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Faster video file FPS with

cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV
by Adrian Rosebrock on February 6, 2017 in OpenCV 3, Tutorials

Have you ever worked with a video file via OpenCVs cv2.VideoCapture function and
found that reading frames just felt slow and sluggish?

Ive been there and I know exactly how it feels.

Your entire video processing pipeline crawls along, unable to process more than one or
two frames per second even though you arent doing any type of computationally
expensive image processing operations.

Why is that?

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34

The answer is almost always video compression and frame decoding.

Depending on your video file type, the codecs you have installed, and not to mention, the
physical hardware of your machine, much of your video processing pipeline can actually be
consumed by reading and decoding the next frame in the video file.

Thats just computationally wasteful and there is a better way.

In the remainder of todays blog post, Ill demonstrate how to use threading and a queue
data structure to improve your video file FPS rate by over 52%!

Looking for the source code to this post?

Jump right to the downloads section.

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and

OpenCV
When working with video files and OpenCV you are likely using the cv2.VideoCapture
function.

First, you instantiate your cv2.VideoCapture object by passing in the path to your input
video file.
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Then you start a loop, calling the .read method of cv2.VideoCapture to poll the next
onit incomputer
frame from the video file so you can process your pipeline. vision &
image search engines
The problem (and the reason why this method can feel slow and sluggish) is that
youre both reading and decoding the frame in your
Interested in main processing
computer thread!
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engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
As Ive mentioned in previous posts, the .read method
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the main thread of your Python + OpenCVisapplication
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the frame is read from the video file, decoded, and returned to the calling function. good?
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becoming
By moving these blocking I/O operations to a computer
a separate vision
thread and master.a queue of
maintaining
decoded frames we can actually improve our FPS processing rate by over 52%!

This increase in frame processing rate (and therefore our overall video processing
pipeline) comes from dramatically reducing LET'S
latency
DO
IT!we dont have to wait for the .read
method to finish reading and decoding a frame; instead, there is always a pre-decoded

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34

To accomplish this latency decrease our goal will be to move the reading and decoding of
video file frames to an entirely separate thread of the program, freeing up our main thread
to handle the actual image processing.

But before we can appreciate the faster, threaded method to video frame processing, we
first need to set a benchmark/baseline with the slower, non-threaded version.

The slow, naive method to reading video frames with OpenCV

The goal of this section is to obtain a baseline on our video frame processing throughput
rate using OpenCV and Python.

To start, open up a new file, name it read_frames_slow.py , and insert the following code:

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

1 # import the necessary packages
2 from imutils.video import FPS
3 import numpy as np
4 import argparse
5 import imutils
6 import cv2
7
8 # construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
9 ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
10 ap.add_argument("-v", "--video", required=True,
11 help="path to input video file")
12 args = vars(ap.parse_args())
13
14 # open a pointer to the video stream and start the FPS timer
15 stream = cv2.VideoCapture(args["video"])
16 fps = FPS().start()
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Lines 2-6 import our required Python packages. Well be using my imutils library, a series
on computer vision &
of convenience functions to make image and video processing operations easier with
OpenCV and Python. image search engines
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If you dont already have imutils installed or if you are using a previous version, you can
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install/upgrade imutils by using the following command:
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Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Shell
1 $ pip install --upgrade imutils introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
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Lines 9-12 then parse our command line arguments.
becoming a We only need
computer a single
vision switch for this
master.
script, --video , which is the path to our input video file.

Line 15 opens a pointer to the --video file using the cv2.VideoCapture class
while Line 16 starts a timer that we can use to measure FPS, or more specifically, the
LET'S DO IT!
throughput rate of our video processing pipeline.

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Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

18 # loop over frames from the video file stream
19 while True:
20 # grab the frame from the threaded video file stream
21 (grabbed, frame) = stream.read()
22
23 # if the frame was not grabbed, then we have reached the end
24 # of the stream
25 if not grabbed:
26 break
27
28 # resize the frame and convert it to grayscale (while still
29 # retaining 3 channels)
30 frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=450)
31 frame = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
32 frame = np.dstack([frame, frame, frame])
33
34 # display a piece of text to the frame (so we can benchmark
35 # fairly against the fast method)
36 cv2.putText(frame, "Slow Method", (10, 30),
37 cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.6, (0, 255, 0), 2)
38
39 # show the frame and update the FPS counter
40 cv2.imshow("Frame", frame)
41 cv2.waitKey(1)
42 fps.update()

On Line 19 we start looping over the frames of our video file.

A call to the .read method on Line 21 returns a 2-tuple containing:

1. grabbed : A boolean indicating if the frame was successfully read or not.

2. frame : The actual video frame itself.
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on reached
If grabbed is False then we know we have computer
the end of vision
the video file&and can
break from the loop (Lines 25 and 26).
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Otherwise, we perform some basic image Interested
processingintasks, including:
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engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
1. Resizing the frame to have a width of 450 pixels.
help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
2. Converting the frame to grayscale. is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
3. Drawing the text on the frame via the introduction
cv2.putText tomethod.
computer Wevision.
do this because
Sound well
good?
be using the cv2.putText function toEnter
display ouremail
your queue size to
below in the fast,
start yourthreaded
journey to
example below and want to have a fair, comparable
becoming pipeline.vision master.
a computer

Lines 40-42 display the frame to our screen and update our FPS counter.

The final code block handles computing the approximate FPS/frame rate throughput of our
pipeline, releasing the video stream pointer,LET'S DO IT!
and closing any open windows:

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34
45 fps.stop()
46 print("[INFO] elasped time: {:.2f}".format(fps.elapsed()))
47 print("[INFO] approx. FPS: {:.2f}".format(fps.fps()))
48
49 # do a bit of cleanup
50 stream.release()
51 cv2.destroyAllWindows()

To execute this script, be sure to download the source code + example video to this blog
post using the Downloads section at the bottom of the tutorial.

For this example well be using the first 31 seconds of the Jurassic Park trailer (the .mp4
file is included in the code download):

Jurassic Park Trailer

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Lets go ahead and obtain a baseline for frame 21-day
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throughput course
on this example
video:
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Faster video file FPS with image
cv2.VideoCapture search engines
and OpenCV Shell
1 $ python read_frames_slow.py --video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4
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LET'S DO IT!

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34

Figure 1: The slow, naive method to read frames from a video file using Python and OpenCV.

As you can see, processing each individual frame of the 31 second video clip takes
approximately 47 seconds with a FPS processing rate of 20.21.

These results imply that its actually taking longer to read and decode the individual frames
than the actual length of the video clip!

To see how we can speedup our frame processing throughput, take a look at the technique
I describe in the next section.

Using threading to buffer frames with OpenCV

To improve the FPS processing rate of frames read from video files with OpenCV we are
going to utilize threading and the queue data structure:

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Figure 2: An example of the queue data structure. New data is enqueued to

the back of the list while older data is dequeued from the front of the
list. (source: Wikipedia)
LET'S DO IT!

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34
main Python script that
is solely responsible for reading frames from the video file and maintaining a queue.

Since Pythons Queue data structure is thread safe, much of the hard work is done for us
already we just need to put all the pieces together.

Ive already implemented the FileVideoStream class in imutils but were going to review the
code so you can understand whats going on under the hood:

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

1 # import the necessary packages
2 from threading import Thread
3 import sys
4 import cv2
5
6 # import the Queue class from Python 3
7 if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
8 from queue import Queue
9
10 # otherwise, import the Queue class for Python 2.7
11 else:
12 from Queue import Queue

Lines 2-4 handle importing our required Python packages. The Thread class is used to
create and start threads in the Python programming language.

We need to take special care when importing the Queue data structure as the name of the
queue package is different based on which Python version you are using (Lines 7-12).

We can now define the constructor to FileVideoStream :

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV

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14 class FileVideoStream:
15
on computer vision &
def __init__(self, path, queueSize=128):
16
17
image search engines
# initialize the file video stream along with the boolean
# used to indicate if the thread should be stopped or not
18 self.stream = cv2.VideoCapture(path)
19 self.stopped = False Interested in computer vision and image search
20 engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
21 # initialize the queue used to store frames read from
22 # the video file help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
23 self.Q = Queue(maxsize=queueSize)
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Our constructor takes a single required argument followed by an optional one:
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path : The path to our input video file.
queueSize : The maximum number of frames to store in the queue. This value
defaults to 128 frames, but you depending on (1) the frame dimensions of your video
and (2) the amount of memory you can spare, you may want to raise/lower this value.
LET'S DO IT!
Line 18 instantiates our cv2.VideoCapture object by passing in the video path .

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To kick off the thread, well next define the start method:

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

25 def start(self):
26 # start a thread to read frames from the file video stream
27 t = Thread(target=self.update, args=())
28 t.daemon = True
29 t.start()
30 return self

This method simply starts a thread separate from the main thread. This thread will call the
.update method (which well define in the next code block).

The update method is responsible for reading and decoding frames from the video file,
along with maintaining the actual queue data structure:

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

32 def update(self):
33 # keep looping infinitely
34 while True:
35 # if the thread indicator variable is set, stop the
36 # thread
37 if self.stopped:
38 return
39
40 # otherwise, ensure the queue has room in it
41 if not self.Q.full():
42 # read the next frame from the file
43 (grabbed, frame) = self.stream.read()
44
45 # if the `grabbed` boolean is `False`, then we have
46
47
# reached the end of the video file
if not grabbed:

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48
49
self.stop()
return
on computer vision &
50
51
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# add the frame to the queue
52 self.Q.put(frame)
Interested in computer vision and image search
On the surface, this code is very similar toengines,
our example in theknow
but don't slow,where
naive method
to start?detailed
Let me
above. help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
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The key takeaway here is that this code isintroduction
actually running in a separate
to computer thread
vision. good?
Sound this is
where our actual FPS processing rate increase
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On Line 34 we start looping over the frames in the video file.

If the stopped indicator is set, we exit the thread (Lines 37 and 38).
LET'S DO IT!
If our queue is not full we read the next frame from the video stream, check to see if we

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The read method will handle returning the next frame in the queue:

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

54 def read(self):
55 # return next frame in the queue
56 return self.Q.get()

Well create a convenience function named more that will return True if there are still
more frames in the queue (and False otherwise):

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

58 def more(self):
59 # return True if there are still frames in the queue
60 return self.Q.qsize() > 0

And finally, the stop method will be called if we want to stop the thread prematurely (i.e.,
before we have reached the end of the video file):

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

62 def stop(self):
63 # indicate that the thread should be stopped
64 self.stopped = True

The faster, threaded method to reading video frames with

OpenCV
Now that we have defined our FileVideoStream class we can put all the pieces together
and enjoy a faster, threaded video file read with OpenCV.

Open up a new file, name it Free 21-day crash

, and insert the
read_frames_fast.py code:
followingcourse

on computer
Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV vision & Python
1 # import the necessary packages
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2 from imutils.video import FileVideoStream
3 from imutils.video import FPS
4 import numpy as np Interested in computer vision and image search
5 import argparse engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
6 import imutils
7 import time help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
8 import cv2 is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
9
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10 # construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
11 ap = argparse.ArgumentParser() Enter your email below to start your journey to
12 ap.add_argument("-v", "--video", required=True,
becoming a computer vision master.
13 help="path to input video file")
14 args = vars(ap.parse_args())
15
16 # start the file video stream thread and allow the buffer to
17 # start to fill
18 print("[INFO] starting video file thread...")
LET'S DO IT!
19 fvs = FileVideoStream(args["video"]).start()
20 time.sleep(1.0)

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34

Lines 2-8 import our required Python packages. Notice how we are using the
FileVideoStream class from the imutils library to facilitate faster frame reads with
OpenCV.

Lines 11-14 parse our command line arguments. Just like the previous example, we only
need a single switch, --video , the path to our input video file.

We then instantiate the FileVideoStream object and start the frame reading thread (Line
19).

Line 23 then starts the FPS timer.

Our next section handles reading frames from the FileVideoStream , processing them,
and displaying them to our screen:

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python

25 # loop over frames from the video file stream
26 while fvs.more():
27 # grab the frame from the threaded video file stream, resize
28 # it, and convert it to grayscale (while still retaining 3
29 # channels)
30 frame = fvs.read()
31 frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=450)
32 frame = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
33 frame = np.dstack([frame, frame, frame])
34
35 # display the size of the queue on the frame
36 cv2.putText(frame, "Queue Size: {}".format(fvs.Q.qsize()),
37
38
(10, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.6, (0, 255, 0), 2)
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39 # show the frame and update the FPS counter
40 cv2.imshow("Frame", frame) on computer vision &
41 cv2.waitKey(1)
42 fps.update() image search engines
We start a while loop on Line 26 that will keep grabbing
Interested frames vision
in computer from the
and image search
FileVideoStream queue until the queue is empty. but don't know where to start? Let me
engines,
help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
For each of these frames well apply the same image processing
is hand-tailored to giveoperations, including:
you the best possible
resizing, conversion to grayscale, and displaying text ontothe
introduction frame (in
computer this case,
vision. Soundourgood?
text
will be the number of frames in the queue).
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The processed frame is displayed to our screen on Lines 40-42.

The last code block computes our FPS throughput rate and performs a bit of cleanup:

LET'S DO IT!
Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Python
44 # stop the timer and display FPS information

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34

48
49 # do a bit of cleanup
50 cv2.destroyAllWindows()
51 fvs.stop()

To see the results of the read_frames_fast.py script, make sure you download the
source code + example video using the Downloads section at the bottom of this tutorial.

From there, execute the following command:

Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV Shell

1 $ python read_frames_fast.py --video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4

Figure 3: Utilizing threading with cv2.VideoCapture and OpenCV leads to higher FPS and a larger throughput
rate.

Free
As we can see from the results we were able 21-day
to process crash
the entire course
31 second video clip
in 31.09 seconds thats an improvement of 34% from the slow, naive method!
on computer vision &
image
The actual frame throughput processing rate search
is much faster, engines
clocking in at 30.75 frames
per second, an improvement of 52.15%.
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Threading can dramatically improve the speed of your video processing pipeline use it
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This post has focused on using threading to improve the frame processing rate of video
files.

LET'S DO IT!
If youre instead interested in speeding up the FPS of your built-in webcam, USB camera,

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Increasing webcam FPS with Python and OpenCV

Increasing Raspberry Pi FPS with Python and OpenCV
Unifying picamera and cv2.VideoCapture into a single class with OpenCV

Summary
In todays tutorial I demonstrated how to use threading and a queue data structure to
improve the FPS throughput rate of your video processing pipeline.

By placing the call to .read of a cv2.VideoCapture object in a thread separate from the
main Python script we can avoid blocking I/O operations that would otherwise dramatically
slow down our pipeline.

Finally, I provided an example comparing threading with no threading. The results show
that by using threading we can improve our processing pipeline by up to 52%.

However, keep in mind that the more steps (i.e., function calls) you make inside your
while loop, the more computation needs to be done therefore, your actual frames per
second rate will drop, but youll still be processing faster than the non-threaded version.

To be notified when future blog posts are published, be sure to enter your email
address in the form below!

Downloads:
Freethe21-day
If you would like to download crash
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opencv 3, video, video clip, video processing, video stream

A day in the life of a Adrian Rosebrock: computer vision researcher, developer, and entrepreneur.
Recognizing digits with OpenCV and Python

50 Responses to Faster video file FPS with cv2.VideoCapture and

OpenCV

REPLY
Steve Goldsmith February 6, 2017 at 11:14 am #

This didnt work for me using a CHIP SoC. I saw exactly the same frame rate. A
simpler method is to move the UVC code into a separate process (mjpg-streamer) and use
a simple socket based client thus removingFree 21-day
the need crash
for VideoCapture. course
I get precise FPS
and better overall performance this way. See my project https://github.com/sgjava/opencv-
on computer vision &
chip which includes the Python code and performance tests.
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Interested in computer vision and image search
REPLY
Letme
Adrian Rosebrock Februaryengines, butam
7, 2017 at 9:09 don't
# know where to start?
help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
Thanks for sharing Steve! is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
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REPLY
ghanendra February 6, 2017 at 12:08 pm #

Hey Adrian, another awesome tutorial, Thanks a lot.

I have one problem, I m working on getting frames from camera over network, can we use
threaded frames there? LET'S DO IT!

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REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 7, 2017 at 9:08 am #

I actually demonstrate how to use OpenCV and TKinter in this blog post. The
post assumes youre reading from a video stream, but you can swap it out for a file
video easily.

REPLY
Ghanendra February 13, 2017 at 10:11 am #

Hi Adrian, I think you missed my first question..

When I read frames from a video using cv2.VideoCapture, speed of reading the
frames is much faster than the normal speed of the video. How to read frames
from the video at constant rate?

Hi Adrian, Im using TCP protocol over network to receive frames, fps is very low.
What can I do for that?

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 13, 2017 at 1:34 pm #

OpenCV doesnt actually care what the true FPS of the video is. The
goal, in the case of OpenCV, is to read and process the frames as fast as
possible. If you want to display frames at a constant rate youll need to insert
time.sleep calls into the main Free loop. 21-day
Again, OpenCVcrash course
isnt directly
made for
video playback.
on computer vision &
As or transmitting frames overimage search
a TCP protocol, engines
that is more network overhead
which will certainly reduce your overall FPS. You should look into gstreamer
and FFMPEG to speedup theInterested
streaming process.
in computer vision and image search
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Ghanendra February
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16, 2017 at 10:51 pm # vision. Sound good?
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Thank a lot Adrian.
becoming a computer vision master.

REPLY
Luis February 6, 2017 at 1:01 pm #
LET'S DO IT!
Hey Adrian, good work as always, i have implemented this in a real time

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34

the raw h264 frames from camera using opencv. Do you have any experience with this?
Im sure this would increase even more my fps since no decoding-enconding would be
requiered.

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 7, 2017 at 9:07 am #

Unfortunately, I do not have any direct experience with this. I would likely look
into some combination of FFMPEG and gstreamer to see if you could stream the
frames directly over your network.

REPLY
skrtu June 3, 2017 at 9:15 am #

https://mike632t.wordpress.com/2014/11/04/video-streaming-using-netcat/

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34

Hi Adrian,
I think there may be a problem with the python3 implementation:

When i use python 2.7.9, i got:

python read_frames_slow.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4

[INFO] elasped time: 8.21
[INFO] approx. FPS: 116.42

python read_frames_fast.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4

[INFO] starting video file thread

[INFO] elasped time: 6.59
[INFO] approx. FPS: 145.07

But with Python 3.4.2, i got:

python read_frames_slow.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4

[INFO] elasped time: 8.20
[INFO] approx. FPS: 116.62

python read_frames_fast.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4

[INFO] starting video file thread

[INFO] elasped time: 31.33
[INFO] approx. FPS: 30.51

Adrian Rosebrock February 7, 2017 at 9:38 am #

Free 21-day crash course
REPLY

on computer
Hi Florent I just double-checked vision
on my system. My Python &
2.7 fast
method does seem to be slightly faster than the Python 3.5 fast method. Perhaps
image search engines
there is a difference in the Queue data structure between Python versions that I am
not aware of (or maybe the threading?).
Interested in computer vision and image search
engines,
However, I am not able to replicate your slower but don't
method know
being where to start?
substantially Let me
speedier
than the fast, threaded method (Pythonhelp.
3.5):I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
$ python read_frames_slow.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4
introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
[INFO] elasped time: 44.06
Enter your email below to start your journey to
[INFO] approx. FPS: 21.70
becoming a computer vision master.
$ python read_frames_fast.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4
[INFO] starting video file thread
[INFO] elasped time: 38.52
[INFO] approx. FPS: 24.82 LET'S DO IT!

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34

not aware of.

REPLY
Frederik Kratzert February 9, 2017 at 9:42 am #

Hey Adrian and Florent,

I tried the same on two different environments (Ubuntu 16.04 with python 3.5,
Windows 10 with python 3.5) and got comparable results as Florent.

read_frames_fast.py needs approx 4 times as long as the slow version. The

numbers are pretty comparable to the ones of Florent.

I noticed, that once the video has reached the end and the Queue function is not
loading more images, the fps rate increases dramatically (like i suppose it should
be normally with the threading).

Any other thoughts?

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 10, 2017 at 12:21 pm #

This must be a Python 3 versioning difference then. Ill have to do

some research and see if there was a change in how Python 3 handles either
the Queue data structure or threading.

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Matheus March 28, 2017 at 11:38on
am # computer vision &
REPLY

Same thing here: image search engines

Python 3.6.0
Interested in computer vision and image search
OpenCV 3.2.0-dev
engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
python3 read_frames_fast.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4
help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
[INFO] starting video file thread is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
[INFO] elasped time: 64.48 introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
[INFO] approx. FPS: 14.83 Enter your email below to start your journey to
becoming a computer vision master.
python3 read_frames_slow.py video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4
[INFO] elasped time: 29.66
[INFO] approx. FPS: 32.23

That is very weird. The slow version is more than 2x faster. Quite Ironic!
LET'S DO IT!

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34

Indeed! Its certainly a Python 3 specific issue.

REPLY
Wim Valcke April 22, 2017 at 5:39 am #

Hi Adrian,

I have a solution to the problem with python3.

The reason is that the stream reader in the thread is continuously trying to
push something into the queue in a direct tight while loop. On the other side
the main thread is trying to get data from the queue. As locking is necessary,
or the video thread or the main thread can access the queue.
As the video thread has less work then the main thread its continuously trying
to push the data if at any moment we a free slot in the queue. But this limits
the access from the main thread to get data out of it.
Just adding a small time.sleep(0.001) inside the while loop at the beginning
gives a little breathing room for the main thread to get data of the queue.
Now we have a different story. On my system the slow version

[INFO] elasped time: 11.11

[INFO] approx. FPS: 86.03

fast version before the change

[INFO] elasped time: 48.18

[INFO] approx. FPS: 19.84

Free
The fast version after the change
21-day crash course
[INFO] elasped time: 8.13 on computer vision &
[INFO] approx. FPS: 102.72
image search engines
Its a bit faster than the non thread version, reason is the overlapping time of
reading a frame and processing Interested indifferent
a frame in computer vision and image search
threads.
engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
Moral of the story is that tight help.
while I've
loopscreated
are never a good
a free, idea when
21-day crashusing
course that
threading. is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
This solution should work alsointroduction
for python 2.7.
to computer vision. Sound good?
Enter
I just have another remark. The mainyour email
thread belowthat
assumes to start
if the your
queuejourney
is to
empty, the video is at the end.becoming a computer
If we would vision
have a faster master.
consumer than a
producer this is a problem.
My suggestion is to add a method to FileVideoStream

def running(self):
# indicate that the thread is still LET'S DO IT!
running

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34
The current implementation changes self.stopped to True is the video file is at
the end.

In the main application can be changed like this. Also the sleep of 1 second at
the beginning (which was there to let the queue fill up) can be left out.
You nicely see the video showing and you see the queue size filling up in a
few secs to max.

while fvs.running():
# grab the frame from the threaded video file stream, resize
# it, and convert it to grayscale (while still retaining 3
# channels)
frame = fvs.read()
frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=450)
frame = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
frame = np.dstack([frame, frame, frame])

All the best,

\Wim.

Adrian Rosebrock April 24, 2017 at 9:46 am #

Hi Wim thanks for sharing. I would like to point out that the
Queue data structure is thread safe in both Python 2.7 and Python 3. Its
also strange that the slowdown doesnt happen with Python 2.7 it only
seems to happen with Python 3. Your time.sleep call seems to do the
Free
trick as it likely prevents the 21-day
semaphores crash
from constantly course
being
polled, but
again, it still seems to be Python 3 specific.
on computer vision &
image search engines
Interested in computer vision and image search
REPLY
Jon February 7, 2017 at 2:00 pm #
engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
Hi Adrian, help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
Would there be a way to use this technique to process videos much quicker? Say I had a
introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
video that was 1 hour long, could I then use threading to process the video in less than an
Enter your email below to start your journey to
hour? What happens if I try to use the VideoWriter to save the frames from the thread? Will
becoming a computer vision master.
the resulting video file play at a much faster speed than the original input video?

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 10,LET'S
2017 DO IT! pm #
at 2:18

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34

CPU and have them process the frames in parallel. This will dramatically speedup your
throughput.

As for using cv2.VideoWriter, please refer to this blog post.

REPLY
Kenny February 8, 2017 at 11:26 am #

Thanks Adrian! As always, theres always something new to learn from you and
fellow enthusiasts on your web!

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 10, 2017 at 12:21 pm #

Thanks Kenny!

REPLY
TomKom February 9, 2017 at 8:52 am #

Hi Adrian,
Do you think its feasible to change queue length dynamically?
Ive got a script that does detection (1st frame) and then tracking (remaining 24 frames), in
an endless loop, taking images from camera.
The problem Im facing is that during detection some frames are lost and the tracker is not
able to pick up the object.
Free 21-day crash course
When using the queue its a bit more random as queue fills up quickly (quicker than the
script takes them away from the front/bottom onof computer vision
the queue) so its constantly full.&
When
detection happens, new frames are not added image search
to the queue engines
so theyre lost, though in a
more random order now.
Do you have any recommendations for this issue? in computer vision and image search
Interested
Thank you, engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
Tom help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
Enter your email below to start your journey to
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LET'S DO IT!

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34

You can certainly change the queue length dynamically, but you would have
to implement a thread-safe queue with a dynamic size yourself. Actually, Im not sure
about this, but if you instantiate Queue() without any data parameters it might allow
for the queue to shrink and expand as needed.

REPLY
Brandon February 11, 2017 at 11:38 am #

Great stuff as always, Adrian.

In some of my code, after I run

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(vidfile)

I then get things like file fps or number of frames using various cap.get calls, example:
fps = cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS)

Or, to start the read at a specific frame I would run:

cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_POS_MSEC, startframe*1000/fps)

Is there a way to use get and set on the videoCapture object which with this method would
be in FileVideoStream?
Thanks,
Brandon

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 13, 2017 at 1:49 pm #
Free 21-day crash course
on computer
Great question Brandon. I personally vision
dont like using the cap.get &
and
get.set calls as they can be extremely temperamental based on your OpenCV
image search engines
version, codecs installed, or if youre working with a webcam versus file on disk.

That said, the best way to modify this Interested

code would in
becomputer
to update the construct
vision to accept
and image search
a pre-initialized cv2.VideoCapture object rather
engines, than having
but don't the constructor
know where to start?built
Letitme
itself. help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
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REPLY
Gilles February 12, 2017 at 5:01 pm # becoming a computer vision master.

Hi Adrian,
Good article as always ! Recently, I came up with the exact same need, separate
processing and input/output for a small script.
LET'S DO IT!
I guess that your example has a few drawbacks that I would like to point out :

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condition, you have to fill it before. I would suggest another approach where reading is
performed by the main thread and the processing by another thread. You could use the
Queue.join() Queue.task_done() as a way to synchronize threads. Usually this pattern is
best achieved with a last message enqueued to kill the processing thread.

Threading in python comes with some limitations. One of them is GIL (Global Interpreter
Lock) which means that even if you are using many threads only one of them is running at
once. This is a major drawback using threading in python. Obviously, if you are only relying
on bindings (opencv here) you can overcome it (the GIL should be released in a c/c++
bindings). As an alternative, I would recommend the multiprocessing module.

Depending on the application, I would consider using a smaller queue but more
processing threads. Obviously, you rely on a tradeoff between reading time and processing
time.

Thanks,
Gilles.

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 13, 2017 at 1:40 pm #

Hi Gilles, great points. I used time.sleep in this case as a matter of

simplicity, but yes, you are right. As for threading versus multiprocessing, for I/O
operations its common to use simple threads. Is there a particular reason youre
recommending multiprocessing in this case?

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REPLY
Gilles February 13, 2017 at 6:22 pm #
on computer vision &
As a rule of thumb, I would always image search
recommend engines
using multiprocessing rather than
threading. In Python (as well as some other interpreted language), even if you are running
multiple threads, only one of them goes atInterested
a time. Thisiniscomputer
called GILvision
(Globaland image search
InterpreterLock). So, using many threads engines,
with pure but
Pythondon't know
code wontwhere
bring to
youstart?
the Let me
help. multiprocessing
expected parallel execution.On the other hand, I've created a free,relies21-day crash course that
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its own the best possible
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Obviously, in the example you provided, using your email below
for I/O is nottoastart your The
big issue. journey
I/O to
occurs in opencv, and GIL is released when becoming a computer
going deep in opencvvision master.
(reaching c++ native
code).
Last point, using multiprocessing can ease pure Python parallel execution easily and
efficiently using multiprocessing.Pool and multiprocessing.Queue (same interface as
standard Queue). LET'S DO IT!

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REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 14, 2017 at 1:27 pm #

Thanks for the tips Giles. Ive always defaulted to threads for I/O heavy tasks
and then processes for computation heavy tasks. Ill start playing around with multi-
processing for other tasks as well now.

REPLY
Raghav February 18, 2017 at 11:57 am #

Hey Adrian! cool post as always. Just a typo though.. in the line feeing up our
main thread, freeing is misspelt

REPLY
Kim Willem van Woensel Kooy February 20, 2017 at 9:00 am #

Hey Adrian! I have learned much from your blog posts. Im also looking for ways
to speed up my VideoCapture-functions, so this post was excellent. But Im wondering if it
is possible to skip frames in a video file? Im trying to detect motion with a simple pixel
based matching (thresholding), and I want to make an if statement telling the program to
skip the next 24 frames if no motion is detected. If motion is detected I want to process
every frame until no motion is detected. See my problem?
Im using VideoCapture.read() for looping through the frames.

Free 21-day crash course
on computer vision &REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock February 22, 2017 at 1:48 pm #
image search engines
Instead of using .read() to read and decode each frame, you could actually
use .grab which is much faster. ThisInterested
would allowinyou
computer
to seek N vision and
frames image
into search
the video
engines,
without having to read and decode each but don'tNknow
of the previous whereIve
1 frames. to heard
start? its
Let me
also possible to use the .set methodhelp. I'vebut
as well, created a free,
I havent 21-day
personally crash
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Chandramauli Kaushik February 28, 2017 at 2:09 pm #

Something strange happened in my case:

read_frames_slow was playing the video perfectly.
read_frames_fast was playing the video slowly.
LET'S DO IT!
But the opposite should happen, right!!!!!

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34
(cv) Chandramaulis-MacBook-Pro:increaseFPS Mauli$ python read_frames_fast.py video
videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4
[INFO] starting video file thread
2017-03-01 00:32:21.473 python[43433:374316] !!! BUG: The current event queue and the
main event queue are not the same. Events will not be handled correctly. This is probably
because _TSGetMainThread was called for the first time off the main thread.
Terminated: 15

(cv) Chandramaulis-MacBook-Pro:increaseFPS Mauli$ python read_frames_slow.py

video videos/jurassic_park_intro.mp4
2017-03-01 00:32:43.113 python[43481:374632] !!! BUG: The current event queue and the
main event queue are not the same. Events will not be handled correctly. This is probably
because _TSGetMainThread was called for the first time off the main thread.
Terminated: 15

Why is this happening?

REPLY
Chandramauli Kaushik February 28, 2017 at 2:11 pm #

BTW, I am using python 3.5.

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock March 2, 2017 at 6:57 am #

As the other comments have suggested, this seems to be an issue with

Python 3 only. For Python 2.7, theFree
threaded21-day crash
version is much course
faster. Im not sure
why its so much slower for Python 3.
on computer vision &
image search engines
REPLY
Phil Birch March 6, 2017 at 10:21 amInterested
# in computer vision and image search

engines, but don't know where to start? Let me

I came across a problem with your code
help. with
I've my awful
created slow 21-day
a free, hard dive. If another
crash course that
application has heavy use of the hard drive
is the queue dropstotogive
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andthe
yourbest
more()
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method will return False prematurely, ending the video reading
introduction beforevision.
to computer the endSound
of the file.
good?
However theres a quick fix. The get method
Enterfromyour
the Queue has a blocking
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instead of testing the queue length in more() test the aself.stopped
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def read(self):
# return next frame in the queue
return self.Q.get(block=True, timeout=2.0)
def more(self): LET'S DO IT!
# return True if there are still frames in the queue

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34
This also means you can remove the time.sleep(1.0) line from the main

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock March 6, 2017 at 3:35 pm #

Thanks for sharing Phil!

REPLY
ap April 28, 2017 at 5:41 pm #

Python 3.5, Im seeing same behavior as Chandramauli Kaushik, the

FAST version is at least

I used a different video, here are the speeds

SLOW=60.29 FPS
FAST=16.28 FPS

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock May 1, 2017 at 1:49 pm #

As mentioned in previous comments, this is definitely a Python 3

specific issue. Im not sure why it happens only for Python 3.5 + OpenCV 3,
but not Python 2.7 + OpenCV 3 or Python 2.7 + OpenCV 2.4. My guess is that
there was a change in how the Queue data structure works in Python 3, but
again, Im not entirely sure.
Free 21-day crash course
on computer vision &
image search enginesREPLY
Igor May 1, 2017 at 2:31 pm #
Interested in computer vision and image search
Hi, Adrian! Any upcoming fix for python3 ? On 3.6 same behavor as everybody
engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
has I see that slow version is getting 120% CPU + 290Mb RAM on my Macbook, fast
help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
version takes 175% CPU and 990Mb RAM (Reading .MOV container with H.264 FullHD
is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
video). So Assuming higher CPU/memory usage there should be an effect, but it plays like
introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
30-50% slower
Enter your email below to start your journey to
becoming a computer vision master.

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock May 3, 2017 at 6:03 pm #

As I mentioned in previous comments,

LET'S DOIm
IT! not sure what the issue is with
Python 3 and why it takes so much longer than Python 2.7. I would appreciate it if

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34

REPLY
Igor May 1, 2017 at 2:37 pm #

Oh, and I have read all your posts, thanks! Very easy to read and understand for
noob like me
May I have advise from you about this questions:

1. What is the best way to detect traffic signals? (I am using color tracking through HSV
threshold and then detecting shape through HoughCircles . But I am getting a lot of false
positives when red car is crossing or someone brake lights is on
2. What is the best way to detect standing/moving cars? Train Haar?

Thank you!

REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock May 3, 2017 at 6:02 pm #

1. To detect traffic signals I would train a custom object detector to recognize

the traffic signal. From there you could apply color thresholding to determine which
light is on.

2. This really depends on the data that you are working with. HOG + Linear SVM
detectors might work here if the video is fixed and non-moving, but it will be harder to
generalize across datasets. In that case you might consider a more advanced
approach such as deep learning.

Free 21-day crash course
on computer vision &
Cooper June 21, 2017 at 8:41 pm # image search enginesREPLY
I switched my script over from theInterested
usual VideoCapture to your
in computer threaded
vision method
and image search
and am only getting a 1-2% better FPS : /engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
REPLY
Adrian Rosebrock June 22, Enter
2017 at 9:27
your amemail
# below to start your journey to
becoming a computer vision master.
Which version of OpenCV and Python are oyu using?

LET'S DO IT! REPLY

Daniel June 23, 2017 at 6:01 am #

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34

I ended up playing with a few file formats instead and learned the following from
benchmarking via the FPS class.

Test Files:
101MB 1080p .mp4 (Drone raw file)
26MB 1080p .mov (Quicktime re-export from raw file)
18MB 1080p .m4v (Quicktime re-export from raw file)

Learnings:
The smaller .mov file processed just as slowly as the raw .mp4 file.
The smallest .m4v file processed 2x faster than the raw .mp4 file.

REPLY
Frank July 3, 2017 at 7:05 am #

Hi, Adrian Rosebrock, very good works! I would like to asking you one question, is
cv2.videocapture.read( ) method I/O bound or CPU bound? As far we know, decoding
video is slow, so the read( ) method is blocked. If it is CPU bound, should we use
multiprocessing?

REPLY
Lee July 15, 2017 at 10:31 pm #

Hi, Adrian! I am trying to use collections.deque to cache frames, because I dont

need to check if it is full, but when it run, I always get this: IndexError: pop from an empty
deque. Maybe deque cache object slower Free 21-dayI am
than queue.Queue. crash
not sure course
whether my
program has problem.(Python: 3.5.2, Opencv: 3.2.0)
on computer vision &
image search engines
Interested REPLY
in#computer vision and image
search
Adrian Rosebrock July 18, 2017 at 10:02 am
engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
Hi Lee Im not exactly surehelp.
whatI've
the created
issue is there. The
a free, error message
21-day crash course that
states that the dequeue is empty. I would suggest checking
is hand-tailored youryou
to give logic
thein best
the code to
possible
ensure the frame is getting added to the dequeue. to computer vision. Sound good?
introduction
Enter your email below to start your journey to
becoming a computer vision master.

Leave a Reply

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Free 21-day crash course
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Interested in computer vision and image search
engines, but don't know where to start? Let me
help. I've created a free, 21-day crash course that
is hand-tailored to give you the best possible
introduction to computer vision. Sound good?
Enter your email below to start your journey to
becoming a computer vision master.

LET'S DO IT!

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