISO-2372
RMS Value
Machine Maintenance
Techniques
Breakdown Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
Condition Based
Maintenance
Machine Condition Monitoring
Techniques
Machine Vibration Monitoring
Techniques
Time Domain Techniques

Time Waveform

Indices

Orbits
Statistical Methods

Probability Density Curve

Probability of finding its instantaneous amplitude within a


certain range, divided by the range.

Moments
mean
Standard deviation
Kurtosis
Skewness
Frequency Domain Analysis

Frequency
Spectrum
Predefined Spectrum Analysis Bands
1xRPM - BALANCE
1.8
2xRPM - ALIGNMENT
1.5
1.2 3-5xRPM - LOOSENESS

0.9
ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS & GEARMESH
0.6
5-25xRPM 25-65xRPM
0.3

20000
5000 10000 15000

Frequency Hz
Frequency Band Alarming and Trending
Sub-
Harmonic 1X 2X Bearing Bearing Gears Bearing
Amplitude

25-60
x 1x 2x
Trend of Trend of
Balance Bearings
Alarm
.5
Alarm
in/sec
Warning .1 Warning
in/sec
Time Time
(Days) (Days)
Amplitude

Time

Amplitude

Time
Amplitude

Amplitude
Frequency
0 Time

- 1x
Frequency

0 Time

- 4x Frequency

+ Time
0
- 12x Frequency

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