Oo} SAU Flo] Arp.) 38.6. Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems |. y7t (1)8) aed y — y= homogeneous equa- tions] Hol2s seta] ye y = yl") + ylP)Bo] eal of UAE homogeneous equations} 1742] a yO,yO,- yOR Dred yo Ve hs SIAEY LARS cry +eay4.--tenyin) 22 EARS satert she aleldy. YO) = (rvyay Un) 28 FAR EE yO = yO(0) = (1,0,0,--- 0) RHES, yMe yO(0) = (0,1,0,-++ 0S VHHES, yore yO) = (0,0,--+ 0,1) GHEE BSz (04 24 Eaaell Jay Va Sse), 9 = nOy® +y2O)y® +--+ yn(OyM oe 2a HS homogeneous equation 2} #0] y(*) 3} AEA) Veh. TALE 3H 2g HUA Belol o} aa yMe yO Be Beelz, meta ye yO, yO, ys] UaBPO= Zale + ded. A=[ 2G Ja eeenatuee ~2,2012 24249) eigenvectore [1,—-1]7, [1, 17 +ViE FR SSAE Hoel (utve) + (E17 lee UY = Mur + vat) + tur = 2m + ort) +1 2up,2v2-+1=0,2u + = 0,02 = —]yu BALE Us raf fem Joel A=[ {6 ]Aeicemauce -11012 242}9} eigenvector (1,—1)7,[1,1]7 wes Fa SAE BOW ue = (ue) + [1,~3)7e% fae, = rt1,3u2 = u1—3-& BW ta =0,u2 = 1 Hee dete val Sfereo[t]e+[ As [ $1} |e eeematuee -1,2012 2429] eigenvector (1,1]7,[1, 417 Yp = Mcost + vsinte FR EGAE oad Yp = —usint +veost Aucost + Avsint + (10cost,0]" e122 = uy = 301 — 402,01 = Buy — Aug + 10 =u = 1 — e202 = ui —2u2d Bat EA w= Typ = ~3,01 = Lv = =1 AES MME n= cet c2e*—7 costtsint ya = cre t+ bere —Scost—sint a1 a-[7 5 22494 eigenvectore (1,71, [1,1" Yp = ucos3t+vsin3t= $2 She soe Y¥p = [sin3t, 3 cos 3t]” AWE v1 = cic" + czett + singe va = —Tee~ + cnet + Scos3t |= scenes -4,4e12 [4a 2 sez As [ 28 Ja cigenvaluet. 2,50]2 2a} eigenvector® (1,—2)7 [1,1] Yp=UtVtee FL SSMS FOG ‘Wee vi = cre + cre — 0.18 — 0.4¢ v2 = —2ce* + ce + 0.32 + 0.6¢ a=[2? ; ls eigenvalueg: —10)32 eigenvector’ (1,1) abe} oleh. [a tee [tent aeee C2 FLEAS BOR = Aue! + [0,e]7 © pe} wom lsu € eel 1,0)" re hin wets a n i ent(ey — 02 teat) + Set “or teat) + det “ae w=[{ {Ja ceenatee ann 24249) eigenvector’ {1,1]7, [1,1] +vttwie Fa Spe tog sow [9g Jott we) © | see +[ 2 See | 22410. nL. R vy = dugyve = dy 4.2,2u1 = 42,22 = 401, = dw ,0 = 4; ~ 16 & Be wy = 4,02 = 0,01 = 0,09 = 2,uy = up = 0 ASE UE M1 = crcl + coe + 4 2 = cre — coe + 2¢ (0) = e1 +60 =3,y2(0) = cr cp = 1 24H 1 =2en=1 Aa[ YG | eizematuee 1-113 2249) eigenvector (1,1), [1,1] Yorucls $2 Sede tow ypouctt=[ oh Joet+[ 5 Je 224H 2uy = ua +6,2u2 =m ~ 3 & BM ta = Spun =0 BeBe UME yi = ciel + cae t+ Set ene! ~ one 1, va(0)=er ~ e2 =O atta sa=4 ARES AL ys = Bcosht +3e, yp = Ssinht A= [ 2 2G Jat ciematuce 2, -s012 2249} eigenvectore [4,1]7, (2,1) Yp = ucosht-+vsinh te #71 54h Rog Yesusinht + veosht =Atucosh t+ wsinhe) + [ cosh 0 sinh ew aud ee aE WME v8 2easht cosh t+ 2sinht uy — Bua + 2,v2 dor — 8v25u v= 2,02 cye% + cae" + 2sinht cxe% + coe" + sinht vx(0)=4e1 + ¢2 = 0,y2(0)=e1 + 02 = 2eHHe = 02 =0 eee HE v1 =2sinh tye int o 5 Jy 2 A [ SG | eieematuee 5, sisi 2:2}9) eigenvecior® (1, i]"[1,—i™ homogeneous equation 3} Wyle veal {]etea[ 2 Jew =[ ch, Jowses [27 ] sine Yo SUF VEE FD SFAE TOU yp = [3t,—4]7 AES WE m1 = Acosdt + Bsinst + 3t y2 = BoosSt— Asin5t—4 1(0)=4 =1,yo(0) = B~4=-2 8 ej HE 11 = cost + 2sindt-+3t v2 = 2cos5t —sin5t ~ 4 aa[ FG Jo eeematuce 1.2012 2249) eigenvector’ [1,—1)7,[4,—5]™ equation®| $+} 31+ e*7} homogeneous equation | ae Yeh 42 2 modifications te} Yp = ute’ +vel'2 SI FFAS ZO 13, Mu 15, 16. WW. Yp = ute! + uct + vet Autet + Ave + [ 4 Jes et us Auuty= Av 4(5,—6)7 ue AS| eigenvectoro|2 = a all, 1" Hole crawl SF Je S]-[ 5 wt ed at 5(a~ 5) = -4(-a + 6)S VHA FASS a=1eladetvev=(10) 22 x 2 yp = [tet tel, tet]? 12! + done + tet +e er = 5 © 3 Ja gms 2h 479} eigenvector (1, 2i], [1,—2i]™ homogeneous equation 2} a¥baf = veal A Jets 3 Jom ucost + vsinte F2 Spage Boa Yo = [Acost,sin J? DAES UNAS yr. = Acos 2t + Bsin 2t +4 cost $4=5,y2(0)=2B=2 8 Bey A [ } f ]¥ eieeovauee: 8,1 zs] eigenvector [2,1], [2,-1]7 Ye = Ut+vitwis Fa FSGS tod ye = [2-9 BABS GUE yi = Ape + Dea set va = cre — exe vs(0) = 2er + 2ce ¥v2(0) =e ~ 2 = 1 28H He = 0,02 =f 4]ae, ola A=[S fa seenaues grain 2219] eigenvector (4,1), [1,—1)" Yorutvitwis 52 Seas Roe ¥p= (2 ~5,-4" BILE MWAE 1 = dere + ore +O -5 v2 = cre — cae? —t (0) = der +02 — v2(0) =e —e2 24H =aQ=1 ve teas daa (a+anv=of 1 |-[ a Jat arenas HES ae AANAU, SAAD Fgdo] Aq ah] SLES ve HS APA Ae MEd. aM SAALI + Ril, -) = B Set eet) (fp h)Ri + aR H/C fp =0 Slat Ae olay delete18, 2. SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS PHASE PLANE,QUALITATIVE METHODS (Ry + Ray = Ahn 4 (HE sla Heol Foil RES Aa 2h; +22 + 200 B+ th+40 bye + ER i Ja cigenvaluee -0.9 + VOT 2}2}8} eigenvector [2.1.1 + vOaT)", [2.1.1 - VoaT]™ Yp =UEZ FI SFAE TOG yp = (100,0]7 ase Wale Ty = 2eyel-09+ VOTE 4 2epel-0.8-VOAD 4. 199 Tp = (11+ VOAT eye(-094 VET + (11 ~ VOT) ope(-08-VOADE wade Hy = 2h +2f2 + aiosint Hy =—3h + Yo + 88sintz wee Yp = ncost+vsints $2 SFR Ro: Chapters. Us] BFE AS Fa, nonhomogeneous linear system y! = Ay + gol4 g7t Oo] hd BAAS ‘Yai, nonlinear systomé y/ = Ay +g BME 2 4A] Se PIAS Vd. na}9} linear equation? y1 = y,v2 = y',¥s Yoo sUn = ODE $e Vas) linear systems. Eee ald. linear systems) 24 (yi 42) 9} 484% trajectory, vw BUE phase planeelzt Weh tn = cise = cat sh sh, phase plane 9} @ (cca) UALS olFo}a trajectory ol BE critical pointe} Ge}. critical pointe 47} BBL ol FE PSS Tg FU Hol VE oe Ae A olaeledd 4 Sache node:# 2] BE trajectory7t (IAS 7144) BF Eel 274 LF yobs critical point. saddle: WPS] Fol 2 trajectorys} F Wate] He trajectory} 81% critical point. center:F 42) ZE trajectory7t closed curved critical point. spiral: 2] 2 trajectory? (WAS 71 Oe eH) BF E12 LF Y7He critical point. stability 4 (critical point)o] Goh gael ae ae vale. = F(y)*112) nonlinearealeta Fly)e $4 Ua SHAY Ays 2a WAG Ee BES ee. ‘undamped pendulum; 6" + ksin @ = 0 @ = 0% 2}o4494 linearization:@" + kd = 0 19, 20. 352 “4 woot [ 82 fewer al 178 BA cy = 17.948, c2 = 67.948 Jone At SLA AL AT, + R(t ~ a) + Reh = B Fale BA Lal, + Bille - hh) =0 SES Fold te tute Yo =UE FL SSAE TOM yy sass wide exe 8 4 Bene" Ft 0,7 +8 a= 2eye Ht — Dene He 4 0 10) = r+ 8er+ M0, (0) = 2e1-2en4 SF us, eda =— Bee Review 10. Lu. 12, 18, u. 15, damped pendulum; 6" + cb" + ksin8 = @ = 02 ZA} al.4494 linearization:6” + 6’ + kB = 0 phase planeol trajectory$2 39 2k ded. undamped pendulums} center damped pen- dulumed 44 spiral. u}cp 9] 27171 52.1 negative damping(y' 2} a7 & Slt AUA7F BEST ysl 2717 2 posi- tive damping(y'2] AE7+ B)olei4 €He] Wel We system € Ue}. oe Bo} Van der Pol equation; y” ~ u(l = v)y + y = 09) hz, o| AAAS] phase portraitel | limit eycle 6] UE} Ee. y'=Ay"t9 Alo] 4 A] cigenvalueds} eigenvectorxS Fee y= xeME a7} HEE. y/=AyPAAA AE nxn 9 n749} linear inde- pendental eigenvector x00,xi2),..-,20°) 7} shed 0} bass of eigenvectorseh ‘eb. ol 240] Eh aie 2724 Sse eigenvalue \1,2,+- bn 0l yy = e1x MOP per Med2t per tegx Mente WAALS 2S aS BYE. Az} 2x 291 294 eigenvalue A2} eigenvector x7} # ued Salsiel (A — Alu = xq us oh Dus exe’ + colxte + ue) SFR ¢ ale saddle point oll S¥G2] 47He trajectory HUY SLE trajectory} slat 1 349) trajec- toryS@ U2 a2 node oft trajectory Sol BF Boley ws heh 54 24 18s $e16 1, 18, 19, 20. 21 22. a=[3 4 Ja egemanee -1,5 429) eigenvectors (1,-1]7, [4,3] DE m1 = cre * +4cze™, yo g=-6 <0 =z saddle A= [ 3a Ja cigenvaluee: -5,1 24249] eigenvector [1,1], [1,2]7 antl e yr = cre + cet ya = rem + Deret q=-5 <0 0122 saddle erent 4 See A= [2 7 Jet cieomatuce 424 2248] eigenvector®: [15 —¥)7 [13] aude veal A Jerse| ; Je = [ one oosae [ fe fe | sine =[ 4, Joma [ 2 Jona 2238) eigenvector’ [-2 ates 7 oo ee el wea easyer fas cost + { oa sint) 12. stable spiral a |s eigenvalueg. -1,-2 A2}9) eigenvectoré (1,-2}", [1,—3]* autebe wn cet + eoe™ p=-3a [2 Ls 2245) eigenvector’ [4,3], eit ere + c7e~?, yn = Beret — one ~10 <0 o1Bz saddle 1¥2 = —2eye-* — Bene A= 1628 stable attractive node A $ Ja cnematee 5-2 yt aa [ Ef Ja cremate 5-1 #29) eigenvectore (2,1]°,[2,—1]7 aba ce + 2ene*, yo = exe" — ene 3<0 e128 saddle 23, 24, 26, 21, A [ 42 Ja eigenvalue®: =1 i AASI eigenvector [2,5 — i], [2,5+ 7 ae “Clade (cr + ¢2) — (er — e2) i= ea eee “(Lge Joven] aia J) yee -(Lotte > a eigenvalueg 1-20} 212}9] eigenvector® (2,—1)",[1,-2]7 equationS} $al4 31 et7} homogeneous equation 3) Wel YE4= = modifications wep tel tvelR Fn Swe tog te! + uel + vet = Aute + Avet + [1 1]ete guy u=Auuty=Av+it,1]7 Me Aa elgenvertore] 22 a = a2, pes —pv=| 1 2 V)_f 20-1 acted to ape HL Sot Js eA7t $12ekel at ~2(2a—1) = —a~ 18 wgehoF H2ea=loln det ve v= [lee ae yp = [tet +ef, tet] Hehe v1 = Bore! + crem* + 2tet 4 ot a = ~cre! — Deze — tet 2 7 : a-[ J oy | eicenvatvee 1,101 229} eigenvectoré (3, —1)7, (1,—1]7 equations} feel al ef>} homogeneous equa- tion ©] aol YEH}! modifications} s}2} tet eve fe Fn SHE og ute“! + went — vet Aute"t + Ave~t4[-2,0]"etz ee} Auju—v= Av + [2,0] Ue AS eigenvector] 33 carnve[ 3 8] Fl ei slozid a= -(6+2) = —30d WHO a Se e=llatdeve v= (L722 ved yp= [tet tent, te] Wee nn = Sore tenet b tet ten Ya = ~c1et — cnet — tert homogeneous equations] Uys Bal 28s} z oh yp =ucost+vsinez Fa SSH HOG Yp = [cost — sint,0]" °4 A=[$ {Ja simatee 4-« AAS eigenvector® (2, —1]7, [1,7 Yp=utvitwios $n R4qs goa ¥p =[-1 — 812, -41]728. 29. 30. 3u 32, bake n= cre“ + egett 1 — 80? ya = exe" + get — at det(A — A=A? = p\ + q=00h4 saddle ols} = BMORHe g < Oolz ed AS AE HE EY AUFeigemalues ld FASE AO |p-re ae aaP[ 2 |p oes aasin aes, wer[ © ]piase at = , |proies are ° 4M p=tr(At) = a2 +32 > 09 = det(A2) = A283 > 0,4 = (3 +3)? — AdFa = (AF — MB)? BO ele} A unstable node. p= +h =-1g= Ade = -12 o]zsadale Ra Soh Ay Sf hdt+h =I; Fal Neb ~ het =0 ated te neal aelatel Bl = saset aaa) cigemalue—1, 24249] cigenvectoré [1,~4]",[4,-1]7 12. vedeseal TY letral 4 Jee 2r1Ra2 24H = aia Alzota| RU; — b) + LI = EB Fea N44 Ro —h)+ df Iadt=0 FRM AS oe else T= E-Bn—h), t= E+E goat E sled Fold FATE Ue MEAS ih + $f + 169sint 81, — 181 + 169sint ae 2} eig ed - [=i 3 Ja cents sta den vectoré: [1,—1]7 sh} Belch (A-+51u=([1,-1]7@ us st 2 (2,0]7 1212 homogeneous equations] Uae 1) ase, 3 ]) est geal 4 Jeme([ 4, Je+[ 3 ]) J, ucost + vsinte® Fa Spas to [-19 cos t + 62.5 sin t, 6 cos t + 2.58in¢]* Base Uta (er + ext + Bez)e- — 19.c0s t+ 62.5sint (ci + gthe** + Gost + 2.5sint eit fea —19=0 wer $6 =0 2E¥eiey = 6,e2 = 325 EA 315] formulad Fold FATE AL 1 + 0.12 +10, fy = ~0.1f; ~ 0.9/2 +10 1 WS eigenvalues 0.1127, 0.8673 Baja elgenvectoré(h,-0.127)"s [l,-7-83)7 ue FR ASAE HOG Ty =[100,0]" Danie a cperentit yoyo not top Ty = ~0.12Te1e70-H12T1 _ 7.g730qe~ 0.8878 AAEAL SH c1 = ~101.6,c9 = 1.64 33, 34, MY = ~ Thom + yo082 th = on - hyve aS BAS] eigenvaluee —0.03, -0.15 24249] eigenvectore- (2,3) [2,—3]7 UNE ANE yr = 2cpe~8-98# + 2epe~O-1SE ¥2 = 3cye~9-03t — gene“ O15 ey + ea = 0, y2(0) = Ber — Ber = 90 15 (0) = 22 Heer = 15,02 i [ eG Ja eigenvalue i 2-3 242t9} eigenvector (17, veal} eer 1 le =[ 21S, Jose [71 Jane fetch we ~ 2Z +4 homogeneous equation 2] Uebel cost int 4[ Sine ]+2[ Set] Yo? REVS Undetermined coeficients method: yp =utviz Fal Yeav= Aut Aves [tg]? ole v1 = ug + vat + true = ur — it & Pe vy = 1m) = = ye = [1-47 Variation of parameters method; homogeneous equations) basisi= sy [BJs *T cost “eit= [| a” © o| sint =f, iss Je=| aaint } ft cat |Lo]# teint + e081 cost sat weaves [Sr] | =[2am = [2 Palle||e=]) a Astdgemeer | | ].[ 2] ote x= [ oh. aM D=X-1AX [ 1, ]a tas xotaxe ages io Qi roXly2 fay =Xzy =e Qed Xz = AXz +g X71 G Pwo Pate 2 = Dz + X~'g. ie afl Ul t]ealt le x e=4[ 1 7 Ae Ia ee Ag Ube HAG aint $, anim t$ cl mytaed AR VA linear equations Se, (2 —iay)e“" = (mre! (zi, + ina)e'* = (znett)!35. it+1) las eet f 01 A=[ 9, G jsoes1>0 ets comer Lordy asa L Yp = Xe [ i I aor j-[ 7 ] lyn 5 0, snus = 0-8 Hm seat poate } 2nz, 0), (n+ 2n,0) (ne 2) 9} 9-5) A was) Aste Ualebare well ae Reape ee See (nx, 0)441 Yi = 91 — Inne ve = On — vy} = O08 SA critical pointe ee aye (0:0), (1,0), (-1,0) A= [ ° 4 = 4>0 6] 28 center (0,0) us Ra ae (4 + nn, OA Fi =~ (w+ Inn) Fe ar) ]ee=-a costes sasate vy =sinyy = sing +) = sing & oe (L0)44 gi Sy 18 Fe vf Ovi as[ SG ]q=-coes saate 04 a [ 2 0 | Pegs 2>Oelescenter | 38, ayy 4248 = 0,—tyn = 0-8 a criial pointe (-1,0) 44s obattal center (0,0), (0,1) (,0)14 a 2y2 we = 0, —tany = 0 € Ee critical pointe rs ve ante Ss asf 8 2 Jireoent6>0 nie cme tanz=24224 Seb4...0)22 (0,1) te = ye +18 FA yh = ye DEE Ae ds a=[ 4, 9 jw=-6 A = Feo, = Hey a4 = B= fra, Eee 3. S4 2ofa kala! 2c A+ y= ag(1 22424 Ds 9 + a12 + a22? +0329 + agzt + 1 + 2anz+ Bagz? + dagz) + (1 = 2)y = a1 + 2a2z + Sage? + days? + = 012 ~ 2agz? — Bayz? + L=a)y' lee 1, a1 = 2az — a1, a2 = Bas —2a2, 4a4 —3ag,-+- 92 Fey (lteter tat tate y= ee jortayz+a22* +032 tar" +0525 +agz* + 0; +2agz+3agz?+4aqz?+5asz44-6agz°+- 2agz+2a;2*42agr9-+2agz4+2a4z5 + Day elSS 0 3 = a5 = yaao(t +2" + det + h28 +--+) = aoe a9 +ayz+ axa? +a3z* + ago ++ a; + 2az2 +3052? + days? + - (142)y =a +2022 +3052? +4aq2? + --- + are + 20,2? + Sagz* + y=(1t+2)7 se 41, a1 = 2a7 +1, o2 = 3a3 +202, fay +Sas,--- 28 $e} a =ag as, AES y= a0(1 +2) iobarztazz? +azz% par +as2bagr® a; +2a27-+3a3z*+4a42° +5asz*+6agz° +- aor +012? +0925 +agz* +42? + zy ALE 10. u 12. 13, Power Series Method Sool a2 + bial baa ky BAA; ag-+ay2-+092? +092 a4r*+a5z°+ag2°+- 1 +2an2+3agz*4+4a42"+5agz*+6agz9 +. = 202 +3-2agr+4-3a4z? +5 4agz? +6-Sag2t +++ ky 2S BPS op Feo, oat es ats at ) ta(et het 4 Bed 4.) k= Asoee ys ao(h + 5 (22)? + (22)8 + H(22)° + + BQ + H(22)9 + Hae) +--+) = ao cosh 27 + #P-sinh2z BA 8 Sols k= 37 q Afoles y= a9(l ~ }(32)? + J(9z)* — (32) +--+) + B(x ~ 4662)! + H(G2)! ----) = a9 Cos 3x + $$ sin Sz ¥f = 00 +az tar? tasz® tage! + ay +2032 + 3ag2" + daqz? + e128 a1 = a0, a2 = 3 = foo, = Jao, a4 = = ao,---S He ag +2+ 422+ fet + dott.) =a9e% oe $e y= aotare+azz*-+ag29 +agz"+agz® 406294 of = 0; 42022430927 +442? +5agz* 460525 +. Saty = Seoz?+3a12"-+ Sanz" +3anz + Sac2" +. 244 y=ao(t +2! + $284 $294 +++) = ager eae ea g(t +32? 4 Wats Hao 4. ta(t $294 Fah to) = ap cosh +0; sinh power seriesi= +Uuwe 9282) 2 formal eal da be. 4.2. Theory of the Power Series Method hy Sasrle ee, So ten e” try = > Rana tt = ¥ = Sonos" = ein t Yana" eo i yf = Wry 12s A ATES ae 0; = 0,—2aq-1 = (n+ Lanya(n > 1) & FH BE EF 01,05,05,---2 01D BSCE 1D Bld n= 2-1 Habe,~ hax-ay(k > IS Va So naga? Dee Dona” 0 aye So on-iz", Enon” ~2 D+ Denne (x= 2)y/ = So (nan = 2(0 + Yongs)2" y 2S ASSES vlzate, sana = nan ~2(n-+ Neng (n>) ) 3. y= Soon", v= So non2* ay ~3y = So (naq ~ 30q)2" =k 2 HI = 300 = ky hon ~ Ban = O(n > 1) 2e12E a =—£, an =0(n 43) Fags? ~§ tase 4 v= Sans", y= SE nagar! i 27 = nags™41=5"(n — 1an-i2” (=2?jy/ = at DO ((nttend1 —(n—Ian1)2" dev= So dana = So an et (1-24\y =22y oles AGES uaa 2; = 0,(n-4 Nang —(—1)anm1 = 2aq—1(n > 1) OAR a1 = 0, Ong, = an. y= ag(h at 42s a6 + y= Sow 1 = Sole Nong” n=O y= mtn t2)eng22" SP 4 2y = Do (#12 + 2)an pa -3(2 + Nang + 2an)2". WO +2y =O slag ante = ant — ——— > ann > 0) t= TED” ET Hz) 42 = $01 ~ a0, a3 = a2 - bay = 21 ~a0,--> oar al et y= a0 +012 + (501 ~a0)x? + (= gor 790) + oegt® AMEE on = SE aS Feo) sal abe UEHES $27 Ga de Asty = ie beast daa uded 2+ ach =) is (42? — 2)y = )° an—2 — 2an)z" ~ 2(a +012), Sonos", a= ~4zy' vf" = n+ Nin + 2ange2” a yf — dry! + (42? — 2)y ay + Basz — 4a — 209 + 032) 435 (410604 2)an42— 4a + 4ay=2—2a) 2" = uf Ary + (4x? —2) (42 + 2)an — 4a. RF DRF2) NFView mE TO = (BE + 2)bi = AO bo = bi, bags (ak @r+2) 21) b3 = fyboy- & Weeh. eal Ame U0. Jo] 2H a9 = 2,01 = as, Ong? = tF%; bederrt oe Fe, “Gra 2)Gae43) 62D EE c2 = foods = hoo, Vet. Rely = all +74 Br + St +: ) tates tet = (ao-+ay2)(1422 + S424. 0 = rch = = (aotarz)e* ¥= Sans", y= Son +1)(n-+ 2onaa2”. 70 axe vf #4y = So (0+ lr + Danga + dan)s” ytysoees, an (n > 0) ont? = Gy ama). n= 2k AS; tn = aatyyonn2 =4. SERIES SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, SPECIAL FUNCTIONS Settee) Aeaae va, Soom =03 ah 2 GRE ‘ =a 2% = ag cose - SE Ghee 0 co ships n=2k+ 19 BSt on = SM gos 2 EFAGE Ue, kt) Soemaattt= =a 2c aes ad YS ((n41)(n42)0,42—n(n=1)aq —2nan +2an)z” (= 2)y" — 22y! + 2y =0 one = ky 1Z8 (n+ Da = kons0n = Es u. V =v AER ong = Be nol Bole an = $F, nol FOR On = SF Olt + Ste eats s = ap cosh t+ ay sinh y= Sant", (t+ Dy! = ys (nan + (tty =yttsi ose a1 = a0 +1, 01 +202 =a; +1, in (n> 2) SBE ann = (n+ Nangs)t™. 2 13, 18 19, 20, a 22, fae | 912.8.aq = (1)? a (n>2) va ae 00 ++ So a" ae 5" ~ieclea ay ae, peer y et SDM _ycure a = ao(l-tt)+t+t > “eae = aocis te Sayeed LeSe yr tty = a(t +H +(t w¥c peed Sog(l $+ (4) GL +0) =ege-+2In2 y= ao tartare te, ¥ =a; +2a2r+- Beis 24 (q+) torr+- Tole 246] a1 = a1 + Lolo}of ated. Geri = mer 7 OES 00, & [2] < 00 = (mame) — mi? glee jah (m +2)(m41)2" +3)(m42 ~SREHR 9 4 el< 2 25, 4.8. Legendre’s Equation. Legendre Polynomials P,(z) ole, an42 shame (> 0) Pi Beton a= Bet atans fet Fes ae (E21) BABE n(e)ae¢ See. In(1 +2) In( + 2) ~In(1— 2) = 2yo(z) (r+ tat bas 4. (1-29)y" - 22 =08 2 dé (1-29) ~222 = 0, & Inf - 24] +6, v: 3. m— 2m > 02) ma Hat44zb summations sha th |S Eel. n = 21a m= 08 Fo) ates m=19 89, -2e oad ea. 4 PAG@)E ae Se, : (1~29)PY — 22P5 = (1 ~ 22)(152) — 2(152" — 3) = ~3028 +182 = -12($229 — HB) = —197, 5. (1s)2] 4leia4 summation aj summation 2] m Hal s+ 26 gated S> m(m — lane"? = D6 +26 + Yassre"7t BE ol Bee, 3)S Bae ee ale 6. (AA I/(S5 AFIPS OLE Ss Bae MAA N22 & Fae. @-1 = dean ( metre Sterns Ser (2) See =o yew ( 7 ) (2n — 2m)(2n - 2m — 1) (@n—2m—2) ---(2n=2m—(n=1))2*—-2m—9 Scam (2) n= 2m)! nam Lor (near Sep (2n = 2m) EO Fie a (eB!10. 4. SERIES SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. SPECIAL FUNCTIONS = 2*nlP,(2) ane de nase panning y =r Ps(t) + cam(t) = ci Pa( 2) + cayn(2) (4714 wit p206 (6)o4} n =e) 1921") a 1 Ble?) pl6-5-429 - 3 @ Eye —32t-+327-1) 3(52° — 82) = Py(2) 7206 (4) 494 [8821 = SGRSGTE? 1 (6 ~ 00) (a) WA page208 (11) °]4-4H Legendre polyno- rial 0} ah); (n+ 1)Papa(@) ~ (2n + 1)2Pq (2) + 2Pa—x(2) SUSE Sasi (n+1)Pa4i(z) + nPn-1(z) Tee Get 1)Cn 42 — 2m) = EP" ee FT me a Fai ° ym Oe min Gn 42 = am) — 2m} BaF mi(n eT = wale T= Be (an~ amytet#2 (n+ (an - am! a a= me n+ 1)ePa(z). S 1 = a 8 emer = Le SS Fool VE BHAS UHWE Bol Ae. (9) PAS us cles 1 ~ ru + urs Feet Eat =) nFyu? (1-220 + u) = Virtua We Buel deta us| powers Qelepa Bo Fav — > Faaaw" = (01) Resa n=O ~ 22 nFu" + (nm 1)Faaw" ol 2S 30 n> Lol Fo® UA; (n+ 1)Fr4i — (2n + L2Fa + nFa-1 SUEVE SF alt. Be BITE Wass (ea u = 08 gabe Pols) = 4 u = 08 Ase A(z) ‘a = Pa (n > O)olch. Po(z)s(+)% Pe z= P(Zslez (b) (13)eh u = ri/rasz = cos 0% AQ]. 1 Sova (Or = Lele (3)49) Be 2 Pa(l) A) 1 > yh yn ‘Lele (13)4)9] aha reo 'u"o} Be PA(-1) =(-1)" 1 So (3 )utmeqe vers > 3 (4 eee Pon¢n(0) = 0012 Paio)= (53 e=0eld @) (0) Sasa aa. LL. w= (1-282 fa y=uyy suv twy! = uly + Quy! + ue S gle daa gelapa (1= 24 )uv" + (= 28)2u' —a2u}e! +{[n(n +t) ~ Seu t (1—28)u" 22" = et2leh (L~ 22)u! = man, (1 — 2%)u!" — dou! m(u + 232P)S AEE Te UE re (15) Be + Ud. He $a AWW SS od das Saebt “P(e) = (1— 22)!" — 22a! + nln + Lu me Baba (1 24) (ul™y"— 26m + 1)a(ur))! + [n(n 1) —m(m-4 D)}ul™oje, * m=0U HE Seas] ola ma af Yar} aoletel, POH) SEL 22)(ul™)" — 2(m+ Lau + [a(n +1) ~ m(m-+1)}ul™)? = s2)(ul™™ DY" — aut" = 2mm + Ix(ul™*YY — 26m + 1)(ul™Y" + [n(n +1) —_m(m+ 1)]uor4d = (1= 28) (ult Y" — 2e(m +.2)(ulm 4D) + [n(n + 1) = (m+ 2)(m + Yur*) oles. 8] PAS Bole. ezz Legendre equation 2} fuel ed WE (15) 2} oleh (24 pf = vias (1 -22)3 Ph = aeVT— a? ; (1-22) (1 —22)(1052? — 15) 12. PE 4.4. Frobenius Method p.grh2=aoetA analytic dd, Ya 2. Power se- ries method’ 9!" + py/ ay = 09) ¥}A9 jal, Frobe- nius method (2 20)?y"+ (2—zo)py +qy = 08 YALA clBRe. Power series methodel4) as} FUUVE PAIL Be = 2044 p99) 78 2b ular point7}|2] Agqeche ac}. ayes ot] Bathe FYFE singular point 7 Ag aed 1 ade ath2 alate Fel ty” tty — rr-1+r-1=08 a marty =(etit 3 y=2" ane" 28 a= 2)y"4 201 ~ 2) —2y = 3 (mre m+ rlameaz™ wat = Smt nim t= tame 42:0 (mtr Nangae™ (Buter-Cauchy) 1 YE (m4 ranz™ 2 > ame summationel 4] m +7 = 0 c]BEr 19H ("= Tag + 2rag = 0. 0,-1(8a421) Bust hr =O (m+ L)mam 41 — mm = Ton + 26m + Lam 41 = dram — 20m = 0. (m+ 1)(m + 2)am4r — (rn? + 3m + 2)em 12.2 am4i = am(m > 0) aaBS yi altztet easy Fed dir =-19 4, m(m— Dames ~ (m— 1)(m— 2)am + 2mams ~A(yn — 1am — 2am = 0. m(m + 1ame1 — (m* + mam = 0 12S met = Qm(rm > 1) ase y= 2a tae +27 +29 4---)) + f= Stan vat Lop tnear independentel® ©. yp = 1 = 0,-1o) AFAllEs oye Fe HY Af a7 AGA es} linear dependent@ + ac. ee, 24 182) reduction of orderpye 0] 8-44 we& Fae} Ue 4 yaa Sons 22 Fe mao say"42y'4y=4 > (merti)(mtrangiz™? met 42S (mtr tDangiz™ + > ame? wat hao summationel 4 m = —14s4,4r(r ~ Tap + 2a = 0. $2? =O ele: (8317 hy) 3A st r= 08 4, A(on + 1)momst + 2+ Lada + dim = 0 Ome1 =~ TaeECEsTTOm (m > 0) WEEE FA om + = cos VE Wal hs 28 12 reduction of onder ol L rat > Faces? Ve WE de = f 25. (va=tae) an VE. 22S yo = uy: = sin VE yaat Yo anc o8 Fe n= ay'42y t2y= So (mt et iimtrjonae™ 42 35 (mbrtijoms2 474 > ania? e444 mm = —19 8 r( a #0 EB? +r = Oe 7 =O, Jap+2ra 1 (Aa) 2A Ayr 08 a, dH, 2a) = Oo} 2 (m41)amsi$2(m4 amt +am-—1 = 0 (m > 1) One = eaten apve LF 0,5 ASAE on = -| 2 oe 00 (Dana Soon See ate a5 = 2 UWE FL = 0 az =Psinz, ages y = SF e Hee y= SPAM eh; 2A 1 reduction of order ol EA SSH Obes] eg Fab, dy tare eae at clas WAS glee ft 4 oft +ty = 044 SEE ws Seo) waAle] Me}. teas B22 ye = Sone oD ame" 28 Fe ay! += 22\y + (e-Dy = DY (mtr tint ramyae™t + SS (mtr t Domne”4. SERIES SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, SPECIAL FUNCTIONS =2 (mt nene™? +S amre™? = Fo ane? Teed r(r — lao Tap =0,r=0 anit sr =0u 4, m=0% 9, a1 — a9 = 0013. (m4 2)mamnes + (+ Yames ~ 2am + Om—1 = Gym = 0 (m > 1) ate Fae, (+ 1)amg1 ~ (2m 4+ Nam + am—1 = 0 (m+ 1)Pam41 ~ (mt Dam ~ Mam + dom — (m41)(0+ Neamtt ~ Am} = Mam — Omi = mam — am—121et FR(M + 1)bmgt = br 0 128bq = man ~ amt = 0 212 8.0m = $8 pea SE ae x det of; 24 14 reduction of order ol [lenis 28128 nun eine Sons" 28 Fel ay +(2-2y Smee nim remsie™* $2.35 (mtr tamu ~2 s (m+ rama" +S emaz™t 2 3 ome rat m= "AVA r(6 = Nag F209 = 0,7 = anid yr = 09 st, m=09 a, 2a ~ 2a9 = 0013. (m+ 2) mama +2(m-+ Damrat ~ 2m $4m=1~ 2am = 0(m > 1) AUSS Fea, (m+ 1)(m + 2)am+41 — 2(m + 1)am + @m—1 = 0 (m+2){( + Namga — Om} = Mam ~ Gipmt & EL am me 12 Sam = 2 00 Sm net 59094 ah; 299-122 reduction of order 1 9. 24+2=¢2 Fl Buler-Cauchy equation. m=242, = (e42y? 10. Euler-Cauchy equation. (@-1), w= (e-1)-? u x am" 28 Fe 222 ~ ‘Dy (aD ty =2 Semon (m+r—1)aqz™* —2 by (mt FA 1)(m-4 Pam 2™t = J (mb 2)aq a = Entre tangiz™ + Do ama™ 19 A, -2r(r — Lao — rag r= 0,8 tal dyn = 08 2m{on — 1am — 2(m + Lamp — Mam = (m+ 1)am4t + am(m > 0) = (m+ 1)2m+ 1am 41 + 2m? — 3m + 1am =0 enn = Erle Domin 20) a = 09, 0= a2 =a = ++, THE Hts abd ar = de a, 2(m + 3)(m — 3)am — 26m + $)(m + Bomar = (m+ bam — (m+ Z)am4i + am (m > 0) (mn + 3)(2m + 2)am4 = (2m? — m)am(m > 0) 0 =a; =a2 =a3 TAZ e y= VE 7S ane" on $e aflty—ay= So (mtr tilt rjomyie™ +E tmertnamanems— 3 onaet ot mag Arle Yao + req = 0,7 = 0 Ada ay = 00 m=08 4 a: =0elx, (mT) mndin 4+ (rm-+1)0m-43 Ot =O (m > 1) Omdt = Gebyrem=1 EVE LF OMERE ane = Ghar alk 2 1) WUTE FOE on = Glas (> 0) es UA Ayr = 00] FZojBe, Vonz™22 Fa ait+h— a ve=uinr+ SS mim = Yana"? = ryf Ine +2y}13. “4. 15, +xinztnt+ SS mame"! mat + Sm + 1am gt —am-a)2™ ASSS 1 = 0, 254 AGE 14 4a mel A401 (m+ 120m 41 ~ On 04] m=%k-1eld (m+ 1Pamss ~ dma = — gage (2 2) Soak = GF — aerarepe(t 22) an a a a 7 Fe Be = 8 alg =a + weamilng— 42? Boat ahs, Euler Cauchy equation y1 = 2?, Soaten se wz ay! fy +(e? By y 28 = DY (mtr +2) mtr Yamyre™tt? Axo 7 =2 5 omsnz™trt? =29 ed r(r— Lao — 2a = 0, r= —1, AYA ayr=-1d g, m=—1Y 4 2a, = 00]n (m+ 1)mam42 + (m= Vam + am = O(m > 0) BA8G am. 20-02 =a= a= yaa" 09 +a9(2! +5 AeA as = 02 FOG, y= 27) ‘4 al; 239-14 reduction of order 01 pas, ~fpde=-% Uarte F = h = fu. ( us [vie=S omaery ke? pets anne (-1)* now 3 maa ay!" £87 + ay = 3S (mer tytn emere™? 2 Doms — THT Amel ma bet*)} SHIM, 16. oy (mtr taneia™ 44 Sa sent? m= 14 a r(r~ Lay + Sra = ,=2 AWA ar = 09 sf, m = 0,128 ae ate 3a: = 0,202 + Gaz = 0,603 + 94s (m4 Domes $30m + Dens + 40m—2 = 0 ~parseTena (m 23) Es EF TETT tae > 0), FW oh; 28 Lal reduction of order ol x are H nar ana) 1 mun (@) a(t —2)y" + [e— (@+6+ Daly’ ~ aby = ¥ (mtr sim trangia? = Smsnine m0 cD (mtr tamara? aye" =o m= 19 eh, r(r — tao + crag =0 28H n=0,r= n=084; (m+ 1)mam-42 — m{m — Dam ++ (mm + Lams = (a+6+1)mam —abam = 0 (m > 0). (m+ 1)(m + camer —(m + a)(m+ Dam =0. F012 818k amt = ETH EY onl > 0), aah Son meet) mekm=1) Tee a9 = 12 FE m > Lee sot Dele tim Nps + --(4em=9) Hele+3) (elim AES (16)2) BE Bee, 7 (bau O7 $9] BF ame GARE Oe} (m+ a)(n+t) ‘am | (mb i)(m +e) #awae fel <1 1 (m+ 0) lee4, SERIES SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (©) Fl-mb,b)-2) =u> Caen sat m0 aym ah ara So MOTD (na mt) mal ™ -3( 4 )e=ater. (AD SAS V9] AF nol Ha AYA.) neF(1~n,1,2:2) amet FS Game=n)---(m mim —1) ens So cy tr 3 a 4. =eP (4,1, $)—22) aresing = 2+ dyoo + glide’ + gdp” + ax(4 SS ESCM=D am enh, ya? at er be) In.t2) = 2-3 48 2F(1,1,2;-2) wn fesante+ 3 sp +++ )=22F(4,1, $524) (@) ra = 1—col@ (a) 2 AS} medal m+1—ce aaa ash) (m42— (m+ Names =(m+1~c+a)(m4+1—c+b)am =0(m>0) S Bs MAE m1 = Oe BHAA cabal a a2- etlb—c+1d aes gous v2 =2!-€F(a~e+1,6—e+ 1,252). 4.5, Bessel's Equation. v= b= Ady(e) + BU_y(e) oe ayant ott Ara ny = Ay = EY y= Ady (2) + BJ_o(z) = AJ(Az) + BJ-v(d2) (ut B=7t ob wh) are a2 4 aay FY F ee ae 2g tea tv ge fY) sod } 208 442) + 2 4 (422 - Dy =0 2d 2 eee G+ (3? ~ v=0 y= Ady (2) + BI_3 (2) 17. 18, 1. 20. tot @z= ola w 1 dy at” yh de Tray a" (t= Alte = 4) = 2(¢ - (2 - 4), Ot+ D= Olle ~ty)z+ ti} + D. AS (18) oH agate, aye EE + (cr) + xy @y yb s(ce+ 2m (15)44 — bal Fol ba=4,b= 49) A Gola cr Bo} obs. EA 162} yi, y27t basiso) ec}. y= AF(4,4, 332) + Bet F(2,1, 52) = AQ 2)" 4 Bed F(S,1, $52) (HIF ELAS Bat 169] AIS olga.) = 8,0 =2,b=29 A$o128 y = F(2,2,3:2) o7t BET HAG EA 16d) 9} Bsa] (m= 1)(m + 1ame1 ~ (m>0) oz 0 = ay = a9 = a3 = +0) 44 5 n& FU4, yee -22} 022 yi, yok linear inde- pendente}o4} basise| cy. Ba BS y= AF(2,2,3;2) + Be? = -2,b= 10 AFele. y= AF(-2,1, 452) 4 Brtr(—8,1,52) | = AC —82+ 827) +Brha—at c= $,a=-1,b=~2¢1 APeled. y= AP(-1,-2,};2)+ Bed P(-} = A(1 + 42) + Bad F(-}, Besse] Functions J.(z) 4 HD 4 PY). gel 2 = oo(a$t + 424) + 182M + (3624 —16)y =0 éy , oa aoa tee + (2 — Dy =0 ys Adz (2) + BI_ gle) Ldy 1 dy. agit 4x3 dz" 42? dz?’ " 22 dz aty 24 8 Ma ty, y=)