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20 - Marine Hydrodynamics, Spring 2005

Lecture 11

2.20 - Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecture 11

3.11 - Method of Images

m  2
Potential for single source: = ln x + y 2
2

m
m

   
m 2 2
Potential for source near a wall: = ln x2 + (y b) + ln x2 + (y + b)
2

m
m
y

d b
=0 x
dy

b
m

Added source for

symmetry

Note: Be sure to verify that the boundary conditions are satised by symmetry or
by calculus for (y) = (y).

  
1 y b 1 y + b
Vortex near a wall (ground eect): = Ux + tan ( ) tan ( )
2 x x

U b y

x
b

Added vortex for

symmetry

d
Verify that = 0 on the wall y = 0.
dy
 
a2 a2
Circle of radius a near a wall:
= Ux 1 + +
x2 + (y b)2 x2 + (y + b)2

y
U b
y
x

This solution satises the boundary condition on the wall ( n = 0), and the degree it
satises the boundary condition of no ux through the circle boundary increases as
the ratio b/a >> 1, i.e., the velocity due to the image dipole small on the real circle
for b >> a. For a 2D dipole, d1 , d12 .

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 More than one wall:

Example 1:
b
b
U
U
b'
b'

b'

Example 2: Example 3:
b b
b b
-
b' b'
b' b'

b' b'
b' b'
-
b b b b

3.12 Forces on a body undergoing steady translation

DAlemberts paradox
3.12.1 Fixed bodies & translating bodies - Galilean transformation.
y y

x U
x o
o z
z

Fixed in space Fixed in translating body

x = x` + Ut

Reference system O: v , , p Reference system O: v  ,  , p

X S X S U
O O

2 = 0 2  = 0

v n =  n = (U, 0, 0) (nx , ny , nz )
=U
n  
v n = n
=0
= U nx on Body
 
v 0 as |x| v (U, 0, 0) as |x |
0 as |x|  U x as |x |
Galilean transform:
 
v(x, y, z, t) = v (x = x U t, y, z, t) + (U, 0, 0)
(x, y, z, t) =  (x = x U t, y, z, t) + U x
U x + (x = x + U t, y, z, t) =  (x , y, z, t)
Pressure (no gravity)
p = 12 v 2 + Co = Co = 12 v 2 + Co = Co 12 U 2

Co = Co 12 U 2
In O: unsteady ow In O: steady ow
 1
ps =
t
v 2 +Co
12  ps = v 2 +Co = Co
2 
t

U2 0
0
x

t
=( + x
) ( + U x ) = U 2
t t
 
0 U

ps = U 2
12 U 2 + Co = 12 U 2 + Co

ps p = 12 U 2 stagnation pressure ps p = 12 U 2 stagnation pressure

3.12.2 Forces


Total uid force for ideal ow (i.e., no shear stresses): F =  p
ndS
B
For potential ow, substitute for p from Bernoulli:

1

F =  + ||2 + gy +c(t) ndS

t 
2 
B
hydrodynamic hydrostatic
force force
 
For the hydrostatic case v 0 :


F s =  (gyn) dS = () (gy) d = gj where = d
 
Gauss outward Archimedes
B theorem normal
B B
principle

We evaluate only the hydrodynamic force:

 
 1 2
F d = + || ndS
t 2
B
 
For steady motion t
0 :

 1
Fd = v 2 ndS

2
B

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3.12.3 Example Hydrodynamic force on 2D cylinder in a steady uniform stream.

n
U S x
a

    2 


F d =
2
||2 nd
= 2
2
||
r=a nad
B 0
 2
Fx =
F
i = a
2
d ||
2r=a 
n

0
cos
2 2
=
a
2
||
r=a cos d

Velocity potential for ow past a 2D cylinder:




a2
= U r cos 1 + 2
r
Velocity vector on the 2D cylinder surface:


  

 1

|r=a = ( vr |r=a , v |r=a ) =  ,

r


r





r=a

0 r=a 2U sin

Square of the velocity vector on the 2D cylinder surface:


||2 
r=a = 4U 2 sin2

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Finally, the hydrodynamic force on the 2D cylinder is given by

2
2
a   1 
Fx = d 4U 2 sin2 cos = U 2 (2a) 2 d sin 2
  cos
 = 0
2
0
2   0 even odd
3
diameter
ps p w.r.t ,
or
projection  
2 2

Therefore, Fx = 0 no horizontal force ( symmetry fore-aft of the streamlines). Similarly,

2
1 
Fy = U 2 (2a)2 d sin2 sin = 0
2
0

In fact, in general we nd that F 0, on any 2D or 3D body.

DAlemberts paradox:

No hydrodynamic force acts on a body moving with steady translational (no circulation)
velocity in an innite, inviscid, irrotational uid.

The moment as measured in a local frame is not necessarily zero.

3.13 Lift due to Circulation

3.13.1 Example Hydrodynamic force on a vortex in a uniform stream.

= Ux + = U r cos +
2 2

Consider a control surface in the form of a circle of radius r centered at the point vortex.
Then according to Newtons law:
d  steady ow
F = LCV
dt
(FV + FCS ) + M
 N ET = 0 F FV = FCS + M
 N ET

Where,
F = Hydrodynamic force exerted on the vortex from the uid.
FV = F = Hydrodynamic force exerted on the uid in the control volume from the vortex.
FCS = Surface force (i.e., pressure) on the uid control surface.
M N ET = Net linear momentum ux in the control volume through the control surface.
d 
L
dt CV
= Rate of change of the total linear momentum in the control volume.

Fy
U
Fx
x

Control
volume

The hydrodynamic force on the vortex is F = FCS + M

 IN

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a. Net linear momentum ux in the control volume through the control surfaces, M  N ET .
Recall that the control surface has the form of a circle of radius r centered at the point
vortex.

a.1 The velocity components on the control surface are

u = U sin
2r

v = cos
2r

The radial velocity on the control surface is therefore, given by

x 
ur = U = U cos = V n
r

v =
2r
U

a.2 The net horizontal and vertical momentum uxes through the control surface are
given by

2
2  

(MN ET )x = druvr = dr U sin U cos = 0
2r
0 0

2
2  

(M N ET )y = drvvr = dr cos U cos
2r
0 0

2
U U
= cos2 d =
2 2
0

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b. Pressure force on the control surface, FCS .

b.1 From Bernoulli, the pressure on the control surface is

1
p = |v |2 + C
2
b.2 The velocity |v |2 on the control surface is given by
 2  2
2 2 2
|v | =u + v = U sin + cos
2r 2r
 2
2
=U U sin +
r 2r

b.3 Integrate the pressure along the control surface to obtain FCS

2

(FCS )x = drp( cos ) = 0

0

2
2   
(FCS )y = drp( sin ) = 2 U
r (r) d sin2 = 12 U
0
0 

c. Finally, the force on the vortex F is given by

Fx = (FCS )x + (Mx )IN = 0

Fy = (FCS )y + (My )IN = U
i.e., the uid exerts a downward force F = U on the vortex.
Kutta-Joukowski Law

2D : F = U
3D : F = U
 
Generalized Kutta-Joukowski Law:
 

n
F = U
 i
i=1

where F is the total force on a system of n vortices in a free stream with speed U
.

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