Volume 1A

The Aramaic Bible

Targum Neofiti 1
Genesis
Targum Neofiti 1
Genesis
T h e A r a m a ic B ible
THE TARGUMS

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Martin McNamara, M.S.C.
EDITORS
Kevin Cathcart Michael Maher, M.S.C.
Martin McNamara, M.S.C.

EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Daniel J. Harrington, S.J. Bernard Grossfeld
 The Aramaic Bible
Volume 1A

Targum Neofiti 1:
Genesis
Translated, with Apparatus and Notes

BY

Martin McNamara, M.S.C.

A Michael Glazierz Book

IB T h e L iturg ical P r ess
11 Collegeville, Minnesota
About the Translator:
Martin McNamara, M.S.C., is Professor of Sacred Scripture at the Milltown Institute of
Theology and Philosophy, Dublin. He has a licentiate in Theology from the Gregorian
University, Rome, and a licentiate and doctorate in Sacred Scripture from the Biblical
Institute, Rome. He acquired his initial interest in the Targums from his professor Fr.
Stanislas Lyonnet, S.J., of the Biblical Institute, and from his own colleague Alejandro
Diez Macho, who in 1956 identified the true nature of Codex Neofiti 1. His doctoral
dissertation was entitled The New Testament and the Palestinian Targum to the
Pentateuch (1966; reprint 1978). His other publications on the Targums and Judaism
include Targum and Testament (1972); Palestinian Judaism and the New Testament
(1983); Intertestamental Literature (1983). He has a Ph.D. in early Irish biblical
exegesis and has also written on Hiberno-Latin biblical literature and on biblical
apocrypha in the Irish Church.

First published in 1992 by The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321.

Copyright 1992 by The Order o f St. Benedict, Inc., Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved.

No part o f this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bible. O.T. Genesis. English. McNamara. 1992.

Targum Neofiti 1 : Genesis / translated, with apparatus and notes
by Martin McNamara.
p. cm. (The Aramaic Bible : the Targums ; v. 1A)
A Michael Glazier book.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8146-5476-2 :
1. Bible. O.T. Genesis. Aramaic. Targum Yerushalmi-
-Translations into English. 2. Bible. O.T. Genesis. Aramaic.
-Targum Yerushalmi Criticism, Textual. I. McNamara, Martin.
II. Title. III. Series: Bible. O.T. English. Aramaic Bible.
1987 ; v. 1A.
BS709.2.B5 1987 vol. 1A
[BS1233]
221.4'2 s dc20
[222'. 11042] 91-43157
CIP

Logo design by Florence Bern.

Typography by Graphic Sciences Corporation, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Printed in the United States o f America.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Editors Foreword....................................................................................................... vii

Preface.......................................................................................................................... ix
Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xi
Introduction............ ......................................................................................................... 1
I. Title and Concept: Palestinian Targums, Targum Yerushalmi . . 1
II. History of the Term and of Research in the F ie ld .............................. 1
III. Manuscripts of the Palestinian Targums .............................................. 4
IV. Indirect Transmission: Palestinian Targum C itations.......................... 10
V. Language of the Palestinian Targums.................................................... 12
VI. Uniformity and Diversity in the Palestinian Targum s....................... 24
VII. Translation and Paraphrase Techniques of the Palestinian
Pentateuch Targums........................................................................... 29
VIII. Divine Names in the Palestinian Targums .......................................... 35
IX. Messiah, the Torah, Prayer, and Good Deeds in N eofiti................... 39
X. Relation of the Palestinian Targums to Rabbinic Judaism ............... 41
XI. Age and Origin of the Palestinian Pentateuch Targums..................... 43
XII. Palestinian Targums of the Pentateuch: Conclusion........................... 45
Brief Introduction to the Palestinian Targums of Genesis........................................ 46
Index of Verses Preserved in the Fragment-Targums of Genesis ........................... 47
Catalogue of Cairo Genizah Fragments of Palestinian Targums of Genesis ........ 50
Translation, Apparatus, and Notes ..................................................................... 52
Select Bibliography........................................................................................................ 231
Indexes............................................................................................................................ 251
 Dedicated to
MICHAEL GLAZIER,
the resource behind the Aramaic Bible Series.
 EDITORS FOREWORD

While any translation of the Scriptures may in Hebrew be called a Targum, the word is
used especially for a translation of a book of the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic. Before the
Christian era Aramaic had in good part replaced Hebrew in Palestine as the vernacular
of the Jews. It continued as their vernacular for centuries later and remained in part as
the language of the schools after Aramaic itself had been replaced as the vernacular.
Rabbinic Judaism has transmitted Targums of all books of the Hebrew Canon, with
the exception of Daniel and Ezra-Nehemiah, which are themselves partly in Aramaic.
We also have a translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch into the dialect of Samaritan
Aramaic. From the Qumran Library we have sections of a Targum of Job and
fragments of a Targum of Leviticus, chapter 16, facts which indicate that the Bible was
being translated in Aramaic in pre-Christian times.
Translations of books of the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic for liturgical purposes must
have begun before the Christian era, even though none of the Targums transmitted to
us by Rabbinic Judaism can be shown to be that old and though some of them are
demonstrably compositions from later centuries.
In recent decades there has been increasing interest among scholars and a larger
public in these Targums. A noticeable lacuna, however, has been the absence of a
modern English translation of this body of writing. It is in marked contrast with most
other bodies of Jewish literature for which there are good modern English translations,
for instance the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Josephus, Philo,
the Mishnah, the Babylonian Talmud and Midrashic literature, and more recently the
Tosefta and Palestinian Talmud.
It is hoped that this present series will provide some remedy for this state of affairs.
The aim of the series is to translate all the traditionally-known Targums, that is those
transmitted by Rabbinic Judaism, into modern English idiom, while at the same time
respecting the particular and peculiar nature of what these Aramaic translations were
originally intended to be. A translators task is never an easy one. It is rendered doubly
difficult when the text to be rendered is itself a translation which is at times governed
by an entire set of principles.
All the translations in this series have been specially commissioned. The translators
have made use of what they reckon as the best printed editions of the Aramaic Targum
in question or have themselves directly consulted the manuscripts.
The translation aims at giving a faithful rendering of the Aramaic. The introduction
to each Targum contains the necessary background information on the particular work.

vii
viii Editors' Foreword

In general, each Targum translation is accompanied by an apparatus and notes. The

former is concerned mainly with such items as the variant readings in the Aramaic
texts, the relation of the English translation to the original, etc. The notes give what
explanations the translator thinks necessary or useful for this series.
Not all the Targums here translated are of the same kind. Targums were translated at
different times, and most probably for varying purposes, and have more than one
interpretative approach to the Hebrew Bible. This diversity between the Targums
themselves is reflected in the translation and in the manner in which the accompanying
explanatory material is presented. However, a basic unity of presentation has been
maintained. Targumic deviations from the Hebrew text, whether by interpretation or
paraphrase, are indicated by italics.
A point that needs to be stressed with regard to this translation of the Targums is that
by reason of the state of current targumic research, to a certain extent it must be
regarded as a provisional one. Despite the progress made, especially in recent decades,
much work still remains to be done in the field of targumic study. Not all the Targums
are as yet available in critical editions. And with regard to those that have been
critically edited from known manuscripts, in the case of the Targums of some books the
variants between the manuscripts themselves are such as to give rise to the question
whether they have all descended from a single common original.
Details regarding these points will be found in the various introductions and critical
notes.
It is recognized that a series such as this will have a broad readership. The Targums
constitute a valuable source of information for students of Jewish literature, par
ticularly those concerned with the history of interpretation, and also for students of the
New Testament, especially for those interested in its relationship to its Jewish origins.
The Targums also concern members of the general public who have an interest in the
Jewish interpretation of the Scriptures or in the Jewish background to the New
Testament. For them the Targums should be both interesting and enlightening.
By their translations, introductions and critical notes the contributors to this series
have rendered an immense service to the progress of targumic studies. It is hoped that
the series, provisional though it may be, will bring significantly nearer the day when the
definitive translation of the Targums can be made.

Kevin Cathcart Martin McNamara, M.S.C. Michael Maher, M.S.C.

 PREFACE

In this, the first volume in number in the Aramaic Bible Series, full credit must be
given to the publisher Michael Glazier, without whose initiative and resourcefulness
this project would never have been begun. Not only did he take up with enthusiasm the
suggestion put to him in 1980 to publish a translation of the Palestinian Targums of the
Pentateuch, but he proposed that the entire corpus be translated and published with ap
propriate introductions, critical apparatuses, and notes. It was an immense undertak
ing. Let the volumes already published and the entire corpus stand as a monument to
his dedication to the publication of scholarly works.
The original plan was to publish the entire corpus of Palestinian Targums (Neofiti,
Neofiti glosses, Fragment Targums, Pseudo-Jonathan) in the first five volumes of this
seriesone volume for each of the books of the Pentateuch. It was also planned to have
Neofiti, with its apparatus and notes, on pages facing the corresponding text and notes
of Pseudo-Jonathan. Detailed examination of the midrashim common to both would be
in the Pseudo-Jonathan section, with reference to this in the notes to Neofiti. Such a
presentation of texts and notes proved too cumbersome from the publishing point of
view, principally because the space required for each of the two blocks would not corre
spond. It was finally decided to present each of the two (Neofiti and Pseudo-Jonathan)
separately, and further, to devote a volume to each for Genesis (Volumes 1A and IB of
this series).
The introduction first of all examines the witnesses to the Palestinian Targums and
then goes on to concentrate mainly on matters relating to the translation presented by
Codex Neofiti. I did not believe that this was the place for a general introduction to
Targums as such.
The text of Neofiti had already been translated by Michael Maher and the present
writer for the editio princeps under the editorship of Alejandro Diez Macho (1968). I
have completely revised this translation for the present work.
In this translation, as in all volumes of this series, words in italics in the translation
proper denote deviation in the Targum from the Hebrew Text.
This volume contains all the material of the Palestinian Targums of Genesis, with the
exception of Pseudo-Jonathan. The Apparatus contains all the marginal variants in the
manuscript of Codex Neofiti 1, apart from merely orthographical and grammatical
ones. The significant variants of the other Palestinian Targum texts are also given.
ix
x Preface

When it is perceived (as for Gen 4:8; 15:17; 44:18; 49:1, for instance) that the other
texts contain a recension worthy of reproduction in full, this is done. In such cases mere
variants would fail to do justice to the text.
The notes to Neofiti concentrate on the features and peculiarities of Neofitis text,
with the minimum of reference required for an understanding of the midrash common
to Neofiti and Pseudo-Jonathan. For fuller treatment the reader is constantly referred
to the notes on this latter. This concentration on the peculiarities of Neofiti will be con
tinued in the treatment of the other four books of the Pentateuch. From this it becomes
clear that in good part, at least, Neofiti represents a unified approach to the under
standing and translation of the Torah.
Acknowledging once again our indebtedness to Michael Glazier for the initiation of
this series, I must also express gratitude to The Liturgical Press for having agreed so
generously to continue it; to Mark Twomey, managing editor, for general supervision;
and particularly to John Schneider, who took over the task of editing the volumes in
this series and overseeing their publication. The quality of these volumes owes much to
his exceptional editorial skills.
MARTIN MCNAMARA, M.S.C.
Galway, Ireland
 ABBREVIATIONS

A bod. Zar. Abodah Zarah

Ant. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities
Arak. Arakin
ARN A The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan. Trans. J. Goldin.
ARN B The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan. Trans. A. J.
Saldarini.
b. Babylonian Talmud
B First Biblia Rabbinica. Venice: Bomberg, 1517-18.
B. Bat. Baba Bathra
Bek. Bekhoroth
Ber. Berakhoth
B. Mez. Baba Mezia
B. Qam. Baba Qamma
CCL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina
CD Cairo Damascus Document (DamascusRule)
CTg (A,B,E, etc.) Cairo Genizah (Pal.) Tg. Manuscript
De Abr. Philo, De Abraham
Deut. R. Deuteronomy Rabbah
Erub. Erubin
Exod. R. Exodus Rabbah
Frg. Tg(s). Fragment Targum(s)
Gen. R. Genesis Rabbah

xi
xii Abbreviations

Gitt. Gittin
Hag. Hagigah
Hor. Horayoth
HT Hebrew Text
Hul. Hullin
j. Jerusalem (Palestinian) Talmud
Ketub. Ketuboth
L Frg. Tg. Leipzig MS
LAB Pseudo-Philos Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum
Lam. R. Lamentations Rabbah
Leq. Tob Midrash Leqah Tob
Lev. R. Leviticus Rabbah
LXX Septuagint
m. Mishnah
Mak. Makkoth
Meg. Megillah
Mid. Agg. Midrash Aggadah
M. Qat. Moed Qatan
N Nrnberg Frg. Tg. MS
NAB New American Bible
NEB New English Bible
Ned. Nedarim
Nf Neofiti
Nfi Neofiti interlinear gloss
Nfmg Neofiti marginal gloss
Nid. Niddah
Num. R. Numbers Rabbah
Ohol. Oholoth
Onq. Onqelos
P Paris BN Frg. Tg. MS
Pal. Tg(s) Palestinian Targum(s)
Pes. Pesahim
Pesh Peshitta
 Abbreviations xiii

Ps.-J. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan

PRE Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer
PRK Pesiqta de Rab Kahana
Qidd Qiddushin
I QGenApoc The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave 1
4QTgLev Targum of Leviticus of Qumran Cave 4
II QPsaPlea A Prayer in a Psalm Scroll from Cave 11 of Qumran
Rosh. Hash. Rosh Ha-Shanah
RSV Revised Standard Version
Sam Samaritan Targum
Sanh. Sanhdrin
Shabb. Shabbath
Sifre Deut. Sifre to Deuteronomy
Shebu. Shebuoth
t. Tosefta
Ta'an. Taanith
Tanh. Midrash Tanhuma
Tanh. B. Midrash Tanhuma, ed. S. Buber
Tg. Targum
V Vatican Library Frg. Tg. MS
Vulg. Vulgate
Yeb. Yebamoth
Zebah. Zebahim

Journals and Series

AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature

BibThB Biblical Theology Bulletin
CBQ The Catholic Biblical Quarterly
EJ Encyclopaedia Judaica
EphTheolLov Ephemerides theologicae Lovanienses
HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual
ITQ The Irish Theological Quarterly
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
xiv Abbreviations

JBL Journal of Biblical Literature

JE Jewish Encyclopedia
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies
JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
JNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages
JPOS Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society
JPS Jewish Publication Society
JQR Jewish Quarterly Review
JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism
JSS Journal of Semitic Studies
JTS Journal of Theological Studies
MGWJ Monatsschrift fr Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Ju
dentums
PAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research
RB Revue Biblique
R.E. Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopdie der classischen Alter
tumswissenschaft
REJ Revue des tudes Juives
RHistPhRel Revue dhistoire et de philosophie religieuses
RHPR Revue dhistoire et de philosophie religieuses
RSO Rivista degli Studi orientali
RSR Recherches de Science Religieuse
SR Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses
VT Vetus Testamentum
VTSupp Supplement to Vetus Testamentum
ZAW Zeitschrift fr die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
ZeitDeutPalVer Zeitschrift der Deutschen Palstina-Vereins
ZNW Zeitschrift fr die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
 INTRODUCTION

I. TITLE AND CONCEPT: PALESTINIAN TARGUMS,

TARGUM YERUSHALMI

By the term Palestinian Targums of the Pentateuch is meant those Aramaic transla
tions of the Pentateuch other than the Targum of Onqelos that have been transmitted to
us by rabbinic Judaism. The designation represents that now generally followed. A little
over a decade ago the title commonly used was The Palestinian Targum to the Penta
teuch. The singular form was objected to, since there appeared to be a plurality of Ara
maic translations in question, not just one. The ending (to the Pentateuch) was ob
jected to, being regarded as a Germanicism. The traditional Jewish designation for this
Aramaic translation or body of literature was Targum Yerushalmi (more rarely Targum
Erez Israel), The Yerushalmi (Jerusalem or Palestinian) Targum.

II. HISTORY OF THE TERM AND OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD

The designation Palestinian or Yerushalmi sets off this particular Aramaic trans
lation (or translations) against some other known Targum. The Targum in question can
only be Onqelos, the official traditional Jewish Targum of Babylonian Jewry, and of
Western Jewry as well from the ninth century or so onward. It was possibly at this time
that the designation originated. In the ninth century, in a reply by the Jewish religious
leader Gaon Sar Shalom, Onqelos is named as the author of the official Targum of
the Pentateuch, and mention is made of other unnamed Targums regarded by him as
less holy than Onqelos.1 These are presumably Targums of the Pentateuch, those later
called Palestinian or Yerushalmi. The designation Targum Yerushalmi for this or
these Aramaic renderings of the Pentateuch is found in the first half of the eleventh
century in a reply to a query on the matter by Rabbi Hai Gaon (about 1038), and prob-

Response found in Shaar teshubt, no. 330, p. 29 of the Leipzig edition of the Gaonic responses; the Hebrew
text in A. Berliner, Onkelos, II (Berlin, 1884), p. 172, n. 2; in German translation in Dalman, Grammatik (1927), p.
12, n. 2.

1
2 Introduction

ably to Rabbi Jacob ben Nissim, head of the Jewish community of Kirwan in Africa.2
The relevant part of the reply is as follows:3

And regarding what you have asked about the Targum of Palestine (Targum Yerushalmi): by
whom was it composed, and the explanations that exist in it on matters of halakoth
[l\qtnwt, lit.: small items] and haggadoth, why are these added to it?
We do not know who composed the Targum of Palestine (Targum Yerushalmi)', in fact we
do not even know the Targum itself and we have heard speak of it but little. But if they [i.e.,
the communities o f Palestinian origin] possess a tradition that it was recited in the congre
gation from the days o f the former sages such as R. Ammi and R. Asa and R. Elai and R.
Abba and R. Hananiah, the later (sages) who lived in the days of R. Asa, it is to be consid
ered just as our Targum [i.e., Onqelos], as otherwise it would not have been recited before
these princes (lit.: columns o f the world]-----

These Geonim were writing from Babylon, the latter to a community believing that
the Targum Yerushalmi was that used in Palestine in the fourth century by the well-
known named rabbis. References to this Palestinian Targum become more frequent in
writings of Western Jewry from about 1100 onward. It is referred to by Rabbi Juda ben
Barzillai4 (of Barcelona) about 1100 under the name Targum of Palestine (Targum
shel Erez Israel), in numerous citations in the Aruk of Rabbi Nathan ben Yehiel of
Rome (died 1106) under the title Targum Yerushalmi,5 and likewise in citations from
then on until the noted Targumic dictionary, the Meturgeman of Elias Levita,6 in the
mid-sixteenth century (in 1541).
The advent of printing brought early editions of Targumic material. In 1517 Felix
Pratensis, a Jewish convert to Christianity, published a manuscript with portions of
Targum Yerushalmi, a second edition of which was printed in 1527. This continued to
be reproduced in later editions of the rabbinic Bibles, and is that now known as the
Fragment Targum. Mention is made in the works of the fourteenth-century Italian
kabalistic writer Menahem Recanati of a paraphrase (Targum) of the Pentateuch by
Jonathan ben Uzziel, the reputed author of the Targum of the Prophets. It was appar
ently little known. Writing about 1540, Elias Levita says that he had heard of this work
but had never seen it.7 Writing shortly after Elias, the Italian writer Asaria de Rossi
(1573-75) says that he had seen two identical copies of this paraphrase of the Penta
teuch, both beginning with the words min awla bera h \ and one bearing the title The
Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel.8 It is now recognized that this title, with its reference

2In Harkavys collection of Gaonic responses, Teshubot ha-Geonim, 124f.; Berliner, op. cit., 57f.; see also M.
McNamara, 1966A, 57f.
3Hebrew text in Berliner, op. cit., 173-175. Berliner takes qtnwt as halakoth; M. Ginsburger (REJ 42 [1901]
234), however, as smaller midrashim, such as PRE.
4See Dalman, 30; McNamara, 1966A, 59.
5Aruk citations in Aruch Completum, ed. A. Kohut (Vienna, 1878ff.); with Additamenta, ed. Krauss (Vienna,
1937). Kohut worked with inferior MSS; see below, p. 11, and n. 49.
6On the Meturgeman, see below, p. 12, and n. 55.
1Meturgeman, ed. Isny (1541); see below p. 12.
8In M eor enaim, ed. Vilna, 127.
 Introduction 3

to Jonathan (in Hebrew: Yehonathan) is due to an erroneous expansion of TY, in

tended to express Targum Yerushalmi. This form of the Palestinian Targum tradition
(beginning with the words min awla bera) is now known as The Targum of Pseudo-
Jonathan. The first printed edition of this was made already in 1591 from a MS no
longer known. Another MS of the work is in the British Library, MS Add. 27031, said
to be in a sixteenth-century Italian hand. It was first published in 1903.9 Both Pseudo-
Jonathan and the Fragment Targums were published in the Walton London Polyglot
(1653-57) with Latin translations, extending their usefulness for scholars.10
A significant advance in this branch of study was made in 1930 with the publication
by Paul Kahle of fragments of six manuscripts of the Palestinian Targum tradition from
the Genizah of Old Cairo, the earliest of which he dated to the late seventh or early
eighth century.11 All these texts, it should be remembered, contained only portions of
the true Palestinian Targum. A major advance was made when Professor Jos Maria
Mills Vallicrosa and Alejandro Diez Macho came upon a new manuscript in the Vati
can Library in 1949 which A. Diez Macho identified as a copy of the entire Palestinian
Targum of the Pentateuch in 1956.
New interest in Palestinian Judaism and in Palestinian Aramaic of the New Testa
ment period was engendered by the finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls from 1947 onward.
The growth of interest in the Palestinian Targum, and in Palestinian Aramaic of the
New Testament period, from the early sixties to the present day has been phenomenal.
Interest in the Palestinian Targum tradition was helped in no small way by the contri
bution it was believed it could make to an understanding of the New Testament mes
sage, especially the Gospels. Paul Kahle and a number of scholars after him believed
that the Aramaic of the Palestinian Targum represented the spoken Aramaic of Pales
tine in the New Testament era.12 Both contentions were soon to be challengedthat of
the nature of the Aramaic of the Targums by students of the history of Aramaic and of
Qumran Aramaic in particular. These scholars regarded Palestinian Targumic Aramaic
as at best post-200 c .e ., and most probably of the fourth-fifth centuries and contempo
rary with that of the Palestinian Talmuds and Midrashim.13 The dating of the Palestin
ian Targums and of the tradition they enshrine was also called into question, and conse
quently the very legitimacy of their use in New Testament studies.
The complexity of the situation was being highlighted, including the very diversity
between the different manuscripts of the Palestinian Targum tradition. Scholars now
began speaking of the Palestinian Targums (in the plural) of the Pentateuch.14 In the
seventies and eighties, research (particularly at the doctoral dissertation level) and pub
lications continued apace on various aspects of the Palestinian Targum tradition.

9M. Ginsburger, Pseudo-Jonathan nach der Londiner Handschrift (Brit. Mus. Add. 27031)) (Berlin, 1903).
10Biblia Sacra Polyglotta (London, 1653-57), vol. 4, rpt. Graz, 1964.
nP. Kahle, Das palstinische Pentateuchtargum. Masoreten des Westens, II (Stuttgart, 1930) 1*13; 1-65.
12See below, p. 14.
l3See below, pp. 14-16.
14See, for instance, the objections raised to the singular form and concept by J. Fitzmyer in his reviews of books
bearing on the subject in CBQ 30 (1968), 417-28, at 420, and in ThS 29 (1968) 322-26, at 323.
4 Introduction

Grammars of the different manuscripts were produced and the relation of the tradition
to Jewish halakah and haggadah studied.15 The manuscript situation continues to be ex
plored, and critical editions of the texts are being made. In a sense, we stand at the end
of one period of intense exploration and at the beginning of a new era of the study of
the Palestinian Targum tradition, one in which a new assessment of the situation is
called for.

III. MANUSCRIPTS OF THE PALESTINIAN TARGUMS

1. The Targum o f Pseudo-Jonathan

As already mentioned, the Italian Jewish writer Asaria de Rossi noted in his work
M eor Enayim (1573-75) that he had seen two complete and identical copies of a work
that can only have been the Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan.16 Only a single manuscript of
the Targum o f Pseudo-Jonathan (sometimes referred to as TJI, i.e., Targum of
Jerusalem I) is now knownBL Additional 27031,17 written, it is stated, in a sixteenth-
century Italian hand. This particular tradition is so distinct within the Palestinian
Targum tradition that it merits examination apart. This is carried out with regard to
the translation, notes, and introduction in this series by Michael Maher and Ernest G.
Clarke. What is said here, outside this special paragraph, about the Palestinian Targum
does not take into consideration the Pseudo-Jonathan tradition, even though what is
said of the Palestinian Targum tradition in general may well hold good for it.

2. The Fragment Targums

The Palestinian Targum tradition Jias been known to us since the sixteenth century
through single words and briefer and longer paraphrases transmitted in various manu
scripts. These texts are obviously only extracts taken from larger Targum manuscripts,
and for this reason they are referred to as Fragment Targums. The paraphrase in
these fragments is not always the same or to the same words or verses, and for this rea
son these are now referred to as Fragmentary Targums. The known manuscripts of
these Fragmentary Targums are as follows:
i) Paris, Bibliothque Nationale hbr. 110, folios 116 (=P); written in an unvocalized
fifteenth-century Spanish cursive script.
ii) Vatican, Ebr. 440, folios 198-227 (=V); the end of a much larger MS (Vatican Ebr.
439-440), containing the entire Pentateuch with Tg. Onqelos, the Five Megilloth, Job,
the Haftarot, and the Book of Jeremiah; written in a thirteenth-century square
Ashkenazic hand and vocalized in a full Tiberian system.

l5For details see below, pp. 14-16.

l6See n. 8 above.
l7For edition see n. 8 above.
 Introduction 5

iii) Nrnberg, Stadtbibliothek Solger 2.2o, folios 119-147 (=N); a thirteenth-century

triple-column MS, written in a square Ashkenazic script with Tiberian vocalization.
The editio princeps of the Frg. Tg. in the Biblia Rabbinica of 1517-18 was based on this
Nrnberg MS and its glosses (N and Ngl).
iv) Leipzig, Universitt B.H., folio 1 (=L); a thirteenth/fourteenth-century
Ashkenazic MS of the Pentateuch, Haftarot, Five Megilloth, etc. The layout of the pages
resembles that of certain printed rabbinic Bibles in which the Hebrew text occupies the
central position, flanked by a column of Onqelos and another of the commentary of
Rashi. The Frg. Tg. is scattered throughout this rabbinic-type Bible in such a disorgan
ized manner that it would seem to imply that the scribe had originally planned not to
include it at all. Some of the short gloss-type passages are situated in spaces or indenta
tions in the Onqelos column.
v) New York, Jewish Theological Seminary (Lutzki) 605, (E.N. Adler 2587), folios 6, 7
(=J); probably thirteenth century;
vi) Moscow, Giinzberg 3 (copy of MS Nrnberg);
vii) Sassoon 264, folios 225-267, copied from the second Biblia Rabbinica (Venice:
Bomberg, 1524-25).
The tradition in these texts is a relatively unified one, despite the differences between
the Paris MS and the others, and the fact that the extant fragments do not always cover
the same section of the biblical text. Fragment Targums of quite a different tradition
have come down to us in two Genizah MSS as follows:
viii) British Library Or 10794 (Gaster Collection), (Br) with Deut. 1:1-5:9) and
ix) Cambridge University Library, T-S AS 72, 75, 76, 77, (DD), edited, together with
the preceding text, by M. Klein with other Genizah material18 (but was already being
studied by Dr. Julia A. Foster), with the text of Deut. 23:15-28:5; 32:35-33:9.
The importance of the Genizah evidence is that it shows that the Fragment Targum
tradition was more widespread than scholars had suspected. It broadens our base for
discussing the origins of this form of transmission.
Michael Klein19 has made a deep study of the Fragment Targums tradition and has
reduced the major texts to two families: P on the one hand and VNL on the other.
Remnants of other distinct families are also J and Br. and DD. Br and DD are actually
Cairo Genizah fragments and represent, as just noted, distinct forms of Fragment
Targums.
Klein notes that the most enigmatic of questions concerning the Fragment Targums
is that of their raison d tre.20 Although a number of theories have been put forward in
the last century and in this one, a satisfactory solution has not been found. One view
has regarded these Frg. Tgs. as variants to Ps.-J., another as variants to Onq. We may
note that the content in general is of two kindslonger midrashim and single-word var
iants. The latter indicates a lexical interest in variants, and many of these single words
are of the kind we find in Targum lexica (the Aruk, Levitas Meturgemari). Such con

18M. L. Klein, 1986, 330-333; 338-341.

i9M. L. Klein, The Extant Sources of the Fragmentary Targum to the Pentateuch, HUCA 46 (1975) 115-137;
idem, 1980.
20M. L. Klein, 1980, I, 12.
6 Introduction

tents have much in common with the glosses of Neofiti and may have had a similar ori
gin, which is probably the desire in preserving variant readings. A recognized feature of
all the Pentateuch Targums is their synagogal-liturgical nature, and it may be that the
Frg. Tgs. were also used in the synagogue liturgy as supplementary or alternate material
to the base Targum being used.21 P and J in particular display a number of features
which indicate that they belong to a festival-liturgical recension, features which for the
most part are missing in YNL and Br.22

3. Genizah Manuscripts o f the Palestinian Targums

In 1930, as noted above, Paul Kahle published fragments of six Genizah manuscripts
of the Palestinian Targums of the Pentateuch.23 The Genizah fragments are found in
various libraries around the world, but principally in the Cambridge University Library
(Taylor-Schechter Collection), the Oxford Bodleian Library, the Leningrad Saltykov-
Schedrin Library (Antonin Collection), and in the Jewish Theological Seminary of New
York (the E. N. Adler Collection). They have recently been thoroughly examined by
Michael Klein. In 1986, in Genizah Manuscripts o f Palestinian Targum to the Penta
teuch,24 he published a collection of fragments from thirty-eight distinct Genizah manu
scripts relating to the Palestinian Targum of the Pentateuch. These texts fall into five
general categories, as follows:25
a) Targum proper in the order of the Bible; (b) festival-liturgical collections of syna
gogue readings for holy days and special Sabbaths; (c) fragment Targums, or collections
of selected phrases and passages; (d) Targumic tosafoth, or additional expansive pas
sages to the more literal Onqelos, and (e) introductory Targumic poems, recited before
or during the Torah reading in the synagogue. Kahle had given the sigla A to F to six of
these. Klein retains Kahles sigla and assigns new ones in the same tradition to the oth
ers. For brevitys sake in what immediately follows, I shall refer to the sigla. I will first
give a few words on each of these categories.
a) Palestinian Targum proper: MSS, A, B, C, D, E, H, Z; LL; NN. B, C, D are in alter
nating Hebrew, verse by verse; A, E, H, Z with merely Hebrew lemmata at beginning of
all (or most) verses. B, C, E, H(?) and Z are confined to the book of Genesis; all frag
ments of A are from Exodus, while D, as preserved, is from Genesis, Exodus and Deu
teronomy. We cannot say whether some or all of the MSS originally contained all five
books of the Pentateuch.
b) Festival-liturgical collections: MSS, AA, BB, F, F2, HH, J, S(?), U.W(?) Y. These are
booklets containing the synagogal Torah readings for festivals and for special Sabbaths
preceding Festivals. This form of compilation was already known to scholars before the
Genizah finds. The Cairo manuscripts present important new information. The various
collections differ in content as well as in the type of readings they contain.

JIIbid., 19.
22Ibid., 19-24.
23See n. 11 above.
24See n. 18 above.
25See op. cit., xxii-29.
 Introduction 1

c) Fragment Targums: MSS Br (i.e., British Library Or 10794 [Gaster Collection]

with Deut 1:15:9) and DD (i.e., Cambridge University Library, T-S AS 72, 75, 76, 77,
with Deut 23:15-28:5; 32:35-33:9) already noted above under Fragment Targum.
d) Targumic Tosafoth: MSS, CC, EE, FF, I, K, M, Q, R, RR.
e) Introductory poems: MSS, G, GG, HH, JJ, KK, MM, PP, T. Paul Kahle included
MS G, with its expansion of Exod 15, in his 1930 edition of Genizah material. The
present collection adds considerably to our knowledge of these expansions, which are
based on the Palestinian Targum tradition.
This Genizah material in general greatly enlarges oiir knowledge of the Palestinian
Targum tradition, taking us beyond the manuscripts from the thirteenth to the six
teenth centuries already known to a far earlier age, at least with regard to the oldest of
the manuscripts. These texts also help us to bridge the gap between the earliest manu
scripts and the thirteenth century. P. Kahle dated the manuscript fragments published
by him as follows: MS A, late seventh or early eighth century; MS E, ca. 750-800; MSS
B, C, and D, the latter half of the ninth century; MSS F and G, the tenth or eleventh
century.26 Since Genizah manuscripts contain no reference to any date or to known
scribes, we must rely totally on palaeography, codicology, and on the opinion of experts
for assigning a date to them, and even then one which can only be approximate. Profes
sor Malachi Beit Ari has assigned dates as follows for the manuscripts published by
Michael Klein:27
Very early (eighth/ninth century or earlier): A (parchment).
Early (ninth/tenth to mid-eleventh century): E (parchment), T (parchment), W (?;
parchment), Y (?; even though written on paper), AA (parchment), DD (paper), HH
(parchment), KK (parchment).
Ca. 1000 c .e .: B (parchment), C (Eastern; parchment), D (parchment).
Early/middle: F (parchment), CC (parchment).
Middle (mid-eleventh to late fourteenth century): MM (late eleventh century; paper),
Br (paper), F2 (parchment), G (parchment), H (paper), J (paper), K (paper), M (Euro
pean; parchment), Q (paper), R (paper), S (paper), X (paper), Z (paper), BB (paper), EE
(paper), FF (paper), GG (paper), JJ (paper), LL (paper), MM (late eleventh century;
paper), NN (paper), PP (paper), RR (paper).
Middle/late: I (after thirteenth century; paper).
Thirteenth-fourteenth century: U (Spanish; parchment).
In this dating, the Genizah material spans the eighth century, if not earlier, up to the
late fourteenth, a period of six centuries. It thus takes us right up to the period that has
given us the earliest Fragment Targum manuscripts.

4. Codex Neoflti I

Codex Neofiti 1 of the Vatican Library is item number 1 in a lot of MSS that came to
the Vatican Library from the Pia Domus Neophytorum in Rome. In fact, the codex
bears the seal of this college on its title page, together with the name of Ludovicus

26Kahle, op. cit. (n. 11 above), 2*-3*; on reservations about Kahles dating, see M. McNamara, 1972, p. 83, n. 21.
Klein. 1986, I, xxxviif.
8 Introduction

Canonicus Schller, the last rector of the Domus. In 1543 Paul III founded a Domus
Catechumenorum in Rome for converts from Judaism, and in 1577 Gregory XIII
founded there the Pia Domus Neophytorum or, to give it its original title, the
Collegium Ecclesiasticum Adolescentium Neophytorum. This was a genuine ecclesiasti
cal college with power to grant academic degrees. Later, at the request of Cardinal
Antonio Barberini, protector both of the house and college, Urban VIII, in August
1634, authorized the transfer of both to a new location in Rome, and the libraries of
both were probably then united. Codex Neofiti 1 belonged to the original Collegium.28
The last rector entered office in 1886, and during his tenure its books and manuscripts
were sold to the Vatican Library.29 The archives of the Pia Domus are now in the
Vicariate of Rome and in some other Roman libraries.30
The codex itself was catalogued in the Vatican Library as Onqelos. Its existence was
brought to the attention of Alejandro Diez Macho in 1949, who identified it for what it
isa complete copy of the Palestinian Targum of the Pentateuchin 1956.31
The colophon to the MS, at the end of Deuteronomy, tells us that the transcription
was completed at Rome for Maestro Egidio (written as yydyw) in the glorious (hnhdr)
month of Adar. In keeping with an accepted Jewish practice, the date of composition
is to be found in the numerical value of the Hebrew letters h, n, h, d, r, i.e., 5 + 50 + 5
+ 4 + 200. This gives us 264, that is, the year 5264 of Jewish chronology, which corre
sponds to 1504 c . e .32
The Maestro Egidio for whom the work was written was most probably the noted hu
manist Giles (Egidio) of Viterbo (1469-1532), master general of the Augustinian Order
between 1505 and 1517. He had a keen interest in Judaism, particularly in Kabbala,
and from 1517 to 1527 had with him in Rome the Jewish scholar Elias Levita, a spe
cialist in the Targums, who later (1542) compiled and published his noted Targumic
lexicon, the Meturgeman.33 It does not appear that Elias, however, had any part in the
transcription of Neofiti or that he later knew of it. He does not appear to have used it
for his Meturgeman. Furthermore, the glosses of Neofiti seem to draw on Pseudo-
Jonathan, a work which Elias tells us he had heard of but had not seen.34 Codex Neofiti 1
was apparently donated to the Pia Domus Neophytorum by one Ugo Boncampagni in
1602.35 We know that in that year he gave eighty-two works to the Domus, among them

28On this entire question see R. Le Daut, Jalons pour une histoire dun manuscrit du Targum Palestinien
(Neofiti 1), Biblica 48 (1967) 509-533, esp. 515f.
29Le Daut, loc. cit., 526f.
30Le Daut, loc. cit., 509.
31For accounts of the discovery and of codex itself, see A. Diez Macho, The Palestinian Targum, in Christian
News from Israel 13 (1962) 19-25; (also in the French edition, Nouvelles chrtiennes d Isral 13 [1962] 20-25); idem,
1960, 222-245; idem, Magister-Minister, in Recent Progress in Biblical Scholarship, ed. Marcel P. Hornik (Oxford,
1961) 13-53; idem, in greater detail in the editio princeps of the MS: Neophyti 1. Targum palestinense. Ms de la
Biblioteca Vaticana, I: Genesis (Madrid-Barcelona, 1968) 19*-136*.
32On the colophon see Diez Macho, Neophyti 7, I, with 51*ff., discussion.
33A summary of Egidios activities may be found in Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, I, 52*; see further Giuseppe
Signorelli, Il Cardinale Egidio da Viterbo, agostiniano, umanista, reformatore, Biblioteca Agostiniana 16 (Florence,
1929); F. X. Martin, The Problem of Egidio da Viterbo: A Historiographical Survey (Louvain, 1960).
34On Levita, the Meturgeman, and Neofiti 1, see below, p. 12, and n. 56.
35See. R. Le Daut, loc. cit. (n. 28 above), 516-518; 528-533.
 Introduction 9

two Targum texts. The first (no. 20 of the list), entitled fogli scritti a mano dove vi el
targumio hieroslomi, was probably a text of the Fragment Targum. The second (no. 39
of the list) was Aparafrasi (= Una parafrasi) Caldea sopra al Pentateuco scritta a mano
in carta pecora, i.e., A Chaldaic (Aramaic) paraphrase on the Pentateuch written by
hand on sheepskinundoubtedly Codex Neofiti 1. Neofiti 1 and other works were be
queathed to Ugo by the renowned convert Rabbi Andrea de Monte in his will dated
September 19, 1587. (He died two days later.) De Monte had been a professor at the
Collegium Neophytorum and is known from other documents to have acted as official
ecclesiastical censor of Jewish books. He saw anti-Christian polemic in such terms as
idols, idolaters, etc. The censorship of precisely such words in Neofiti 1 is undoubt
edly his work.36 We can presume from this evidence that on its completion for Giles of
Viterbo in 1504, the manuscript passed into his hands for censorship, and then to Ugo
and the Pia Domus Neophytorum, and finally the Vatican Library.
Codex Neofiti 1 was transcribed by three chief scribes.37 It contains the entire text of
the Pentateuch, apart from about thirty verses omitted for various reasons. As stated,
certain passages have been censored and in part or in whole erased. Each verse is pre
ceded by the Hebrew lemma, the opening words of the verse. The text is divided into li
turgical sections which, with two exceptions (Num 20:13-14; Deut 4:24-25), correspond
to the sedarim of the Palestinian three-year cycle of readings.
A notable feature of Codex Neofiti 1 is the numerous marginal glosses (in this edition
noted as Nfmg) and the occasional interlinear glosses (Nfi) it contains.38 The indica
tions are that all these are drawn from genuine Targum texts (whether complete or frag
mentary) available to the annotators in the early sixteenth century, some of which are
apparently now lost. These glosses were written by ten different hands or so, some of
them identical with those of the chief scribes. The multiplicity of hands is not signifi
cant for the glosses: analysis indicates that the Targum text being excerpted from did
not necessarily change with the scribe.39 In the present edition an attempt is made to
identify each of these glosses, and the results are indicated in the Apparatus. Often
times they agree with VNL or P, sometimes with Ps.-J. They also agree on occasion
with readings of the Genizah MSS A, B, C, D. There is an altogether peculiar agree
ment between the glosses and the Cairo Genizah MS E,40 unfortunately preserved only
for Gen 6:18-7:15; 9:5-23; 28:17-29:17; 31:16-39:10; 41:6-26; 43:30-44:5. We shall re
turn to the significance of all this evidence later.41
Although among the latest of Palestinian Targum texts to be transcribed, there is
abundant evidence indicating that in Neofiti we have preserved a very good text of the
Palestinian Targum, one which has been faithfully transmitted.42

36Le Daut, loc. cit., 521-523.

37See Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, I, 23*.
38Ibid 24*-28*.
39
This is particularly obvious in the glosses to N f Gen 28:17-31:34, which are identical with the text of CTg E, al
though there are no less than six hands for the glosses: I, J, K, A, K, J.
40
The correspondences also noted by Klein, 1986, II, in notes to text of E.
4'Below, XI, 2, pp. 44-45.
42See below, X, XI, pp. 41-45.
10 Introduction

5. Targumic Tosafoth43

The Targumic Tosafoth from the Cairo Genizah have been noted above. Such
Tosafoth are also found outside of the Genizah. Targumic Tosafoth are expansive pas
sages of haggadic midrash which have their source in the Palestinian Targum tradition.
Some of them are preserved inserted into Onqelos manuscripts, and others have been
brought together separately in booklets which probably served as supplements to Onq.
They thus present evidence for the Pal. Tg. Unlike the Frg. Tgs., the Tosafoth contain
expansions only and their language tends to be that of Onq., or at least in the process of
being transformed from Galilean Aramaic to that of Onq.

6. Introductory Targumic poems44

Such poems from the Cairo Genizah have been noted above. These poems formed
part of the synagogue liturgy before the Torah reading for festivals and special Sab
baths. They are Targumic in language, and the beginnings of the lines or strophes are
often in the form of an alphabetic acrostic. They have been well known for over a cen
tury. The best known of these is that beginning zyl msh, Go down Moses (cf. Exod
14:16-25), the oldest text of which is in a fourth-fifth century papyrus from Egypt. Such
poems are usually in separate collections but sometimes are inserted into Targumic
texts in their respective places.

IV. INDIRECT TRANSMISSION: PALESTINIAN TARGUM CITATIONS

We have instanced above the main sources for our knowledge of the Palestinian Pen
tateuch Targums, from about 700 to 1550. Together with this we can trace the history
of these Palestinian Targums through citations, using a method employed in biblical
textual criticism.
It is a relatively simple matter to identify these citations from about the eleventh cen
tury onward, since they are given under the name Targum Yerushalmi or The Palestin
ian Targum {Targum shel Erez Israel). It is less easy when there are no such identifica
tions, especially for the earlier period. However, if in a Hebrew context we find biblical
citations in Aramaic which coincide with those of the Palestinian Targums, we are justi
fied in assuming that these Targums actually existed at that time and that the citations
are from them. A certain difficulty exists with regard to the ascription of such Aramaic
texts to a given Rabbi, to whom we can ascribe a date, since such ascriptions can be
false.
In Genesis Rabba 31, 8 we have an Aramaic rendering of a portion Gen 6:14 which
coincides with that of the Palestinian Targums ascribed to R. Nathan (ca. 170 c.e.), and

43On the Tosafoth see A. Epstein, Tosefta du Targoum Yerouschalmi, REJ 30 (1895) 44-51, with edition of
texts; M. Ginsburger, Zustzthargumim, in Das Fragmentumthargum, with edition of texts (Berlin, 1899) 71-74;
A. Sperber, The Bible in Aramaic I (Leiden, 1959) xvi-xviii, with edition of texts, pp. 354-357; M. L. Klein,
Targumic Toseftot from the Cairo Genizah, in Salvacion en la Palabra (1986) 409-418; idem, 1986, I, xxvif.
44On these see M. L. Klein, 1986, xxviiif., with bibliography; idem, 1980, I, 19-23.
 Introduction 11

in Genesis Rabba, 70, 16 another similar one of Gen 29:17 ascribed to R. Johanan
(probably from ca. 250 c.e.). And there are others besides from the earlier period.45
Rabbi Menahem Kasher devotes chapter 17 of volume 24 of his major work, Torah
Shelemah, to a study of the relationship between Neofiti 1 and Genesis Rabba.46 He
brings together fifty instances of explanations of words or of haggadoth in Genesis
Rabba whose source he believes to be a Palestinian Targum of the kind preserved in
Neofiti 1. It is very useful to collect such texts from early rabbinical sources. However,
with regard to the tradition of Genesis Rabba, we have to bear in mind that what is in
question is rather a general Jewish and rabbinic tradition, preserved both in rabbinic
expository or homiletic texts such as Genesis Rabba and in the Palestinian Targums.
Given this proviso, however, the evidence of Aramaic translations which coincide with
renderings found in Palestinian Targums must be given serious consideration as wit
nesses for the early existence of this Aramaic version.
The evidence for citations becomes clearer from 1100 onward. We have already men
tioned the Aruk, the dictionary compiled by R. Nathan ben Yehiel of Rome (died
1106). M. Kasher has noted that on 250 occasions or so the Aruk cites words in Neofiti
not found in Ps.-J. or the Fragment Targum.47 Solomon Speier has made a detailed
study of the relationship of the Aruk to Neofiti 1. He lists 120 citations under the name
Targum Yerushalmi found in the Aruk, and elsewhere attested only in Neofiti 1.48 The
number is probably greater than this; one of the defects of Speiers study is that he uses
the index of Kohuts edition of the Aruk, in which some citations are missing.49 This
agreement of the Aruk with Neofiti is really impressive and leads us to the conclusion
that Rabbi Nathan used a Palestinian Targum practically identical with that in
Neofiti 1. This need not surprise us. Neofiti 1 was copied in Rome, where R. Nathan
had lived and compiled his work.
Another work that has recently been shown to carry many Palestinian Targum cita
tions and to be close to Neofiti 1 is Midrash Bereshit Zuta.50 Its author was Rabbi
Shemuel ben Nissin Masnut (13th cent.), who worked in Aleppo and may have been
born there. He also wrote a commentary on Job called M ayan gannim, which Salomon

45See M. McNamara, 1966A, 45-57 (52-54 for R. Nathan and Johanan); also idem, 1966B, 1-15.
46M. Kasher, Torah Shelemah, vol. 24, Targumey ha-Torah. Aramaic Versions o f the Bible. A Comprehensive Study
o f Onkelos, Jonathan, Jerusalem Targums and the Full Jerusalem Targum o f Vatican Neofiti 1 (Jerusalem, 1974) 210-
224 for ch. 17: Bereshit Rabba and Neofiti. A summary of this volume, chapter by chapter, is given by A. Diez
Macho, Neophyti 7, V, 41 *-82* (76*-80*) for ch. 17); also Neophyti 7, IV, 30*-35*.
47M. Kasher, op. cit. (vol. 17, ch. 6), 15-21; summary in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 7, V,51 *-55*.
48S. Speier, The Relationship between the Arukh and the Palestinian Targum, Neofiti 1, Leshonenu 31 (1966-67)
23-32; 189-198; 34 (1969-70), 172-179 (in Hebrew).
49The Aruk citations (together with those in Elias Levitas Meturgeman and in other works) are edited from
printed editions and MSS by Raymondo Grino as a supplement to A. Diez Macho, ed., Targum palaestinense in
Pentateuchum, in Biblia Polyglotta Matritensia (Madrid, 1977: Numeri; 1980: Exod., Lev., Deut.). See also M.
Kasher, Torah Shelemah, vol. 24, ch. 6, pp. Iff.; summary in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 7, V, 51*.
50See M. Kasher, op. cit., 15ff.; in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti, V, 51 *-53*. See also H. L. Strack and G. Stemberger,
Einleitung in Midrasch und Talmud, 7th rev. ed. (Munich, 1982) 302f. See also A. Diez Macho, Lascitas del
Targum Palestinense en el midras Bereshit Zuta, in Mlanges bibliques et orientaux en l'honneur de M.Mathias
Delcor, ed. A. Caquot et al., Alter Orient und Altes Testament 215 (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchen Verlag, 1985)
117-126.
 12 Introduction

Buber published in 1889.51 Mordekai ha-Kohen published Rabbi Shemuels commen

tary on Genesis, under the above title, in Jerusalem in 1962,52 and in 1973 A. Zimels53
drew attention to the presence in it of citations from the Palestinian Targums. These ci
tations are numerous, to at least two hundred verses of Genesis. Some of these citations
are found in sources known to us, especially in Codex Neofiti 1; others are drawn from
sources unknown. From his comparison of the citations with Neofiti, Zimels draws the
conclusion that the author had before him a complete text of the Palestinian Targum.
There are citations under the rubric Targum Yerushalmi also in Jewish writers of
the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries,54 e.g., R. Hananel, R. Shemuel ben Meir
(Rashbam), grandson of Rashi (1085-1174), R. Moshe ben Nachman (Ramban) (1194
1270), David Qimhi (Radak) (1160-1235) and others. With regard to these, however,
we have to decide in each individual case whether they cite directly from Targum texts
or indirectly through such works as R. Nathans Aruk.
Finally,- mention must be made of the Meturgeman, the Targumic dictionary com
piled by Elias Levita and published at Isny in 1541 (with later reprints). It is also extant
in the MS, Roma, Biblioteca Angelica, MS or. 84 (A 6,6), a MS finished in 1530. In a
doctoral dissertation R. Grino has devoted special study to the text of the Meturgeman
and to its relationship to Codex Neofiti 1,55 He has also prepared a critical edition of
the dictionary. He is of the opinion that Elias Levita actually makes use of Codex
Neofiti 1, a contention strongly opposed by others, especially M. L. Klein.56

V. LANGUAGE OF THE PALESTINIAN TARGUMS

1. Aramaic

i) History o f the Aramaic language. The Targums, that is, the Aramaic Bible, are,
needless to say, written in Aramaic. Where precisely this form of the language stands in
that languages long history is a matter still exercising the minds of scholars. The Ara
maic language itself originated in the eleventh century b .c .e . or somewhat earlier and
was used in texts from Aramaic-speaking states and statelets from the tenth century
b .c .e . onward, passing through different stages of development and of status. First there

was Old Aramaic (to 700 or 500 b .c .e .) , followed by Imperial Aramaic (700 or 500 b .c .e .

5IS. Buber, Samuel b. R. Nissim Masnut, Ma'ajan Gannim. . . al Seferljob (Berlin, 1889; rpt. Jerusalem, 1970).
52Edition noted by A. Zimels, Palestinian Targumim in Secondary Sources (in Hebrew), Beer-Sheva 1 (1973)
199-203 (in Hebrew); cf. A. Diez Macho in Neophyti 7, V, 52*.
53Art. cit.
54On these see M. Kasher, op. cit., vol. 24; summary in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, V, 53*55*.
55See A. Diez Macho, Neofiti I y el Meturgeman de Elias Levita, in Neophyti 7, II, 25*-29* (while Grinos thesis
was still in progress), with Diez Machos reflections on Grinos positions; R. Grino, El Meturgeman de Elias Levita
y el Aruk de Natn ben Yehiel como fuentes de la lexicografia targumica, Biblica 60 (1979) 110-117; idem,
Inportancia del Meturgeman de Elias Levita y del ms. Angelica 6-6 para el estudio del mismo, Sefarad 31 (1971)
353-361. The Meturgeman Pal. Tg. citations have been edited by R. Grino, op. cit., n. 49 above.
56R. Grino, El Meturgeman y Neofiti 1, Biblica 58 (1977) 153-188; M. Klein, Meturgeman and Neofiti 1: A re
joinder, Biblica 59 (1978) 267. In his reflections of Grinos position in Neophyti 7, II (1970) 29*, Diez Macho said
that the actual state of the evidence pointed toward Elias having known directly a text very similar to the actual
Neofiti 1 as the most likely hypothesis. In the introduction to Neophyti 7, VI (1979; introduction finished Dec. 8,
1977), however, he states (p. 18, note) that Elias Levita knew and used(MS Neofiti 1 for his Meturgeman (agreeing
with Grino, Biblica 58 [1977] 153-188).
 Introduction 13

until ca. 200 b .c .e .) when chancery use in the Persian Empire ensured a great degree of
uniformity in the written language. Then came the emergence of dialects such as
Palmyrene and Nabataean in the first century b .c .e ., accompanied by the continuation
of a standard literary language. Later came the emergence of Palestinian dialects, such
as Jewish Galilean, Samaritan, and Christian Palestinian Aramaic, at a time far from
agreed on. Then there has been the later history of the dialects, two of which are still
spoken. Until the Qumran finds, there was very little documentary evidence to go on
for the history of Aramaic between the early second century b .c .e . (with the Book of
Daniel) and the Aramaic sections of the Jewish and Christian documents from the
third-fourth century c .e . This gap has been amply filled by the Aramaic texts from
Qumran.
Going on the information available to him at the time, Franz Rosenthal in 1 9 3 9
covered the history of research on the Aramaic language under the following head
ings:57 (A) Old Aramaic (Altaramisch: until the end of the eighth century b .c .e .;
Reichsaramisch; Nabatean, Palmyrenian); (B) Later Aramaic (Jungaramisch: Jewish
Palestinianwith treatment of the position of the Aramaic language at the beginnings
of Christianity, Samaritan, Christian Palestinian, and the modern dialectsDas neu-
Jungaramisch); (C) Eastern Aramaic (Syriac, Babylonian Talmudic, Mandaic, Mod
ern East Aramaic Dialect). His periodization would be ( 1 ) Old Aramaic; ( 2 ) Middle
Aramaic, with eastern (Syriac, Mandaic, Aramaic of Talmud Babli) and western
(Samaritan, Palestinian) dialects; ( 3 ) Late Aramaic, with a western (Maalula) and east
ern (around Kurdistan, in Caucasus) branch. The Qumran finds led to a fresh consider
ation of the languages periodization. One initiated by Y. Kutscher ( 1 9 5 7 ) , 58 refined by
J. Fitzmyer ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 59 accepted by Kutscher ( 1 9 7 1 ) 60 gives the languages stages as fol
lows: (a) Old Aramaic ( 9 2 5 - 7 0 0 b .c .e .) ; (b) Official Aramaic ( 7 0 0 - 2 0 0 b .c .e .); ( c ) Middle
Aramaic, with development of dialects ( 2 0 0 b .c .e . - 2 0 0 c .e .) ; (d) Later Aramaic, with
western (Syro-Palestinian-Christian, Samaritan, Palestinian Jewish) and eastern
branches; (e) Modern Aramaic. This division is now very widely followed, even though
an authority such as Klaus Beyer prefers a different one.61

57F. Rosenthal, Die aramistische Forschung seit Th. Nldekes Verffentlichungen (1939; photomechanical rpt.,
Leiden: Brill, 1964).
58E. Y. Kutscher, The Language of the Genesis Apocryphon. A Preliminary Study, Scripta Hierosymitana 4
(Jerusalem, 1957) 1-35; reproduced in E. Y. Kutscher, Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, ed. Z. Ben-Hayyim, A. Dotan,
G. Sarfatti (Jerusalem, 1977); E. Y. Kutscher, Aramaic, in Encyclopaedia Judaica 3 (Jerusalem: Keter, 1972) cols.
259-289.
59J. Fitzmyer, The Genesis Apocryphon o f Qumran Cave 1 (Rome, 1966), p. 90, no. 60; ed. 2 (1971), pp. 22f.,
no. 60.
60See E. Y. Kutscher, Aramaic, in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, ed Z. Ben-Hayyim et al. (1977) 90f. (earlier
1971).
61Klaus Beyer, Die aramischen Texten von Toten Meer (Gttingen, 1984) 23-71. An updated version of pages
23-76 of Beyers work have been translated into English by John F. Healey, The Aramaic Language. Its Distribution
and Subdivisions (Gttingen, 1986). He classes the forms of the language that interest us as Middle Aramaic: In
the 3rd cent. A.D. Old Aramaic merges into Middle Aramaic. There is no longer a common written language: It ex
ists only as Eastern Middle Aramaic and Western Middle Aramaic (Healey, p. 43). Western Middle Aramaic em
braces Jewish Middle Palestinian, i.e., Galilean, Middle Judean, and Middle East Jordanian (in square script), Sa
maritan (in Old Hebrew script), and Christian Palestinian (in Syriac script). Galilean is the dialect of Jesus. The
Galilean written language was probably developed from Jewish Old Palestinian as early as the time of Herod and not
only after the Second Jewish Revolt (Healey, p. 47). Sokoloff, 1990, p. 3, n. 6, follows the old terminology in
Rosenthal, regarding Jewish Palestinian Aramaic as forming the Western branch of Middle Aramaic.
 14 Introduction

ii) Aramaic o f the Palestinian Targum. A question arising from this consideration is,
Where does the Aramaic of the Palestinian Targum fit into the overall pattern? Paul
Kahle62 strongly maintained that this Aramaic represented the spoken language of Pal
estine in the time of Jesus. It was the language of Jesus. In this he was challenged par
ticularly by E. Y. Kutscher.63 A more or less general view arising from the evidence of
the Qumran Aramaic texts is that the Aramaic of Qumran represents the literary Ara
maic of the period prior to the destruction of the Jewish schools at the Bar Kokhba Re
volt (135 c.e.), a language not far removed from the spoken tongue. Any literary text
written before 135 c.e. would be presumed to have been in this language.64 From this
principle, the Palestinian Pentateuch Targums written in Galilean Aramaic are taken to
be at least post-135 c.e., and are generally assumed to be some centuries later.
iii) Contemporary studies in the Aramaic o f the Palestinian Targums. Nonetheless, the
debate concerning the nature of the spoken Aramaic of first-century Palestine and the
date to be assigned to the Aramaic of the Palestinian Targum(s) continued, and was
even accentuated, after the identification of Codex Neofiti 1. So, too, did research into
the Aramaic dialects. The need for grammars of individual Targum texts was perceived,
and the production of these became the concern of scholars and university faculties
during the past two decades or so. At Boston University in 1969, J. Foster presented a
Ph.D. thesis entitled The Language and Text of Codex Neofiti 1 in the Light of Other
Palestinian Aramaic Sources. In 1974, at New York University, B. Barry Levy pre
sented a Ph.D. dissertation entitled The Language of Neofiti 1: A Descriptive and
Comparative Grammar of the Palestinian Targum.65 In this work he points to the rela
tively late nature of this language, a position, he notes, which has been accepted by
J. Greenfield and others. While Neofiti, he remarks, may be assumed to contain some
older ideas, the bulk of it dates well past the first century, and in its final form it ap
pears to be from the Talmudic era. In 1975 Emiliano Martinez Borobio (with Professor
Alejandro Diez Macho as director) defended a doctoral dissertation at the Universidad
Complutense of Madrid entitled Estudios linguisticos sobre el arameo del MS.
Neofiti 1, an extract of which was published by the university that same year.

62P. Kahle, Das zur Zeit Jesu in Palstina gesprochene Aramisch, in Theologische Rundschau (1948- 49); idem,
Das Palstinische Pentateuchtargum und das zur Zeit Jesu gesprochene Aramisch, ZNW 49 (1958) 100-116. On
the debate see also M. McNamara, 1977, 95-138, esp. 99-115, and the bibliography in J. Fitzmyer, A Genesis
Apocryphon, 2 Iff.
63E. Y. Kutscher, Das zur Zeit Jesu gesprochene Aramisch, ZNW 51 (1960) 46-54.
64See the summary in M. McNamara, art. cit. (n. 62 above), 106f. S. A. Kaufman, in JAOS 93 (1973) 317-327,
esp. 325. In a later study, On Methodology in the Study of the Targums and Their Chronology, Journal for the
Study of the New Testament 23 (1985) 117-124, esp. 122f., S. A. Kaufman, while stressing that the language of the
Palestinian Targum can be nothing other than the literary language of Amoraic Palestine fully contemporary with the
colloquial language of the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim, goes on to remark that since the literary language al
most always reflects the colloquial speech of an earlier period, the language of the Palestinian Targum is still our best
guide to the spoken dialect of first-century Galilee. Those concerned with the recovery of the language of Jesus, he
notes, can take heart here.
65Publication promised over a number of years; see now B. Barry Levy, Targum Neophyti 1: A Textual Study, vol.
1: Introduction, Genesis, Exodus\ vol. 2: Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Studies in Judaism (Lanham, Md., New
York, London: University Press of America, 1986, 1987). He is hopeful that his doctoral dissertation, completely re
vised, will appear as a supplement to this textual study. For his view of the date to be assigned to Neofiti, see op. cit.,
vol. 1, pp. viii-ix, 51.
 Introduction 15

Targum Neofiti 1 contains a complete Targum in its main text but presents evidence
of at least three other Palestinian Targums in its numerous glosses. That the grammar
of these, too, needs examination had been recognized by J. Foster in her 1969 disserta
tion. They were examined scientifically in 1977 by Shirley Lund and Julia Foster in
Variant Versions ofTargumic Traditions within Codex Neofiti I.66 In 1978 this work was
the subject of a lengthy and critical review by C. Meehan,67 who himself was working
on a doctoral dissertation (Hebrew University, Jerusalem) on Lexical Semantic Studies
in the Western Aramaic Verb According to the Palestinian Targums of the Penta
teuch.68 He regarded the monograph of Lund and Foster as undoubtedly one of the
most interesting and provocative works on Targum in recent years. In the course of his
review he expresses his opinion that all TJII (i.e., Frg. Tg.) texts have been redacted in
Galilee in the period of the Amoraim, even though there are reasons to believe that the
basic substratum of TJII texts might be of a type of Judean Aramaic from the Tannaitic
period (i.e., pre-200 c.e.).69
In 1986 another study was devoted to the Neofiti glosses, namely, Jonathan Robert
Millers A Grammar of the Type II Marginalia within Codex Neofiti 1 with Attention
to the Other Aramaic Sources (Ph.D. thesis, Boston University, 1979, with Shirley
Lund as major professor). That same year another dissertation was defended at Boston
University: David M. Golomb, A Grammar of the Aramaic in Codex Vatican
Neophyti 1 (Genesis), with Professor O. Lambdin as director. In this work Golomb re
stricts himself to the Book of Genesis. This thesis was later published in a revised and
expanded form under the title A Grammar o f Targum Neofiti l.70 In this the author
goes beyond the Book of Genesis, but still restricts himself to an analysis of the single
Codex Neofiti, without comparison with other texts.
In 1981 J. Lund presented a masters thesis (in Hebrew) to the Hebrew University,
Jerusalem, with the title, A Descriptive Syntax of the Non-translational Passages Ac
cording to Codex Neofiti 1, and in 1983 Stephen Ellis Fassberg presented to Harvard
University a Ph.D. dissertation entitled A Grammar of the Palestinian Targum Frag
ments from the Cairo Geniza, made available by University Microfilms International
the following year. In this thesis Fassberg, in the words of the abstract, seeks to com
pare the cardinal features of the language of these fragments with those of other Pales
tinian Targumim and with those of other Aramaic dialects. In 1975 A. Tal (Rosenthal)
published his study The Language o f the Targum o f the Former Prophets and Its Posi
tion Within the Aramaic Dialects (Tell Aviv University). This was to become a very in
fluential work in its area of specialization. In 1986 the same scholar turned his atten
tion to our subject in the essay The Dialects of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic and the
Palestinian Targum of the Pentateuch.71 In his opinion, the Palestinian Targum, which
is subsequent to the Bar Kokhba period and prior to the Talmudic era, displays the

66Published by Scholars Press for the Society of Biblical Literature (Aramaic Studies 2).
61JSJ 9 (1978) 97-104.
68See, for example, Newsletter for Targum Studies 1 (1974) 4.
69Art. cit., JSJ, lOlf.
?0David M. Golomb, A Grammar o f Targum Neofiti, Harvard Semitic Monographs (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press,
1985).
71Sefarad 46 (1986) 441-448.
16 Introduction

characteristics of the lost Judean dialect of Aramaic. He believes the work deserves
its old name, Jerusalem Targum.

iv) B. Barry Levys textual study o f Targum Neofiti 1. The most thorough study thus
far made of Targum Neofiti 1, and one deserving of special notice, is that carried out
by B. Barry Levy in 1980 and 1981, and published in two volumes in 1986 and 1987.
In the course of his dissertation work on the linguistic aspects of Neofiti, it became
very clear to him that another dimension of the text was in greater need of analysis.
While much of the text of Neofiti remains literal, it seemed obvious to him that many
passages were added to it in the course of its development and were not part of the orig
inal translation, which he maintains undoubtedly differed from the present document,
i.e., Neofiti as it now stands. In his view, the evidence for this claim comes from the lit
erary layering in the text (the seams are, in many cases, still evident) and the linguistic
differences evidenced in it. These passages range in size from a word or phrase to a col
umn of text. In the later two-volume work, published in 1986 and 1987, he examines
and describes what he believes is the literary development of the Neofiti 1 Targum.72
As a fitting conclusion to this later period of research and publication, we have the new
Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic o f the Byzantine Period (1990), edited by Pro
fessor Michael Sokoloff. It will be for contemporary and future research to sift through
the information provided by all this analysis and draw from it the appropriate
conclusions.

2. Greek and Latin loan words73

All manuscripts of the Palestinian Targum have a number of Greek and Latin loan
words, particularly the former. This need not surprise us, since there are also a number
of such loan words in the Palestinian Talmud and Palestinian Midrashim. After all, the
Greeks were overlords of Palestine since the later fourth century, and there are some
Greek loan words already in the Book of Daniel, composed around 165 b .c e . (see Dan
3:5). The Greek loan words, and more so the Latin, may (possibly) be used as elements
in assigning a date to the Targums.
The presence of these loan words in the Palestinian Targums, however, goes much
deeper than this. It is not haphazard but belongs to the very nature of the work and
may be due to a particular interpretative tradition. On examination it will be observed
that the loan words in question tend to be for the greater part in the same verses, and as

See op. cit. (n. 65 above). His position is summarized in the preface, vol. 1, pp. viii-ix.
There is a list of Greek loan words in Frg. Tgs. in M. L. Klein, 1980, I, 252-260; for occurrences in Genizah
texts, idem, Genizah Manuscripts II, 101-131 (in glossary); list from Neofiti with study in L. Diez Merino,
Grecismos y latinismos en el Targum Palestino (Neofiti 1), in Salvation en la Palabra. Targum. Derash, Berith
347-366 (list of occurrences, 353-366); already A. Diez Macho, 1960, 230. For the larger context of Greek and the
Jews, etc., see S. Lieberman, Greek in Jewish Palestine (New York, 1942); J. N. Sevenster, Do you know Greek? How
much Greek could the First Jewish Christians have known? NovTestSuppl 19 (Leiden, 1968); S. Krauss, Griechische
und lateinische Lehnwrter im Talmud, Midrasch und Targum I-II; Teil II: Wrterbuch (Berlin, 1899; rpt.
Hildesheim, 1964); D. Sperber, Greek and Latin Words in Rabbinic Literature, Bar-Ilan Annual 14-15 (1977)
9-60; idem, Essays on Greek and Latin in the Mishna, Talmud and Midrashic Literature (Jerusalem, 1982); idem, A
Dictionary of Greek and Latin Legal Terms in Rabbinic Literature (Bar Ilan, 1984).
 Introduction 17

renderings of a particular Hebrew word. While there are exceptions, with some Pal. Tgs.
having loan words where others do not have them, by and large all Targum texts (where
extant) tend to have the loan words in the same verse. I regard this evidence as of such
importance that I give it here in its entirety.
Since the loan words are given in transcription in Hebrew characters without vowels,
it is not always certain what Greek or Latin word stands behind the Aramaic. The mat
ter is also somewhat complicated by the fact that Greek, at least the popular language,
had taken over a number of Latin words, a fact making it uncertain whether the Ara
maic is borrowing directly from Latin or indirectly through a Greek borrowing.74
The following is a list of Greek and Latin loan words in the extant Pal. Tg. texts. The
list has been made as complete as possible, but does not claim to be exhaustive. First
common words are given. Toponyms follow immediately afterward.

augustus (wgwstws), August One (God), CTg KK (acrostic poem) Exod 12:2.
alphabetos, alphabet(ic), an acrostic poem, CTg KK Exod 12:2 (an acrostic
poem).
annona (both Greek and Latin), tax (on agricultural produce); CTg Z Gen 49:15.
agkyl hook, Exod 26:32, V, Nfmg; Nf, Exod 27:10, 12; 36:38; 38:10, 12, 17,
19, 28.
ar, air, space; Exod 20:20, P, Nf, CTg F.; Nf Deut 4:17; 5:7.
akkoubiton (?), Greek loan word from Latin accubitus, accubitum, couch,75 Gen
40:16, N, qqbt[w]n\ V, qqbtrn\ Nfmg, qqbtyn.
aktr, slave inspectors; slave drivers, Nfmg, Exod 14:5.
anagke, distress, oppression, Gen 22:14 (2x), PV, Nfmg; 38:25, CTg E, PV, Nf (and
prob. CTg X); Exod 12:2 P (2x); Lev 22:27, Nf.

74See L. Hahn, Zur Sprachenkampf im rmischen Reich bis auf die Zeit Justinians, Philologtis, Suppl. 10
(Leipzig, 1907) 677-715; R. Schmitt, Die Sprachverhltnisse in den stlichen Provinzen des rmischen Reiches, in
Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt, ed. H. Temporini-W. Haase, vol. 29.2 (Berlin, 1983) 554-568;
J. Bonner, The Conflict of Languages in the Roman World, The Classical Journal 25 (1929-30) 579-592;
L. Lafoscade, Influence du latin sur le grec, in J. Psichari, Etudes de philologie no-grecque, Bibliothque de
lEcole des Hautes Etudes 92 (Paris, 1892) 83-158. Latin borrowings in Greek are registered in ,4 Greek-English Lex
icon, H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. Stuart Jones, A Supplement, ed. E. A. Barber, with assistance of P. Mass, M.
Scheller, and M. L. West (Oxford, 1968); likewise in G. W. H. Lampe (ed.), A Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford, 1961),
and in the older work, E. A. Sophocles, Greek Lexicon o f the Roman and Byzantine Periods (from b . c . 146 to a .d . 1100)
(New York, n.d., but prefatory note 1887) (25-30 on The Latin Element); list of Latin words in Greek of NT (and
period) in Walter Bauer, Introduction to the Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, in A Greek-English Lexicon of
the New Testament, W. F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich (Chicago and Cambridge University Presses, 1957) xv (with
reference to list in F. Blass and A. Debrunner, Grammatik d. ntl Griechisch [Gttingen, ed. 9, 1954 ed. 11, 1961],
par. 5, 1 (Eng. trans. ed. R. W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature
[Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961]); on Latin words in Greek (in papyri and elsewhere), the following
works may be consulted: H. J. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Institutions (Toronto, 1974); F. Viscidi, I prestiti
Latini nel Greco antico e bizantino (Padua, 1944). For the Greek of the papyri (including loan words), see: F.
Preisigke-E. Kiessling, Wrterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden, I-IV, 1 and Supplement (Berlin, 1925-71). For
Latin loan words in papyri, see S. Daris, II lessico latino nel greco d Egitto (Barcelona, 1971).
75The Greek or Latin word underlying the Aramaic in Gen 40:16 is not certain; kakkab (Dalman); kakkabis
(Krauss); akkoubiton, accubitum (Diez Macho, followed by Diez Merino, reading Aramaic qqwbtwn, a type of
bread); see Klein, 1980, I, 256. Use of ak(k)oubiton is attested in Greek for the third century c .e . in the sense of
dining couch; see Lampe, op. cit. (n. 74 above). I have failed to find evidence for use of the Greek or Latin with
the meaning of a type of bread. Sokoloff, 1990, 502, accepts the Aramaic reading as qqbtwn and understands it
through Greek as fine bread (i.e., baked in a kabbake, kakkabos, pot).
18 Introduction

apothk, warehouse, storehouse, or hypothk, pledge, mortgage, Gen 24:10, PV,

Nfmg; see also diathk.
asilla, Num 13:23, Nfmg (bslh; cf. Greek asilla, a yoke like that of the milkman to
carry bucketsLiddel, Scott, Jones).
basis, base, Exod 30:28, Nf; 31:9, Nf; 38:8, V, Nf; Exod 40:11, CTg D.; 40:13, Nf;
Lev 8:11, Nf; Num 8:4, Nf.
bryllion, beryl, Exod 28:19, Nf; 39:12, Nf; see also LXX Exod 28:20.
brakai, Latin braccae, breeches, short trousers, Exod 28:42, V, Nf; Exod 39:28,
Nfmg; Lev 6:3, P, Nfmg.
blon, Latin uelum, curtain, Exod 27:9, V, Nf; Exod 27:14, 15, Nf; 38:12, P, Nf;
Exod 38:14, Nf; 39:12, Nfmg; Num 3:26 Nf, Nfmg. (blon in Test. Job, 2nd-3rd. cent.;
see Lampe, s.v.).
bmos, altar (usually pagan), Lev 26:30, Nf; Num 33:52, V, Nf; Deut 32:13, N, Nf.
genesia, birthday (or day of accession to the throne?), Gen 40:20, Nf.
genos, family, Gen 10:18, VN, Nf.
gerdios, weavers, etc., Exod 28:32 Nf; 39:27, Nf.
glossokomon, casket, Gen 50:26, Nfmg.
glupho, engraver, Exod 35:33 Nfmg; Deut 7:10, P (in poem before the Ten Com
mandments following Deut 7:10 in MS).
diathk, will and testament, Gen 24:10, P, Nf.
di-nomos/duo nomos(?), Aram, dynwmys, two (bi-partate; [sic]) laws; (thus M.
Klein; usually derived from dynamis, strength), Exod 12:1, P.
diphthera, note book (only in colophon of CTg FF).
diplos, double, Gen 43:12, L; Exod 16:5, Nfmg; 22:3, CTg A; Exod 22:6, 8, CTg A,
Nfmg; Deut 15:18 Nfmg.
down, gift, Gen 4:3, Nf; 4:4, 5, CTg B; 24:53, Nf; 25:6, Nf; 32:14, Nf, CTg C;
32:19, Nf, CTg C; 32:21, Nf; 32:22, Nf; 33:10, Nf; 43:11, Nf; 43:15, Nf, CTg D; 43:25,
Nf, CTg D; 43:26, Nf, CTg E; 45:23 (2x), Nf; Num 16:15, Nfmg.
eikn, eikonion, figure, form, Gen 28:12, PV, Nf; Exod 12:2, CTg KK (acrostic
poem); Num 34:15 (twice) Nf.
eleson, have mercy! save!, Exod 12:2, CTg JJ (acrostic poem).
Epicurus (?), Deut 3:14, Nf.
helksis (?), Aram, glwpss, wound, Exod 21:25, P. The text, however, may be
corrupt.
eparchia, province, eparchy, Gen 10:2, V, Nf; 10:3, V, Nf; 10:4, V, Nf; Num 31:10,
Nf; Deut 3:11, PV, Nf.
emporoi, merchants, traders, Gen 25:3, Nf.
epitropos, manager of an estate, Gen 39:4, Nf, VNL, CTg E; 39:5, Nf, CTg E; 39:19,
P; 41:34, Nf, V; 41:40, Nf; 43:16, Nf; 44:1, 4, Nf, CTg E; 50:7, Nf.
etoimos, ready, etc., Lev 14:53, Nfmg.
zeugos, (a yoke, a pair) partner, Exod 39:25, Nf.
zygon, pair, partner, Gen 1:27, PV, Nf; 2:18, PV, Nf, CTg B; 2:20, V, Nf, CTg B;
5:2, P, Nfmg; 6:19, CTg E; 7:2, 3, 9 CTg E; 35:9, PV, Nf, CTg C; Deut 32:4, Nf.
zn, a belt, Gen 41:44, Nf, CTg E.
thk, sheath, Gen 44:18 (2x), PV, Nf; Exod 15:9, P.
 Introduction 19

thyreos, shield, Gen 15:1, V, Nf, CTg H; Exod 13:17, P, CTg X (tosefta); Deut
33:29, PV, Nf.
idiotes, ordinary, profane, Gen 28:17, P, Nf; Exod 30:32, Nf; Deut 28:13, 44, Nf.
kakkab (a three-legged pot?) (Dalman); kakkabis (Krauss); akkoubiton, loan word
in Greek from Latin accubitum, with meaning a type of bread (A. Diez Macho, fol
lowed by L. Diez Merino)76 (Aram, qqbtwn; V. by scribal error qqbtrri), Gen 40:16, N,
Nfmg; cf. V.
kalamos, a reed, pen, P in poem before Ten Commandments after Deut 7:10.
kalds (Dalman) or keleusai (Krauss), Aram, root, kls, praise, Gen 41:43, PV, Nf,
CTg E; 49:22, P, Nf; Exod 12:2, P; 32:18, PV, Nf; Deut 32:43, V, Nf.
karchdon (ios lithos), Aram, krkdn, chalcedony (a precious stone), Exod 28:18,
V, Nf.
kastra, Latin castra (pi. of castrum), fortress, Gen 25:16, V. Nfmg. (kastron attested
in Greek, third century c .e .; see Lampe, op. cit., s.v.).
katella, Greek or Latin c(k)atella; Latin catena, Aram, qtlyn, a chain, necklace, Gen
49:22, PV, Nf. (katena attested in Greek, fourth century c .e .; see Lampe, op. cit., s.v.).
kigklis, kagellos (kankellon), Latin cancelli, grating, grated barrier, Exod 27:4; V,
Nf; 27:5, P. Nfmg. For occurrences in Greek, see Lampe, op. cit., s.w.).
kassiteros, tin, Num 31:22, V, Nf.
kedrinon, cedar, Gen 6:14, PV, Nf.
kella, Latin cella, cell, compartment, Aram, qwly, Num 21:29; error for qwlry,
kollarion as in V, Nf?
kentnarion, Latin centenarium, a unit of weight, Exod 25:39, P, Nf; 37:24, Nf.
knsos, Latin census', verb to fine, noun a fine, Exod 21:20, 21, 22, CTg A.
kryx, pronouncement, Nf 45:1, Nf; 49:22, VL; Exod 32:5, VL, Nf; Lev 10:20, PV,
Nfmg.
koiton, room, bedroom, Gen 43:30, V, Nf, CTg D, CTg E; Num 31:50, PV, Nf;
Deut 32:25, N, Nf.
kollarion, Latin collarium, chains, fetters, Num 21:29, PV, Nf.
komitatos, Latin comitatus, royal court, Num 12:7 (2x), PN, Nfmg.
corona, crown, Num 31:50, PV, Nf.
kyrios, Lord God, Exod 12:2, CTg JJ; CTg KK; Exod 14:30 CTg X; CTg T; P, in
poem before Exod 14:30; Deut 34, CTg T.
lampas, beacon, light, Exod 20:2, P, Nf, CTg F.
legen, Latin legio, Gen 15:1, PV, Nf, CTg H; Num 12:16, PV, Nf; 21:28, Nfmg;
24:24, PV, Nf. (Already in NT Greek).
liblarios, Latin librarius, Aram. Iblr, scribe, Num 12:7, LP (VN, kyldyn).
libyrnis, warship, Num 24:24, V, Nf; Deut 28:68, V, Nf.
lopas, stew pot, Num 11:8, LVP.
lybdikos, Lybian ass, Gen 32:16, PV, Nf (cf. N), CTg C.
maniaks, a necklace, Gen 49:22, N, Nf.
marglis (gen. -itidos), Aram, mrglyt, Latin margerita, pearl, Gen 33:19, PV, Nf;

76See n. 75.
20 Introduction

50:1, PV, Nf, CTg FF; Exod 28:20, V, Nf; Deut 33:21, PV, Nf.
mlopemn, melon, Num 11:5, P, Nfmg.
moula, mule team, Exod 14:25 (2x), PV, Nf.
nanos, dwarf, Lev 21:20, V, Nf; P in poem.
naphtha, naphtha, Exod 14:24, V, Nf.
nma, thread, string, (vocal) cord, P Deut 7:10, poem before Ten Commandments.
nsos, island, Gen 10:18 (error), V; 10:5, Nf; Num 34:6, VN, Nf.
nomos, way, manner, law, Gen 19:1, Nf; 19:31, V, Nf; 23:7, Nf; 24:52, Nf; 37:10,
Nf; 42:6, Nf; 43:26, Nf, CTg E; 44:14, Nf; 48:12, 22, Nf; Exod 1:8, V; 1:19, P; 12:1, P;
21:7, CTg A; Lev 18:3, Nf; 20:23, Nf; 25:39, Nf; Num 23:9, VP, Nf.
xenos, stranger, foreigner, Gen 47:21, V, Nf; Lev 19:14, P, Nfmg; Deut 27:18, PV,
Nfmg.
xiphos, sword, Deut 33:29, PV; Exod 13:17, CTg X (tosefta).
ogmos(l), Aram, wmn, wmnh ploughed furrow, Lev 19:9, PV, Nf; Lev 23:22,
CTg F.
ochlos, mass of people, Gen 4:10, V, Nf, CTg B; 31:29, V, Nf, CTg E; 35:11, CTg C;
48:4, CTg Z; Exod 12:2, CTg KK (acrostic); 19:21, PV, Nf, CTg F; Num 21:6, PV,
Nfmg; 24:24, V, Nfmg.
paidagogos, nurse, Num 11:12, PV, Nf.
palation, Latin palatium, palace, Gen 12:15, P, VNL; 43:40, CTg C; 43:16, CTg D;
44:1, CTg D; 44:19, PV, Nf; 49:21, V; cf. Nf; 49:23, P, cf. Nf.
paragauds, paragaudion, Latin paragaudae, tunic, garment with purple border, or
namental garment, Gen 37:3, PV, Nf; 37:23, Nf, CTg D, CTg E; 37:31 (2x), 32, Nf,
CTg E; 37:33, PV, Nf. 38:25(2x), PV, Nf.
parrsia, (the Aramaic verb [m]prsy possibly from Greek root) publicize, Gen
38:25, PV, Nf, CTg D, CTg E; 38:26, CTg D.
patroboulos, Aram, ptyr bwly, head of council, magistrate, Lev 22:27, N, Nfmg,
CTg F.
patron, Latin patronus, patron, father, Gen 45:8, P, Nfmg; (poem on Ten Com
mandments, inserted mistakingly in P after Deut 7:10; attested in Greek in Apocryphal
Acta Petri et Pauli),
pelagos, ocean, high sea, Exod 15:8, CTg W (taken as middle of the sea).
peribolaion, suburb, farm, open field, Lev 25:34, PV, Nf; Num 35:2, 4, V, Nfmg;
cf. Sokoloff, 1990, 445.
plateia, street, Gen 10:11, V, Nf; 19:2, V, Nfmg.
polemarchos, warrior, commander, Gen 36:6(7), P, N, Nf; Deut 32:42, PV, Nf.
polemos, dispute, Exod 12:2, CTg KK (acrostic poem).
ponria, distress, cowardice, Num 16:1, P.
porp, clasp, hook, ring, Exod 35:11, V, Nf; 39:33, CTg D.
pragmateia, business, commerce, Gen 26:16, PV, Nf; 33:18, PV, Nf.
praitorion, Latin praetorium, palace, Gen 12:15, Nf; 43:16, Nf (2x); 43:17, Nf;
43:18, Nf, CTg D; 43:19, 24, Nf; 44:14, Nf; 45:2, Nf; 45:16, Nf; 47:14, Nf; 49:21, Nf;
49:23, PV, Nf.
pronoeo, support, provide for, Gen 30:30, CTg E; 40:12, PV, Nf, CTg E; Exod
15:13, CTg G; Deut 32:4, V, cf. Nf.
 Introduction 21

pyl, Aram, pyly, gate, Gen 19:1, V, Nfmg; Exod 12:1, P (but perhaps here pyly-
phial, cup, goblet); Deut 20:11, PV, Nfmg.
pltrion, shop, Exod 12:1, P (introductory poem).
rheda (Latin), wagon, Exod 14:25 (2x), PN, Nf.
rododaphn, Aram, rdwpny, oleander, Exod 15:25, V, Nfmg.
sekourion, Latin securis, Aram, syqwr, hatchet, Deut 19:5, V, Nf.
sema, sign, perhaps also treasure, Deut 33:10, V, Nf (N, symny).
smeion, mark, sign, Gen 4:15, CTg B; 9:12, 13, 17, CTg E; Exod 8:5, PV, Nf;
12:13, CTg AA; Num 17:3, PV, Nf; Dt 33:19, N, Nf; Deut 34, CTg T (acrostic poem).
skynion (?), Aram, skynh, eyelids, eyebrows, Deut 32:10, PV, Nf.
smaragdos, Aram, zmrgdyn, emerald or similar precious stone, Exod 28:19, V, Nf.
soudarion, Latin sudarium, Aram, swdr, Exod 34:33, PV, Nf.
spekoulator, Latin speculator, executioner, Gen 37:33, P; 37:36, V, Nf; 39:1, CTg E,
Nf; 40:1 (3x), Nf; 41:10, CTg E, Nf; 41:12, CTg E; 41:11, Nf. (Already in NT Greek).
stole, Latin stola, Aram, stly, y stjyt, Gen 3:7, PV, Nfmg; 9:23, Nf, CTgE; 45:22 (2x),
Nf; Exod 22:8, 26, CTg A; Deut 22:3, V, Nfmg; 24:13, V, Nfmg.
strata, Latin (via) strata, Aram, strt street, Num 20:17, V, Nfmg; 21:22, P, Nfmg;
Deut 1:1, PV, Nfmg, CTg Br.
taxis, tasso, arrange, order, tie in place, hitch up a chariot, Gen 46:29, Nf, CTg D;
49:19, PV, Nf (2x); Exod 14:6, P, Nf; 28:28, Nf; 39:21, Nf; Num 1:52 (2x), Nf;2:2, 3,
10, 17, 25, 31, 34, Nf; 3:10, Nf; 10:14, Nf; 23:10, Nf (2x); 24:1, 2, Nf.
time, price value, Gen 21:33, PV, Nfmg.
tolmao, to be bold, dare, deceive, Gen 38:26, P.
tyrannos, tyrant, despot, Exod 12:2, CTg KK (acrostic poem).
hypopodion, Aram. pypwdyn, pypwdn, footstool, Exod 24:10, P {pydwryn, cor
rect), V, Nf.
phern, gift to bride from groom, Gen 34:12, V, Nf, CTg C; Exod 22:15(16) (2x), V,
Nf, CTg A.
phial, cup, goblet, bowl, Gen 4:12, P, Nfmg, CTg E; Exod 12:1, P; 25:29, P, Nf;
Num 4:7, PV, Nf; 7:13, PV, Nf.
phrixis, shudder, Gen 22:10, PV, Nfmg.
chaldaios, magician, court officer, Num 12:7, CTg VV.
chlaina, coat, Gen 25:25, V, Nf.
chole, anger, rage, Gen 27:45, V, Nfmg; 44:18, P.
chroma, color (of the sea), in name of precious stone, Exod 28:20, V, Nf.
n, title deed, Gen 49:21, PV, Nf.

3. Toponyms in Greek and Latin11

Together with regular Greek and Latin loan words, we also have in the Palestinian
Targums the names of peoples and countries and cities in Greek and Latin, principally
in Greek. These, too, tend to be found in certain verses, particularly in the Table of Na

77Klein, 1980, I, 256-258.

22 Introduction

tions in Gen 10 and in the list of the border towns of the Holy Land in Num 34. They
belong to a particular interpretative tradition in regard to these particular chapters. I
list these Greek and Latin names here.

Africa, Aram, 'pryqy, Gen 10:2, Nf.

Aigyptos, Aegyptus, Aram. Y^J'.s u '.y (probably error for -yp-), Exod12:2, CTg KK.
Amanos (Tauros), Amanus Taurus, Num 34:7-8, V, Nf, Nfmg.
Antiochia, Antioch on the Orontes in Syria, Gen 10:18, Nf, V;Num 34:8, Nf, V.
Apameia, Apamea ( = Caesarea Philippi), Num 34:11, Nf, V.
Asia, Gen 10:3, Nf, V.
Aulon (Kilikias), lit. a narrow place, Num 34:8, V, Nf (wwls), Nfmg.
Barbaria, unidentified; in Asia Minor, Gen 10:3, Nf, V.
Batania, Batanea, Aram, btnyn, Deut 3:4, Nf; 32:14, Nf, V 33:22, Nf, V.
Bithynia, Aram, wytny, Gen 10:2, V (bytny?), cf. Nf.
Ctesiphon, Gen 10:10, Nf, PV.
Daphne, Num 34:11, Nf, V.
Dardania, Gen 10:4, Nf, V (P dwdny).
Dyoqitos (?), (dywqts, dywqtws), Num 34:15 (2x), Nf, V.
Ellas + Tarsus, Hellas-Tarsus in Cilicia, possibly two distinct places, Gen 10:4, Nf
(Ellas and Tarsus), V.
Emesa, Gen 10:18, V.
Epikairos, town east of the Jordan, Deut 3:14, Br, V; cf. Nf.
Gabala, Gobolitis, region in Idumea, Num 24:18, Nf, P; Deut 1:2, Nf, PV; Deut 1:44,
Nf, V; 2:8, Nf, V; 33:2, PV.
Genisar, Genessar, Genesareth, on the west coast of the Sea of Galilee, Deut 33:23,
Nf, V.
Germania (in Asia Minor? or Germania, Germany proper, east of Rhine?), Gen 10:2,
Nf, V.
Indike (cf. LXX Esth 3:12), Aram, hndqy, India, Gen 2:11, Nf; 25:18, Nf, L.
Italia, southern Italy, Gen 10:4, Nf, PV; Num 24:24, Nf, PV.
Kaisareia (Philippou), Caesarea (Philippi), ([dn d]qysrywn), Gen 14:14, Nf, V; Num
34:15 (2x), Nf, V; Deut 34:1, Nf, V.
Kappadokia, Cappadocia, Gen 10:14, Nf, N (V, qpdyqy)', Deut 2:23 (2x), Nf, Br.
Kilikia, Cilicia, Num 34:8, Nf, PV.
Kypros, Cyprus, Gen 10:17, V.
Makedonia, Macedonia, Gen 10:2, Nf, V.
Mareotes, Gen 10:13, V.
Mysiak, Mysia, Aram, mwsqy, Gen 10:2 (N, nsyy; Nfmg w t y y Ps.-J., 'ws; Onq.,
mwsu); Nf, Mysia (mwsy).
Neilos, the Nile River, Num 34:5, Nf, V.
Okeanos, occeanus, Num 34:6, PV, Nf, Nfmg.
Plousion, Pelusium, Aram, pylwsyn, Gen 10:14, V; 47:11, Nf, V; Exod 1:11, Nf, V;
Num 33:3, Nf, PV.
Pentaschoinos, a town in Egypt, Gen 10:14, V.
Pentapolis, Gen 10:3, N (V, b nt ...).
 Introduction 23

Phrygia, in Asia Minor, Gen 10:2, Nf, V.

Pontos, Pontus, Gen 10:10; P; 11:2, PV; 14:9, Nf, V; Exod 12:1, P.
Rome, Roma, Aram, rwmy, rwmh, Exod 12:42, V; 15:18, P; Num 24:19, PV; 24:
24, P.
Saraceni, Saracens, Aram, srqyn, Gen 37:25, Nf, PV.
Tanis, Exod 1:11, B, V (tnws).
Tarsus, Gen 10:4 (Istrsws), Nf, P (trsws).
Thrak, Aram, trqy, Thracia, Gen 10:2, Nf, V.
Thrachon, Aram, trkwn, Thraconitis, Num 34:15, Nf, V; Deut 3:4, Nf, Br; 3:14,
Nf, NL.
Tripolis, Gen 10:17, V.
Zephirin (Zephourion), Num 34:9, Nf, V.

Conclusions

Space and time permit no more than to open this aspect of a question which I believe
merits renewed attention from different points of view, thus taking up once more topics
which have been studied by scholars in the past. One such topic is the relation of the
Greek loan words in the Targums to biblical interpretation as found in the Greek ver
sions, specifically the Septuagint. P. Churgin and L. H. Brockington have already drawn
attention to this matter, and more recently, principally with regard to Onqelos, J. P.
Brown.78 Brown passes by the Palestinian Targums and the various Targums of the
Hagiographa for reasons of time and space and because of what he regards as the com
paratively late date of their final redaction. New Testament Greek might also conceiv
ably be brought into such a study, taking up points earlier made by the Hebrew gram
marian Paul Joiion.79
A matter of particular interest in assigning a date to the Palestinian Targums is the
age in which the Latin loan words in question were current in Greek. The number of
these Latin loan words is limited in number, less than thirty in all: annona, augustus,
accubitus, aktor, brakai (braccae), belon, kastra, katella (katna), comitatus, corona,
cancelli (kinglis, kankellos, -on), kella, kentenarion, knsos, kollarion (collarium), legeon
(legio), liblarios (librarius), margarits (if a Latin loan word), mulus, palation,
paragaudes, patron, praitorion (praetorium), sekourion (securis), soudarion (sudarium),
spekoulatr, strata. At least six of these were current in the Greek of New Testament
times. It remains to be determined how early the others became part of Greek
vocabulary.80

78P. Churgin, The Targum and the Septuagint, American Journal o f Semitic Languages 50 (1954) 41-65; L. H.
Brockington, Septuagint and Targum, ZAW 66 (1954) 80-86; J. Pairman Brown, The Septuagint as a Source of
the Greek Loan-Words in the Targums, Biblica 70 (1989) 194-216.
Paul Joiion, Mots grecs de laramen dOnkelos ou de lhbreu de la Mishna qui se trouvent aussi dans les
Evangiles, RSR 22 (1932) 462-469.
80Dr. Lucas De Coninck, Professor of Latin in the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Kortrijk, has very
kindly examined the question of these Latin loan words. On consultation with Dr. A. Wouters, Professor of Greek at
the Katholieke Universiteit, he draws attention to the works of Hahn and Schmitt listed in note 74, and for the study
of the Latin loan words he refers us to the works of Mason, Viscidi, Preisigke-Kiessling, and Daris included there.
 24 Introduction

VI. UNIFORMITY AND DIVERSITY IN THE PALESTINIAN TARGUMS

ANALYSIS OF ARAMAIC TEXT IN RELATION TO HEBREW81

A proper understanding of the Palestinian Targum tradition requires that we come to

an awareness of both the diversity and unity that exists within this tradition as a whole
and even within the individual Palestinian Targum manuscripts. Such an understand
ing is possible only after a thorough analysis of the texts from a variety of angles, such
as the relation of the translation to the Hebrew Text which it purports to translate, its
treatment of hapaxlegomena and rare words of the HT, the manner in which individual
texts or phrases of the HT are rendered in different Pal. Tg. texts and traditions, and so
forth. Some examples of what is intended are given here.

1. Caique on the H T

There are some instances in individual texts of the Pal. Tgs. in which the underlying
HT is translated literally or through a misunderstanding, with apparently little mean
ing in Aramaic.82 One such is the rendering of the HT % the sign of the accusative, as if

Professor De Coninck writes (Nov. 13, 1989): I have done research in the aforementioned works, and I am coming
to the following results (la = first century B.C., I = first century A. D., etc.). 1. The most important terms of the list of
Latin words (from annona to strata) appear to be akkoubitos, kentnarion, korone, moulos, paragaudes, sekourion,
strata, akkoubitos/n is attested a couple of times in Greek from III on, and becomes common in VI: see G.
Husson, Le vocabulaire de la maison prive, Paris, 1988, p. 36-7; Daris, s. v.; kentnarion as unit o f weight (for 100
librae) has been attested in Greek sources from III on: Viscidi, p. 30; Preisigke-Kiessling, III, p. 367 and V, p. 431;
Daris, s. v.; in Latin it is attested in that sense from Vitruvius (la) on: Thes. Ling. Lat. Ill, 813, 5; Oxf. Lat. Diet., p.
298. As currency unit kentnarion is found in Latin and Greek from IV: W. Kubitschek, Paulys Realencyclopdie der
classischen Altertumswissenschaft (= R.E.), III, Stuttgart, 1889, col. 1926; koron (kind of crown) is found V
(Liddell-Scott, p. 983); moulion is found from II on, moul from IV on (Daris, s. v.), but masc. moulos is Byzan
tine Greek (Viscidi, p. 38); paragauds should be eine orientalische ber das Griechische kommende
Bezeichnung and is found in Latin from III on (cf. Schuppe R. E. XVIII, 2, col. 1167; Oppermann, Kleine Pauly, IV,
501); perhaps by accident, in Greek it has been attested only later (see Liddell-Scott, p. 1306; Lampe, p. 1008), and
never in papyri; sekourion is very rare; not in papyri, once in an edict of Diocletian (III-IV: Liddell-Scott, p. 1589);
strata is found only from VI on (Daris, s. v.; Preisigke-Kiessling, I, 491; V, 285); the Latin equivalent was at first
confined to poetry (strata viarum, la: Oxford Latin Dictionary; s. v.) and is found in prose from IV only (see A.
Forcellini, Lexicon Totius Latinitatis, IV, p. 484). 2. Katlla is not mentioned in any of the lexicographical works I
have turned to. 3. The following loan words are attested from II on: annon (Daris, s. v.); kastra (Daris, s. v.);
kankellos (Daris, s. v.); kollarion (Daris, s. v.; Barber, SuppL, p. 86); librarios (Daris, s. v.; Barber, p. 93); spekoulator
(Daris, s. v.). 4. From la or /: augoustos (Mason, p. 12); aktor (ibid.); brakai (Liddell-Scott, s. v.); blon (Lampe,
s. v.); kella (Daris, s. v.); kensos (Viscidi, p. 30); legeon (Viscidi, p. 15; Daris, s. v.); patron (Daris, s. v.); palation
(Liddell-Scott, s.v.); praitorion (Liddell-Scott, s. v.); soudarion (Daris, s. v.).
Professor De Coninck, noting that this is all he had done so far, ends with the observation: To be completely sure,
one ought to refer to the indices of the publications of Greek (mainly epigraphical and papyrological) texts found
after 1965, and to consult some of the scattered articles on Greek lexicographical matter that are mentioned in
L Anne Philologique. Nothing can be written definitely on the date of the Aramaic paraphrase until such work is
done. Anyway, the first class of terms mentioned above will not easily be pushed aside in its entirety.
81Diez Machos contention (1960, 233-236; Neophyti 7, I, 83*) that the HT rendered by Neofiti belongs to the
fluid pre-Masoretic stage of text has not won acceptance.
82One has also to reckon with the possibility that individual texts or recensions of the Pal. Tg. as we now have them
have been revised to bring them into conformity with the MT. This, however, is a question too great to enter into
here. For a study of this nature with regard to sections of Genesis, see Maurice G. Allens doctoral dissertation, The
 Introduction 25

it were the conjunctiont, with.83 Aquila did likewise in the Greek of Gen 1:1 (syn tes
gs, with the earth), but from a theory of translation which can hardly be presumed
to have been the case for the Targumist. In Gen 39:1 Nf renders hwrd (hrad; Hophal,
was brought down) of the HT by hwnht (from root nht), a form of the Causative stem
passive which is not attested elsewhere in Neofiti or Targumic Aramaic. It is probably a
caique on the Hebrew, due to the particular translator.84 That such is so is rendered all
the more probable by the fact that it is not in the translation of CTg E,85 which has
twht, more or less the expected form. That hwnht of Nf Gen 39:1 is a caique on the HT
is further indicated by the rendering in Gen 39:2 of the H T t, with, as if it were 7,
the sign of the accusative (yat in Aramaic), giving a senseless translation in the
context.86

2. Rendering o f H T Pentateuch hapaxlegomena and o f rare words

The manner in which these are rendered in individual texts can be instructive on the
unity and diversity of the Pal. Tg. tradition. All Pal. Tg. texts render the hapax gopher
of Gen 6:14 as kadrinon (qdrynwn), probably indicating a fixed exegetical tradition on
this point.87 This is far from being the case with regard to all such hapaxlegomena. The
Hebrew word kmr (nkmr rhmyw) of Gen 43:30 is rendered differently in Nf (glw m'wy),
Nfmg and CTg E (tgllw rhmwy) and probably CTg D. t[.....rh]m, probably to be read as
tmlyy rhm.% %The rare root gw, to expire, perish, of Gen 6:17; 7:21; 25:8, 17; 35:29;
49:33; Num 17:27f.; 20:3; 20:29, is generally rendered as s p (ended) in Nf (ystysy,
Gen 6:17; myt, Num 20:3, 29); as myt in CTg AA, Num 20:3, PBVN Gen 20:29, and
Nfmg Num 20:3, 29; as tngd in Nfmg Gen 25:8, 17; 35:29, and as stysy in CTg B, Gen
7:21.

3. Pal. Tg. translation o f toledoth o f H T

In Neofiti Genesis the term toledoth (RSV: generations) of the MT is almost uni
versally rendered as yhws twldwwt, pedigree of the generations or such like (rendered

Palestinian Targum as Represented in Neofiti I, with Selected References to Passages of Genesis (University of
Toronto, 1972), summarized in Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, V, 94*f.: N[eofiti]s aim is to give a more literalising rendi
tion of the Hebrew Text, sometimes more literal than 0[nqelos] itself. Geoffrey J. Cowling, in his doctoral disserta
tion, The Palestinian Targum: Textual and Linguistic Investigations in Codex Neofiti I and Allied Manuscripts
(University of Aberdeen, 1968), summarized in G. J. Cowling, New Light on the New Testament: The Significance
of the Palestinian Targum, in Theological Students Fellowship Bulletin (University of Aberdeen, 1968) propounded
the view that the Pal. Tg. is not a direct translation from the Hebrew but rather from a Greek version, probably
Theodotion. This thesis runs counter to the entire evidence of the Pal. Tg.; see Diez Macho, Neophyti 7, III, 56*58*.
The central part of Cowlings thesis was accepted by J. A. Foster in her 1969 doctoral dissertation (above, p. 14); cf.
Diez Macho, op. cit., 58*-59*. She has since changed her position on this matter (personal letter of author).
83See David M. Golomb, A Grammar of Neofiti, 65, 208f.
84See Golomb, op. cit., 145.
85See S. E. Fassberg, A Grammar o f the Palestinian Targum Fragments from the Cairo Geniza (1984) 263.
86See Golomb, op. cit., 65, 208f.
87Cf. M. McNamara, 1966A, 5If.; idem, 1966B, 5f.
88Thus ed. M. Klein, 1980, I, 129; II, 43.
26 Introduction

in this translation as genealogical pedigree). Thus in Gen 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:32; 11:10;
36:1, 9; 37:2. Exceptions to this rule are Gen 10:1, 32; 25:13, 19, with tldwwt (hwn,
etc.). However, in Exodus and Numbers toledoth is rendered by yhws alone (thus Exod
6:16, 19; 28:10; Num 1:20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40), and in Num 3:1 with
tldwwth alone.

4. Pal. Tg. translation o f H T zr (human) progeny*9

Neofiti almost universally paraphrases the term zr\ seed, of the HT (when human
progeny is intended) as sons. Exceptions are Exod 33:1 (with the sing, your son);
Gen 22:18 (with zr'ytyk, your descendants); Num 25:13 (descendants); Lev 20:4;
Deut 30:6 (your seeds); and especially Deut 31:19, 21 and 34:4, with descendants of
your sons.
An almost invariable variant in Nfmg to your sons is the descendants (zry yt) of
your sons. It is quite obvious that we are in the presence of two distinct translation tra
ditions. Unfortunately there are very few of the texts in question preserved in CTg or in
the Frg. Tg., in fact only CTg E Gen 9:9, with descendants of your sons.
S. Lund and J. Foster90 use the presence of the Nfmg-type formula in Nf text at the end
of Deuteronomy as evidence that the ending of Codex Neofiti 1 (Deut 29:17[ 18]-34:12)
is not in the tradition of the central Nf text, but rather in that represented elsewhere by
the marginal variants. A little further below we shall consider evidence relating to a simi
lar situation with regard to the opening section of Nf (Gen l:l-3:4)91

5. The synonyms wd and twb in the Pal. Tgs.

In their study of variant versions of Targumic traditions within Codex Neofiti 1,

Lund and Foster92 examine the renderings of the term wd (or d) (again, yet, again) in
the HT, where the term is used in the Pentateuch seventy times in sixty-seven verses. Nf
as Aramaic rendering has wd eleven times, twb forty-three times (plus one interlinear
insertion of twb omitted in the text, Num 18:5), the conflated rendering d /wd twb
three times, and other readings twelve times. Against the forty-seven uses of twb in the
text, Nfmg has wd twenty-seven times; two or three conflated Nf text readings are
countered by marginal wd. Four of the forty-five uses of twb in the text occur in a sec
tion where Nfmg were not done at all (Gen 37-38). The CTg texts employ wd fourteen
times (CTg B, C, E; eleven examples CTg E), twb/twbn (twbn, being a variant form of
twb) four times (CTg D, F, two examples each). Thus the CTg tradition in this tends to
agree with the Nfmg rather than with Nf.

89On this see S. Lund and J. A. Foster, Variant Versions, 16f., 20, 61.
90Op. cit., 77f., 80.
9lBelow, p. 37.
92Op. cit., 17, 61, 63f.; see also Meehan, loc. cit. (n. 67 above), 100.
 Introduction 27

6. The synonyms kn and kdn/kdyn in the Pal. Tgs.

Lund and Foster93 also note that the HT Pentateuch uses kn (so, thus) ninety-six
times. As rendering, Nf has kn sixteen times, kdyn or kdn seventy-one times, other ren
ditions nine times. Against the seventy-one text usages of kdn/kdyn, Nfmg gives kn
thirty-seven times. Three additional instances fall where Nfmg were not done. All three
forms are found in the CTg texts: kn fifteen times (CTg C, 3; CTg E, 11; CTg F, 1); knyn
seven times (CTg C, 2; CTg D, 4; Ctg F, 11); kdn eight times (CTg B, 1; CTg D, 2; CTg
E, 1; CTg F, 4).

7. Synonyms for rendering o f H T mhr in Pal. Tgs.94

In the HT Pentateuch, forms of the verb mhr (hurry) occur seventeen times. Nf
renders almost invariably by Aphel forms of yhy (e.g., why), i.e., sixteen times, once by
a form of the verb zrz. The opposite is the case in Nfmg: forms of zrz are given against
why, etc., of text in thirteen of the sixteen instances. One additional occurrence of mhr
is in a section without marginal glosses (Gen 41:32). The texts with this verb are poorly
represented in CTg texts. We find zrz once (Gen 43:30), in CTg AA, Exod 12:33 (also in
CTg AA Exod 12:21 for different word of HT, and in CTg E Gen 43:31 where HT has
wytpq) and why once (Lev 22:27, CTg F in an expansion, where Nf, Nfmg, PVN also
have why). Frg. Tgs. uses zrz twice (Gen 24:20, VNL; Exod 34:8, YN in corrupt text
form).

8. Pal. Tg. rendering o f H T terms for "young woman nrh, yldh, btwlh95

The term na'arah occurs in Gen 24:14, 57, 61; 34:3, 12; Deut 22:15 (2x), 16, 19, 20,
26, 28. In Neofiti it is invariably rendered by rbyth, with Nfmg variant in all cases ex
cept Gen 24:14, 57, tlyth (3 times tlyt, once, Gen 24:61, tlyyt). PVNL Deut 22:20 have
tlyyt and VN Deut 22:21 tlyt. The only instance preserved in CTg is CTg C, Gen 34:12,
agreeing with Nf (rbyt').
The term btwlh (betulah) occurs in Gen 24:16; Exod 22:16; Lev 21:3; Deut 22:19, and
na'arah (written as n r) betulah in Deut 22:28. Nf renders as rbyth in Gen 24:16, other
wise as btwlth (Exod 22:16 btwl), with rby (probably due to HT nr) btwlh in Deut
22:28. Nfmg, where present (Exod 22:16 and Deut 22:19), does likewise.
The word yldh (yaldah) occurs only once in the Pentateuch, in Gen 34:4. It is ren
dered as rbyth in Nf and as tlyt in Nfmg.
The conclusion from this evidence is that here again we have clear evidence of well-
defined patterns of translation within the Pal. Tg. texts.

93Op. cit., 17, 61, 64, 67; Meehan, loc. cit., 101.
94Cf. Lund and Foster, op. cit., 64.
95Cf. Lund and Foster, op. cit., 61, 63.
28 Introduction

9. Pentateuch Pal. Tg. treatment o f The Lord is with . . . o f H T

For whatever reason, the avoidance of anthropomorphisms or otherwise, in the

Targums in general such expressions as the Lord is (or: I am) with you are rendered
as the Memra of the Lord is (or: I, in my Memra am) at your aid. This holds true for
Onqelos as well, and likewise for Ps.-J. Matters are not so clear-cut with regard to the
Pal. Tgs., even though the evidence to go on is principally Gen 21:22; 26:28; 28:20;
31:5; 35:3; 39:3; 49:25; Deut 2:7. In half of these, Nf retains the HT expression. In Gen
21:22; 26:28 (RSY: God is [was] with you), Nf has the Lord is (was) with you;
Nfmg, the Memra of the Lord is (was) at your aid (bs'd ...). Likewise for Gen 39:3
(RSV: the Lord was with Joseph), where Nf has the Lord was with him. There is
neither Nfmg or Frag. Tg., but CTg E has: the Memra of the Lord was with him. In
Gen 31:5 (RSV: the God of my father has been with me), Nf has the Memra of the
God of my father was at my aid (s'dy), as also CTg E. In 49:25 (RSV: . . . by the God
of your father who will help you . . . ), Nf has: May the Memra of the God of your fa
ther be at your aid; likewise P; there is neither VNL or CTg. Nf renders Deut 2:7
(RSV: the Lord your God has been with you) as: . . . the Lord your God was at your
aid.. . .
In these texts we have evidence that in Nf the formula . . . at your/my (etc.) aid has
not been so crystalized as a translation equivalent as to be introduced automatically at
every occurrence of the Lord is/was with . . . of the Hebrew text.

10. Rendering o f H T Pentateuch bl as brm in Pal. Tg.96

Many of the single word texts of the Pal. Frg. Tgs. probably owe their preservation to
Jewish lexical interests, specifically to the interest in synonyms. A number of these
words, and others of the same nature, are found already in the Aruk of Rabbi Nathan
(ca. 1100 c .e .). The Jewish interest in such variety of translation is probably an old one,
going back to earlier rabbinic times, if not beyond. The word bl (but, however, in
truth) occurs only twice in the HT Pentateuch (Gen 17:19; 42:21). In the exposition of
Gen 42:21 (In truth, bl, we [the sons of Jacob] are guilty concerning our brother
[Joseph]) in Gen. R. (91, 8) we have a brief comment which reads as follows: Rabbi
Abba b. Kahana [ca. 300 c .e .) said: Iswn drwmy hw bl brm, which we may render: Z>/
is a southern (Palestine) expression (i.e., Lydda), where it means the same as brm," or
more probably: . . . where the HT word is rendered by brm." In the two occurrences al
ready noted, both Onq. and Ps.-J. render bl by bqwst, in truth. Neither CTg nor Frg.
Tg. exists to the verses. It is to be noted that in Nf, in both occurrences, bl of the HT is
rendered by brm, the word mentioned by R. Kahana in relation to it. We may legiti
mately ask whether it is an indication that the translation we have in Nf represents that
of third/fourth-century southern Palestine.

96See M. McNamara, 1966B, 9-10.

 Introduction 29

VII. TRANSLATION AND PARAPHRASE TECHNIQUES OF

THE PALESTINIAN PENTATEUCH TARGUMS

Within rabbinic Judaism, three sets of rules have traditionally been known for bibli
cal interpretation and the application of the Torah to Jewish life, namely, the seven
rules of Hillel, the thirteen rules (middoth) of Ishmael, and finally a set of thirty-three
middoth.91 Those who have studied the actual practice of rabbinic midrash in relation
to these rules, however, find that the two do not correlate all that closely:98 midrash
seems to operate according to rules not coterminous with those formulated in the sets
just referred to. In our study of rules governing the translation and paraphrase of the
Palestinian Pentateuch Targum tradition, we must proceed from an analysis of the text
itself, not from any pre-formed set of rules, such as those of Hillel, Ishmael, or others.
When we do so, we find that there are very definite practices from which principles of
translation and paraphrase can be deduced. Sometimes the actual translation may have
followed principles of which the translator was quite unconscious. On many occasions,
however, it seems that the translator was rendering into Aramaic according to a set pat
tern. What began as a practice may have in due time been raised to the status of a
principle.
The laws at work in these Aramaic Pentateuch translations have been studied in some
detail over the past decades, particularly by Roger Le Daut," Alejandro Diez
Macho,100 Michael Klein,101 and Bernard Grossfeld.102 In the list of underlying trans
lation and paraphrase principles that follow, I draw rather heavily on M. Klein in
particular.

97On these see H. L. Strack-G. Stemberger, Einleitung in Talmud und Midrasch (7th fully rev. ed., Munich, 1982)
25-40.
98See, for instance, Philip S. Alexander, Rabbinic Hermeneutical Rules and the Problem of the Definition of
Midrash, Proceedings o f the Irish Biblical Association, no. 8 (1984) 97-115; also J. Luzarraga, Principios
hermenuticos de exegesis biblica en el rabinismo primitivo, Estudios Biblicos 30 (1971) 177-193.
99Cf. R. Le Daut, Les tudes targumiques: Etat de la recherche et perspective pour lexgse de lAncien Testa
ment, EphTheolLov 44 (1968) 22-34; idem, La tradition juive ancienne et lexgse chrtienne primitive,
RHistPhRel 51 (1971) 31-50.
I00A. Diez Macho, El Targum, 12-31; idem, in Neophyti 1, IV, 51 *-59*; III, 47*51*; al tiqrey IV, 52*f., 56; se
mantic change, IV, 59*; gematria, III, 36*; IV, 58*, 65*; gezerah shawah, IV, 64*; homophony, IV, 51*; metonymy, I,
8*, 89*f.; II, 49*51*; IV, 38*f., 42*, 53*; notarikon, III, 19*, 36*; V, 87*; divine passive, IV, 54*; tartey mishma\ I,
89*; IV, 52*f.; 56*f.
I0IM.L. Klein, 1986, I, xxix-xxxiv (general treatment, with illustrations from Genizah texts); idem, Converse
Translation: A Targumic Technique, Biblica 57 (1976) 515-537; idem, The Translation of Anthropomorphisms
and Anthropopathisms in the Targumim, VTSupp, Congress volume, Vienna 1980 (Leiden, 1981) 162-177; An
thropomorphisms and Anthropopathisms in the Targumim of the Pentateuch (Ph.D. diss., Hebrew University,
Jerusalem, 1978, published Jerusalem, 1982, in Hebrew); Associative and Complementary Translation in the
Targumim, Eretz-Israel 16, H. M. Orlinsky volume, ed. A. Malamat and B. Levine (Jerusalem Exploration Society,
1982) 134*-140*. See also M. McNamara, 1977, 69-78 (Characteristics of Targumic Renderings).
i02B. Grossfeld, An Analytic Commentary of the Targum Neofiti to Genesis: Including Full Rabbinic Parallels (New
York: Ktav, 1992), especially in the introduction in the section Deviations in Neofiti from the Hebrew Text, under
the three headings: Syntactic expansions (with twenty-two headings), Interpretative translation (with fourteen
headings), and Paraphrasis (with fourteen headings). I wish to thank Dr. Grossfeld sincerely for having made pre
publication proofs of this work available to me.
30 Introduction

1, The Palestinian Targums translate the H T

We should never forget that the primary intention of the Palestinian Targums seems
to be to render the plain meaning of the HT into Aramaic:103 to give the sense so that
the people might understand the reading (Neh 8:8). The evidence is that by and large
the translator understood his HT; how precisely remains to be determined in each case.
The HT was not just a springboard for him, providing so many pegs on which to hang
pet theories. It would be fair to say that what we have in the Pal. Tgs. for the most part
is a more or less literal and faithful rendering of the HT, into which many additional
paraphrases are inserted and interwoven. The Targumists, of course, often render dif
ferently from what translators today, given our better understanding of Hebrew, would.
In the translations in this series, such deviations from the HT are noted by italics.
That the original translator would have agreed that they were deviations is far from
clear.

2. Multiple sense

Some Hebrew words have more than one meaning. Which of the meanings suits a
given context can be a matter of opinion. The Pal. Tgs. often translate by retaining two
or more senses for a Hebrew word. Thus, swp of Gen 3:15 is rendered by aim at and
smite. Likewise, b-qb of the same verse is translated both as in the heel and in the
future (in messianic times). The point in the double rendering may have been the
Targumists desire to bring out the wealth of the HT.

3. Targumic doublets

Related to the above, or perhaps as an aspect of it, we have what Michael Klein104
calls targumic doublets, i.e., the use of two words to bring out the sense of a single
word of the HT, e.g., ris (s t of Gen 4:7) rendered by sry wsbq, loose and forgive.
Klein has made a detailed study of these in his work Anthropomorphisms, 145-151.

4. Stylized translation

We find in the Pal. Tgs. some fixed translation terms and formulas, sometimes differ
ing from one Pal. Tg. tradition to another. The rendering of zr (seed) of the HT in
the sense of human progeny has already been mentioned;105 it is rendered as sons in
Nf, as descendance of sons in Nfmg and other texts. Likewise, we have the rendering
of HT yldh and 'Imh by rbyt in Nf and by tly(y)t in another tradition.106 There are

l03On the relation of the Pal. Tgs. to the HT see also above note 82.
M. Klein, 1986,1, xxxi; II, 4 (on Gen 4:7), with reference to the doublets in his Anthropomorphisms, 145-151.
105See above, p. 26.
,06See above, p. 27.
 Introduction 31

many such stylized translations in the Pal. Tg., e.g., of HTs land flowing with milk
and honey as a land bearing good fruits, pure as milk and sweet as honey (with
slight but regular variations);107 the regular addition of redeemed to the verb bring
(brought) out of the HT : he brought (you) out redeemed (from the land of Egypt).

5. Associative and complementary translations

This is the name used by M. Klein108 to describe the Targumic phenomenon of the
paraphrase of some texts being colored by related biblical ones. Thus, Remember the
sabbath day of Exod 20:8 is rendered (in CTg F) as Beware (regarding) (hwwn zhyryn)
the sabbath day, in Kleins view under the associative influence of Deut 5:12. Simi
larly, Lev 23:2 is rendered under the influence of the similar verse in Lev 19:9, and
Deut 5:23(26) is rendered in some texts in association with Deut 4:7, 8. Klein further
notes that this technique was expanded and consciously applied in a later period by the
redactor of the Ps.-J. Targum. It is worthy of note, however, that this law seems to be
less operative in Nf than in other Targums. Thus in Exod 20:8 and Deut 5:23(26) Nf
follows the HT text, as indeed do P and Ps.-J.

6. Converse translation

An interpretative technique isolated by M. Klein109 in the Genizah Pal. Tg. MSS is

what he calls converse translation, i.e., the translation says the opposite of what is in
the HT. There is generally a valid midrashic or theological reason for this technique,
which is not restricted to Genizah MSS. Despite the biblical text, in Pal. Tg. Gen 4:14
Cain says that it is impossible for him to hide from God. Again, despite the biblical
text, in the CTg AA rendering of Exod 17:11 Israel was victorious even when Moses let
down his hands. (Once again, one must note, this does not hold for Nf, which follows
the biblical text.) In Deut 2:6 God tells Israel to purchase food and water from the sons
of Esau. Not so in the Pal. Tg. (Nf), which renders: You have no need to buy food from
them for money because manna descends for you from heaven; and you have no need to
buy water from them for money, because the well of water comes up with you... .no
Sometimes we have not so much a converse translation as a slight variation, again for
definite purposes. Thus, despite Nehemiahs campaign (Neh 13:23-27), Num 12:1 says
that Moses was married to a non-Jewish Cushite. The Pal. Tg. says she was like a
Cushite in complexion; Onq. renders Cushite as beautiful; Ps.-J. expands.

,07The phrase occurs in HT Exod 3:8, 17; 13:5; 33:3; Lev 20:24; Num 13:27; 14:8; 16:14; Deut 6:3 (in VNL); 11:9;
26:9 (in CTg AA); 25:15 (in VN); 27:3 (in CTg AA); 31:20. In 3:17; Deut 27:3, good is omitted in N f (added in
Nfmg). In Lev 33:3; Deut 6:3; 11:9; 26:9; 31:20, N f has sweet and tasty, found also as a variant in a number
of Nfmg and in VNL Deut 6:3; 26:15, not however in CTg AA. For similar translation techniques, see above pp.
26-27.
108Klein, 1986, I, xxxi.
l09Op. cit., xxxi; loc. cit. (n. 97 above), Biblica 57 (1976) 515-537.
"See M. McNamara, 1972, 73.
32 Introduction

7. Respect for the elders o f Israel

This technique M. Klein calls euphemistic translation.111 The whitewashing

translation phenomenon is present already in the LXX,112 and possibly already in the
Elohist source of the Pentateuch (cp. Gen 20:12-13 with Gen 12:19). Gen 29:17 says
Leahs eyes were weak. This was rendered literally in some early Pal. Tg. texts, it would
appear, a literal rendering objected to by R. Johanan in Palestine about 250 c .e .113 Onq.
renders the Hebrew term as beautiful, Nf as raised in prayer. According to HT Gen
29:31, 33 Leah was hated (snwh) by Jacob. Nf renders literally (sny). CTg E, Nfmg,
however, say she was not loved in the face of her husband.114 Examples under this
heading could be multiplied but should be studied with cognizance of the variety of ap
proaches to the problem in evidence within the Pal. Tg. tradition.

8. Derogatory translation

This is quite the opposite of the euphemistic translation just considered and de
scribes the manner in which the Pal. Tgs. in general translate HT terms referring to
idolatry or pagan worship.115 The term gods (Ihym), when referring to pagan gods, is
rendered idols (lit.: errors). Likewise, such figures as Balaam are generally referred
to as the wicked (Pal. Tg. Num 22).

9. Updating o f geographical and patronymic terms

In the Pal. Tgs. the biblical geographical and patronymic terms tend to be replaced by
later forms. Together with this, later identifications of peoples connected with biblical
names are given. A list of such later identifications in Greek has already been given.
The fuller list of updated geographical terms in Neofiti has been studied elsewhere.116

10. Coins and weights111

i) sheqel. In the Pal. Tg. the Hebrew term sheqel is always rendered by the Aramaic
term sV (Gen 23:15, 16; Exod 21:32 (in CTg A); 30:13, 15, 24; 38:24, 25, 27, 29; Lev
5:15 (in VN); 27:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 25; Num 3:47, 50; 7:13 (also in PVN), 85, 86; 18:16;
31:52. This is in keeping with j. Qidd. I, 59d, bottom: all shekels mentioned in the

m M. Klein, 1986, I, xxxii; see also M. McNamara, 1972, 74.

ll2Cf. D. Gooding, in ZAW 76 (1964) 269-280; idem, VT 17 (1967) 173-189; also M. McNamara, 1972, 33f.
113See M. McNamara, 1966A, 53f.
ll4On hate, love less/more, cp. Luke 14:26 with Matt 10:37.
ll5Cf. Klein, op. cit., xxxiii.
n6On the geography of Neofiti, see McNamara, 1972, 190-205; for the larger question see also P. S. Alexander,
The Toponomy of the Targumim with Special Reference to the Table of the Nations and the Boundaries of the Holy
Land (diss. Oxford University, 1974).
M7On this subject see the relevant entries with bibliographies in the Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem, 1972):
Coins and Currency (vol. 5, 695-731, esp. 719-722); Weights and Measures (vol. 16, 176-329, esp. 388-390);
and in the Index (vol. 1) under the relevant headings. From the older literature see Zuckermann, Uber talmudische
Mnzen und Gewichte (1862); S. Krauss, Talmudische Archaeologie, 2 (1911; rpt. 1966) 404-416; 712-720.
 Introduction 33

Pentateuch mean s e l a see also b. Bek. 50a: every silver piece (ksp) mentioned in the
Pentateuch without any qualification means a sela.
ii) HT kkr (kikkar). This is a rare term in the HT; in Exod 25:39 and 37:24 rendered
as qntr, centenarium, kentenarion, in Nf and P; in Exod 38:24, 25, 27, 29 Nf retains
the HT kkr, as does Onq. throughout.
iii) gerah (MT). The word occurs in Exod 3:13; Lev 27:25; Num 3:47; 18:16, ren
dered as m (m'yn) in Nf.
iv) beqa' (MT). The word occurs in Gen 24:22; Exod 38:26. In both cases it is ren
dered in Nf as tb.

11. Targumic interpolations

The Targumic translator in both the translation and paraphrases was bound by the
HT that lay before him. He had to insert traditions at the appropriate places of the
text.118 Some sections of the Pal. Tgs. are clearly recognizable as such insertions, as in
terpolations, since they may break both the flow of thought and even the very syntax.
To illustrate by a few examples from many (inserted section in italics):
And whatever Adam called in the language o f the sanctuary a living creature, that
was its name (Nf Gen 2:19).

And he [Moses] reached the mount over which the glory o f the Shekinah o f the
Lord was revealed Horeb (Nf Exod 3:1).

And when the Canaanite, the king of Arad, who dwelt in the south heard that
Aaron, the pious man for whose merit the clouds o f the Glory had led forth Israel
had died (lit.: had been taken up), and that Miriam the prophetess, for whose merits
the well used to come up for them, had died (lit.: had been taken up), that Israel had
reached the way by which the spies used to come up (HT: the way of Atharim), he
waged war on Israel and took some of them captive (Nf Num 21:1).

12. Anti-anthropomorphisms119

It is recognized that the Pentateuch, as indeed other books of the Hebrew scriptures,
contains certain anthropomorphic ways of speaking of God that must have caused diffi
culties and embarrassments within the biblical period itself. It is also clear that the
Targums seek to mollify such anthropomorphisms. Those who have studied the treat
ment of anthropomorphisms in the Targums agree that the Targumists do not delete or

ll8See McNamara, op. cit., 107.

ll9For modern literature on the subject see M. L. Klein, 1986, I, xxxii; idem, The Translation of Anthropomor
phisms and Anthropopathisms in the Targumim, VT Supp, Congress volume, Vienna 1980 (Leiden, 1981) 162-177;
idem, Anthropomorphisms and Anthropopathisms in the Targumim o f the Pentateuch (Ph.D. diss., Hebrew Univer
sity, Jerusalem [in Hebrew]; published Jerusalem, 1982); D. Munoz Leon, Soluciones de los Targumim del
Pentateuco a los antropomorfismos, EstBib 28 (1969) 263-281; Carmel McCarthy, 1989; R. Le Daut, in Le
Targum du Pentateuque, vol. 1, Gense, 59-62.
34 Introduction

recast them all.120 To do so might well have proven an impossibility, given the inherent
limitations of the human mind and human language in matters relating to the divine
nature and activity. The approach of the Pal. Tg. to the subject can only be deduced
from its usage. It would appear that, in general, anthropomorphisms tend to be avoided
in the manners specified below. This has not always proved possible, and on occasion it
seems that the Targumist recast one anthropomorphic expression, only to rephrase it in
another equally so. Thus in Moses prayer to God in HT Gen 18:3: O Lord, if I have
found favor in your eyes (by nyk), do not pass by your servant. This in Nf becomes:
. . . if I have found favor in your face (bp yk)___ Bearing these translation problems
in mind, I here list some of the major texts subjected to anti-anthropomorphic
treatment.
i) in the eyes o f the Lord (b(yny YHWH). In general, in Nf this is rendered as be
fore the Lord {qdm /mn qdm YYY). That the change is due to the desire to remove the
anthropomorphism seems clear from the fact that when the key words refer to a human
person, Nf renders as in the face of (as it does in Gen 18:3 in a context in reality
most probably to be taken as referring to God).
ii) the hand o f the Lord In Nf, when there is question of rather evident anthropo
morphism, this expression is changed, and indeed in a variety of ways. In Exod 7:5,
Yahwehs words when I stretch forth my hand upon Egypt become in Nf: when I set
the plague of my punishment upon Egypt. Similarly, in Exod 9:3, the hand of the
Lord will fall with a very severe plague becomes in Nf: the plague of my punishment
shall be upon. Is the Lords hand shortened? of Num 11:23 becomes in Nf: Is there
deficiency before the Lord? In Exod 16:3, by the hand of the Lord becomes in Nf:
before the Lord. The Targumist, however, sees nothing wrong in the Lord saving Is
rael by a strong hand, which he leaves unchanged (Exod 13:3, 9, 14, 16; Deut 5:15;
6:21; 7:8, 19, 26; 11:2; 26:8; 34:12). And Nf renders (the sanctuary ...) which your
hands has established of Exod 15:17 as: . . . your two hands have perfected it.
iii) "the mouth o f the Lord In Nf, in such contexts the mouth o f is rendered the
decree of the Memra of the Lord; when humans are in question, decree is still in
serted, but mouth remains unchanged, e.g., Gen 45:21.
iv) "the face o f the Lord Eight occurrences of an expression in the HT which should
probably be taken as referring to seeing the face of God caused theological difficulties
to Israels religious scribes and were vocalized as Niphal (reflexive, to be seen/to ap
pear before the Lord) rather than as qal, or as active. These, as would be expected, are
also taken as reflexive in the Pal. Tg.121
v) Avoiding making God the direct subject or object o f actions relating to creation.122
This tendency is most noticeable with regard to the HT verbs saw and heard when

l20Thus already L. Ginzberg, Anthropomorphism, The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 1, 623.

m See Carmel McCarthy, 1981, 197-204; idem, 1989, 53f.
122See M. McNamara, 1972, 93-97; A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, IV, 53*f. (El pasivo divino); D. M. Golomb, A
Grammar of Targum Neofiti, 209. B. Barry Levy, Targum Neophyti 1. A Textual Study; vol. 1 (1986) 38-39, believes
that the original translation of N f did not have this passive construction (it was revealed/heard, etc., before the Lord
. . which would have been introduced at a later date into the text.
 Introduction 35

these have God as subject (often also in HT having an object marked with the object
particle, et). In the Pal. Tg. the verb is put in the passive, followed by before the
Lord, which in turn is followed by the erstwhile object now become subject (!) but with
the object particle iyat). Thus Gen 1:4: God saw the light {et haor) that (it) was good;
Nf: It was manifest before the Lord the light (with accusative sign yat) that (it) was
good. So also Gen 6:12; 21:17; 31:12; 31:42; Exod 2:24; 4:31; even with an angel as
subject, Gen 31:12; see also Gen 4:8; 4:18; 21:5.
vi) Actions done before God,123 The Targums in general, including the Pal. Tgs., fre
quently speak of actions being done, of events happening, before the Lord or from
before the Lord. While the Aramaic expression itself is not restricted to the Targums
or to references to God, but is part of a broader vocabulary of reverential language, on
a number of occasions its use in the Targums is for anti-anthropomorphic purposes.124

VIII. DIVINE NAMES IN THE PALESTINIAN TARGUMS

This is a subject closely connected with the theme of anti-anthropomorphism, as

some of the terms and phrases used to describe the God of Israel have to do with avoid
ing or softening anthropomorphisms of the HT. Since, however, this is not always the
case, it seems best to examine this theme separately. It is not always easy to determine
whether the Targumist is working out of a particular theology regarding the God of Is
rael in his use of divine names or simply carrying a theory of translation, a translation
or paraphrase technique, to its conclusion.125

1. Targumic translations o f rare names for God

Such biblical divine names occurring mainly in the Pentateuch as El Shaddai, the
Fear of Isaac, the Strong One (byr) of Jacob are rendered as follows in the Pal. Tgs.:
El Shaddai (Gen 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14; 49:25; Exod 6:3; Num 24:4; 24:16): Nf,
the God of the heavens.
The Fear (pahad) o f Isaac (Gen 31:42; 31:53): Nf, the Strong One (tqyp/h) of Isaac.
The Strong One (byr) o f Jacob (Gen 49:24): Nf, the Strong One (tqyph/ ) of Jacob.
E l Elyon (Gen 14:18, 19, 20, 22; Num 24:16; Deut 32:8): Nf, the Most High God
(7/z Th).

2. Father in heaven126

This designation for God is not strongly attested in the Pal. Tgs., and what attesta
tion there is is unevenly distributed. In all, including Ps.-J., we find thirteen occur-

123See M. McNamara, 1972, 93f.; M. L. Klein, 1979, 502-507; idem, 1981, 171; Roger Syrn, The Blessings in the
Targums, 24-26, 202; Ribera, 1983; C. McCarthy, 1989 (to n. 34).
l24See C. McCarthy, 1989, 50-52.
125See A. Diez Macho, Las denominaciones de Dios, Neophyti 1, III, 70*-83*.
l26See M. McNamara, 1972, 115-119; A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, IV, 36*f.
36 Introduction

rences of the designation, distributed as follows: three in Ps.-J., seven in Frg. Tg., and
three in Nf. The texts are as follows: Gen 21:33 (Ps.-J.); Exod 1:19 (Ps.-J., Frg. Tgs.,
Nf); Exod 17:11 (Frg. Tg.); Lev 27:28 (Ps.-J.); Num 20:21 (Frg. Tg.); Deut 28:32 (Ps.-J);
Deut 32:6 (Frg. Tg.); Deut 33:24 (Nf). Only one of these texts (Exod 17:11, in CTg AA)
is preserved in the Genizah Pal. Tg. MSS, but the designation does not occur there. In
only one instance (Exod 1:19) do all the representatives carry the designation. The des
ignation is found in three contexts: 1) prayer to the Father in heaven (Exod 1:19; Num
21:9; Gen 21:33; Deut 28:32; Exod 17:11); 2) reward before the Father in heaven (Num
23:23); 3) merciful as the Father in heaven (Lev 22:28).

3. Glory, Shekinah, Glory o f the Shekinah o f the Lord121

The glory of the Lord (Heb.: kabod, kebod YHWH) is a good biblical expression,
particularly dear to the Priestly Writer, but in use by no means restricted to him. It
serves a theological purposethat of safeguarding the transcendence of God. The bibli
cal Aramaic equivalent is yqar, of which there are but few occurrences in the Bible
(Daniel), and mainly with reference to humans (honor), not counting the one like
the son of man (Dan 7:14).
The noun shekinah (lit.: dwelling) does not occur in the HT. The verb from which
it derives, however, i.e., shaken, is frequent there, in the senses of settle down, abide,
dwell. It is used of God, who is said to dwell among his people (Exod 25:8; 29:46;
Num 5:3; Ezek 43:9, etc.). The tabernacle is his dwelling-place par excellence and is in
Hebrew called just thatmishken.
In later Judaism more extensive use still was made of the term Glory with refer
ence to God, especially when it was believed that the biblical text required paraphrase
to safeguard divine transcendence or to avoid anthropomorphism, e.g., Exod 24:10:
And they saw the God of Israel. According to the oft-cited principle of Rabbi Judah
ben liai, to render this literally would constitute a lie.128 It had to be rendered: And
they say the glory o f the God of Israel. The term Shekinah became equally common
in later Judaism to express Gods dwelling with his people.
I here study the usage of these terms principally in Codex Neofiti, the only one pre
served in its fullness. In relation to the usage found there, observations are made re
garding the other texts.
To begin with, it must be observed that in Neofiti the term glory (of God) by itself
is very rarely used, and Shekinah alone less so. The usual formula is the glory of the
Shekinah of the Lord. The usages are as follows:
i) The Glory o f God.129 In a few texts in Nf, Glory of the Lord is a metonym for
God and could be equally well expressed by the other phrase, the Memra of the Lord,
and in fact sometimes is; thus, the Memra o f the Lord created the two luminaries (Gen
1:16) . . . and the Glory o f the Lord set them in the firmament (Gen 1:17); further Nf

1 See Arnold M. Goldberg, 1963; summary by A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, II, 49*-55*; D. Munoz, 1977.
128T os., Meg., end; b Kidd 49a; see M. McNamara, 1972, 99.
129
See M. McNamara, op. cit., 99f.
 Introduction 37

Gen 1:27; 2:2, 3. It is not easy to say whether the presence of the Glory of the Lord in
these Nf has any special theological significance.130
ii) The Shekinah o f the Lord. In Nf the term Shekinah occurs very rarely without
being in combination with Glory: Nf Exod 15:13: . . . dwelling-place of the Shekinah
of your holiness; Nf Exod 15:17: the house of your Shekinah . . . the house of your ho
liness; Nf Exod 24:17: the appearance of the Shekinah of the Lord was like a devour
ing fire; Nf Num 24:6: like the heavens which the Lord has spread out as the house of
his Shekinah.
iii) The Glory o f the Shekinah o f the Lord.131 This occurs about 101 times in all in Nf,
as follows: Nf Gen, nine times; Nf Exod, thirty-seven times; Nf Lev, six times; Nf Num,
eighteen times; Nf Deut, thirty-one times. The occurrences are in general not haphaz
ard but follow regular patterns, associated with certain verbs, as follows: with the verb
dwell, forty times;132 with was revealed, seventeen times;133 with the verb lead,
nine times;134 with the verb go up, six times;135 with the words is among, once (Nf
Deut 6:15). There are twenty-three occurrences with other verbs or words, as follows:
with rebel against, Nf Num 14:9; with tempt, Nf Deut 6:13; 6:16; with to meet,
Nf Exod 19:17; with to see, Nf Exod 16:7; 33:23 (see the Memra of the Glory of my
Shekinah . . . but n o t . . . the face of the Glory of my Shekinah); with to look on, Nf
Exod 3:6; with will accompany among, Nf Exod 33:14, 16; with will pass (by), Nf
Exod 12:23; 33:22; 34:6; with filled, Nf Exod 40:34, 35; Num 14:21; with was
upon, Nf Exod 40:35; with in the midst (of), Nf Num 14:14; with turn back, Nf
Deut 23:15; with cloud(s), Nf Exod 19:4; Num 10:34; 14:14; Lev 23:43 (the clouds
of the Glory of my Shekinah, etc.).

4. The Memra o f the Lord136

The designation for God most characteristic of all the Targums is the Memra of the
Lord. This is found 314 times in Nf and 636 times in Nfmg; in Frg. Tgs. about 99
times; in CTg text 97 times in texts published by Kahle; in Onq 178 times and 322 in
Ps.-J.

130The usage, we may note, occurs in a section of Codex Neofiti (Gen 1:1-3:4) which may not belong to the tradi
tion of the main N f text; see S. Lund and J. A. Foster, Variant Versions, 72-80.
131For the larger study see the works noted in n. 127 above.
l32Gen 3:24; 9:27; 28:6; 49:27; Exod 17:7; 18:5; 20:21; 25:8; 29:45, 46; 39:43; 40:35; Lev 15:31; 16:16; 26:11; Num
10:30; 11:20; 14:42; 16:3; 35:34; Deut 3:24; 4:39; 12:5, 11, 21; 14:23, 24; 16:2, 6, 11; 26:2, 15; 31:17; 32:10; 33:12,
16, 26, 27; cf. also Lev 23:43.
l33Gen 11:5; Exod 3:1; 16:10; 19:11, 18, 20; 20:20; 24:13; 34:5; Lev 9:6, 23; Num 11:25; 12:5; 14:10; 16:19;
17:7(42); 20:6.
l34Deut 1:30, 32; 7:21; 9:3; 20:4; 23:15; 31:3, 6, 18.
l35Gen 17:22; 18:3, 33; 35:13; Exod 33:3, 5.
l36For Memra in Nf, see R. Hayward, 1974; D. Munoz, Apendice sobre el Memra de Yahweh in Neophyti 1, in
A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 7, III (1971), 70*-83*; on the larger question of Memra, see R. Hayward, 1981; D. Munoz
Leon, 1974 (summary by L. Sabourin, The Memra of God in the Targums, in BThB [1976] 79- 85); also the earlier
works, V. Hamp, Der Begriff "Worte in den aram. Bibelbersetzungen: Ein exegetischer Beitrag zum
Hypostasenproblem und zur Geschichte der Logos-Spekulationen (Munich, 1938); P. Billerbeck, in Kommentar zum
NT aus Talmud und Midrasch, II, 303-333; G. F. Moore, 1922; M. McNamara, 1972, 101-106.
 38 Introduction

The Aramaic word m m r (rarely written in original form m mr in non-Qumran texts)

comes from the root mr. to say.
The term is found twice in the Qumran Targum of Job (llQtgJob XXVII, 9;
XXXIII, 7, m mrh, m mrk, his/your command) in the sense of order, command,
and is found also, even if rarely, with this, its fundamental sense, in the Targums. In
general, however, in the Targums Memra is used as a buffer word, introduced appar
ently for some theological purpose, such as to avoid anthropomorphisms, to avoid mak
ing God the direct object or subject of actions connected with creation. Its origins, de
velopment, and antiquity as used in this sense are a matter of speculation and of much
study.

5. The Dibbera o f the Lord137

In Hebrew, dibberah is the nomen actionis of the verb dibber (to speak) and means
divine discourse, revelation. The plural dibberot is used for the Ten Command
ments (or Words, debarm). In the earlier Tannaitic period the form generally used in
Jewish sources is dibber, while in the later Amoraic age it is dibbur. Dibbera, debira,
dibburia), or however we write the words, signifies God as revealing his will to man.
In the Palestinian Pentateuch Targums this term is found on a few occasions, gener
ally written as dbyr or dbyrh, which, with M. Klein and others,1381 vocalize as Dibbera.
The occurrences are as follows: Gen 28:10, Nf, PVNL (dbwr'); Exod 14:30, CTg T; 19:3,
Nf (dbyr), PVNL; 19:20, PVNL (Nf, Nfmg: Memra), CTg F; 20:2, Nf (pl. -yy), P (dbr),
CTg F (dbyrh); 20:3, Nf, CTg F (dbyr) (sing. = commandment); 33:23. Nf, Nfmg
(dbwr); Lev 1:1, Nf, Nfmg (in VNL: Memra); Num 7:89, Nf, Nfmg; Deut 5:21, CTg D
(pl.; in Nf Memra, 3).
It is obvious that this designation for God is unstable in its attestation, and at times
is found in places where a parallel Targum text sometimes has Memra. Domingo
Munoz Leon believes that Targumic occurrences of the term dibbera are secondary, due
to revision.139 This can be doubted. The case for this term is somewhat similar to that
of Father in heaven; irregularity in its use is not an argument against antiquity or its
presence in some contexts in the Targums.

6. The Holy Spirit140

The expression the Holy Spirit (rwh d-qwds\ lit.: spirit of holiness) occurs in Nf
Gen 41:38; 42:1 (also in P); Exod 31:3 (corrected); 35:31; Num 11:17, 25, 26, 28, 29;
14:24; 24:2; 27:18thirteen times in all. It also occurs in Nfmg Gen 31:21 and Exod
2:12 (also in PVB).

l37See M. McNamara, op. cit., 108-110; D. Munoz Leon, 1974, 668-679 (Dibbera y Memra); also A. Diez
Macho, in Neophyti 1, IV, 75*f.
i38M. L. Klein, 1986, II, 70, 106; D. Munoz Len, loc. cit. (n. 132).
l39Op. cit. (1974); idem, in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, II, 80*f.; see M. Klein, 1986, II, 70.
l40Cf. J. P. Schfer, 1970; idem, Untersuchungen zur Vorstellung vom heiligen Geist in der rabbinischen Literatur
(Freiburg, 1968); rsum in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, III, 52*55*; idem, Neophyti 1, IV, 43*-47*.
 Introduction 39

In Onq. the only designation found is the spirit of prophecy; the use of holy
spirit in Onq Gen 45:27 is possibly due to the influence of midrashim.141 The designa
tion the Holy Spirit is found fifteen times in Ps.-J. and the spirit of prophecy
eleven times.
Questions such as the date to be assigned to these texts and their primary or secon
dary nature as used in the Pal. Tgs. need not be considered here.

7. The heavenly voice (Bath Qol)142

In later Judaism one manner of revelation was through the Bath Qol, a heavenly voice
(lit.: daughter of a voice, an echo). In a sense the bath qol was the same as the Holy
Spirit, God revealing his will to man, or as continuing divine action after the Holy
Spirit was believed to have ceased to be with Israel; cf. Yoma 9b: after the death of the
Last Prophets the Holy Spirit was taken up from Israel but the people still made use of
the bath qol.
In the Palestinian Targums occasional reference is made to a bath qol (in Aramaic: brt
ql), e.g., Gen 22:10 (Nf, P, VNL, angels of above); 27:33 (Nf); 38:25 (Nf; PVNL, CTg
X, CTg FF, 38:26); Num 21:6 (Nf, PVN); Ps.-J. Deut 28:15 (Nf: voice [ql] of the
Memra of the Lord your God).

IX. MESSIAH, THE TORAH, PRAYER, AND GOOD DEEDS IN NEOFITI

1. The Messiah143

Neither Messianic times nor the person and work of the Messiah feature centrally in
Targum Neofiti 1 or in any of the Pal. Tg. texts. In fact, the passages interpreted
messianically are generally the same in all these texts, and the Messiah is given the title
King (or the King) Messiah. The first reference occurs in Tg. Gen 3:15, where it is said
that some unspecified persons (but presumably the children of the woman) will make
appeasement in the end, in the day of King Messiah. Gen 49:10 is in Nf, as indeed in
all the Targums, interpreted of the Messiah, and furthermore Gen 49:11-12 is para
phrased of his person and work. In the Poem of the Four Nights (Pal. Tg. Exod 12:42;
Paris MS 110 Exod 15:18), the Fourth Night is that of redemption, when Moses and
King Messiah will come, the latter from on high (or possibly, from Rome). In Nf, ap
parently inadvertently, the mention of King Messiah is omitted but should be restored
to the text. According to Pal. Tg. Num 11:26, Eldad and Medad in the camp prophesied
that at the very end of the days Gog and Magog would ascend on Jerusalem and would

l4lSee B. Grossfeld, 1988, p. 151, n. 17 to Onq. Gen 4:17.

l42See M. McNamara, 1972, 113f.; F. Lentzen-Deis, 1970.
143See S. H. Levey, The Messiah: An Aramaic Interpretation. The Messianic Exegesis of the Targum, Monographs
of the Hebrew Union College 2 (Cincinnati/New York: Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, 1974); M.
Perez-Fernndez, Tradiciones mesianicas en el Targum Palestinense, Estudios exegticos Institucion San Jeronimo 12
(Valencia/Jerusalem: Institucion San Jeronimo, Casa de Santiago, 1981).
40 Introduction

fall at the hand of King Messiah. In Pal. Tg. Num 24:8, Balaams oracle on the star to
arise out of Jacob is thus paraphrased: Their king shall arise up from among them, and
their redeemer shall be from themselves. He shall gather their captives from the prov
inces of their enemies and their children shall rule over many nations. He shall be
stronger than Saul, who had pity on Agag, the king of the Amalekites, and the kingdom
of the King Messiah shall be exalted.

2. The Torah144

The Law (Torah) was given through Moses. However, in the tradition enshrined in
Neofiti (and the Pal. Tg. generally), the Lord created the Torah two thousand years be
fore the world was created (Tg. Gen 2:24), a tradition based on the identification of the
Torah with wisdom and a midrashic interpretation of Prov 8:22, 30. The Lord God
placed the first man in the Garden of Eden to toil in the Law and to keep its command
ments (Tg. Gen 2:15). The Law is the Tree of Life for all who labor in it. Anyone who
observes its precepts lives and endures as the Tree of Life in the world to come. Like
wise, Gehenna is established by God for the wicked, who did not observe the precepts
of the Law in this world (Tg. Gen 3:24). According to Tg. Gen 3:15, the children of the
woman will have victory over the serpent or be wounded by it in accord with their ob
servance or neglect of the precepts of the Law. Similarly, with regard to the relations of
Jacob and Esau, according to Tg. Gen 27:40. This concentration on the Torah, the ob
servance of the commandments, and the rewards of this observance found in the open
ing section of Genesis reappears in the closing section of Deuteronomy, e.g., Tg. Deut
32:14, 29, 30, and especially 33:29: Blessed are you, Israel! Who is like you! A people
whose redemption is near from before the Lord, who is the shield of your help.. . . And
your enemies shall be broken before you; and you, my people, children of Israel, shall
tread on the necks of kings when you study the Law and do the commandments.
The great commandment of Deut 6:5, . . . you shall love the Lord your God. . . , is
thus paraphrased in Nf: And you shall live the teaching of the Law of the Lord with all
your heart and all your soul and all your wealth. The teaching (or instruction) of the
Law is a favorite expression in Nf. A stiff-necked people is regularly paraphrased as
a people hard at receiving instruction (Tg. Exod 33:5). Failure or refusal to listen to
God is paraphrased as failure to listen to the instruction of his Law (Tg. Lev 26:14;
Deut 5:26). To forget God becomes to forget the instruction of the Law of the Lord
(Tg. Deut 8:11).

3. Prayer145

The relatively frequent mention of prayer in Nf indicates that this was one of the
concerns of the person or tradition that produced the paraphrase. Mention is made of
prayer in general (with the verb sly or related words) and of petition (bb'w, I
beseechlit.: in petition). Any calling on God, expressed in the HT by s q or qr, is

On this and following sections see B. Barry Levy, Targum Neophyti 1. A Textual Study, vol. 1, 70-76.
l45See M. Maher, The Meturgemanim and Prayer, JJS 41 (1990) 226-246.
 Introduction 41

rendered in Nf as praying (sly). Thus, for instance, Nf Gen 12:8; Exod 14:15; Num
12:13; Deut 4:7; 26:7. Likewise Nf Exod 19:8; 20:24; 24:1; 32:10; Deut 3:23; 9:14,
where the HT uses other words. Gods reply, by listening, etc., is expressed as listening
to the prayers addressed to him. Thus, Tg. Gen 17:20; Num 21:3; Deut 3:26; 9:19;
10:10; 26:7. Raising or extending the hands of the HT is paraphrased in the Tg as doing
so in prayer (Tg. Gen 49:24; Exod 17:11). Exod 32:30 speaks of Moses going up to God.
In Nf this becomes going up to beg mercy from before the Lord. Reference to prayer
is introduced into the paraphrase of Gen 24:63; 29:17; and 30:8.

4. Good deeds

Mention of doing the commandments already implies interest in good works. Explicit
mention is often made of these. Thus, perfect (tm) of the HT, when referring to hu
mans, is rendered as perfect in good works. These good deeds to be done in obedi
ence to the Torah can also be expressed by the term miswah, miswoth. Empty of Deut
16:16 is paraphrased in Nf as empty (void) of every precept (mswh) or good work.
In Tg. Gen 15:1 Abraham is worried that he might have received the reward of the pre
cepts (mswwth; or good deeds) in this world and have no portion in the world to come.
The importance of good works ( wbdyn tbyn) is evidenced by the debate on the matter
between Cain and Abel on the matter in Tg. Gen 4:8. Ones works (Tg. Gen 38:25),
good works, in this world will be rewarded with a portion in the world to come. Neglect
of good works will be punished in Gehenna (see Tg. Gen 3:22, 24; 4:8; 15:1; 38:25).

X. RELATION OF THE PALESTINIAN TARGUMS TO RABBINIC JUDAISM

The Pentateuch lay at the very heart of Jewish life and thought in the homes, the syn
agogues, and schools. From the time of Ezra onward it was the task of those in the suc
cession of Ezra, priest and scribe of the Law of God given through Moses, to have it ex
plained so that the people could understand its message. This task was carried on in
particular in rabbinic Judaism as known to us through the two Talmuds and the
Midrashim. The manuscripts of the Palestinian Targums of the Pentateuch have been
transmitted to us by rabbinic Judaism. This is evidence that even if not an official
targum, as Onqelos later was, the Palestinian Targum tradition was recognized by rab
binic Judaism as its own.
It requires little observation to note that, at least by and large, the haggadic and
exegetical tradition enshrined in the Palestinian Targums coincides with that of rab
binic tradition as known to us from other sources, particularly Palestinian. The exact
nature of this relationship is a matter yet to be determined, both with regard to halakah
and haggadah, or non-halakic midrash.

1. The Palestinian Targums and rabbinic Halakah

The relationship of the Palestinian Targums tradition to official Jewish rabbinic

Halakah is a matter that has exercised the mind of scholars particularly in recent dec-
42 Introduction

ades. Certain texts have been interpreted as anti-halakic and for this reason regarded as
early, and pre-Mishnaic.146
Some scholars, such as Michael Klein,147 regard many of the legal interpretations in
the Pal. Tgs. as reflecting the halakah of R. Ishmael as opposed to that of R. Aqiba,
which later became normative, this being regarded as possibly the major reason for the
eventual disappearance (suppression?) of the Pal. Tgs. and their replacement by the
halakicly-correct Targum Onqelos.
This is a matter into which we cannot here enter. The halakah of each of the Pal. Tgs.
should of course be studied in this regard to see how they differ, if at all. Such an exam
ination might also give insights into the Targumists as translators, as it will emerge that
in many cases they appear more interested in rendering the HT neutrally than in giv
ing an accepted halakic rendering.

2. The Palestinian Targums and non-halakic midrash

It is quite clear that in very many instances the Palestinian Targums tradition agrees
with, or is very similar to, rabbinic non-halakic midrash. The extent and nature of this
relationship between Neofiti in particular and rabbinic tradition have been studied in
great detail by a number of scholars, in particular Rabbi Menahem Kasher148 and Ber
nard Grossfeld.149 The notes to the translation will give some details of the relationship.

3. Palestinian Targum broader than known rabbinic tradition?

I believe it would be a mistake to work on the assumption that the Palestinian Tg.
exegetical tradition did not go beyond the rabbinic as known to us from the traditional
sources. To begin with, it is far from certain that present rabbinic tradition is

146A. Geiger and P. Kahle maintained that there are anti-Mishnaic texts in the Pal. Tg. and that what is anti-
Mishnaic is pre-Mishnaic: A. Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel (2nd ed., 1928) 45Iff.; P. Kahle, The
Cairo Geniza (1st ed., London, 1947, 122f.; 2nd ed., Oxford, 1959). See A. Diez Macho, 1960, 222-225. This princi
ple is objected to by Ch. Albeck and others. In any event, as M. Klein (1986,1, xxxiv) notes: the examples of identi
fied early halakha in the PTs (excluding PsJ) are still too few to serve as a means of dating the targumim relative to
the halakhic midrashim. Among more recent studies on the topic we may note: M. Ohana, El Targum Palestino y
la halak oficial. Estudio comparativo basado en Neofiti 1 a Exodo (diss. University of Barcelona; cf. A. Diez
Macho, Neophyti 7, III, 13*); D. Shofet, Estudio de halakot de Neofiti 1 del Levitico (diss. University of
Barcelona; cf. A. Diez Macho, ibid.). On Ohanas work see A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 7, IV, 20*-26, 33*-35*; V, 28*-
33*; see also M. Ohana, Agneau pascale et circoncision: Le problme de la halakha prmishnaique dans le Targum
palestinien, VT 23 (1973) 385-399.
147M. L. Klein, 1986, I, xxxiii; idem, in HUCA 50 (1979) 159-164; J. Faur, The Targum and the Halakha, JQR
66 (1975) 19-26; see also M. Kasher, Torah Shelemah, vol. 24; ch. 8 (pp. 57-64) for the relationship of the Pal. Tgs.
to Beth Hillel and Beth Shammai; also idem, Torah Shelemah, vol. 25, pp. 342f.: Beth Hillel follows Ps.-J. and Beth
Shammai Nf.; summaries in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 7, IV, 30*-35* (fol. vol. 24); Neophyti 7, V, 61*f. (for vol. 24,
ch. 8).
I48M. Kasher, Torah Shelemah Neophyti 1, V, 41*- 82*; IV, 30*-33*.
B. Grossfeld, A Commentary on the Text of a New Palestinian Targum (Codex Neofiti 1) on Genesis 1-25
(diss. Johns Hopkins University, 1968), summarized by A. Diez Macho in Neophyti 7, III (1971), 26*-33*; idem (in
revised and expanded for all Genesis): An Analytic Commentary o f the Targum Neofiti to Genesis: Including Full
Rabbinic Parallels (New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1992).
 Introduction 43

coterminous with the earlier one, known for instance to such Fathers as Jerome.150 In
fact, we have at least one case (Nf Gen 8:6) in which Jerome notes a Jewish understand
ing of Gen 8:6 now preserved for us only in Nf.151 No known rabbinic text seems to in
terpret Gen 3:19 of the resurrection of the body as the Pal. Tgs. do. It is also found in
the apocryphal Apocalypse o f Moses.152 This is an area in which more work might be
done.

XI. AGE AND ORIGIN OF THE PALESTINIAN PENTATEUCH TARGUMS

In this introduction we are dealing with the Pal. Tgs. as known to us through the ex
tant sources: the entire text in Codex Neofiti, partial Cairo Genizah texts, Fragment
Targums, Targumic Tosefoth, early and medieval citations. These are written texts, lit
erature, not oral tradition. We have also seen that these texts have in general been trans
lated from the Hebrew with no small amount of thought and art; variant traditions
among them have a certain unity of translation procedures which set them off from
other translations within the same tradition.153 This again is evidence that we are here
dealing with literature, not ad hoc synagogue translations.
Through the extant manuscripts and citations we can trace the history of this Targum
tradition from the more recent manuscripts of the sixteenth century back to the eighth
and possibly earlier. We now examine whether we can go beyond this.

1. Early written Palestinian Pentateuch Targums

From Qumran we have evidence that at least some written Targums existed in early
times.154 1lQtargJob may have originated as early as 200 b .c .e ., and may have been the
same as the Targum of Job known to Rabbi Gamaliel I ( 25-50 c .e .) and his grandson
Gamaliel II (90-110 c .e .). The Qumran Job Targum is totally different from the Targum
of Job transmitted by rabbinic Judaism and translated in this series. From Qumran we
also have sections of a Targum (Aramaic translation) of Lev 16 (4Qtarg Lev), probably
from the first century b .c e . We do not know if it is but a portion of a Targum of all of
Leviticus or of the Pentateuch or merely of Lev 16, which was of special liturgical inter
est. As a text it has similarities to Onq.

150For Genesis especially in his Hebr. quaest. in libro Geneseos. On Jeromes relation to Jewish tradition see bibli-
ography in S. Hieronymi Presbyteri Opera I, 1 (CCL 72, 1959, p. xxxii; see F. Stummer, Einige Beobachtungen ber
die Arbeitsweise des Hieronymus bei der Uebersetzungen des Alten Testaments aus der Hebraica Veritas, Biblica 10
(1929) 3-10; idem, Beitrge zur Lexikographie der lateinischen Bibel, Biblica 18 (1937) 25-30; and now L. Opelt,
San Gerolamo e i suoi maestri ebrei, Augustinianum 28 (1988) 327-338. See especially study of the question, par
ticularly in relation to Gen 14, by R. Hayward, Some Observations on St. Jeromes Hebrew Questions on Genesis
and Rabbinic Tradition, Proceedings o f the Irish Biblical Association, no. 13 (1990) 58-76; idem, Saint Jerome and
the Aramaic Targumim, JSS 32 (1987) 105-123.
15lSee below, p. 45.
l52Apoc. Moses 41; ed. M. D. Johnson in J. Charlesworth, ed., The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha 2, 291.
153See above, pp. 25-28, 30-32.
l54See M. McNamara, 1972, 62-68.
44 Introduction

We have very strong evidence from rabbinic sources that written texts of the Targums
of the Pentateuch (therefore Palestinian Targums) existed at least in the late third and
early fourth centuries of our era, and there are indications that they were known there
earlier still.155
Written Targums are legislated for in the Mishnah, Yadaim 4:5.
In b. Berakoth 8a we read of the advice given by R. Joshua ben Levi (ca. 250 c .e .) to
his children on how to prepare the parashah, i.e., the weekly section of the Pentateuch
read in the synagogue: Even so did Joshua ben Levi say to his children: Complete
your parashah together with the congregation, twice the Hebrew Text and once the
Targum.
The same advice was given by R. Ammi (ca. 300 c .e .) to all Jews, according to the
same text (b. Berakoth 80ab): R. Huna ben Judah says in the name of R. Ammi: A
man should always complete his parashah together with the congregation, twice the He
brew text and once the Targum, even such verses as Ataroth and Dibon (Num 32:3), for
if one completes his parashah together with the congregation his days will be pro
longed. These texts are best understood if written rather than oral Targums are in
tended. And, in point of fact, those who examine this evidence tend to see here refer
ences to written Targums.
Some texts connected with R. Samuel bar R. Isaac clearly indicate the use of written
Targums in Palestine in the early fourth century.156 In j. Megillah IV, 1 (74d, top, ed.,
Krotoschin) we read: R. Samuel bar R. Isaac entered a synagogue (and) saw a certain
man translating while leaning against a pillar. He said to him: It is forbidden to you!
Just as it was given in awe and reverence, thus we have to treat it with awe and rever
ence. The point being made, it would appear, is that the Targum merits the same re
spect as the Law itself.157
In b. Berakoth 45a we read again of R. Samuel: R. Samuel bar R. Isaac entered the
synagogue (and) saw a certain teacher interpreting the Targum from the book. He said
to him: It is forbidden to you! Matters which are transmitted orally (should remain)
oral; matters which are (transmitted) in writing (should remain) in writing. As
Anthony D. York remarks on this passage, Among the several interesting features of
this passage, we should observe first of all that a written Targum was in use in the syna
gogue early in the fourth century158a point that fits in well with the evidence we
have seen from R. Ammi, R. Samuels contemporary.

Likelihood o f transmission to us o f fourth-century Targums

With regard to the likelihood of Palestinian Targum texts of the fourth century c .e . or
earlier having been faithfully transmitted to the sixteenth, we should judge from the
case of the Cairo Genizah text E Targum. This unfortunately is extant only for Genesis,

Ibid., 83f.
l56See Anthony D. York, The Targum in the Synagogue and the School, JSJ 10 (1979) 74-86.
I57lbid 75f.
158 . J
 Introduction 45

and then only in fragmentary fashion: Gen 6:18-7:15; 9:5-23; 28:17-29:17; 29:17-30:2;
30:46-31:15; 31:15-31:22; 38:16-39:10; 41:6-41:26; 43:30-44:4. P. Kahle in 1930159
dated this manuscript to 750-800 c .e . The leading present-day palaeographer, Professor
Malachi Beit Ari, can be no more precise in his dating than early, i.e., ninth/tenth to
mid-eleventh century c . e .160 The fact, however, that a text of this particular Pal. Tg., or
more probably a sister copy of it, is reproduced almost verbatim in the marginal glosses
of Neofiti (copied 1504) shows how an early text was faithfully transmitted.

3. Arguments linking our present Pal. Tg. texts with fourth-century Palestine or earlier

The rabbinic citations already considered,161 when taken with the arguments for fi
delity of transmission, present fairly strong grounds for seeing continuity between our
present texts with fourth-century Palestine or earlier. The arguments appear strongest
for an early date for the Targum of Codex Neofiti 1. To the rabbinic citations already
noted we should add an extremely interesting text of Jerome. In his Hebraicae
quaestiones in Gen. 8:6 he says: Post quadraginta dies aperuit Noe ostium arcae. . . Pro
ostio fenestra scripta est in hebraeo. {'After forty days Noah opened the door o f the Ark.
For door in Hebrew we find written window:) The Hebrew text (hlwri) and Jeromes
Vulgate rendering of it, have window, not door. Nor does any known translation
have door, apart from Neofiti, which Neofiti reading some scholars have regarded as
a textual error.162 Could it be that the late fourth-century scholar Jerome had access to
the original of Neofiti or to a Neofiti-type text?
Much more study will be required before we can safely say that the Pal. Tg., at least
of the Neofiti type, can be assigned to the fourth century, e.g., examination of the
Greek and Latin loan words to ascertain when they were current; more detailed exami
nation of the form of the Aramaic used.

XII. PALESTINIAN TARGUMS OF THE PENTATEUCH: CONCLUSION

The introduction to the Palestinian Targums which I have given above is not in
tended to be complete. Such a task would be too large an undertaking, and, in my opin
ion, less suited as an introduction to the texts being translated here. Instead of this I
have concentrated on points I believe to be of importance for an understanding of our
extant texts of these versions, their nature, their origins and development. It is hoped
that what has been written above will help further exploration in this field of research.
Despite the detailed examination of the various issues involved over the past decades,
we are probably still only in the initial stages in our exploration of this rich field.

P. Kahle, Masoreten des Westens, 3*.

160See M. L. Klein, 1986, I, xxxvii.
161Above, pp. 10-12.
162Thus Y. Komlosh, The Bible in the Light o f the Aramaic Translations, in Hebrew (Bar Ilan, 1973) 54, n. 201, a
position not accepted by A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, V, 37*.
46 Brief Introduction to the Palestinian Targums o f Genesis

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE PALESTINIAN TARGUMS OF GENESIS

Volumes in this series, in their introductions, usually treat of the place of the particu
lar biblical book in Jewish life: in the liturgy, schools, etc., and in the history of Jewish
interpretation. The biblical book of Genesis treats of the period before the giving of the
Law to Moses and is consequently of less importance for Jewish halakah. However, be
cause it is concerned with truths and events of such importance as creation and the
promises to the Fathers, Genesis has from its very composition enjoyed a central place
in biblical and Jewish tradition. Its message is prolonged and interpreted in later books
of the Bible. Themes from it, such as the sin of the angels or heavenly beings, are cen
tral to Jewish apocalyptic. Its story has been retold in the Rewritten Bible, of Jubi
lees, the Biblical Antiquities of Pseudo-Philo, and of other writings. It has provided ma
terial and a jumping-off ground for many biblical Apocrypha, e.g., The Apocalypse o f
Adam, The Testament of Adam, The Life o f Adam and Eve (The Apocalypse o f Moses),
The Apocalypse o f Abraham, The Testament o f Abraham, The Ladder o f Jacob, The Tes
tament o f Jacob, Joseph and Aseneth, The Prayer o f Joseph, The Testament o f Joseph,
The Testament o f the Twelve Patriarchs, and many other works besides on the pre-
diluvial (Enoch, etc.) and post-diluvial (e.g., Shem) patriarchs and personalities (e.g.,
Melchisedek).
This late biblical and intertestamental tradition continued to grow. Exegesis of the
work and development of the traditions of Genesis flourished in rabbinic Judaism. We
have a major collection of Jewish interpretations and midrash on Genesis in Genesis
Rabbah. This Jewish tradition was transmitted to later generations down through the
Middle Ages and to our own day.
The Early Church inherited and transmitted the Jewish tradition of Genesis Apocry
pha. It was also in dialogue to a good extent with rabbinic tradition of the early Chris
tian centuries. Both these traditions are to be found in works of the ecclesiastical writ
ers of the Syriac, Greek, and Latin Churches. Together with this, of course, the
Christian Church composed its own midrashic-type interpretation of Genesis and be
queathed both to the Middle Ages.
As one of the books of the Pentateuch, Genesis was part of the synagogue liturgy. Its
sacred and liturgical status ensured respect for its text and its message in synagogue and
school. Both these institutions were at pains that the message be understood and put
before the people. To this reverence and activity the Palestinian Targums bear witness.
 INDEX OF VERSES PRESERVED IN THE
FRAGMENT-TARGUMS OF GENESIS

The following list is taken from M. L. Klein, The Fragment-Targums o f the Pentateuch According
to Their Extant Sources (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1980), vol. I, pp. 242-244, and is repro
duced by the kind permission o f the publisher.

GENESIS

1:1-2 .................... .................... P V N 6:14 ...................... .................... P V N L

1:3-4 ...................... .................... P 7:10 .................... .................... P
1:5-6 ...................... .................... P V N 7:11 .................... V N L
1:7 ...................... ....................P 7:16 .................... .................... P V N L
1:8 ...................... ....................P V 8:1 ...................... .................... P V N L
1:9-13 .................... ....................P 8:10/12 .............. V N L
1:14 ........................ .................. P V N 8:22 .................... .................. P V N
1 :1 5 -2 6 .................... .................. P 9:20 ...................... .................... P V N
1:27 ...................... .................. P V N L 10:2-3 ................ V N
1:28-31 .................. .................. P 10:4 ..................... .................... P V N
2:1-3 .................... ....................P 10:9-11 ................ .................... P V N
2:7 ........................ V N 10:12-14 .............. V N
2:9 ........................ .................. P V N L 10:17-18 .............. V N
2:15 ........................ ....................P V N L 11:1 ......................... V N
2:18 ........................ ....................P V N L 11:2 .................... .................... P V N
2:20 ........................ V N L 11:4 ..................... ....................P V N
2:22 ........................ ....................P 11:30 .................... .................. P V N
2:24-25 .................... ....................P V N L 12:2-3 .................... V N L
3:7-9 ...................... .................... P V N L 12:5 ..................... .................. P V N L
3:10 ........................ .................... P 12:6 ..................... V N L
3:15 ...................... .................. P V N L 12:15 .................... ....................P V N L
3:17 ...................... .................... P 13:6-7 .................. ....................P V N L
3:18 ...................... .................. P V N L 14:3 ..................... V N L
3:19-21 .................. .................. P 14:5-6 ................ V N L
3:22 ........................ .................. P V N L 14:9-10................ .................... P V N L
3:23 ...................... .................. P 14:14-15 .............. V N L
3:24 ...................... ....................P V N L 14:17 .................... V N L
4:7 ........................... .................... P V N L 14:18 .................... ....................P V N L
4:8 ........................... ....................P V N 14:21 .................... V N L
4:9 ........................... ....................P 14:23 .................. .................... P V N L
4:10 ........................ ....................P V N 15:1-2 .................. .................. P V N L
4:13 ........................ V N L 15:7 ........................ V N L
4:16 ...................... .................. P V N L 15:9-10.................. V N L
4:22 ...................... .................. P 15:11-12 .............. ....................P V N L
4:26 ........................ .................. P 15:17 .................... ....................P V N L
5:2 ........................ .................. P 15:19 .................. V N L
5:4-5 .................... V N L 16:5 .................... .................... P V N L
5:24 ...................... .................. P V N L 16:7 ..................... .................. P V N L
6:3 ........................ .................. P V N L 16:13 .................... .................. P V N L
6:6 ........................... V N L 16:17 .................. .................. P V N L
6:8 ........................... ....................P V N L 18:1 ........................ .................. P V N L
6:11 ........................ V N L 18:10 ........................................P V N L

47
48 Index o f Verses Preserved in the Fragment-Targums o f Genesis

18:12 ................................ V N L 27:45 ......................... VNL

18:16 .................. V N L 28:10 ......................... ........... P VNL
18:17 .................. .................... P V N L 28:11 ......................... ........... P
18:21 .................. .................... P V N L 28:12 ............................................ ................P VNL
19*1-2 V N T 28:17 ......................... ........... P
19:3 .................... .................... P V N L 29:7 ........................... VNL
19:8 .................... V N L 29:15 ......................... ........... P
19:11 .................. .................... P V N L 29:17 ......................... ........... P V NL
19:15 .................. .................... P V N L 29:22 ......................... ................ P V NL
19:18 .................. ............................ P V N L 29:27 ............................................ V NL
19:24 ................................ .................... P V N L 30:11 ......................... ........... P V N
19:26 .................. .................... P V N L 30:15 ......................... V N
19:31 .................. V N L 30:22 ......................... ........... P V N
20:1 ......................... L 30:27 ......................... ........... P V N
20:2 ......................... V N 30:32 ............................................ V N
20:16 ................................ ............................ P V N L 30:38 ......................... V N
20:18 ................................ V N L 31:7 ............................................... ........... P V N
21:1 ......................... V N L 31:9 ........................... ........... P V N
21:7 .................... V N L 31:11 ......................... V N
21:9 .................... .................... P V N L 31:15 ......................... ........... P V N
21:15 .................. V N L 31:18 ............................................ V N
21:33 ................................ ............................ P V N L 31:22 ............................................ ................ P N
22:1-2 .................... V N L 31:29 ............................................ V N
22:8 ................................... ............................ P V N L 31:39 ......................... ................P V N
22:10-11 ...................... .................... P V N L 32:2(3) ........................ ........... P V N
22:14 ................................ ............................ P V N L 32:6(7) ......................................... ................ P V N
22:24 .................................. ............................ P V N L 32:15(16) ................................... ................ P V N
23:2 ................................... V N L 32:25(26)-26(27) ................ ................P V N
23:16 ................................ ............................ P V N L 33:4 ............................................... ................ P V N
24:2 ................................... V N L 33:13 ............................................ ................ P V N
24:10 ................................ ............................ P V N L 33:19 ............................................ ................P V N
24:20 ................................ V N L 34:12 ............................................ ................P V N
24:60 ................................ ............................ P 34:31 ............................................ ................P V NL
24:62 ................................ ............................ P V N L 35:8 ............................................... V NL
24:65 ................................ ............................ P V N L 35:9 ............................................... ................P V NL
25:1 ................................... ............................ P V N L 35:16 ............................................ V NL
25:3 ................................... V N L 35:18 ............................................ ................ P V NL
25:16 ................................ V N L 35:22 ............................................ V L
25*18-19 . . . V N L 36:39 ............................................ ................P V NL
25:22 ................................ ............................ P V N L 37:3 ............................................... ................P V NL
25:25 .................................. V N L 37:7 ............................................... ................ P V NL
25:34 ................................ ............................ P V N L 37:25 ............................................ ................ P V NL
26:8 ..................................... V N L 37:33 ............................................ ................P V NL
26:10 ................................ ............................ P V N L 37:36 ............................................ V NL
26:35 .................................. ............................ P V N L 38:5 ............................................... ................P V NL
27:1 ..................................... ............................ P 38:15 ............................................ V NL
27:4 ..................................... V 38:19 ............................................ V NL
27:22 ................................ V N L 38:25-26 ................................... ................ P V NL
27:27 ................................ ............................ P V N L 39:4 ............................................... V NL
27:29 ................................ ............................ P V N L 39:10 ............................................ .................. P
27:38 ................................ V L 39:18 ............................................ .................. P VNL
27:40 .................................. ............................ P V N L 39:20 ............................................ VNL
27:41 ................................ ............................ P 40:12 ............................................ .................. P VNL
 Index o f Verses Preserved in the Fragment-Targums of Genesis 49

40:16 .................................... VNL 45:26 ............................. VNL

40:18 .................................... P V N L 45:28 ............................. p VNL
40:23 .................................... P V N L 46:28 .................................... P pV VN N
41:2 ...................................... VNL 46:30 .................................... P p
41:34 .................................... VNL 47:11 ............................. VNL
41:43 .................................... P V N L 47:15 ............................. VNL
41:45 .................................... P 47:21 ............................. VNL
42:1 ...................................... P 47:31 ............................. V N
42:13 .................................... P 48:14 ............................. V N
42:23 .................................... P V N L 48:22 .................................... P pV VN N
42:36 .................................... P V N L 49:1-3 ...................................P pV VN N
42:38 .................................... VN 49:4-6 ........................... V N
43:9 ...................................... P V N L 49:7-11 ...................................P pV VN N
43:12 .................................... VNL 49:12 ............................. V N
43:14 .................................... P V N L 49:14-15 ............................... P pV VN N
43:19 .................................... P 49:16 .................................... P p
43:30-31 ............................... VNL 49:17-27 ............................... P pV VN N
44:5 ...................................... VNL 50:1 ...................................... PpV VN N
44:12 .................................... VNL 50:16 ............................. p V B
44:15 .................................... P 50:19 .................................... P pV VB B
44:18-19 ...............................P V N L 50:21 ............................. p
44:21 .................................... VNL 50:26 ............................. p V B
45:8 ...................................... P
 CATALOGUE OF CAIRO GENIZAH FRAGMENTS OF
PALESTINIAN TARGUMS OF GENESIS

The following list is taken from M. L. Klein, Genizah Manuscripts o f Palestinian Targum to the
Pentateuch (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1986), vol. I, pp. xliv-xlvi, and is repro
duced by the kind permission of the publisher.

GENESIS

2 : 1 7 - 3 : 6 ........................................ MS B 37:15-33 ............................... MS E

4:4-16 .......................................... MS B 38:16-26 ...............................MS D
4:8 (tosefta) ................................. MS I 38:25, 26 (tosefta).................. MS X
4:7, 8, 23 (tosefoth) ..................MS X 38:25, 26 (tosefta).................. MS FF
5:28(7); 6:5 {lemma only) .........MS B 38:16-39:10 ........................... MS E
6 : 1 8 - 7 : 1 5 ......................................MS E 40:5-18...................................MS E
7 : 1 7 - 8 : 9 ........................................ MS B 41:6-26...................................MS E
9:5-23 .......................................... MS E 41:32-41 ............................... MS C
15:1-4 ........................................... MS H 41:43-57; 42:34-43:10 ...........MS E
17:11(?) (tosefta) ........................ MS EE 42:36 (tosefta) ........................MS X
2 1 : 6 - 1 6 .......................................... MS LL 43:23-44:4 ............................. MS E
21:4-9 .......................................... MS Y 43:7-44:23 ............................. MS D
21:10 (tosefta)............................... MS EE 44:18 (tosefta) ........................MS X
22:5-9 .......................................... MS K 44:18 .................................... MS RR
24:3-4 .......................................... MS KK 44:16-20; 47:26 ......................MS Z
28:17-29:17 ................................. MS E 44:18 (tosefta) ........................MS R
29:17-30:2 ....................................MS E 44:18 (tosefta) ........................MS M
30:2-40 .......................................... MS E 46:26-47:5; 47:29-48:10 ....... MS D
30:40-31:15 ................................. MS E 48:11-21 ............................... MS D
31:15-34 ......................................MS E 47:28-49:17 ........................... MS Z
31:38-54 ......................................MS C (for 47:26, see 44:16-20, MS Z)
32:13-29; 34:9-25 ...................... MS C 49:1 (tosefta) ......................... MS FF
3 5 : 6 - 1 5 .......................................... MS C 49:18 (tosefta) ........................MS X
36:8-9, 24 ....................................MS D 49:18; 50:1, 16 (toseftot) ....... MS FF
37:19-34 ......................................MS D

50
Targum Neofiti 1
Genesis

Translation
 52 Translation

CHAPTER 1
1. From the beginning1 with wisdom a the M em ra2 o f the Lordb3 created and per
fected the heavens and the earth. 2. And the earth was waste4 and unform ed/ deso
late o f m ands and beast, empty o f plant cultivation and o f trees, and darkness was
spread over the face of the abyss; and a spirit o f mercy from before the Lord was
blowing over the surface of the waters. 3. And the Memra of the Lord said: Let
there be light; and there was light according to the decree of his M emra.e 4. And it
was manifest before the Lord that the light^ was good;6 and the Memra o f the Lord

Apparatus, Chapter 1
a P: In wisdom (marg. adds o[ther] t[ext]: from the c P: and the earth was waste and unformed and des
beginning = Nf) the Lord created and perfected the olate of sons of man and empty of all cultivation
heavens and the earth; VN: in wisdom the Lord and darkness was spread over the face of the deep
created the heavens and the earth. . . . (etc. as in Nf).
b Text: in wisdom the son of the Lord (br dyyyy) ^Lit.: of a son of man; PVN: of sons of man.
perfected. The text, however, in MS itself is cor eP: . . . and there was light by his Memra.
rected after an erasure; and of the original is visi ^the light is preceded by the sign of the accusa
ble before perfected. This original reading proba tive; also in P; cf. H T ___God saw the light.
bly was: the Lord (or: the Memra of the Lord)
created {br) and perfected; see P Nfmg: in wis
dom the Lord created (cf. VN).

Notes, Chapter 1
'From the beginning with wisdom: double translation of HT brsyt, as beginning and wisdom. For creation of
the world by/in wisdom, cf. Prov 8:22; 3:19; Wis 9:9; Ps 104:24. Rabbinic tradition, identifying wisdom and the Torah,
speaks of God creating the world by the Torah; beginning = torah, Gen. R. 1, 1.4: In the beginning by means of the
Torah God created___ See also Levine, 1974, 4. For commentary on N f Gen 1:1-2, 4a, see Munoz Leon, 1974A,
164-167.
2the Memra of the Lord; text of N f has: the son of the Lord, brdYYY, (See Apparatus, note b \ which is due most
probably to a late, even sixteenth-century, correction. However, in Christian tradition from earliest times the opening
word of Genesis was understood to mean in the Son (= Jesus, the Word); see Jerome, Hebr. quaest., in Gen 1:1 (CCL
72, 3, citing Altercation of Jason and Papiscus; Tertullian and Hilary. The original Palestinian Targum probably read:
From the beginning in wisdom the Memra of the Lord created; see also 2 Ezra 6:38,43: In the beginning (Latin trans.:
From the beginning) of creation you spoke the word. . . and your word perfected (i.e., carried out, completed) the work.
On the possible relationship of 2 Ezra to Pal. Tg., see D. Munoz Leon, 1974B, 1975, esp. 1975,52-61 ; idem, 1974A (Dios
Palabra ), 162-164. On Memra and creation, D. Munoz Leon, ibid. (1974A) 607-611; R. Hayward, 1974, 1981. On the
use of N f of Memra dYYY as a rendering of the HT Ihym and YHWH, and on the possibility of a development in this
usage, see B. Barry Levy, Targum Neophyti 1. A Textual Study 1: Introduction, Genesis, Exodus, 1986, 41-43.
3the Lord: HT: God (Elohim). N f and Tgs. in general render Elohim of HT as the Lord (variously written in the
N f MS as YYY, YY, etc.). See note 2 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB of this series).
4See note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series). See also Jer 4:23,25; 33:10, and 2 Ezra 6:39: and the spirit was hovering and
silence and darkness embraced everything; the sound of mans voice was not yet there. On the double translation of
words of HT in Tgs. see Introduction, p. 30.
5desolate of man; lit.: of the son of man.
6Lit.: and it was manifest before the Lord the light (light with sign of accusative) that it was good; it was manifest
before the Lord is a common Targumic construction to avoid making God the subject or object of actions relating to cre
ation; HT: and the Lord saw the light (with sign of accusative, t) that it was good. Sign of accusative (yt) with passive
construction due to slavish translation of underlying Hebrew; see on this feature Golomb, 1985, 209. See also M.
McNamara, 1972,93f.; note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series). B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,38-39, maintains that in the original
 Translation 53

separated the light from the darkness. 5. And the Memra o f the Lord called the light
daytimegl and the darkness he called night. And there was evening and there was
morning: (in) the orderh o f the work o f creation, 8first day. 6. And the Memra o f the
Lord said: Let there be the firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it sepa
rate the lower waters from the upper waters." 1 And the LordJ created9 the
firmam entk and separated the waters that were under the firmament from the wa
ters that were above the firmament; and it was so according to his M emra.m 8. And
the Memra o f the Lord called the firmament heaven. And there was evening and
there was morning: (in) the order o f the work o f creation, second day. 9. And the
Memra o f the Lord said: Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together
into one place and let the dry land appear. And it was so m according to his Memra.
10. And the Memra o f the Lord called the dry land the earth, and the gathering-
place o f the waters he called the Seas. " And it was manifest before the Lord that it
was beautiful0 and proper.10 11. And the Memra o f the Lord said: Let the earth put
forthp herbage of grass which produces seed, a fruit tree which yields fruit accord
ing to its kind, whose shoots are from it and in it upon the earth. And it was so ac
cording to his M emra.m 12. And the earth put forth herbage of grass which pro
duces seed according to its9 kind, a fruit tree which yields fruit, whose shoots are
from it and in it according to its kind. And it was manifest before the Lord that it
was beautiful and proper. 13. And there was evening and there was morning: (in) the
order o f the work o f creation, third day. 14. And the Lordr said: Let there be lights

Apparatus, Chapter 1
g ymm() as in P, Ps.-J., Onq. nym m = [yammel error for ym yl Nfmg: ym yy\ P:
h P: and there was the order . . . (etc. as in N f ), ymy.
and thus in P for w . 8, 13, 19, 23, 31. 0 P: good (and proper).
' PVN: the upper waters from the lower waters. p P: make grow.
j P: the Memra of the Lord. q Lit.: their kind; P: its kind.
k Nfmg: the firmament of the heavens. r P: the Memra of the Lord.
mP: according to the decree of his Memra.

Notes, Chapter 1
translation of N f such texts were rendered literally (active verb + God + yt + object, a usage still visible in N f Gen 21:17;
31:50; 39:3; 33:5;Deut 11:12). The present construction in N f with the insertion of gly/smyqdm YYY, etc., he regards as
probably a later development. He refers to N f Exod 3:7, which contains both literal and paraphrastic translations.
1ym m \ daytime, as opposed to night, and distinct from ym (day of twenty-four hours); see note to Ps.-J. and de
tailed note by Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 10 to Gen 1.
8the order of the work of creation; possibly an allusion to the use of this pericope in a synagogue ma amadah reading,
linking a section of the Israelite people with the Temple courses of priests; cf. M Meg 3:6 and McNamara, 1972, 37. B.
Grossfeld, however (Neofiti, note 11 to Gen 1) believes the insertion reflects a combination of two rabbinic stock phrases:
the works of creation (m'sh brsyt) and the orders of creation (sdry brsyt). See also Tg. Isa 4:21.
9created, HT : made ( sh ); also in Frg. Tg. When the Hebrew word refers to the creation of the world (as here, in w .
16, 25, 26; 2:2), N f renders as create, otherwise by made, as noted by B. Grossfeld, op. cit. (on Gen 2:7); A. Diez
Macho, Neophyti 1, III, 31*. See also note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB of this series).
10beautiful and proper: the regular N f rendering of the HT : (that it was) good (Gen 1:10,12,18,21,25,31 ; v. 4 is an
exception, with no addition to HT). P has good and proper in all cases, again with exception of v. 4, where there is no
addition to HT.
54 Translation

in the firmament of the heavens to separate the daytime from the night, and let
them act as signs and (sacred) seasons5 and so that the intercalation o f moons (and)
m onths11 may be consecrated by them/ 15. And let them shineu in the firmament
of the heavens to shine upon the earth. And it was so according to his M em ra.m
16. And the Memra o f the Lord created the two great lights: the greater light to
rule w in the daytime and the lesser light to rule win the night, and the arrangement
o f the stars.12 17. And the Glory o f the Lordx set th em 13 in the firmament of the
heavens to shine upon the earth, 18. and to ruleMin the daytime and in the night
and to separate the light from the darkness. And it was manifest before the Lord
that it was beautiful and proper. 19. And there was evening and there was morning:
(in) the order o f the work o f creation, fourth day. 20. And the Memra o f the Lord
said: Let the waters swarm forth a swarm of living creatures, and birds that fly*
above the earth, across the air o f the firmament of the heavens. 21. And the Lordz
created the two great monsters and every living creature that c re e p s ,w h ic h the
waters swarmed forth according to their species, and every bird that flies ^ accord
ing to its species. And it was manifest before the Lord that it was beautiful and
proper. 22. And the Memra o f the Lord blessed them saying: Be strong14 and multi
ply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply upon the earth. 23. And
there was evening and there was morning: (in) the order o f the work o f creation, fifth
day. 24. And the Memra o f the Lord said: Let the earth bring forth living creatures

Apparatus, Chapter 1
s Nf: zmnyn, lit.: times; VN: mwdyn, set times, >vP: to render service.
feasts; P: smnyn, signs, symbols. YP: the Memra of the Lord.
1Lit.: to consecrate by them . . . ; P: so that the vread probably, with Nfmg: and let birds fly (but
beginnings of months and years might be conse see v. 21); P: and let birds fly swiftly across the
crated by them; VN: and let them be as signs and face of the firmament of the heavens.
sacred seasons to consecrate by them the begin "P: the Memra of the Lord.
nings of months and years; Nfmg: variant read aa P: that crawls.
ing: the beginnings of months and years. bb P: that flies swiftly.
uNf: mnhryn\ P: and let them be (=serve) as lights cc P: on the earth.
(Inhwryn ).

Notes, Chapter 1
1'the intercalations of moons (and) months ( bwr shryn yrhyn ) be consecrated. . . ; HT (RSV): let them be for signs
and for seasons and for days and years. For PVN text (see Apparatus), cf. Gen. R. 6,1 ; for both N f and Nfmg, Grossfeld
(op. cit., note 24) notes the striking parallels in Pal. Talmud Ber. 9, 2, 13c and Gen. R., loc. cit. The text of Nf, however,
maj be somewhat corrupt.
the arrangement of the stars; HT: the stars; same rendering in N f Deut 4:19. There are rabbinic parallels; see
Grossfeld, op. cit., note 26, but note also 2 (4) Ezra 6:45: (on the fourth day thou didst command) the arrangement of the
stars (Latin: stellarum dispositionem).
the Glory of the Lord set them. HT: and God set them. Heretofore creation was said to have been by Gods
Memra; now in N f mention is made of the Glory of the Lord in the creation narrative (Nf 1:17, 20, 29; also 2:3). See D.
Munoz, 1974, 164f.; idem, 1977, 40; McNamara, 1972, 99f.
Be strong; HT: Be fruitful, from Hebrew root prh. N f almost invariably translates this Hebrew verb as be
strong. Thus Gen 1:22; 2:8; 8:17; 9:1,7; 26:22; 35:11 ; 47:27; 49:22; Exod 1:7; even in causative (Hiphil): Gen 17:16,20;
28:3; 48:4; Lev 26:9. The only exceptions are Exod 23:30 and Deut 29:17.
 Translation 55

according to their species: cattle and creeping things and beasts of the earth accord
ing to their species. And it was so according to his M emra.dd 25. And the Memra o f
the Lord created the wild beasts of the earth according to their species, ** and the
cattle according to their species, ** and all the creeping things of the earth according
to their species. And it was manifest before the Lord that it was beautifulff and
proper. 26. And the Lordgg said: Let us create m anhh in our likeness, similar to
ourselves,15 and let them rule over the fishes of the sea and over the birds of the
heavens, and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing
that creeps" upon the earth. 27. And the Memra o f the Lord created the manJJ in
his (own) likeness; in a likeness from before the Lord he created him;kk male and his
partner16 he created them. 28. And the Glory o f the Lordmm blessed them, and the
Memra o f the Lord said to them: Be strong17 and multiply and fill the earth and
subdue it; and rule over the fishes of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and
over every wild beast that creeps upon the earth. 29. And the Glory o f the Lordmm
said: Behold, I have given you all the herbs that produce seed that are on the face
of all the earth and every tree"" that has fruit in itseed-bearing treeI have given
them to you for food. 30. And to every wild beast of the earth, and to all the birds
of the heavens, and to everything that creeps on the earth that has the breath of
life00 in it, (I have given) every herb as food. And it was so according to his
Memra. 31. And everything that he had made was manifest before the Lord, and be
hold it was very beautiful and proper. And there was evening and there was morn
ing: (in) the order o f the work o f creation,pp sixth day.

Apparatus, Chapter 1
dd P: according to the decree of his Memra; see note kk P: created them; VN as Nf.
m above. mm P: the Memra of the Lord.
ee Lit.: its species; P: its kind. nn N f lit.: all the trees; P: every tree that has fruit
^P: good (and proper); see note o above. in itseed-bearing treeyou shall have as food.
88 P: the Memra of the Lord. 00 P: . . . that has in the breath of life (I have given)
hh Lit.: (in N f and P): (let us create) a son of man every herb as food. And it was manifest before the
(nbr brns). Lord that it was good and proper.
" Nfmg: crawling thing that crawls. pp P: and there was the order of the work of creation
JJN f lit.: the son of man (brns); PVN: created . . . ; see note h above.
Adam {dm).

Notes, Chapter 1
l5in our likeness (dmwt), similar to ourselves; HT: in our image (slm) and likeness (dmwt). When reference is to
God, N f avoids use of the word image (slm ), which Hebrew term it renders by the more abstract likeness (dmwt), as
in Gen 1:26, 27; 9:6. It retains dmwt of HT in 5:1. When the two are used in conjunction, N f renders the second word of
the pair as similar to ourselves (1:26; 5:3), kd npq b , which corresponds to the common Hebrew Mishnaic idiom
kywsh b-.
16partner; zwg; Greek loan word: zeugos, zygon (found in Palestinian midrashim and Pal. Tg.); in N f Gen 1:27; 2:18,
20; 35:9; Num 7:3; cf. Deut 32:4; in P, Gen 1:27; 2:18; 5:2; 35:9. See Introduction, p. 18.
17Be strong; HT: Be fruitful; see note to 1:22.
 56 Translation

CHAPTER 2
1. And they completed" the creationb of the heavens1 and the earth2 and all their
hosts. 2. And on the seventh day the Memra o f the Lord completedc his work which
he had createdd and there was sabbath and repose before h im 3 on the seventh day
from all his work which he had created.4d 3. And the Glorye o f the Lord blessed the
seventh day and hallowed it because/ on it there was a great sabbath and repose be
fore h im 3 from all his work which the Glory5 o f the Lords had done in creation. 4.
This is the genealog/ca/ pedigree6 of the heavens and of the earth7 when they were
created. On the day that the Lord God created* the heavens and the earth, 5. none
of the trees'8 that are on the surface of the field had as yet existed on the earth and

Apparatus, Chapter 2
a \slmw; as also P. doing (lit.: created to do); Nfmg: he rested
b bryyt (s"my); so also P (bryyt sm). himself (from).
c P: cherished (v[ariant] v[ersion] completed). 8 Nfmg: the Memra of (the Lord); cf. P.
^Nfmg: he had done and he rested himself on the Nfmg: (that) the Memra of the Lord (created) the
seventh day from all the work he had done = P. heavens.
e Nfmg: the Memra (of the Lord) = P. 1Nfmg: (no) tree.
^P: because in it he rested himself from all his
work which the Memra of the Lord has created in

Notes, Chapter 2
'And they completed ( 'slmw) the creation of the heavens. . . ; HT : and there were completed (yklw) the heavens and
the earth. N f s 'slmw apparently to be taken as an Afel (they completed), due to yklw (MT:yekull ), the rare Pual form
of klh (occurring only here and in Ps 72:20), being taken as a Piel and rendered as the Piel forms are in N f Gen 2:2; 17:22;
18:33; 24:15, 19, 45; 27:30; 43:2; 49:33. A Dez Macho (Neophyti 1, IV, 85*) takes slmw of N f Gen 2:1 as Perfect Peal
(were completed), i.e., slmw with prosthetic alef (cf. Dan 5:3, 4). This is less likely. Furthermore, the passive sense
would require taking bryt (creation) as plural. Sokoloff, 1990,554, however, gives as the first meaning of the Afel of slm
to come to an end, to be finished, instancing CTg E Gen 41:53 (Nf has slmwn ); CTg E Gen 29:21 ; N f Deut 34:8.
2creation of heavens and earth {bryt sm y), also a rabbinic expression; see B. Grossfeld, in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti
1, III, 30*.
3there was sabbath and repose before him. HT: and he rested; N f s paraphrase is made to avoid anthropomor
phism. N f s phrasing possibly influenced by Exod 31:17 and 20:11 : on the seventh day God rested (sbt), reposed (ynh ), in
both of which cases N f renders as in Gen 2:2.
4created; HT: made. See note to 1:7.
5the Glory of the Lord. HT: God. See note to 1:17. See also Munoz Leon, 1974A, 165; idem, 1977, 40.
6genealogical pedigree (yhws tldt)\ MT: toledot\ N f renders MT toledot (RSV: generations) with the composite
yhws twldw(w)t in Gen 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 11:10; 36:1, 9; 37:2; with the simple (t(w)ldwti n Gen 10:1, 32; 11:27; 25:12, 13,19,
and Num 3:1 ; with the simple yhws in Exod 6:16,19; 28:10; Num 1:20,22,24,26,28, 30, 32, 34,36,40. The only text of
these in PVNL is Gen 25:19 (rendered in N f by simple twldwt), where the rendering is as is general in N f Genesis: yhws
twldt. The sole text of these in the Genizah fragments is Gen 36:9 (CTg B, imperfectly preserved) where Aramaic render
ing seems to be twldwth (Nf yhws tldt); see M. Klein, 1986, 1, 77. The double rendering yhws twldwt, confined to N f
Genesis (and also in PVNL Gen 25:19), seems to be without special significance. In this translation the double form is
rendered throughout as genealogical pedigree, twdlwt as genealogy, and yhws as pedigree(s).
7the heavens and the earth. HT: the earth and the heavens. The inversion, already in Sam. Pent. MSS, is probably
due to influence of 1:1, etc., or scribal error.
trees. HT: no bush (syh ), as in Gen. R. 13,2. Same rendering in N f Gen 21:15.
 Translation 57

none of the herbs that are on the face of the field9 had as yet sprouted on the earth,
because the Lord God7 had not as yet caused rain to fall, and as yet A dam 10 had
not been created to till the earth. 6. But a cloud used to go up from the earth and
watered all the surface of the earth. 7. And the Lord God created12 A d a m 13 (out of)
dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils k the breath of life, and A dam 13
became a living being endowed with speech.14 8. And the Lord G odm had planted a
garden in Eden from the beginning15 and he placed there the first A dam 16 whom he
had created. 9. And out of the ground" the Lord God made grow every tree that
was nice to see and good to eat, and the tree of life within the m iddle17 of the
garden, and the tree of knowledge of which anyone who would eat would know to
distinguishp between good and evil. 10. And a river went out from Eden to water
the garden and from there it was divided and turned to become four heads of great
rivers. 11. The name of one o f them is Pishon.18 It is that which surrounds and en
circles all the land o f India,19 from where the gold comes. 12. And the gold of that

Apparatus, Chapter 2
J Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord upon. p Nfmg: used to know to distinguish; PVNL: and
k Nfmg: into his face the breath of life. the tree of knowledge of which everyone who ate
mNfmg: the Memra of the Lord. distinguished (VNL +: for himself) between good
Nfmg: (out of) the earth. and evil.
0 Nfmg: (tree) of life within the garden.

Notes, Chapter 2
9surface of the field (or: face of the field), b- p y br\ HT : sdh (RSV: field). N f renders sdh of the HT in three differ
ent ways: (1) most commonly be p y br, the surface (face) ofthe fieldthus Gen 2:5,19,20; 3:1,14,18;4:8;Exod 1:14;
Deut 11:15; 14:22, etc.; (2) hql, field; farm; estatethus Gen 23:9,13, 17,19; 25:9,10,27; 37:7, 15; 47:24; 49:29, 30,
32; 50:13; Exod 8:9; 9:3, 19; 22:9; (3) thwm, territory, boundary, borderthus Gen 32:4; 33:19; 36:35; 41:48.
10Adam, dm, reproducing the HT; RSV: (no) man. N f generally renders dm of HT, when generic, as br ns, a son
of man. Here N f either reproduces the HT mechanically or takes dm as a personal name; see also v. 7.
na cloud. MT: ed (mist, cloud, RSV, etc.), occurring again only in Job 36:27, rendered as nn (cloud) in 11
QTg Job; as cloud also in LXX Job 36:27; also in Onq.; double translation in Ps.-J. According to Gen. R. 13,2 ed and
anan are two of the five names for cloud. See also J. Luzarraga, 1973, 7ff.
12created; made; see note to 1:7.
13Adam; yt *dm; MT: ha-adam, the man; taken in N f as a personal name. In v. 16 N f retains the HT hdm.
14
endowed with speech; all Tgs. here add this endowment of man to the HT.
15from the beginning; (m)qdm of HT taken as from the beginning rather than as to the east. This understanding
of qdm as beginning is common: Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, Vulgate; see Jerome, Hebr. quaestiones, in Gen 2:8
(CCL 72,4). Opinion however was divided regarding the time of creation of individual items: Torah, Garden of Eden,
Gehenna, etc. The Garden of Eden was not created before the creation of the world, but before Adam and on third day
according to a tradition in Gen. R. 15, 3. See also note to N f Gen 3:24.
16the first Adam; corresponds to the Hebrew adam ha-rishon, a common rabbinic designation for Adam; cf. also 1
Cor 15:45.
17within the middle; N f strengthens HTs within, or in the middle of, by a double translation.
18The river Pishon was identified with the Indian river Ganges in Jeromes day (cf. Hebr. quaest., in Gen 2:11; CCL
72,4); see already Josephus, Ant., 1, 38.
I9lndia; HT: Havilah; identification known to Jerome (loc. cit.) and implicit in the identification of Pishon with
the Ganges.
58 Translation

land is good. From there comes bdellium, and precious stones and pearl.20 13. And
the name of the second river is Gihon. It is that which surrounds and encircles the
land of Cush. 14. The name of the third river is Tigris. It is that which surrounds
and encircles Assyria to the east. And the fourth river is the Great21 River, the river
Euphrates. 15. And the Lord God* took Adam and had him dwell in the garden of
Eden to toil in the Law and to observe its commandments.22 16. And the Lord God
commanded A dam ,13 saying: From ' all the trees of the garden you may surely eat;
17. from the tree of knowledge, however, from which anyone who eats would know
to distinguish between good and evil, you shall not eat of it because on the day that
you shall eat you shall surely die. 18. And the Lord God said, It is not proper that
m an5 should be alone; I will make' for him a partner similar to himself. 19. And
from the ground" the Lord God created every beast that is on the surface of the
field and all the birds of the heavens; and he brought them to Adam to see what ^
he would call them. And whatever Adam called a living creature in the language o f
the sanctuary,23 that was its name. * 20. And Adam gave their names to all the cattle

Apparatus, Chapter 2
q Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (took) Adam and 5Lit.: son of man; Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord
confined him in the garden to toil; VNL: the (said): It is not fitting that Adam be alone.
Memra of the Lord took Adam and made him CTg B: I will create for him.
dwell in the Garden of Eden and confined him uNfmg: the Memra of the Lord (created) from the
(there) to toil in the law and observe; P: And the earth; CTg B: and Adonai God created from the
Memra of the Lord took Adam and confined him earth.
in the Garden to toil in the law and to keep its wCTg B: to see by what names he would call them.
commandments; cf. Nfmg. * CTg B: and whatever Adam called a living crea
rNfmg: the Memra of the Lord to Adam saying ture, that was its name; Nfmg adds: (its name)
(text: keeping): From (all the trees). until the time of this day.

Notes, Chapter 2
20pearl; Greek loan word: margarites.
21For addition great see Gen 15:18; Deut 1:7; Jos 1:4; see also Gen. R. 16, 3: greatest of all rivers.
22commandments; which commandments not specified; probably in general. Specified in Gen. R. 16:5 (sabbath, sac
rifices); N f Gen 3:9 speaks of a precept (not to eat from tree?).
23the language of the sanctuary, lit. language of the house of holiness, Isn byt q d s\i.e., Hebrew, through which, ac
cording to Nf, the world was created (Nf Gen 11:1 ; see also Gen. R. 18,4 on Gen 2:23), the language used by Abraham
addressing God (Nf Gen 22:1); spoken by Jacob to the angel (Nfmg 31:11); for naming Gal-ed (Nf Gen 31:47); naming
Benjamin (Nf 35:18); Moses, replying to God (Nf Exod 3:4). Elsewhere, both in Aramaic and Hebrew, Hebrew is called
the sacred language, lit. language of holiness. See Grossfelds note on N f s use of the phrase in the above texts (noted
in Diez Macho Neophyti 7, III, 31 *; also in 1989, note 30 to Gen 2:19). Diez Macho notes in N f the use of the sanctuary
(lit. the house of holiness, byt qds) also with other nouns, where the HT has simply holiness, thus establishing a prob
ability that sanctuary (lit. house of holiness) in N f may mean no more than holiness, and language of the
sanctuary (of the house of holiness) another way of saying holy or sacred language. For the other texts in N f see
Exod 28:43; 29:30; 35:19; 39:1; 39:41 (Nf and Nfmg), garments of the sanctuary (lit. garments of the house of holi
ness) for garments of holiness, holy garments; Lev 4:6 (mercy-seat of the sanctuary), 5:15; 8:9 (crown of the
sanctuary = holy crown); 16:32 (garments of the sanctuary = holy garments), 16:33 (for the house of the holy of holies
= for the holy of holies; Nfmg: for the sanctuary of the temple, lit. holy place of the holy of holies); Num 35:25
(with the oil of the sanctuary, byt qwdsh; = holy oil); a similar case in the Qumran Targum 4QTgLev and 4QTgLev
16:20, with byt qds(% sanctuary, house of holiness, where N f and Onq. have holiness.
 Translation 59

and to the birds of the heavens, and to all the wild beasts that are on the surface of
the field; yet for Adam he did not find a partner similar to himself. 21. And the
Lord God cast1 a deep sleep24 on Adam, and he fell asleep. And he took one rib of
his ribs and placed flesh in its stead. 22. And the Lord God perfected2 the rib he
had taken from Adam into a woman and he took her to Adam. 23. And Adam said:
This time, and never again, is a woman created25 from man, as this one has been
created from me, bone from my bone and flesh from my flesh. It is fitting that this
one be called woman because it is from a male that this one has been c r e a te d 24.
For this reason shall a man separateaa his couch26from that o f his father and that o f
his mother and adhere to his wife. And the two of them will become one flesh. 25.
And both of them were naked, Adam and his wife, and as y etbb they did not know
what shame was.

CHAPTER 3
1. The serpent was shrewder than all the beasts that are on the surface of the field
which the Lord G oda had created.1 And he said to the woman: So, the Lord has
said: * You may not eat of any of the trees of the garden. 2. And the woman said
to the serpent: We may eat of the fruit of the trees'72 of the garden; 3. but of the

Apparatus, Chapter 2
vNfmg: the Memra of the Lord induced a sleep; aa VNL: wherefore a man shall leave the bedroom of
CTg B: and Adonai God cast a sweet sleep upon his father and his mother; P: the bedroom of his
Adam. father; CTg B: for this reason a man shall sepa
z Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord built; CTg B: And rate his bed from his father and from his mother.
Adonai God built; P: and (the Lord . . . ) pre bb CTg B: .. Adam and his wife and they did not
pared (or: adorned). know what shame was.

Notes, Chapter 2
24deep sleep. MT: tardemah; same rendering in N f 15:12.
25created; HT: taken; in keeping with N f s tendency to render all verbs (create, form, make) having to do with
Gods creative act by the single verb create; see note to 1:7.
26separate his couch; lit. his sleeping. mdmk, as CTg B. The other Pal. Tg. texts have: his sleeping place.

Apparatus, Chapter 3
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. c Nfmg: all the trees; HT: of the tree.
^Nfmg, CTg B: So indeed (Nf >wm; Nfmg: So
then, Ihwd rwm:; CTg B: because that, hip rwm)
the Memra of the Lord has said.

Notes, Chapter 3
^created. HT: made; see note to 2:23 and 1:7.
2of the trees. HT: of the tree (collective); Syr.: of all the trees.
60 Translation

fruit of the tree d that is in the middle of the garden, the Lord*3 has said: You shall
not eat of it and you shall not draw near to it, and (thus) you shall not/4 die. 4.
And the serpent said to the woman: You certainly shall not die; 5. because it is
manifest and knowng before the Lord5 that on the day you eat of it your eyes will be
opened, and that you will be like angels before the Lord,6 knowing to distinguish be
tween good and evil. 6. And the woman saw that the tree was good to eat and that
it was a desirable to the eyes,h and that the tree was suited to have one acquire wis
dom by it. ' So she took of its fruits and ate and she also gave to her husband with
her and he ate. 7. And the eyes of both of them were opened;7 and they knew that
they were naked and sewed fig leaves for themselves and made for themselves
g ird le s/7 8. And they heard the sound of the Memra o f the Lord God walking
within"1 the garden at the breeze8 of the day; and Adam and his wife hid them
selves from before the Lord God" within the trees of the garden. 9. And the Lord
God0 called Adam and said to him: Behold, the whole world which I created is man
ifest before me; darkness and light are manifest before me. And do you reckon that
the place within which you are is not manifest before me? Where is the precept9 that
I commanded you?p 10. And he said: I heard the sound o f your M emra9 in the
garden and I was afraid because I am naked, and I hid myself. 11. And he said:

Apparatus, Chapter 3
d CTg B: the tree of knowledge. height (lit.: might) of the day; (almost verbatim
e Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. as PVNL).
^CTg B: lest you die. "P: the Memra of the Lord; Nfmg: from the
8 Nfmg: manifest before. Memra of the Lord within the middle of the
h CTg B: to the sight of the eyes (i.e., eyesight). garden.
1Or: a delight to behold (M. Klein, in translating Nfmg, P: the Memra of the Lord; VNL: the
CTg B). Memra of the Lord God.
J wytpthwn\ Nfmg: wpthw (with assimilation of tau p Nfmg: and how do you think that the place within
of tp-). which you are is not manifest before me (text: be
Nfmg: fig leaves and made for themselves robes fore him)? Where are the commandments I com
('ystlwwn\ probably Greek/Latin loan word stole, manded you? = P; ending of Nf=VNL.
stola)\ VNL same ending; P: robes. q Nfmg, P: (the voice of) your Dibbura (Nfmg dbrk)
mNfmg: walking about within the garden at the I heard walking about within (P: in) the Garden.

Notes, Chapter 3
3the Lord. HT: Elohim.
4(you shall) not. MT: pen, lest; on N fs rendering of HTs pn, see Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 3 to Gen 3.
5manifest and known before the Lord. HT: God knows; paraphrase intended to avoid making God the subject of
action relating to creation; cf. McNamara, 1972, 93f. and note to 1:4.
6like angels before the Lord; HT : like God (Elohim, or: gods), or angels, as in Onq., Ps.-J.; cf. 2 Sam 14:17,20.
See note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series) and in Grossfeld, op. cit.
?R. Abba b. Kahana understood the Hebrew to imply clothes for men and women (Gen. R. 19,6). See note k in
Apparatus.
breeze (msb from root nsb), lit. blowing (of the day), possibly scorching heat; HT: at the rwh (i.e., wind,
breeze) of the day. Rabbinic and later opinion was divided as to whether a morning or evening breeze is intended; see
Gen. R. 19,8; M. Kasher, in Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, V, 78*, and B. Grossfeld, op. cit., note 9 to Gen 3.
where is the precept?; HT: The Lord G od. . . said. . . Where are you? (yykh). Paraphrase avoids giving the im
pression of limitation in Gods knowledge, interpreting where as referring to a divine precept, not to God himself.
 Translation 61

Who toldr you that you were naked? Have you, perchance, eaten from the tree
from which I commanded you not to eat? 12. And Adam said: The woman that
you have placed with me, she gave me from the tree and I ate. 13. And the Lord
God* said to the woman: What is this you have done? And the woman said: The
serpent deceived me and I ate. 14. And the Lord G od' said to the serpent: Be
cause you have done this, you will be more accursed, O serpent, than all the cattle
and than all the wild beasts that are on the surface of the fields. On your belly you
will crawl and dust will be your fo o d 10 all the days of your life. 15. And I will put
enm ity11 between you" and the woman and between your sons'*12 and her sons.xl2
And it will come about that when her sonsy observe the Law and do the command
ments they will aim at you and smite you on your head and kill you. But when they
forsake the commandments o f the Law you will aim and bite him on his heel and
make him ill. 13 For her sons,z however, there will be a remedy, 14 but for you, O ser
pent, there will not be a remedy,aa since they are to make appeasement in the end, in
the day o f King Messiah. 16. And to the woman he said: I will greatly multiply
your pains and your pregnancies. bb In pain you will bring forth children and to your
husband you will turn and he will have authority over you,cc whether to remain just

Apparatus, Chapter 3
r Nfmg: (who) was the cause of. woman labor in the Law and do perform the com
5Nfmg: And the Memra of the Lord said. mandments they shall be aiming at and smiting
Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. you on your head and killing you. And when the
Various Nfmg almost verbatim as P (P extra in sons of the woman forsake the precepts of the Law
brackets): (enmities I will put) between the ser and do not perform the commandments you shall
pent and (between) the woman and between the de be aiming at and biting them in their heels and
scendants of his (P: your) sons, and the descen making them sick. However, there will be healing
dants of her sons. (And it shall be that when the (or: a remedy) for the sons of the woman, and for
sons of the woman) labor in [or: study) the law and you, O serpent, there will be no healing. For they,
keep the commandments (they shall be smiting and one for the other, are to make peace (spyyt\ or: ap
wounding you in your head and killing you and peasement) in the heel in the very end of the days,
when) the sons of the woman refrain themselves in the days of the King Messiah.
and do not (Nfmg: so as not to) labor in the Law wbnyk (2nd per. fem. pl.).
and keep the commandments you shall aim and x bnh (= beneha), for bnyh; cf. Golomb, p. 53.
bite them in their heels and wound them. However, y bnyh.
for the sons of the woman there shall be healing * bryh (see n. 12).
but for you (Nfmg adds: O serpent) there shall be aa N f spywtyh; P: swpyyt'; VN: spwyyt (root spy?; cf.
no healing. For they, one and the other are to make Nf, CTg E Gen 31: 2, 5).
peace {swpyyt\ or: appeasement) (in the very end Nfmg: your times (or: your pregnancies) with
of the days, in the days of the King Messiah; pains will you bear.
VNL: and it shall be that when the sons of the Nfmg: your safety and he will rule over you.

Notes, Chapter 3
10your food; cf. Isa 65:25 and Pal. Tg. Num 22:6, citing Pal. Tg. Gen 3:14.
1'enmity, b l dbbw\ lit. (an) enemy; also in N f Num 35:21-22. The other Tg. texts have enmity (db[b]w).
l2your sons; HT: seeds; the Pal. Tgs. generally render seed of HT when referring to humans as sons. On Pal.
Tg. paraphrase of Gen 3:15 see M. McNamara, 1966A, 217-222; B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,95-97. Note here the Targums
double, even triple, translation of certain keywords of the extremely difficult underlying HT: swp (observe, aim,
smite), qb (heel, end [of days]). For the plural bryh (her sons; see Apparatus, note z), with resh instead of nun
(bnyh ), see C. Meehan in Zeit. deut. Pal. Ver. 96 (1980) 66; J. Levy, Chaldisches Wrterbuch (1881) 111b.
13make him ill. . . , etc. For the connection between observance of the commandments and success, see Pal. Tg. Gen
27:40 (Nf, PVN), Deut 33:29 (Nf); see also biblical text Deut 28:Iff.; 30:15-18.
14remedy; cf. Gen. R. 20,5: In the messianic age all will be healed except the serpent and the Gibeonite (R. Levi).
62 Translation

or to sin.15 17. And to Adam he said: Since you have heeded the voice of your wife
and have eaten of the tree concerning which I commanded you, saying: You shall
not eat of it, the earth will be cursed on your account. In pain will you eat the fruits
o f its harvestdd all the days of your life. 18. Thornsee and thistles shall it bring forth
for you, and you shall eat of the herbs^ that are on the surface of the field. Adam
answered and said: Pray, by the mercy (that is) before you, O Lord; let us not be
reckoned as the cattle, eating the grass that is on the surface o f the field. Let us stand
upright, I pray, and labor; and from the labor o f my hands let us eat16food from the
fruits o f the earth.8g Thereby shall h e 17 distinguish the sons o f man from the cattle."
19. You will e a t18 bread from the sweat from before your face** until you return to
the earth, because from it you were created; because you are dust and to dust you
are to return.19 But from the dust you are to arise again to give an account and a
reckoning o f all that you have done. 20. And the man" called the name of his wife
Eve7-'20 because she was the mother of all the living. 21. And the Lord God made**
for Adam and for his wife garments o f glory,21 formm the skin o f their flesh, and he

Apparatus, Chapter 3
dd P: from the fruits all the days . . . otherwise 11Using the Hebrew hdm\ P: Adam ( dm).
P=Nf. JJNfmg: (called the name of his wife) the serpent
w Nf=PV except in P a different word for thorns. (hwwyy') in that she.
//p. green herbage. **P: and the Memra of the Lord God created=
88 Nfmg, PVN: from the fruits of the earth (not in P) Nfmg.
you shall eat food now. mm P: from; Nfmg: by (or: with) the skin.
hh P: by the sweat of your face, using MT Hebrew
word for sweat.

Notes, Chapter 3
l5whether to remain just or to sin (or: to exonerate or convict, B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 97; Sokoloff, 1990, 177:
whether to be innocent or to sin). For a similar Aramaic expression see Pal. Tg. Gen 4:7 (Nf, PVNL, Ps.-J.). According to
B. Grossfeld (op. cit., note 20 to 3:16), this aggadic supplement in Gen 3:16 seems to be in direct conflict with rabbinic opin
ion as found in Gen. R. 20,7. He considers plausible the explanation offered by Bassfreund and S. Wohl (Das palstinische
Pentateuchtargum [Zwickau, 1935] 1011) that the Pal. Tg. and Ps.-J. at Gen 3:16 contain an erroneous transposition of an
almost identical phrase occurring in Tg. Gen 4:7. However, in both cases the expression is a paraphrase added to the same
Hebrew word msl (b-, possibly a mechanical paraphrastic rendering). See note 11 to 4:7.
16let us not be reckoned.. . , let us stand. . . eat. Note, in all texts of the midrash, the first person plur. in the verbs of
Adams words, despite the sing, my hands. This may be due to the collectivity (i.e., mankind) intended. In Palestinian
Aramaic, however, the form of the first person plur. imperfect is often used to express the first person sing. Examples in
Pal. Tg. in Le Daut, 1978 (Gense) 95; see further Odeberg, 1939, II, 11, note; Dalman, 1927,265f. (par. 61). On 3:18-19
see also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 97-99.
thus shall he, i.e., God; third person impersonal; or: one.
you shall e a t. . . ; the speaker is God; rendering of biblical text resumes after inserted midrash.
to dust. . . return. See note to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series) for Gen. R. 20,19 on this verse and resurrection. There is
reference to resurrection in all Pal. Tg. texts (Nf, P, Ps.-J.) of this verse. There is a connection between this verse and res
urrection also in Life of Adam and Eve (Apocalypse of Moses, 41). On the question of the resurrection in Judaism, see M.
McNamara, 1983A, 180-183; A. Rodriquez Carmona, 1978, 15-20, for Gen 3:19.
Eve, N f has Hwh, with HT and P; Nfmgs text has hwwyy\ the serpent, reflecting an interpretation attributed to
R. Aha in Gen. R. 20,11 and 22,2 (on Gen 4:11), regarding Eve as a (or the) serpent in having seduced Adam.
" garments of glory; HT : of skin, wr ; N f s rendering reflects a tradition ascribed to R. Meir in Gen. R. 20,12, read
ing *wr, light, for wr, on Adam having been vested in garments of light. The tradition on Adam (or Adam and Eve)
having been vested in clothes of glory (righteousness, etc.) is probably older; see Apocalypse ofAdam (1st cent.) 20, inter
preting Gen 3:7 of being naked of the righteousness with which he had been clothed. See also Ginzberg, Legends, V, 121 f.
and note 120; idem, 1900, 49f. Once again, note Targumic double rendering of Hebrew wr as glory and skin.
 Translation 63

clothed them. 22. And the Lord God"" said: Behold, the first Adam22 whom I have
created is alone in the world as I am alone in the heavens on high. Numerous nations
are to arise from him, 23 and from him shall arise one nation who will know to distin
guish between good and evil. I f he had observed the precept o f the Law and fulfilled
its commandment he would live and endure forever like the tree o f life. And now,
since he has not observed the precepts o f the Law and has not fulfilled its command
ment, behold we will banish him from the garden o f Eden before he stretches out his
hand and takes of the fruit of the tree o f life24 and eats and lives for ever. 23. And
the Lord00 God banished him from the garden of Eden to tilloob,s the earth from
which he had been created.25 24. And he banished Adam; and he had made the
Glory o f his Shekinah26 dwell from the beginning to the east27 of the Garden of
Eden, betweenpp the two cherubim. Two thousand years28 before he created the world
he had created the Law; he had prepared the garden o f Edenqq for the just and
Apparatus, Chapter 3
nn P: and the Memra of the Lord God said: Behold within angular brackets in N, not in V); P: And he
Adam [=Nfmg] whom I created . . . good and evil. banished Adam and made his Shekinah dwell from
And now let us (=me) banish him from the garden the beginning above the Garden of Eden___Be
. . . live forever; VNL = N f except . . . good and fore the world was created . . . he established the
evil. And now it is well that we (=1) banish him . . . Garden of Eden for the just that they eat and enjoy
forever. themselves . . . from the fruit of its Tree because
00P: And the Memra of the Lord (=Nfmg) drove they kept the precepts of the Law in the world. For
him out. the wicked he established Gehenna, which is com
oobls Nfmg: to be tilling; =P. parable to a sword devouring with both edges. He
WVNL: above. established within it sparks of fire and burning
99 VNL: and he banished Adam . . . he created the coals for the wicked to be avenged of them in the
Law and prepared Gehenna and the Garden of world to come because they did not observe the
Eden. He prepared the Garden of Eden for the just precepts of the Law in this world. Indeed the fruit
that they might eat and enjoy themselves from the of the Tree of Life is the Law. Everyone who keeps
fruits of the tree because they kept the precepts of it in this world lives and endures like the Tree of
the Law in this world. For the wicked he prepared Life for the world to come. The Law is good for
Gehenna, which is comparable to a sharp sword those who labor (in it) and for those who keep the
cutting at both edges. He prepared within it . . . commandments like the fruits of the Tree of Life
(etc. as in Nf). <Because the Tree of Life. Anyone for the world to come. Nfmg carries part of the
who keeps it in this world will live and flourish like ending of this, thus: Indeed it endures from (P:
the Tree of Life. The Law is good for the one who like) the Tree of Life; for those who labor (in it)
labors (in it) in this world> like the fruits of the and those who keep the commandments like.
Tree of Life in (lit.: for) the world to come (text

Notes, Chapter 3
22the first Adam; see note to 2:8.
23from him. Corresponds to of us (from us, mmnw) of HT (become like one of us) and the paraphrase suc
ceeds in avoiding the inherent anthropomorphism. See also notes 48-50 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
24For the tree of life, cf. Gen 2:9; it was identified with wisdom: Prov 3:18; 8; 11:30; 16:22; also 3:1-2; 11:30; 12:28;
30:15; 32:47; Bar 3:9-4:4; Rev 2:7; 22:2; 22:14; tree of life identified with law in Judaism; see M. Maher in ITQ 38(1971)
320f.
25he was created; HT: he was taken; see notes to 1:7 and 2:23.
26On the Shekinah, see Introduction, pp. 36-37.
27from the beginning to the east; double translation of HT mqdm (RSV): and to the east of their garden he placed the
cherubim___
28two thousand years Belief in the pre-existence of Torah, Garden of Eden, Gehenna, etc., was widespread in
Jewish tradition but various dates were assigned for their creation. The age of two thousand years before creation as
signed to Torah was arrived at by identification of Torah and wisdom; wisdom rejoicing before God daily (lit.: day
day=two days) before creation; one day = one thousand years (Ps 90:40) (a tradition associated with R. Huna, 350 c . e .,
and Resh Lakish, 270 c . e ) . See further M. Maher, 1971, 317-320, esp. 317, n. 37.
 64 Translation

Gehenna 29for the wicked. He had prepared the garden o f Eden for the just that they
might eat and delight themselves from the fruits o f the tree, because they had kept
precepts o f the Law in this world and fulfilled the commandments. For the wicked he
prepared Gehenna, which is comparable to a sharp sword devouring with both edges.
He prepared within it darts o f fire and burning coals for the wicked, to be avenged o f
them in the world to come because they- did not observe the precepts o f the Law in
this world. For the Law is a tree of life30 for everyone who toils in it and keeps the
commandments: he lives and endures like the tree of life in the world to come. The
Law is good for all who labor in it in this world like the fruit o f the tree o f life.

CHAPTER 4
1. And the m ana knew1 Eve his wife and she conceived and bore Cain and she
said: Behold, I have been given2 a sonb from before the Lord. 2. And later she
bore Abel his brother. Now, Abel was a shepherd of flocks and Cain tilled the earth.
3. And it happened in the course of tim e3 that Cain brought a gift4 from the fruits
of the earth to the name o f the L o rd / 4. And Abel also*brought (his gift) from the
first-born of his flock and from the fat ones5 among them. And the Lord* received

Notes, Chapter 3
29the Garden of Eden. . . Gehenna. According to a tradition in Gen. R. 21,9, Gehenna was created on the second day
of creation and the Garden of Eden on the third; this latter part of the tradition already in Jub 2:7. In the tradition of Tg.
Cant 8:6, Gehenna was created on the last (sixth) day of creation; so also b Pes 53a on M Pes 4:4 (view of R. Jose).
30the law is the tree of life; see note to 3:22; texts in Sifre Deut 40 (end); Lev. R. IX, 3; XXXV, 6; Pal. Tg. (P) Exod
15:25; see M. Maher, art. cit. On 3:24, and the connection with 3:15,19,22 through reference to the commandments, see
B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 101-104.

Apparatus, Chapter 4
Text as in HT: h'dm. d Text p; in Nfmg the synonymous variant lhd\ =
b In text regular form br (bar); Nfmg: byr (bir), a CTg B.
form found in Ps-J. ^Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
c Nfmg: before the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 4
'knew, N f hkm\ HT: yd . When HT yd denotes sexual relations, N f tends to translate by hkm, e.g., Gen 4:1,17,25;
19:5, 8; 24:16; 38:26; also VNL at 19:8; PVNL at 38:26; CTg E, 38:26.
2I have been given. . . from before; HT (RSV): I have gotten (qnyty) a son . . . with (the help of, 7) the Lord; N f s
paraphrase avoids anthropomorphism.
3course of time; lit. at the end of the days, =HT. On the midrash in Gen 4:3-16, see G. Vermes, The Targumic
Versions of Genesis IV 3-16, Annual of Leeds University Oriental School (Leiden, 1961-62) 81-114; G. Grelot, Les
Targums du Pentateuque: Etude comparative daprs Gense IV, 3-16 "Semitica 9 (1959) 59-88; McNamara, 1966A,
156-160.
4gift, Greek loan word: doron.
5fat ones, smynyhwn, as in CTg B; thus also R. Jose b. T. Hanina in Gen. R. 25,5. Ps.-J. and Onq.: ptymhwn.
 Translation 65

Abel and his offering/ with favor,6 5. but he did not receive Cain and his offering-^
with favor, and Cain was greatly displeased and his countenance1 changed. 6. And
the Lord4' said to Cain: Why, I pray, are you displeased and why has your
countenance7 changed? 7. Surely, if you make your work in this world to be good,
you will be remitted and pardoned8 in h the world to come; but if you do not make
your work in this world to be good, your sin will be kept for the day o f great
judgment;9 and at the door o f your heart your sin crouches. Into1your hands, how
ever, I have given the control over the evil inclination10 and you shall rule it, whether
to remain just or to sin.11 8. And Cain said to Abel his brother:12 Come!j Let the

Apparatus, Chapter 4
: Nfmg: gift (Greek loan word droti). by the fruits of good works is it governed;CTg
8 Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord; = CTg B. X ( Tosafoth, Gen 4:7,8): Tosefta. Why if you im
hNfmg: for = CTg B. prove. Why, if you improve your deeds it will be
' Nfmg: between your hand(s) par(doned you). (Cain answered and said to his
7Verse 8: CTg B: and Cain answered his brother brother Abel:) There is no judgment and there is
Abel and said: Come and let the two of us go out no judge and there is no world outside this one.
into the open field. And when the two of them had Abel answered (and said:) There is judge(ment and
gone out into the open field Cain answered and there is) a judge and there is another world for the
said to Abel: I see that the world has been created giving of retribution for evil and for good. At that
by (or: in) mercy and it is guided (= governed) by moment (lit.: hour) <C ain> considered in his
(or: in) mercy. Why {mn bgll mh) was your offering heart what he might do to him but failed to find
received favorably from you and mine was not re (anything). After this (his) wrath subsided (or: was
ceived favorably from me? Abel answering said to removed; or: he loathed his wrath) and he said to
Cain: What matters it that the world has been cre Abel: Let there, I pray, be no (quarreling) between
ated in mercy, and that it is governed by mercy; me and you. Separate from me and take the flock
surely {brm) it is (also) governed by the fruits of as your portion. Abel said to him: My desire is (in)
good works. Because my deeds were better than a true division. (After) Abel had gone to his flock
yours my offering was received from me favorably and had departed from Cain, Cain considered in
and from you (your offering) was not received fa his heart and said: What have I done? The summer
vorably. And the two of them were disputing in the (month will pass) and I will have no (lit.: there will
open field. And Cain rose up against his brother be no) milk to drink (lit.: to eat) and no wool to
Abel and killed him; P: . . . and it came to pass wear. He rose up and ran after him and overtook
when the two of them went out to the open field him and said (to him: This is now) a trustworthy
Cain answered and said to Abel: There is no judg division. Take for yourself half the flock and half
ment and there is no judge and there is no other of the land and I (lit.: we) will take half of the flock
world. Nor is there any giving of good reward to and half of the land. Abel said to him: Do what
the just nor is retribution demanded from the you desire. And that moment (lit.: at that time)
wicked. And the world was not created in mercy they made the division. Abel said to him: This is
nor is it governed by (or: in) mercy. Why {mn bgll an even division, which is (done) in fairness (lit.: in
m) has your offering been favorably received from truth). Abel went on his way. Cain (then) sought to
you and (mine) has not been received from me? graze his portion of the flock. He found he could
Abel answering said to Cain: There is judgment not graze the flock and (thereby) give up working
and there is a judge and there is another world and the land. He went to Abel and said: There is an
there is good reward for the just and retribution is other (division) fairer than this. You take the flock
exacted of the wicked. And the world was created as your portion and I (lit.: we) will take the land as
in mercy and is governed by mercy. Because the my portion. Abel agreed (lit.: said in his heart) to
fruits of my deeds were better than yours, my offer do Cains desire. Cain, however, was bearing a
ing was received favorably from me and (yours) grudge against Abel from before this, because
was not favorably received from you. And the two Abels (twin) sister was Cains wife and she was not
of them quarreled in the open field and Cain rose as beautiful in appearance as Cains (twin) sister
up against Abel his brother and killed him; V=P who was Abels wife. When Cain remembered what
with minor variants, except that after the world was in his heart, Cain said: Now I have found the
. . . is governed by mercy V adds: However {brm) occasion (lit.: time; = opportunity) for my grudge
66 Translation

two o f us go out into the open field.And when the two o f them had gone out into the
open field, Cain answered and said to Abel: I perceive that the world was not cre
ated by mercy and that it is not being conducted according to the fruits o f good
words, and that there is favoritism in judgment. Why was your offering received fa
vorably and my offering was not received favorably from me? Abel answered and
said to Cain: I perceive that the world was created by mercy and that it is being con
ducted according to the fruits o f good words. And because my works were better than
yours, my offering was received from me favorably and yours was not received favora
bly from you. Cain answered and said to Abel: (<There is no judgment, and there is

Apparatus, Chapter 4
(?; reading uncertain). He ran after him and said to when he saw that he had died (lit.: and he saw and
him: Get out from my land which I have taken as behold he was dead and) he feared that his father
my portion. Abel found no place to go out to and would demand Abel from him and he did not know
he (i.e., Cain) did not know with what (or: in what what to do. He raised his eyes and saw the bird
place) he would strike him. He turned here and that had killed its fellow putting its mouth to the
there until he saw two birds fighting and one arose ground, digging (a hole) and burying its dead
against the other and struck it in the mouth and neighbor, and putting earth over it. At that mo
the blood spurted out until it died. Cain learned ment (lit.: hour) Cain did the same with Abel, so
from it and did the same to Abel his brother. And that (his father) might not find him.

Notes, Chapter 4
^received with favor. HT: had regard for, looked at (s'h ): a common idiom in N f and Pal. Tg.
7countenance (changed); lit. splendor/countenance of his/your face (changed); HT: his/your face fell. The same
Aramaic expression renders different Hebrew words in Deut 34:7.
8remitted and pardoned; Aramaic sry wsbq. Compare NT expressions in John 20:23; Matt 16:19; 18:18. See discus
sion in Z. W. Falk, Binding and Loosing, JJS 25 (1974) 92-100; Vermes, art. cit., Annual o f Leeds University Oriental
School (Leiden) 107-109; Strack and Billerbeck, Kommentar, 1,637; II, 585. For rabbinic parallels see Grossfeld, Neofiti,
note 10 to Gen 4.
9a day of great judgment. This expression, originating in apocalyptic, is very common in rabbinic writings; see M.
McNamara, 1968, 135f.; idem, 1983A, 188-192.
1the evil inclination. A typically rabbinic concept and expression, found already in 11 QPsaplea, line 15: neither let
pain nor the evil inclination take possession of my bones (cf. M. McNamara, 1983B, 159, 184).
1 'whether to remain just or to sin (byn lymzky wbyn Imhty); already in N f Gen 3:16 (with Imzkh ). In both cases it oc
curs as an additional paraphrase on the Hebrew msl b-, to rule over, have power over. See note to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this
series). The origin of the paraphrase was facilitated by the difficulty of the HT. For midrash in Ps.-J., see Gerard J.
Kuiper, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: A Study of Genesis 4:7-10:16, Augustinianum 10 (1970) 533-570. For a textual
study of N f Gen 4:7, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 105-106.
l2The developed midrash in this verse has been transmitted in a variety of texts: Nf, PVN, Ps.-J., CTg B, as tosafoth in
CTg I, FF and X. The differences between the various texts seem at times to be redactional. The midrash has been stud
ied from a variety of angles: literary, redactional, regarding the Sitz-im-Leben (adversaries intended), etc. To literature
noted at 4:7 add: S. Isenberg, An Anti-Sadducees Polemic in the Palestinian Targum Tradition, HTR 63 (1970) 433-
444; R. Le Daut, Traditions targumiques dans le corpus paulinien? Biblica 42 ( 1961 ) 28-44; A. Marmorstein, Einige
vorlufige Bemerkungen zu den neuendeckten Fragmenten des Jerusalemischen (palstinischen) Targums, ZA W 49
(1931) 232-242; J. Ramon Diaz, Dos notas sobre el Targum Palestinense, Sefarad 19 ( 1959) 133-136; M. McNamara,
1966A, 156-160; A. J. Braver, The Debate Between a Sadducee and Pharisee in the Mouths of Cain and Abel, Beth
Mikra 44 ( 1971 ) 583-585 (in Hebrew); J. M. Bassler, Cain and Abel in the Palestinian Targums. A Brief Note on an Old
Controversy, JSJ 17 (1986) 56-64; B. D. Chilton, A Comparative Study of Synoptic Development: The Dispute Be
tween Cain and Abel in the Palestinian Targums and the Beelzebul Controversy in the Gospels, JBL 101 (1982)
553-562; B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 107-109 (textual analysis). See also Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 16 to chapter.
 Translation 67

no judge and there is no other world. There is no giving o f good reward13 to the just
nor is vengeance exacted o f the wicked.Abel answered and said to Cain: There is
judgment, and there is a judge, and there is another world. And there is giving o f
good reward to the just and vengeance is exacted o f the wicked in the world to come.
Concerning this matter the two o f them were disputing in the open field. And Cain
rose up against Abel his brother and killed him. 9. And the Lord said to Cain:k
Where is Abel your brother? And he said: I do not know. Am I my brothers
keeper? 10. And he said: What is this that you have done? The voice of the blood
o f the righteous multitudes14 that were to arise from Abel your brother is crying
against you before me from the earth. 11. And now, Cain, you will be cursed from
the earth that opened its mouth to receive the blood of your brother from your
hands. 12. When you till the earth m it will no longer yield the fruits o f the harvest to
you. You, Cain, shall be an exile and a wanderer on the earth. " 13. And Cain said
before the Lord: My debts are too numerous to bear; before you, however, there is
power to remit and pardon.p 15 14. Behold, you banish me this day from the face of
the earth, yet from before you it is not possible for me to hide.916 And Cain shall be
an exile and a wanderer on the earth, r and anyone who meets him will kill him.
15. And the Lord1 swore to him: Anyone who kills Cain, (judgment) will be sus
pended for him for seven generations. 17 And the Lord placed a sign on Cain so that
anyone who might m eet' him would not kill him. 16. And Cain went out from be
fore the Lord and dwelt in the land, an exile and a wanderer, to the east of Eden.

Apparatus, Chapter 4
k Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (said) to Cain = P, q CTg B: from before you, O Lord, it is not possible
CTg B. for a son of man (=anyone).
m CTg B (lit.): till within the land. rCTg B: within the land and anyone who finds
n CTg B (lit.): a wanderer within the land. him.
0 CTg B: . . . to carry and there are ways before you 5Nfmg, CTg B: the Memra of the Lord.
to remit and pardon. ' CTg B: find him.
p Nfmg: to pardon me = VNL. 14CTg B and VNL: of the Garden of Eden.

Notes, Chapter 4
13C. Meehan (JSJ 9, 1978,104) renders: a good reward should not be given to the righteous nor should the wicked be
punished___A good reward should be given----- , etc.
14multitudes; Greek loan word: ochlos\ HT : the blood (lit. bloods) of your brother; rabbinic parallels in Grossfeld,
op. cit., note 17.
15remit and pardon; see note to 4:7.
l6(from your face) it is not possible for one to hide. HT: from your face I shall be hidden; converse translation (cf.
Introduction, p. 31) to avoid attributing limitation to God.
17Judgment will be suspended for seven generations; these generations are spelled out in CTg X (see Apparatus to
4:23). Clemency was shown Cain for seven generations, at which time Lamech accidently killed him; Grossfeld, op. cit.,
note 23 to verse refers to Gen. R. 22:4; Tanh (A) Bereshit XI (p. 225) and the following appropriate rabbinic sources. T.B.
Sanh 37b; PRK, swbh, p. 160A; cf. also Tanh (B) Bereshit XXV, p. 19; Lev. R. X, 5, pp. 204f.; DeutR. VIII, 1, p. 114. Mid.
Agg. ad hoc.
68 Translation

Now before he killed Abel, the earth used to produce before him wlike the fruits o f the
garden o f Eden; after he had sinned, however, and killed Abel it changed to produce
before him x thorns and thistles. 17. And Cain knew his wife and she conceived and
bore Enoch. And he built a city and called the name of the city according to the
name of his son, Enoch. 18. And to Enoch was born Irad, and Irad begot Mehujael,
and Mehujael begot Methushael, and Methushael begot Lamech. 19. And Lamech
took two wives; the name of one o f them was Adah and the name of the second was
Zillah. 20. And Adah bore Jabel; he was the father of tent dwellers and cattle
owners.y 21. And the name of his brother was Jubal; he was the father of all who
play the harp and the flute.2 22. And Zillah: she also bore Tubal-cain, a craftsman
in every art of bronze and iron. And the sister of Tubal-cain was Naamah, the in
ventor of dirges and songs. 23. And Lamech said to his two wives, Adah and Zillah:
Listen to my voice, wives of Lamech; attend to the words o f my mouth. For I have
not killed a man so that I should be killed because of him aa and I have not de
stroyed a young man so that my descendants should be destroyed after me. 24. If
Cain, who killed Abel, had (judgment) suspended for him for seven generations, it is
but right18 that for Lamech, his grandson, who did not kill (judgment) be suspended:
for seventy-seven generations it will be suspended for him.' 25. And Adam knew his

Apparatus, Chapter 4
"CTg B and P and VNL: for him fruits like the swered and said ( . . . text lo st. . . ) We do not wish
fruits of the Garden of Eden___ ( ___). Lamech pleaded and said: I have not slain
* P: for him. a man (that I should bear guilt on his account) nor
vNfmg: father of all who dwell in tents and owners have I wounded a young man that my progeny
of herds. should be wiped out because of him. Be(cause for
2 Nfmg: and who play the harp and little flute. seven generations punishment is to be ex)acted for
aa Nfmg: that we (=1) should be killed in his stead Cain, that is Cain, Enoch, Irad, Mehuyael,
and my descendants should perish; CTg X (con Methusael, Lamech, Tubal-(cain). Behold, will it
tinuation of CTg X, note j to v. 7 above): Tosefta. not be seventy-seven times (for Lamech)? Adam
And Lamech said. And Lamech said to his wives: said to him: What the Merciful One has said (is):
Enter with me to the bedchamber so that I may Therefore anyone who kills Cain for seven genera
raise up progeny (lit.: seed) from you because tions shall retribution be exacted of him. At that
Henoch has ascended to above and Tubal-cain lies moment (lit.: time) he ordered the wives of
ill (and) will now be gathered to his people. The Lamech to obey him (lit.: receive from him). The
wives refused and said to him: We do not wish to wives said (to Adam that they would take an exam
become pregnant and to give birth, to have (the ple) from him [i.e., Adam] in this matter, separat
child) devoured. He answered them: Adah and ing from him just as you [i.e., Adam] separated
Zillah, hear my voice; wives of Lamech, listen to from Eve your wife. At that moment Adam was as
my words. If this is so, come in with me to the tounded at their words in this argument and he
court of justice. Both of them went with him to said in his heart: It is only right that I should (re
Adam. Lamech conversed with him and told him turn to Eve and continue to have children) (resto
what had happened to him with them [i.e., the ration in part uncertain; see M. Klein, following
wives] and how (kd) they had refused to listen to Gen. R. 23:5).
him (lit.: receive from him). The two of them an-

Notes, Chapter 4
18it is but right, bdyn hw\ a frequently used expression in the Mekilta and elsewhere, with the sense it is logical to
infer, it only makes sense, and the like; see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 113.
 Translation 69

wife again and she bore a son and called his name Seth: Because the Lord has ap
pointed for me another son in the place of Abel; for Cain killed him. 26. And to
Seth there was also born a so n ^ and he called his name Enosh. Then th ecc sons o f
man began to make idols for themselves and to surname them by the name of the
Memra o f the Lord. 19

CHAPTER 5
1. This is the book of the genealogical pedigree1 of Adam. The day the Lord cre
ated Adam, he created2 him in a likeness from before the Lord.3 2. Male and
female04 he created them; and he blessed them and called their name Adam the
day he created them. 3. And Adam lived one hundred and thirty years and begot (a
son) in his likeness, similar to h im self5 and called his name Seth. 4. And all the
days o f the life6 of Adam after he had begotten Seth were *eight hundred years; and

Apparatus, Chapter 4
bb Text of Nf: br, Nfmg: byr. to call them (Nfmg: it) by the name of the
cc Nfmg, P: in his days, behold then (P adds: the Memra of the Lord.
sons of man) began to serve in a foreign cult and

Notes, Chapter 4
19began to make idols. . . to surname them; HT : men began (hwhl) to call on the name of YHWH (cf. RSV). N f and
the Pal. Tgs. give a double interpretation to the HT hwhl, first as if from y hi, to begin, and then as if from hll, to pro
fane, i.e., to profane the name of God by idolatry and giving the divine name to idols. This exegesis finds extensive
support in the Midrashim, e.g., Gen. R. 23,7; Tanhuma B, Noah 24; texts in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 34 to Gen 4. There is
a detailed study of the text and of the rabbinic interpretation of Gen 1-11 by S. Fraade, Enosh and His Generation; Pre-
Israelite Hero and History in Postbiblical Interpretation, SBL Monograph 30 (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1984;
(Rabbinic Interpretations: Rabbinic Targumim, 111-119).

Apparatus, Chapter 5
a Nfmg: and his partner = P. b'b = VNL.

Notes, Chapter 5
'genealogical pedigree; see note to 2:4.
2he created; HT: he made. See note to 1:7.
3a likeness from before the Lord; HT: in the likeness of God. See note to 1:26.
4male and female = HT, as in N f Gen 6:19; 7:3,16; elsewhere N f renders female of HT as partner/mate; Gen 1:27;
7:9, CTg E has partner (7:3, 9, 16) and Frg. Tg. also (1:27; 5:2).
5(in his likeness), similar to himself. HT: (in his own likeness), after his image. See note to 1:26.
6of the life; addition to HT in Gen 5:4, 8,11,14,20,23,27; perhaps through influence of Gen 25:7; 47:8, 9,28. Pesh
also adds but in 5:4 only. See Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 5, note 4.
70 Translation

in those years1 he begot sons and daughters.* 5. And all the days of the life of
Adam were nine hundred and thirty years, cand he died and was gathered* from the
midst o f the world.c 6. And Seth lived a hundred and five years and begot Enosh. 7.
And Seth lived after he had begotten Enosh eight hundred and seven years, and in
those years he begot sons and daughters. 8. And all the days o f the life of Seth were
nine hundred and twelve years, and he died and was gathered from the midst o f the
world. 9. And Enosh lived ninety years and begot Kenan. 10. And Enosh lived after
he had begotten Kenan eight hundred and fifteen years, and in those years he begot
sons and daughters. 11. And all the days o f the life of Enosh were nine hundred and
five years, and he died and was gathered from the midst o f the world. 12. And
Kenan lived seventy years and begot Mahalalel. 13. And Kenan lived after he had
begotten Mahalalel eight hundred and forty years, and in those years he begot sons
and daughters. 14. And all the days o f the life of Kenan were nine hundred and ten
years, and he died and was gathered from the midst o f the world. 15. Mahalalel lived
sixty-five years and begot Jared. 16. And Mahalalel lived after he had begotten
Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and in those years he begot sons and daugh
ters. 17. And all the days of the life of Mahalalel were eight hundred and ninety-
five years, and he died and was gathered from the midst o f the world. 18. And Jared
lived a hundred and sixty-two years and begot Enoch. 19. And Jared lived after he
had begotten Enoch eight hundred years, and in those years he begot sons and
daughters. 20. And all the days o f the life of Jared were nine hundred and sixty-two
years, and he died and was gathered from the midst o f the world. 21. And Enoch
lived sixty-five years and begot Methuselah. 22. And Enoch served in truth before
the Lord after he had begotten Methuselah for three hundred years, and during
these years he begot sons and daughters. 23. And all the days o f the life of Enoch
were three hundred and sixty-five years.d 24. And Enoch served in truth9 before the
Lord and it is not known where he is,"10 because he was withdrawn11 by a

Apparatus, Chapter 5
c'c = VNL. not know what happened to him in the end (=end
Nfmg adds: and he died and was gathered from of him) because he was led (away) from before the
the midst of the world. Lord. Cf. VNf: by a memar (command) from
*Nfmg: and behold, he is not = VNL; P: and before the Lord.
Henoch served in truth before the Lord and we do

Notes, Chapter 5
7(etc.) in these years; addition to HT in ch. 5, possibly to specify that he begot only during the years immediately
preceding.
8he was gathered from the midst of the world. HT: and he died. This addition is found in N f Gen 5:5,8,11,14,17,
20, 27, 31 and 9:29 may have been influenced by Gen 25:8, 17, 35, 29; 19:33.
9served in truth before the Lord; HT: walked with God. See note 6 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series). See also N f Gen
6:9.
l0and it is not known where he is. HT: wynnw; RSV: and he was not. See note to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series).
11 he was withdrawn ( tngd) by a word (or command) from before the Lord. See note 8 to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series)
tngd of N f (from ngd, to draw) can be used in the sense of to die, as in Ps.-J., Gen 25:8 (of Abraham; Nf to cease to
exist), 49:33. However, in view of preceding was not found, in N f Gen 5:24 there appears to be a reference to Enochs
translation or ascension, although Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 5, note on verse, thinks otherwise. See F. Luciani, La sorte di
Enoch in un ambigo passo targumico, Bibbia e Oriente 22 ( 1980) 125-158; also K. Luke, The Patriarchal Enoch, Indi
an Theological Studies 23 (1986) 125-153 (discussion of the Targums, 149f.).
 Translation 71

com m and12 from before the Lord. 25. And Methuselah lived a hundred and
eighty< -seven> years and begot Lamech. 26. And Methuselah lived after he had
begotten Lamech seven hundred and eighty-two years, and in those years he begot
sons and daughters. 27. And all the days o f the life of Methuselah were nine hun
dred and sixty-nine years and he died and was gathered from the midst o f the world.
28. And Lamech lived a hundred and eighty-two years and begot a son. 29. And he
called his name Noah, saying: This one will console us from our evil deeds and
from the robbery of our hands, from the earth which has been cursed by a com
mand from before the Lord. 30. And Lamech lived after he had begotten Noah five
hundred and ninety-five years, and in those years he begot sons and daughters. 31.
And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred and seventy-seven years, and he
died and was gathered from the midst o f the world. 32. And Noah was five hundred
years and Noah begot Shem, Ham and Japheth.

CHAPTER 6
1. And it came to pass that the sons o f m a n 1 began to multiply on the face of the
earth and female daughters were born to them. 2. And the sons of the judgesal saw
that the daughters o f the sons o f m an3 were beautiful in appearance4 and they took
wives5 for themselves from among whomsoever they chose. 3. And the Lord* said:

Notes, Chapter 5
l2by a word (mmr) from before the Lord"; HT: the Lord took him; mmr: word or command. See note to Ps.-J.
(vol. IB in this series).

Apparatus, Chapter 6
Nfmg: of the kings (mlkyy')\ corr. to angels stroyed and blotted out, a complete eradication
(mVk-). (lit.: stroke). Lo, have I not given my spirit in the
b Nfmg and VNL: the Memra of the Lord; P: and sons of man because they are flesh and their deeds
the Memra of the Lord said: The generations that (are) good deeds? Behold I have given them the
are to arise after the generation of the flood will span of a hundred and twenty years (in the hope
not be judged. The decree of judgment (= verdict) that) perhaps they might perform repentance, but
of the generation of the Flood is sealed, to be de they have not done (it). Nfmg: after the judgment
stroyed and blotted out in a complete stroke. So, of the generations of the flood. The judgment of
have I not given my spirit in the sons of men so the generations of the Flood is sealed to be de
that they might perform good works and since they stroyed and blotted out (by) a complete destruction
are flesh, their deeds are evil? Behold, I have given (lit.: stroke, blow). Have I not given my spirit in the
them the span of a hundred and twenty years so sons of man so that they might perform good
that they might perform repentance and have not works? Since they are flesh (they perform) evil
done it; VNL: and the Memra of the Lord said: deeds (or: flesh of evil deeds). Behold I have
The generations that are to arise after the genera given you (read: them) a span of a hundred and
tions of the Flood will not be judged to be de- twenty years that they might do.

Notes, Chapter 6
'sons of man; HT: hdm (RSV: men).
2sons of the judges, bny dyyny (Grossfeld: of the nobles); HT : sons of Elohim (h Ihym ). N f s identification is the
same as that of R. Simeon b. Yohai (in Gen. R. 26,5), who cites Aramaic words as in Nf. Further rabbinic parallels to N f in
Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 1 to Gen 6. Elohim of MT also translated as judges in N f Exod 22:7.
72 Translation

None o f the generations6 yet to arise will be judged according to the order o f the
judgment o f the generation o f the flood. Behold, the order o f the judgment o f the gen
eration o f the flood has been sealed before him: to be destroyed and blotted out from
the midst o f the world. Behold, I have put my spirit7 in the sons o f man because they
are flesh and their deeds are e v il8 Behold, I have given the span o f one hundred and
twenty years (in the hope that) perhaps they might do repentance, but they have not
done so. 4. There were giantsc on the earth in those days and also later when the
sons of the judges9 went in to the daughters o f the sons o f man and they bore chil
dren to them. These are the giants that (were there) from the beginning of the
w o rld / giants o f distinguished names. 5. And it was manifest before the L ord10 that
the wickednesse of the sons o f man had increased upon the earth and that every in
clination of the thought of^ their heart meditated only11 on evil all the day. 6. And
there was regret before the L ord12 that he had created Adam^ on the earth, and he
got impatient and was quieted13 in his heart. 7. And the Lord s a id / I will blot out

Apparatus, Chapter 6
cNfmg: there were warriors dwelling on the earth 8 In text dm\ Adam (same word as HT); Nfmg:
in those days, and also afterward, after the sons of the son of man; VNL: and there was regret be
the angels had joined (in wedlock with) the daugh fore the Memra of the Lord that he had made man
ters of the sons (of man). Cyns) on the earth and he said (=spoke) and de
d Nfmg: these are the warriors that were there from bated (reading dyyn as = dyyny, Ps-J.) with his
eternity (lit.: from the day of the world). heart.
^Nfmg: the sins (lit.: debts). h Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (said): I will blot
^Nfmg: the good thought meditated. out the son of man whom I have created.

Notes, Chapter 6
3daughters of the sons of man; HT: . . . of the sons of hdm (RSV: of men).
4beautiful in appearance; HT: (that they were) good. N f s addition possibly to stress that the goodness was merely
external; see Grossfeld, ibid., note 2.
5wives; Aramaic text has n s y which may be expanded as nsyn. This may conceivably be an error or intended to
stand for nsn, women, wives. However, it ordinarily means men, husbands. Grossfeld explains it as (1) either
the subject of the verbal clause: and men took for themselves . . . , or (2) as the object: and they took for themselves
men/males . . . , implying homosexuality, of which the Generation of the Rood is accused in rabbinic sources (Gen. R.
26,5; Tanh. (B) 33, p. 24; or (3) an error for nsn, women, wives.
6none of the generations, etc. See note 6 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series); also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 115.
7my spirit. See note 8 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
8their deeds are evil. See note 9 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
9Sons of the judges; See note to 6:2.
l0it was manifest before the Lord (that); HT: And the Lord saw (that). See note to 1:4.
only, correction Ihzy of text to Ihd.
12there was regret before the Lord; HT : wynhm Y; RSV: the Lord was sorry. The paraphrase avoids anthropomor
phism. When the subject of the verb nhm, in the sense of to regret, is God, N f paraphrases as in 6:6: there was regret
before; thus Gen 6:7; Exod 32:12, 14; N f translates otherwise when the subject of the verb is not God (Exod 13:17), or
when it means to console, be consoled (Gen 5:29; 24:67; 38:12; 50:21) or take pity on (Deut 32:36).
13got impatient and was quieted ( ryq wtpyys ); double translation of HT : wyt'sb; RSV : it grieved him (to his heart).
N f s 'ryq (to pour out, empty) probably an error; corrected by some to dyyn, debated (with Ps.-J.). L and N of Frg.
Tg. and the Meturgeman (cf. M. Klein, Biblica 56 [1975] 245) have dyyn (= dyyn?). V is unclear, possibly reading 'dys
(=?); see Klein, 1980, II, 93, note 17. Others amend to Jdyq (common confusion of resh and daleth ), examined himself.
See further Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 10 to Gen 6.
 Translation 73

Adam whom I have created from the face of the earth, from the sons o f man to the
beast, the creeping things and the birds of the heavens, because there has been re
gret before me that I created14 them. 8. And Noah, since there was not a righteous
m a n 15 in his generation,1 found grace and mercy16 before the Lord. 9. This is the
genealog/c/ pedigree17 of Noah: Noah was a just man. He was perfect in good
works18 in his generations-/ Noah served before the Lord in truth. 10. And Noah
begot three sonsShem, Ham, and Japheth. 11. And the inhabitants of the earth
had corrupted their works before the Lord,k and the earth was filled with deeds of
violence and with robbers. 12. And the earth was manifest before the Lord19 and be
hold it had become corrupted, because all flesh had corrupted its way upon the
earth. 13. And the Lordm said to Noah: The outcry of all flesh has come up before
m e,20 because the earth has become filled with violent men and robberies before
them. Behold I am going to destroy both themselves and the earth.21 14. Make an
ark (of) timbers o f cedar,n22 you will make the ark as having compartments, and
plaster it inside and outside with asphalt. 15. According to this plan will you make
it: the length of the ark will be three hundred cubits, fifty cubits its breadth, and

Apparatus, Chapter 6
1Nfi: in that generation; PVNL: and Noah, since mNfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
he was just in his generation found grace and " dqdrynyn\ PVNL: dqdrynwn.
mercy. Nfmg: and this shall be the size (of the ark) which
J Nfmg: in his generation. you shall make.
Nfmg: and the earth was corrupted before (the
Lord).

Notes, Chapter 6
14created; HT: made; see note to 1:7.
15Since there was not a righteous man ( Idlhwh sdyq) in his generation is a more probable rendering than: Since he
was not just; cf. v. 9.unless V is an intrusion; cf. PVNL: Since he was just 7 dhwh sdyq, see also note 16 to Ps.-J.
(vol. IB in this series); also B. Barry Levy 1, 1986, 117, who renders: since there was no righteous man in that
generation.
I6grace and mercy (hn whsd) before . . . ; HT: grace (hn) in the eyes of. When hn is found alone in the HT, N f al
most invariably adds w-hsd, to give us the better known formula, as here in 6:8. Thus also: N f Gen 18:3; 19:19; 30:27;
32:6; 33:8, 10, 15; 34:11 ; 39:4, 21 ; 47:25, 29; 50:4; Exod 32:5; 33:12,13,16,17; 34:9; Num 11:15; Deut 24:1. The only
exceptions are Exod 3:21 ; 11:3; 12:36; Num 11:11.
l7genealogical pedigree; see note to 2:4.
18perfect in good works. HT: perfect, tmym. When the HT uses perfect (tm, tmym) with regard to persons, N f
renders as: perfect in good works, and as perfect without blemish when used of sacrificial animals. Thus for persons
in Gen 6:9; 17:1 (HT: tmym)\ Gen 25:27 (tm). The same holds for slm (whole) of the HT. Thus of persons, N f Gen
33:18; 34:21. (The same word slm, in reference to the iniquity of the Amorites of Gen 15:16, is rendered as a verb in Nf.)
The word tmym is used in reference to sacrificial animals in Exod 12:5; 29:1 ; Lev passim; Num passim; Deut 18:13; 32:4.
See also note 18 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
19Lit. and it was manifest before the Lord the earththe earth preceded by the sign of the accusative. HT: and
God saw the earth (with sign of accusative). See note to Gen 1:4.
20before me; correcting text which reads before him.
21and the earth (preceded by sign of accusative); thus also LXX (ten gn ). HT 7 (either sign of accusative or = with)
here generally rendered as: with (the earth).
22timbers of cedar; cedar, Greek loan word: kedrinos. The Aramaic words found in N f are cited in Gen. R. 31,8 (as
words of R. Nathan). See McNamara, 1966A, 5If; 1966B, 5f.
74 Translation

thirty cubits the measure o f its height. 16. You shall make a window23 for the ark;
and you shall bring it to completion to the distance of one cubit from above, and
you shall put the door of the ark at the side. You will make it with stories: a ground
story, a second, and a third one. 17. And behold, I am bringing the flood of waters
upon the earth to destroy from under the heavens all flesh p in which there is the
breath of life; everything that is on the earth will be blotted out. 18. And I will es
tablish my covenant with you and you shall enter the ark: you and your wife and
the wives of your sons. 19. You will cause to enter the ark with you, to survive with
you, from all living creatures, from all flesh, two from each (species); they shall be
male and female;9 20. from the birds of the air according to their species, and from
the cattle according to their species, and from every creeping thingr of the earth ac
cording to its species, two of each shall go in to you5 so as to survive. 21. And, as
for you, take to yourself of all the food1that can be eaten, and gather (it) to you so
that it may serve you and them as food. 22. And Noah did all that the Lordu had
commanded him. Thus he did.

CHAPTER 7
1. And the Lord0 said to Noah: Go into the ark, you and the men o f1 your
house, because I have seen that you are righteous2 before me in this generation. 2.
You shall take with you seven pairs of all clean animals, male and fem ale03 and two
of all the animals that are not clean, male and female',b 3. also seven pairs of the

Apparatus, Chapter 6
p Nfmg: on the earth and the spirit. vTg E: to the ark; Nfmg: they shall go in with
9 Nfmg adds: and its mate = CTg E. you.
r Nfmg: every creeping thing (different word; rmsh, 1CTg E and Nfmg: food; a different word.
cf. HT) of the earth, according to their species = u CTg E, Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord, thus he
CTg E. did.

Notes, Chapter 6
23a window; lit. place of light. See note 25 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).

Apparatus, Chapter 7
a CTg E and Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. b CTg E and Nfmg: and his mate.

Notes, Chapter 7
'men of (your house); HT: house. See Ps.-J. note 1 (vol. IB in this series).
righteous; as in HT. See Gen 6:8 and note 16 of Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
male and female; HT: lit. man and his wife; CTg E: male and its partner, or Nfmg.
 Translation 75

birds of the heaven, male and female,* to keep progeny4 alive on the face of the'
earth. 4. For, behold, after seven days'71 am going to make rain fall on the earth for
forty days and forty nights, and I will blot out from the face of the earth all its crea
tures which I have created.5 5. And Noah did everything' that the Lord^com
manded him. 6. And Noah was six hundred years old when the floodthe
waterscame upon the earth. 7. And Noah and his sons, his wife and his sons
wives with him, entered the ark from 6 the waters of the flood. 8. Of the animals
that are clean, and of the animals that are not clean, and of the birds and of every
thing that creeps* upon the earth, 9. two pairs entered into the ark with N o a h /
male and its m ate,7 as the Lord1had commanded Noah. 10. And at the end o f8 the
seven days7 o f the mourning o f Methusaleh9 the waters of the flood came upon the
earth. 11. And at the end10 of six hundred years of the life of Noah, in the second
month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on that very day,11 all the springsk of
the great abyss were rent and the apertures' of the heavens were opened. 12. And
the rain fell upon the earth forty days and forty nights. 13. And o n the very same

Apparatus, Chapter 7
c CTg E and Nfmg: of all the. 7 CTg E and Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
d CTg E and Nfmg: in a few days, seven, I am going j In v. 10: N f = P; CTg E: and it came to pass at the
to make rainfall. end of a few days that the waters of the flood came
^CTg E: according to (everything); kkl, as HT; (lit.: were, happened) upon the earth.
(correct N f to CTg E); Nfmg: in all. k CTg E and Nfmg: sources (another word).
^Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. mCTg E and Nfmg: windows.
gCTg E and Nfmg: that creeps (another word, n Lit.: time; CTg E and Nfmg: according to the
rms) ; cf. HT and 6:20, note r in App. time (correcting CTg E slightly).
h CTg E and Nfmg: to Noah.

Notes, Chapter 7
4progeny; lit. sons {bnyn)\ HT: seed.
5created; HT: made. See note to 1:7.
6from; lit. from before.
7male and its mate; HT: male and female. See note to 5:2 and 1:27.
8at the end o f . . . ; HT: Isb't hymym (RSV: after the seven days). N f gives a more precise dating.
9of the mourning of Methusaleh. A seven days mourning for Methusaleh is mentioned in Gen. R. 32,7 (on this
verse), 3,6; t. Sota 10:3; b. Sanh. 108b and other rabbinic sources. See Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 7 note 8. This tradition is
based on the chronology of Gen 5:25-28; 7:11. Methusaleh died at 969 years or in the six hundredth year of Noahs life,
the same year in which the Flood began: he must have been dead before the Flood, otherwise his righteousness would
have prevented it.
,0at the end of six hundred years; HT : in the six hundredth year___ N f again makes the date precise. See also 8:13;
HT: in the six hundred and first year; Nf: and at the end of six hundred and one years. It was debated among Rabbis
whether at the Flood Noah was starting or had completed his six hundredth year. Invoking Gen 9:29, R. Judah concluded
that the year of the Flood was to be omitted from the counting. See Grossfeld, op. cit., note 11 to Gen 8:13. It may be that
N fs insertion of at the end o f in 7:11 and 8:13 may have to do with this exegetical problem.
1'On the very day; lit. as the time of this day hyk zmn ywm hdyn); HT: bywm hzh, (RSV: on that day). See note
to 7:13.
76 Translation

day; 12 Noah and Shem, Ham and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and the wife of Noah,
and the three wives of his sons with them, went into the ark, 14. they and every
beast according to its species, and all the cattle according to their species, and every
creeping thing that creeps upon the earth according to its species, and all the birds
according to their species, and everything that flies and everything that ho v ers/ 15.
They went into the ark with Noah, two pairs of all flesh in which there is the
breath* of life. 16. And they that went in, male and fem ale/ from all flesh, went in
as the Lord had commanded him ;5 and the Lord protected him in his good
mercies.13 17. And for forty days the flood was upon the earth; and the waters in
creased and bore the ark and it rose high' above the earth. 18. And the waters grew
strong and increased greatly upon the earth and the ark moved on the surface of the
waters. 19. And the waters grew so strong upon the surface of the earth that all the
high mountains that are under all the heavens were covered. 20. The waters in
creased fifteen cubits higher and covered the mountains. 21. And an end cam e14 to
all flesh u that creeps upon the earth: birds, cattle, all wild beasts, all creeping things
that creepw upon the earth and all the sons o f man. 22. Everything that had the
breath of life in its nostrils, from among whatsoever was on the dry land, died. 23.
And he blotted out all the creaturesx that were on the face of the earth, from the
sons o f man to beasts, the creeping things* and the birds of the heavens; they were
blotted out from the earth and Noah alone was left, and whoever was with him in
the ark. 24. And the waters swelled strong above the earth for one hundred and
fifty days.

Apparatus, Chapter 7
CTg E and Nfmg: (every) creeping thing that 1CTg D: it was lifted above (or: suspended).
creeps (using another word; rms; see note g to 7:8. u CTg D: and all flesh was blotted out; Nfmg: and
p CTg E and Nfmg: (and every) bird that hovers. he caused to melt away.
q CTg E: spirit. wNfmg: and in every reptile that creeps (srsh dsrs)
r Nfmg: and those that went in, male and his mate upon the earth and in all; different Aramaic
from. words; the text has rhs drhs.
5Nfmg: as the Memra of the Lord had commanded x CTg D (B): everything that stood upright; or all
and the Memra of the Lord spared (hs\ a different the beings.
word from Nf) and protected him. PVNL: and vNfmg: creeping things (another word: rms); cf.
the Memra of the Lord spared (hs) them. HT and note g above to 7:8.

Notes, Chapter 7
12on the very same day (bzmn ywm hdyn ); HT: b sm hywm hzh; lit. in the bone (or essence) of this day; this self
same day, exactly at this day. N f uses the word time (zmn) to translate sm of the HT phrase but in slightly different
ways: on (or: at) the time of {bzmn ) this day (Gen 7:13; 17:23,26; Exod 12:17; Deut 32:48); as the time of (hyk zmn )
this day (Exod 12:41,51; Lev 23:21,28,30written as hkzmn in all three occurrences). Nfmg, where present (Gen 7:13,
23,26; Exod 12:17; Lev 23:21 ; Deut 32:48), has as the time (hykzmn ) (of this day), and so also VN Deut 32:48; a differ
ent rendering: Nf, Nfmg, PVN, Lev 23:29 and Nf, Nfmg Lev 23:14. Ps.-J. and Onq. usually agree in translating the HT as
bkrn ywm ' hdyn: at the hour/essence of this day, unless km is a Greek loan word (chronos); see M. Kasher, Torah
Shelemah, vol. 24, ch. 5, p. 227; summary in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, V, 50f.
protected him in his good mercies; HT : and the Lord shut him in. For rabbinic parallels, see Grossfeld, note 15 to
Gen 7.
14and an end came to; HT: . . . died, wygw.
 Translation 77

CHAPTER 8
1. And in his good mercies the Lorda remembered1 N oah,b and his sons,2 and all
the wild beasts and all the cattle that were with him in the ark; and the Lord made
a spirit o f mercy3 to pass over the earth and the waters came to re s t/ 2. And the
springs of the abyss and the apertures of the heavens were closed up, and the flood
rain was withheld beneath the heavens/ 3. And the waters receded continuously
above the earth; and at the end of one hundred and fifty days the waters had dimin
ished. 4. And in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark
came to rest on the mountains of Kardun.e4 5. And the waters went on diminishing
until the tenth month. In the tenth (month), on the first of the month, the tops of
the mountains were revealed/ 6. And at the end of forty days Noah opened the
door85 of the ark which he had made. 7. And he sent out the raven, and it went
o u th and returned, went out and returned, until the waters had dried up above the
earth. 8. And he sent out the dove from beside him to see if the waters had sub
sided from above the face of the earth. 9. And the dove did not find a resting place
for the sole of its foot and returned to him to the ark, because the waters were upon
the face of all the earth. And he stretched out his hand and took hold of it and
brought it inside the ark to himself. 10. And he began6 again to count seven more
days, and he sent forth the dove from the ark again. 11. And the dove returned at
eventime, and lo, on its beak a cut-off1 olive leaf. ' And Noah knew that the waters

Apparatus, Chapter 8
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. f CTg D and Nfmg: on the first day of the month
b PVNL: he remembered in his good mercies that the tops of the mountains were [= could be] seen.
are with him Noah and all the wild beasts; CTg D: 8 CTg D and Nfmg: the window.
Noah and all the wild beasts . . . h CTg D and Nfmg: (it went and returned), went
c Nfmg: were quieted. and returned until the time that.
^Nfmg: and the sources of the abyss and the win ' Nfmg: a (freshly) picked olive leaf in its beak; an
dows of the heavens were closed and all the rain of other Nfmg adds to beak, which it had brought
the heavens. from the mount of Olives.
e CTg D: Kardu; Nfmg: Qwwrdwm

Notes, Chapter 8
The Lord remembered in his good mercies; HT: God remembered; when remembering of the HT is predicated
of God and not explicitly connected with the covenant, N f adds: in his (your) good mercies or mercy. Thus Gen 8:1;
19:29; 30:22; Exod 2:24; 32:13; Deut 9:27. In Lev 26:42, where there is mention of God remembering the covenant, N f
adds with mercy, and Nfmg does so once. See also note to Gen 21:1.
2and his sons; not in HT, added possibly through the influence of other texts, e.g., 7:7; 8:18; 9:1, 8.
3a spirit of mercy; or a merciful wind. A similar addition of mercy in N f Gen 1:2.
4Kardun, N f text apparently, Kadrun (kdrwn ), with transposition signs on the two letters d and r. See note to Ps.-J. (vol.
IB in this series).
5the door; N fs reading here is unique, supported by Jerome, Hebr. quaest. in Gen 8:6 (CCL 72,10): aperuit Noe
ostium arcae; see Introduction, p. 45. There is no need to correct N f to hrko i Nfmg, as Komlosh, 1973,54, note 201, sug
gests, a suggestion not accepted as probable by Diez Macho (.Neophyti 1, V, 37f.
6began; cf. Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 10 to verse. See note 11 to 6 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
7cut off; qtym\ also in Aruk. See also note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
78 Translation

had subsided from above the earth. 12. And again Noah began to count seven more
days, and he sent out the dove and it returned no more to him. 13. And at the end
o f six hundred and one years, on the first7 month, on the first of the month, the wa
ters were dried up from above the earth. And Noah removed the covering of the ark
and looked, and behold, the surface of the earth had dried up. 14. And in the
second k month, on the twenty-seventh of the month, the earth had become dry. 15.
And the Lord spoke with Noah, saying: 16. Go out from the ark, you, and your
wife and your sons, and your sons wives with you. 17. Take out with you every liv
ing thing that is with you from all flesh: the birds, the animals, and every creeping
thing that creeps'" upon the earth. Let them reproduce" on the earth and grow
strong and multiply0 upon the earth. 18. And Noah went out, and with him his
sons and his wife and his sons wives. 19. And all the beasts, every creeping thing,
all the birds and everything that creeps upon the earth according to their families
went forth from the ark. 20. And Noah built an altar to the name o f the Memra of
the Lord; and he took some of all the clean animals and of all the clean birds and
set holocausts in order on top o f the altar. 21. And the Lordp received the offering o f
Noah favorably, and the Lord said in the thought o /h is heart:9 I will never again
curse the earth on account o f the son o f man, because the inclination of the heart o f
the sons o f man, their heart, is meditating evil from their youth and I shall never
again blot out all life as I have done. r 22. From now onward, for all the days of the
earth, seed times and harvests, cold and heat, winter and summer, daytime and
night, will not cease/

CHAPTER 9
1. And the Lorda blessed Noah and his sons and said to them: Grow strong1 and
multiply and fill the earth. 2. And let the fear of you and the dread of you6 be upon
every beast of the earth and on every bird of the heavens: I have given them into
your hands with whatsoever creepsc upon the earth and with all the fishes of the

Apparatus, Chapter 8
JNfmg 1: in Nisan; Nfmg 2: in Tishri. p Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
Nfmg: of Marcheswan? q Nfmg +: good (heart).
,wNfmg: creeping things that creep (a different r Nfmg: which I have created.
word, rms; cf. HT, and above note to 7:8. 5Nfmg: and heat, and summer and winter and day
n Nfmg: let them swim. and night shall not cease.
Nfmg: and let them increase and be multiplied.

Apparatus, Chapter 9
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. ( Nfmg: that creeps (a different word, rms, as in
b Nfmg: the dread of you and the fear of you. 7:8, etc.).

Notes, Chapter 9
!grow strong; HT: prw (RSV: increase), rendering as in N f 1:22, 28, etc. See note to 1:21.
 Translation 79

great2 sea. 3. Everything that moves, that has the breath o f life in it,d you shall have
as food. I give them all to you in the same manner as (I have given you) the green
herbs. 4. Only flesh, the blood, with the soul you shall not eat. 5. For I will demand
your life blood: ' of every beast I will demand it; o f the son o f man and from the
brothers o f the son o f man I will demand the life of the son o f m a n 6. Whoever
sheds the blood of a son o f m an,3 by the hands of a son o f m an3 shall his blood be
s h e d / because in a likeness from before the Lord4 he created5 A d a m /6 7. As for
you, grow strong1 and multiply and reproduce' on the earth and multiply within
it.7 8. And the Lord* said to Noah and to his sons with him, saying: 9. And as for
me, behold, I establish my covenant with you and with your sons after you,m 10.
and (with)7 every living being that is with you," the birds and the cattle and with
any wild beasts of the earth with y o u / from all that come out from the ark, to
every living being of the earth. 11. And I will establish my covenant with you, and
never againp shall all flesh be blotted out by the waters of the flood, and there shall
never againp be a flood to destroy the earth. 12. And the Lordq said: This is the
sign8 of the covenant which I place9 between my M emrar and you, and every living
being that is with you, for the generations of the earth.si0 13. I shall place my bow

Apparatus, Chapter 9
rfNfmg: everything that creeps (rms, as in 7:8), with k Nfmg and CTg E: the Memra of the Lord.
life for you. wNfmg and CTg E: and the descendants of your
e Nfmg CTg E: your blood of (or: from) your souls; sons after you (in both texts with sign of the accu
for close relationships of Nfmg and CTg E, see sative, takingt of HT as sign of accusative rather
above Introduction, pp. 9, 44-45. than as with).
^Nfmg: I will demand; of the wild beasts I will de nNfmg and CTg E: that there is with you, in the
mand it; of the sons of man, of man and his broth birds (and the cattle).
ers, I will demand it; almost = CTg E. 0 Nfmg: that there is with you from all.
*N f text lit.: shall be shed his blood; HT lit.: his p Nfmg and CTg E: never more.
blood shall be shed. Nfmg and CTg E lit.: his QNfmg and CTg E: the Memra of the Lord.
blood shall be shed because. rNfmg and CTg E: which I am giving between my
hNfmg and CTg E: the son of man (brns ) for dm. Memra (correcting last word slightly).
' Nfmg and CTg E: swarm. 5Nfmg and CTg E: which is alive which there is
JNfmg and CTg E: in it. with you for eternal generations.

Notes, Chapter 9
2great sea; see note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series); for rabbinic parallels, see Grossfeld, op. cit., ch. 9, n. 1.
3son of man =a man, a human being.
4in a likeness (dmw) from before the Lord; HT. See note to 1:26 above.
5created; HT: made; see note to 1:7 above.
6N f has Jdm (HT: h dm, man), which word generally in N f is to be taken as a proper name, Adam. When N f under
stands the Hebrew dm as man, it generally renders as son of man. The retention of dm in the present case may be a
slip; see Nfmg: a (the) son of man.
7and (with) every; for with N f (and CTg E) have yt, the sign of the accusative, takingt of the HT (here = with) as
the sign of the accusative.
8signsymn; a Greek loan word (semeion ).
9placemswy (swy); HT: ytn (ntn )give. When this Hebrew verb is seen to denote placing, setting, N f ren
ders by the verb swy, place, set (cf. Gen 1:17; 3:12; 15:10; 18:8; 30:35, 40; 32:17; 39:20; 40:3, 13, 21; 41:10; 42:30;
45:2; cf. also Deut 28:34. See Grossfeld, Neofiti, n. 27 to Gen 7.
10of the earth (>"); HT: of the future (wlm); N f takes the Hebrew word in its later sense of earth; cf. Eccl 3:11;
Dan 12:7; cf. Nfmg and CTg E: eternal (in) generations.
80 Translation

in the cloud and it will be a covenant-sign between my Memra and the earth. 14.
And when the clouds are spread' over the earth, the bow will be seen in the cloud.
15. And I will recall my covenant between my Memra and you, and every living
soul in all ^ flesh; and never again will there be waters of a flood to destroyv all
flesh. 16. And the bow will be seen in the cloud and I will see it, recalling the eter
nal covenanty between the Memra o f the Lord and every living2 soul in all the flesh
that isaa upon the earth. 17. And the Lordbb said to Noah: This is the sign of the
covenant which I have established between my Memra and all flesh that iscc upon
the earth. 18. And the sons of Noah who came o\xXdd of the ark were Shem, Ham,
and Japheth. And Ham was the father of the Canaanites. 19. These three, they are
the sons of Noah. And from thesedd the whole earth was filled. 20. And Noah, a
ju s tu man,dd began to tilldd the earth,12 and he planted'* a vineyard. 21. And he
drank some of the wine^ and became drunk and uncovered himself within his
ten t.hh 22. And Ham, the father of the Canaanites, saw his fathers nakedness, and
told his two brothers in the market place. 23. Then Shem and Japheth took his
m antle13 and placed (it)" over both their shoulders. They walked backward and
covered their fathers nakedness, and turned their faces backward and did not see
their fathers nakedness. 24. And Noah awoke from17 his wine and came to know
what his youngest son had done to him. 25. And he said: Cursed be Canaan; he
shall be for his brothers an enslaved servant. 26. And he said: Blessed be the
Lord, the God of Shem, and let Canaan be for them an enslaved servant. 27. May
the Lordkk enlarge the borders of Japheth, and may the Glory o f his Shekinah14

Apparatus, Chapter 9
' Nfmg and CTg E: (when) my cloud shall spread Nfmg and CTg E add: for himself.
over. ^Nfmg: wine (different word).
uNfmg and CTg E: which there is. gg Nfmg: and he was relaxed, rbh = CTg E for N f s
wNfmg and CTg E: which is alive in (or: for) all. rwwh, become drunk.
x Nfmg and CTg E: never more waters, as a flood to hh Nfmg: Yerujshalmi]: He stretched himself out in
destroy. the midst of the tents of the Syrians and he was de
vNfmg and CTg E: and I shall recall the (eternal) spised in the m(idst of the tents).
covenant. "Nfmg and CTg E and it.
z Nfmg and CTg E: (creature) that lives. JJNfmg: (from) the taste of.
aa Nfmg and CTg E: that there is. kk Nfmg: (may) the Memra of the Lord (enlarge) the
bb Nfmg and CTg E: the Memra of the Lord. bor(der).
Nfmg and CTg E: that there is.
dd Nfmg and CTg E identical in w . 18-21, as else
where in minor lexical variants (in v. 20 definite
form gbr' for Nf. gbr, in 21 rbh).

Notes, Chapter 9
1Noah, a just man; see to Gen 6:8 and note 16 to that verse in Ps.-J. The addition of just here in N f may be to com
pensate for the incident about to be narrated.
12Noah a just man began to till the earth; HT: Noah began to be a man of the ground.
13mantleGreek loan word: stole.
14may the Glory of his Shekinah dwell; HT: let him (i.e., Japheth) dwell {yskn ). Nf took the subject of the verb to be the
Lord, not Japheth; same interpretation in Gen. R. 36,8. On the use of Glory of Shekinah, see Introduction, pp. 36-37.
 Translation 81

dwell in the midst of the tents of Shem, and let Canaan be for them an enslaved
servant mm 28. And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years. 29.
And all the days of the life o f Noah were nine hundred and fifty years; and he died
and was gathered from the midst o f the world.

CHAPTER 10
1. These are the genealogiesa of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.1
And sons were born to them after the deluge. 2. And the sons of Japheth:* Gomer,
Magog, M ad ai/ Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. And the name o f their prov
inces:dl Phrygia, Germania, Media, Macedonia, Bithynia, Mysia, and Thracia.e 3.
And the sons of G om er/A shkenaz, Riphath, and Togorma. And the name o f their
provinces:g Asia,h Barkewi, ' and Barbaria. 4. And the sons of Javan:7 Elisha,
Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. And the name o f their provinces: Hellas, Tarsis,k

Apparatus, Chapter 9
mmNfmg 1: and when his sons become proselytes (or schools of Shem; Nfmg 2: and let (Canaan be en
sojourn among the Jews) let them dwell in the slaved to them).

Apparatus, Chapter 10
a Nfmg: the genealogical pedigrees (yhws e text 'pryqy; see b above.
tlwwdtyh). fNfmg: And Bithynia (wytynyyh) and Asia (?;
b VN: and the sons of Japheth and Gomer. And the wwtyyh) and Thracia.
name of their provinces Phrygia ( 'pryqy) and ^VN: and the sons of Gomer. And the name of
Germania and Media and Macedonia (mwqdwny') their provinces Asia (*sy*) and Barkewi (prkwy)
and Bithynia (wytny) and Thracia. (The word and Barbaria.
p ryqy is to be understood as Phrygia rather than h Nfmg: Asia, written differently ( syyh ).
as Africa). 1correcting brbwy of N f text; Nfmg: and Barkewi
),
cNfmg: and the Medes hmdy and the Mace (wprkwwy).
donians (mqdwnyh), arid Bithynia (wytynyy), and J VN: and the sons of Javan, Elisha; and the name
Mysia (mwsyy corr. seemingly to Asia) and of their provinces Elastarsus (as one word) Italy
Thracia. and Dardania; P: Tarsus (trsws), Italy (Italy/
d In Aramaic: prkywthwn; Greek loan word epar- Italia) and Dardania.
cheia; cf. Acts 23:34. k Nfmg: Elas-tarsus; see VN.

Notes, Chapter 10
!The identification of the proper names in this chapter is almost always the same in N f and Ps.-J. For these see notes to
Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series); for charts with equivalents in rabbinic texts (Gen. R. 37; Tg. Chron; j. Meg 1 11, 71b; b.
Yoma 10a, see Grossfeld, Neofiti, notes to Gen 10. For a textual study and a literary history of 10:2-32, see B. Barry Levy,
1,1986,121 -122. Noting the transfer from Hebrew to their Targumic equivalents in w . 10,11,17 and 18 of the names of
various parts of Mesopotamia and Syria, he surmises that this may suggest a Syrian and Mesopotamian provenance for
either the writing or editing of the text of Neofiti, or at least more familiarity with these places than others in the chapter.
2provinces; Greek loan word: eparcheia; cf. Acts 23:34.
82 Translation

Italy,m and Dardania." 5. From these were spread abroad the islands0 of the na
tions in their lands: each according to his language, according to their families, in
their nations. 6. And the sons of Ham: Cush, Misrayim, Put, and C a n a a n /3 7. And
the sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabta, Raamah, and Sabteca.4 And the sons of
Raamah: Sheba and Deda. q 8. And Cush begot Nimrud. He began to be a giant on
the earth. 9. He was a giantr in sins5 before the Lord, wherefore' is it said: Like
Nimrod, a giant in sin before the Lord. 10. And the beginning of his kingdom w
was Babel,x Edessa/ Nisibis, and Ctesiphon in the land of Babel.26 11. From that
land the Assyrian came out00 and built Nineveh, city streets7 and Adiabene,s 12.
and Talsar9 between Nineveh and Adiabene:hh that is the big city.cc 13. And
Misrayim begot the Lydians, ^ the Anamim, the Lehabim, the Naphtuhin, 14. the
Pathrusin,^ and the Casluhin, whence came the Philistines and the Cappa-

Apparatus, Chapter 10
m In text: Italia tl)\ Nfmg: Ilathia lt ). ^VN: and the beginning < o f his kingdom was
nNf: drdny\ Nfmg: Dardariah; drdryy. Babel, Edessa>, Nisibis and Ctesiphon in the land
0 nsy (with samech); Nfmg: the great ones (from of Babel (text within brackets missing in V); P:
nsy with sin). Haran and Nisibis and Ctesiphon in the land of
p Nfmg and: and the name of their provinces Ara Pontus.
bia, Egypt, Allihroq ('lyyhrq) and Canaan; cf. x N f text: bkl, for bbl.
Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series). vN f text: hdm, for hds.
q Nfmg adds: and the name of their provinces, the ~Nfmg: of Pontus = P.
Sinirites, the Indians, the Semarae, the Libyans aa VN= N f in v. 11 ; P: from that counsel went forth
and the Zingites. And the sons of the Mauritanus: the Assyrian (marg. gloss in P: Abraham).
Zemargad and Mazag; cf. Ps.-J. bb Nfmg has minor variants, including a variant read
r Nfmg: in sin and in rebellion before the Lord on ing hdyyp instead of hdyp for Adiabene, one
the earth. found in Talmud Yerushalmi.
5VNP: He was mighty (P: mighty strong) at the ccm V. 12 = VN.
hunt (syd*) [and] in sin before the Lord; he used to ^VN: and Misrayim begot the Lydians and the
catch (swd) men by their tongue (=speech) and say Mareothians (mrywty ) and the Pentapolitaneans
to them: Depart from the laws of Shem and adhere (bntpwlty ) and the Lustaneans.
to the laws of Nimrod. Wherefore it is said: Like **Nfmg: the Lybians and the Mareothites and the
Nimrod mighty in the hunt, mighty in sin before Pentopolitaneans and the Sickenites (with some
the Lord. variation of text).
1bgyn kdyn, as also in PVN; Nfmg: (bgyn) kn. ^VN: and the Pelusites and the Pentasekinites,
uNfmg: from the day the world was created there whence come forth the Philistines and the
was none mighty in sin like Nimrod nor < in > re Cappadocians; Nfmg: and the Pelusites and the
bellion <before> the Lord; see Ps.-J. Pentasekinites.

Notes, Chapter 10
Cush,. . . Canaan; identification absent from Nf: added in Nfmg.
4sons of Cush; identifications absent from Nf; present in Nfmg, from Ps.-J.
5a giant in sin; (HT : a might hunter); part of an extensive tradition; rabbinic sources in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 4 to
this chapter. See also Gen. R. 37,2; 23,7.
6Edessa Nisibis, Ctesiphon and Babel. Same identifications in Gen. R. 37,4.
7city-street. Greek or Latin loan word: plateia/platea; cf. Matt 6:5; 12:19, Acts 5:15; Rev 11:8, 21:21.
8Adiabene; cf. Gen. R. 37,2 (where we find the same identification).
9Talsar; same identification in Gen. R. 37:4.
 Translation 83

docians. 10 15. And Canaan begot Sidon, as first-born, and Heth; 16. the Jebusites,
the Amorites, the Girgashites, 17. the H ivvites,^ the Arkites, the Orthosites,hhn 18.
the Arwidites," the Zemarites, and the Antiochenes.jj12 And afterward the families
of the Canaanites were divided. 19. And the territory of the Canaanites was from
Sidon in the direction of Gerara as far as Gaza in the direction of Sodom and
Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboim, as far as Callirrhoe. 13 20. These are the sons of
Ham according to their families, according to their languages, in their lands, in
their nations. 21. And (children) were also born to Shem: he is the father of all the
sons of the Hebrews,kk the elder brother of Japheth. 22. The sons of Shem: Elam,
Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram. 23. And the sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether,
and Mash. 24. And Arpachshad begot Shelah. And Shelah begot Eber. 25. And two
sons were born to Eber. The name of one of them was Peleg, for in his days the in
habitants of the earth were divided. mm And his brothers name was Joktan. 26.
Joktan begot Almodad, Sheleph, Hazar Maveth, Jerah, 27. Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah,
28. Obal, Abimael, Sheba, 29. Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were sons of
Joktan. 30. And their dwelling-places were from Meshah in the direction o f the
Sepharites,00 the mountainspp of the east.14 31. These are the sons of Shem accord
ing to their families, according to their languages, in their lands, in their nations.
32. These are the families of the sons of Noah according to their genealogies in
their nations. And from these the nations were separated abroad on the earth after
the flood.

Apparatus, Chapter 10
VN: and the Tripolitanians and the Arkites and JJNfmg: the Hamasites and the Antiochenes.
the Cypriots (kprwsy ). kk Nfmg: of Abar Nahara (=beyond the Euphrates).
hh Nfmg: the Arkites and the Sinnites. mmNfmg: the earth was divided.
" VN: And the Antardians and the Emesans and the nn In text: Joktan.
Antiocheans. Afterwards the islands (nysy, Greek 00Nfmg: Sepharwites (sprwwyy); cf. 2 Kgs 17:24.
nsos; correct to gnysy: families) of the nations pp Nfmg: to the mountain of.
separated. For Arwidites, Nfmg has variant:
Lutasites.

Notes, Chapter 10
l0Cappadocia; HT: Caphtorim; same identification in Onq., Ps.-J.; Pesh, LXX, Vulg., Symm., Philo.
"Orthosites; HT: Sinites; cf. Gen. R. 37,6.
12Antiochenes; HT: Hamath; cf. Gen. R. 37,6.
13Callirhoe; HT: Lesha; cf. Gen. R. 37 ,6 ;/ Meg 1:11, 71b, bottom.
14mountains of the East; HT: mountain (RSV: hill country) of the East. Same Aramaic rendering as in N f in Gen.
R. 37,8 (cf. Num 23:7); sing, in other Tgs. and versions.
 84 Translation

CHAPTER 11
1. Now, all the inhabitantsa of the earth 1 had onelanguage2 and one speech/
And they used to 3 conversec in the language o f the sanctuary bywhich theworld was
created4 in the beginning. 2. And^ when they caused their hearts to move awaye5
(from the Lord), they found a valley in the land o f Babel/6 and settled there. 3. And
they said to one another: Come, let us make bricks and heat them in a furnace.
And they had bricks for stones and had asphalt for mortar. 4. And they said:
Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower, with its top reaching toward the
heavens; and let us make ourselves an idol on top o f it1 and let us put in its hand a
sword to make war against him before8 we are scattered abroad upon the face of all
the earth. 5. And the Glory o f the Shekinah o f the Lord was revealed8 to seethe
city and the tower which the sons of man had built. 6. And the Lord' said: Behold,
one people and all of them have one language and behold, now they have begun to
act, and, now, nothing they plan to do will be held back from them. 7. Come, now,

Apparatus, Chapter 11
a VN: and all the inhabitants of the earth had one ^Nfmg: of Pontus = PVN.
language and one speech and one counsel because 8 PVN: and they said (P: and each to his neighbor):
they used to converse in the holy language, in Come now let us build ourselves a city with a tower
which the world was created from the beginning; and its top reaching toward heaven and let us make
Nfmg: and all the earth. for ourselves within (it) a temple (lit.: a place of
b Nfmg +: and one counsel =VN. kneeling or of worship) at its top. And let us put a
c Nfmg: and speaking in one counsel they arose to sword in the hand of the idol, perhaps it might
rebel. make war (lit.: arrange battle lines) against him
d PVN: And when they caused their hearts to move (=God) before we are scattered from upon the
away from following (lit.: from after) the Memra of earth (VN: scattered upon the face of all the
the one who spoke (lit.: said) and the world came earth).
into being, they found a valley (P: a level place) in h Nfmg: and it was manifest before the Lord to
the land of Pontus and settled there. see.
?Nfmg: in their journeyings from the east (or: 1Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
from the beginning).

Notes, Chapter 11
'inhabitants ofthe earth; HT: all the earth; inhabitants o f; syntactic expansion as in N f 6:11; 10:25; 11:9; 18:25;
41:57; 47:13.
2one language and one speech; HT (RSV): one language and few words. All Aramaic versions (including Peshitta)
render as Nf; cf. C. Peters, 1935, 9.
3They used to . . . ; for translation see Golomb, 1985, 197.
4by which the world was created; or since by it the world___ On the traditions, see notes to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this
series) and Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 3 to Gen 11.
5they caused their hearts to move away, Yw; or they removed their minds (from God); HT : bnsm mqdm, in their
journeying (=when they journeyed) from the East. N f takes journeying in the moral sense and understands qdm (East
or Early) as a name for God. Cf. Gen. R. 38:7, with same verb: R. Leazar b. R. Simeon interpreted: They betook them
selves away from the Ancient (qdmwn, Kadmon) of the world, saying, We refuse to accept either him or his divinity.
6Babel; MT: shinar; same identification in N f Gen 10:10; 14:9.
7For rabbinic parallels to the midrash, see Grossfeld, op. cit., note 8 to Gen 11; also notes in Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this se
ries). Let us make ourselves an idol on top. . . ; HT : Let us make a name (sm ) for ourselves___ N f reads HT sm (MT :
sem, a name) as sam, there (on top . . . ).toward the heavens, lit. to the height of; see N f Gen 28:2.
8The HT (RSV) has: And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower; N f avoids the anthropomorphism; see
Introduction, pp. 33-35, 37.
 Translation 85

and I will be revealedjg and there we shall confound their tongues so that one will
not give heed* to the language of the other. "1 8. And the Lord" scattered them
abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they were held back0 from
building the city. 9. For this reason he called its name Babel, for thus did the Lord
confound the tongues of all the inhabitants o f the earth, and from there the Lord9
scattered them abroad upon the face of all the earth. 10. This is the genealog/ca/
pedigree of Shem: Shem was a hundred years when he begot Arpachshad two years
after the deluge. 11. And Shem lived after he had begotten Arpachshad five hun
dred years, and during these years he begot sons and daughters. 12. And
Arpachshad lived thirty-five years and begot Shelah. 13. And Arpachshad lived
after he had begotten Shelah four hundred and thirty years, and during these years
he begot sons and daughters. 14. And Shelah lived thirty years and begot Eber. 15.
And Shelah lived after he had begotten Eber four hundred and three years, and dur
ing those years he begot sons and daughters. 16. And Eber lived thirty-four years
and begot Peleg. 17. And Eber lived after he had begotten Peleg four hundred and
thirty years, and during those years he begot sons and daughters. 18. And Peleg
lived thirty years and begot Reu. 19. And Peleg lived after he had begotten Reu two
hundred and nine years, and during those years he begot sons and daughters. 20.
And Reu lived thirty-two years and begot Serug. 21. And Reu lived after he had be
gotten Serug two hundred and seven years, and during these years he begot sons
and daughters. 22. And Serug lived thirty years and begot Nahor. 23. And Serug
lived after he had begotten Nahor two hundred years, and during those years he
begot sons and daughters. 24. And Nahor lived twenty-nine years and begot Terah.
25. And Nahor lived after he had begotten Terah one hundred and nineteen years,
and during those years he begot sons and daughters. 26. And Terah lived seventy
years and begot Abraham ,10 Nahor, and Haran. 27. This is the genealogy of Terah:
Terah begot Abram, Nahor, and Haran. And Haran begot Lot. 28. And Haran died
during the lifetime of Terah his father in the land of his birth, in the furnace o f
fir e 11 of the Chaldeans. 29. And Abram and Nahor took wives for themselves. The
name of r< the wife of Abram was Sarai, the name> r of the wife of Nahor was
Milcah, the daughter of Haran, the father of Milcah and the father of Iscah. 30.

Apparatus, Chapter 11
1 Nfi: and we will be revealed; Nfmg: and you (or Nfmg: and they left off.
she) will be revealed and we will confound. p Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord the language of all
k Nfmg: so that one (lit.: a son [byr] of man) was the earth.
not able to. q Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
mNfmg: the language of his companions. r'r Missing in text: in mg.
nNfmg: the Memra of the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 11
9will be revealed; paraphrase mitigates the anthropomorphism of the HT (RSV): let us go down. 11:11. Also 11:
13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25; during these years; see note to 5:4.
10Abraham; thus MS, for Abram.
1furnace of fire (of the Chaldeans); HT : Ur (of the Chaldeans). For this well-known legend on Abram, see notes to
Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series). The legend is an old one, already in Pseudo-Philo, LAB 6,16, and Jerome, Hebr. quaest., in
Gen 11:28 (CCL 72,15); see also Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen 11 note 15.
 86 Translation

And Sarai was barren; she had no children. 31. And Terah took Abram his son and
Lot, his grandson, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abrams wife, and went
forth with them from the furnace o f the fire of the Chaldeans,12 to go to the land of
Canaan; and they arrived at Haran and dwelt there. 32. And the days o f the life of
Terah were (two) hundred and five years; and Terah died in Haran.

CHAPTER 12
1. And the Lord"2said to Abraham: Go from your country and your kindred and
from your fathers house to the land which I will show you. 2. And I will appoint
you1 to become a great nation and I will bless you and I will make your name pow
erful and you will be blessings. bl 3. And I will bless whoever blesses you and who
ever curses you shall be cursed.03 And in your m erit4 all the families of the earth
shall be blessed. 4. And Abram went as the Lord** had spoken with him, and Lot
went with him. And Abram was seventy-five years at the time he went forth from
Haran. 5. And Abram took Sarai his wife and Lot, his brothers son, and all their
wealth which they had acquired and the souls they had converted. 5 And he went

Notes, Chapter 11
12from the furnace of the fire of the Chaldeans; HT: from Ur of the Chaldeans; Nf, here as elsewhere (Gen 11:28,
31; 15:7), translates the place name Ur as furnace of the fire.

Apparatus, Chapter 12
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. like Balaam the Wicked (lit.: . . . of the wicked);
b Nfmg: And Abraham will be many blessings = cf. Ps.-J.
VNL. d Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
cNfmg: (the one) who blesses you like Aaron the
priest, and (the one) who curses you I will curse,

Notes, Chapter 12
*Nf and Frg. Tg.: I will appoint you; HT and other versions: I will make you.
2and you will be blessings; HT: whyh Ibrkh (RSV): and you shall be a blessing; lit. and you, be (imperat.) a bless
ing; or: he was (or: shall be) a blessing; cf. Nfmg, VNL: and Abraham will be many blessings. N f renders HT
blessing (sing.) as plural, as it does in Gen 27:12 (possibly also 27:41); otherwise in Gen 27:36, where a single blessing is
clearly intended. B. Barry Levy (1, 1986, 125) renders 12:2 as: you will be a blesser.
3shall be cursed; softening HTs I will curse; cf. N f Gen 3:14; 4:11.
in your merit (b-zkwt-k): HT: by (in) you. The Aramaic zkw(t) means merit, but bzkwt(-k), in (or: by) (your)
merit may also be rendered, for your sake; cf. Onq. bdylk, for your sake, because of you. See Gen. R. 39,12 on in
you shall be blessed: the rains for your sake (,bzkwk; lit. for your merit); the dews for your sake (bzkwtk). See also
below, note to 12:13.
5they had converted; same interpretation in Gen. R. 39,14; HT: they had made. See also N f Gen 21:31 and note to
verse.
 Translation 87

forth to go to the land of Canaan, and they came to the land of Canaan. 6. And
Abram passed on to the place of Shechem, to the Plain o f the Vision.6 And as yet
the Canaanites had been dwelling in the land. 7. And the Memra of the Lord was
revealed to Abram and said to him: To your sons' I will give this land. And he
built there an altar to the name of the Memra of the L o rd / who was revealed to
him. 8. And from there he went up to the mountain, to the east of Bethel, and
spread his tent with Bethel to the west and Ai to the east. And he built an altar
there to the name o ff the Memra o f the Lord and he worshiped and prayed1 there in
the name o f the Memra of the Lord. 9. And Abram moved on, going gradually to
the south. 10. And there was a famine in the land, and Abram went down to Egypt
to dwell there, because the famine was severe in the land. 11. And when he drew
near to enter Egypt he said to Sarai his wife: Behold, now, I know you are a
woman of beautiful appearance. 12. And it will happen that when the Egyptians see
you they will say: She is his wife. And they will kill me but they will let you live.
13. Say, I pray, that you are my sister, so that it may go well with me* because of
you8 and that my life may be spared for your sake. 14. And it happened when
Abram entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that his wife was very beautiful. 15.
And the nobles of Pharaoh saw her and praised her before Pharaoh. And the
woman was taken* to the palace19 of Pharaoh. 16. And because of her7 he treated
Abram well. And he had sheep, oxen, he-asses, menservants, maidservants, she-
asses, and camels. 17. And the Lord* unleashed great plagues against Pharaoh and

Apparatus, Chapter 12
e Nfmg: to the descendants of your sons. 1pltyryn: Latin/Greek loan word (praitorion); Nfmg
^Nfmg: before the Lord. pltyn: Latin/Greek loan word, palation, pal-
gNfmg: to have it go well with me for your sake ace=PVNL.
and that my life might be spared because of you. 1Nfmg: he treated (Abraham) well for her sake (or
h In text: was remembered. merits; bzkwwth), and there was.
k Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 12
6the Plain of the Vision; HT: Oak ( Iwn ) of Moreh; Hebrew Iwn also rendered as Plain/Valley in Vulg.; Onq.,
Ps.-J.; also in Gen. R. 41,8; same rendering in N f Gen 13:18; 14:13; 18.1. In Gen 35:8 Heb. 'Iwn rendered in N f as blwth;
cf. Gen. R. 15,1. The Hebrew place name Moreh (mwrh ) appears to have been understood by the Targumists as connect
ed with mr% vision, or rh, to see. See F. Stummer, Convallis Mambre und verwandtes, JPOS12 ( 1932), 6-12; M.
Delcor, Quelques . . . , 108ff.
7worshiped and prayed; HT: called on (the name of Yahweh); same paraphrase in N f Gen 13:4; 16:13; 21:33;
26:25; 33:20. Hebrew translated by he prayed alone in Gen 13:4; 33:20; Exod 17:15; 34:5.
8because of you (bgllh, HT: b bwrk)\ for your sake (bzkwwth, or: for your merits; HT: bgllk). See above, note to
12:3. The preposition bgll exists already in biblical Hebrew in the sense of because (Gen 12:13, the present text), of
Sarai; in Gen 30:27, of Jacob; in Gen 39:5, of Joseph; in Deut 13:7, of the people; in Deut 15:10, of an action; in Deut
18:12, of abominable practices. In all cases in Genesis N f renders as bzkwt-, for the merit(s) o f . . . (or simply: because
of; see note to 12:3), whereas in the texts of Deut in N f the word bgll, as in the HT, is used. The difference may be due to
varying translation practice, no difference having been perceived between the two terms. However, the different transla
tions may also have originated in the belief that one should use bzkwt when speaking of the Fathers (or in the case of Gen
12:13 of the Mothers), with implicit reference to their merits.
9palace (pltyryn ); Latin, or Greek through Latin, loan word: praetorium, praitorion', the Latin term is already found
as a loan word in the Greek NT; Matt 27:27; John 18:28, 33; 19:9; Phil 1:13; Acts 23:35.
88 Translation

against the men o f his housem on account of Sarai, the wife of Abram. 18. And
Pharaoh called Abram and said to him: What is this you have done to me? Why, /
pray, did you not tell" me that she was your wife? 19. Why did you say: She is my
sister, so that I took her to myself as wife? And now, behold your wife; take her and
go. 20. And Pharaoh commanded the leading m enpl concerning her and they sent
him away and his wife and all that he had.

CHAPTER 13
1. And Abram went up from Egypt, he and his wife and all that he had, and Lot
with him, toward the south. 2. And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in
gold.0 3. And he went on his journeyings from the south to Bethel, to the place
where he had earlier* spread his tent, between Bethel and Ai, 4. to the place of the
altar which he had earlier built there, and there Abram prayedcl in the name of the
Memra o f the Lord. 5. And Lot, who went w ithd Abram, also had sheep and oxen
and tents. 6. And the land did not have room for2 (both of) them to dwell together
because their wealthe was plentiful, and they were not able to dwell together. 7. And
there were disputesf between the herdsmen of Abrams cattle and the herdsmen of

Apparatus, Chapter 12
mNfmg: And upon the men of the house of Pharaoh Nfmg and now (or: I pray).
because of. pNfmg adds wcl = and concerning or and he
n Nfmg: did you (not) show me. entered.

Notes, Chapter 12
10leading men; HT: men ('nsym), possibly going on the rabbinic notion that ys (sing, of 'nsym ) denotes a great
man, not an ordinary one.

Apparatus, Chapter 13
a Nfmg: in flocks, silver and gold. not go . . . as yet they have authority in the land;
Nfmg: from the beginning. P= Nf, NVL except: And there was wrangling . . .
cNfmg: to the place of the altar where he had stock . . . reached the pastures . . . but let them
prayed from the beginning, and he worshiped and graze and pasture in outside field(s); also the herds
prayed. men of Abram the just would tie up (lit.: muzzle)
d Nfmg: who was leading on for the merits of (or: their bridles, and they would not extend (? or:
because of) of Abraham; cf. Ps.-J. were not extended, ytrbw) either to the
' Nfmg: the property; cf. PVNL. Canaanites or to the Perizzites, who until then (or:
-/N f v. 7 = VNL, with following variants: stock for since until then, d l kn) were dwelling in the
cattle of Nf; come to (the pastures) for land.
reached, (commanded by) Abram the just. . . do

Notes, Chapter 13
'prayed; HT: called on the (name of Yahweh); see note to 12:8.
2did not have room for;Aramaic shn. For a note on the Aramaic word, see Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 13, note 3.
 Translation 89

Lots cattle. Abrams herdsmen muzzled their cattle3 until they reached the pastures
and L o ts herdsmen did not muzzle their cattle but allowed them to graze freely and
they roamed about. Besides, Abram s herdsmen had been commanded by their mas
ter Abram, saying: "Do not turn asides to the Canaanites or the Perizzites. These
were still dwelling in the land. 8. And Abram said to Lot: Let there not, I pray, be
disputes h between me and you, between my herdsmen and your herdsmen, because
we' are as kinsmen. 9. Is not all the land before you? Separate yourself, I pray, from
me. If you (go) < to the north>i I (will go) to the south; if you (go) to the south I
(will go) to the north. 10. And Lot lifted up his eyes and saw all the plain o f the
Jordan, that it* was all irrigated, before the Lord had blotted out Sodom and
Gomorrah, like a garden of the Lord for trees,m like the land of Egyptnfor fruits,04
as you come to Zoar. 11. And Lot chose for himself all the plain of the Jordan. And
Lot moved toward the east and they separated one from the other. 12. Abram dwelt
in the land of Canaan and Lot dwelt in the cities o f the plain, and he spread his tent
as far as Sodom. 13. And the people of Sodom were evil, one toward the other, and
were very guilty before the Lord o f revealing their nakedness and o f the shedding o f
bloodp and o f foreign worship.5 14. And the Memra of the Lord said to Abram after
Lot had separated from him: Lift up your eyes, I pray, and look from the place
where you are, to the north, to the south, to the east and to the west, 15. because all
the land which you see I will give to you and to your sonsq forever. 16. And I will
make your sons like the dust of the earth, because just as it is impossible6 that any
one number the dustr of the earth, likewise is it impossible that your sons be
numbered.5 17. Arise, walk in the land, in its length and in its breadth, for I will
give it to you. 18. So Abram spread his tent and came" and dwelt in the Plain o f
the Vision,1 that is, in Hebron, and he built an altar there in the name o f the
Memra o f the Lord.w

Apparatus, Chapter 13
8 Nfmg: (Abram) the just saying: You shall not go 0 Nfmg: for produce.
(tkwn). p Nfmg: -1- innocent.
h Nfmg: let there (not) be, I pray, wrangling between q Nfmg: and to the descendants of your sons after
me. you I will give the land.
1Text of Nf: I am. rNfmg: for if a man could count the dust.
JMissing in text. 5Nfmg: likewise the descendants of your sons (can
k Nfmg: . . . and behold it was . . . not) be counted.
mNfmg: a place of irrigation before the Memra of 1Nfmg: journey in the land.
the Lord had destroyed < . . .> for trees. uNfmg: and Abram journeyed and came.
nNfmg: and like the land of Egypt as you came. M
Nfmg: before the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 13
3N fs Aggadic paraphrase also in Ps.-J.; see also Gen. R. 40,5.
4for trees . . . for fruits; additions in Nf; see Sifre, Deut 38 (on Deut 11:10).
5Or: sexual sin, murder, idolatry. On these central sins in Judaism, with regard to Sodom, see Gen. R. 40,7; Tos,
Sanh. 13:8; Sanh. 109a.
6as it is impossible; HT: if a man can.
7Plain of Vision; HT: Oak or Moreh. See note to 12:6.
90 Translation

CHAPTER 14
1. In the days of Amraphel, king of Shinar, a1 Arioch, king of E lla sa r/1
Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Tidal, king of the nations, 2. drew up battle lines
with Bera, king of Sodom, and with Birsha, king of Gomorrah, Shinab, king of
Admah, Shemeber, king of Zeboim, and with the king of the cityc that swallowed up
its inhabitants,2 that is, Zoar. 3. All these kings had become united with each
otherd3 in the valley of Orchards,4 that is, the Sea of Salt. 4. Twelve years they had
served before Chedorlaomer and in the thirteenth year5 they rebelled against him.
5. In the fourteenth year Chedorlaomer came and the kings that were with him and
they killed the giants6 in Ashtarta of Karnaim and the noblest who were among
th em 1 and the Ematanaeanse who were dwelling within the c ity /8 6. and the

Apparatus, Chapter 14
a Nfmg, Nfi: of Babel. ^nobles, in Nf, VNL, zywtny (h)\ Emataneans,
b Nfmg: of Pontus. (y)mtny(h).
c Nfmg: of the fortress. ^VNL: and they killed the Giants in Ashtaroth
d Nfmg: all these had become united with one an Karnaim and the noblest who were among them
other (omits kings); VNL: all these had be and the Ematheans those who were dwelling of the
come united with one another in the plain of Or sons of (bny) of the city, but read probably:
chards; for Orchards, N f writes prdysy\ Nfmg dwelling in the city.
with VNL, Ps.-J. has prdsyy.

Notes, Chapter 14
'in N f names left in Hebrew without identification; identified below in v. 8.
2the city that swallowed up {bit) its inhabitants (as in Gen. R. 41,5), taking the place name Bela (bl= swallow) as a
verb. So also with regard to this name in N f Gen 14:2,8; the same in Jerome, Hebr. quaest. on verse. On Jerome here, see
S. Klein, Targumische Elemente in der Deutung biblischen Ortsnamen bei Hieronymus, MGWJ 83 (1939) 137; and
for Gen 14, esp. Robert Hayward, Some Observations on St. Jeromes Hebrew Questions on Genesis and Rabbinic
Tradition, Proceedings o f the Irish Biblical Association, no. 13 (1990) 58-76.
3had become allies to each other ('thbrw; also in Ps.-J.); HT: hbrw, they joined forces. N f probably takes it that the
preceding five kings are intended; in Gen. R. it is the earlier four, and they fell into the hands of Abraham.
4Valley of the Orchards (or: Groves); see note 14 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
5in the thirteenth year (btlt sry snyn)\ HT has: wsls srh snh, in/for thirteen years (they rebelled) (RSV: but in the
thirteenth year they rebelled), with variant wb(sls), and in the (thirteenth year), a variant underlying Sam, 1QGenAp,
Ps.-J. The Nfmg tit, thir(teen) follows the HT. The question of the length of the rebellion (one or thirteen years) is con
nected with the exact reading.
6giants, as in Ps.-J., LXX, Gen. R. 26,7; HT: Rephaim.
7the noblest of them; see note 18 to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series). The Aramaic rendering, as in Nf, is cited verbatim in
Gen. R. 41,6, in a gloss on the HT.
8who were dwelling within the city. HT: in Shaveh-Kiriathaim. N f takes qrytym of the HT as a common noun,
city or cities, and apparently leaves Shaveh untranslated.
 Translation 91

Horites who dwelt8 on the mountain of Gabla9 as far as the border of Paran*10
which is near the desert. 7. And they turned back and entered the Spring o f
Judgment,11 that is, R ekem ,12 and subdued all the territory13 o f the Amalekites and
also the Amorites who dwelt in En-Gedi o f the Palm Trees.14 8. And the king of
Sodom, the king of Gomorrah, the king of Admah, the king of Zeboim, and the
king of the city that swallowed up its inhabitants,115 that is, Zoar, went out and set
battle lines against them7 in the valley o f the Orchards,16 9. against Chedorlaomer,
king of Elam, Tidal, king of the nations, Amraphel, king o f Babylon,17 and Arioch,
king of Pontus;k18 four kings gave battle to five and they overcame them. 10. And in
the valley of the Orchards' 16 there were many wells full of bitumen, and as the
kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled they fell in there and those who were left" fled
to the mountains. 11. And they took all the wealth of Sodom and Gomorrah and all
their provisions and went their way. 12. And they took LotAbrams nephew
and his wealth0 and went their way; and he was dwelling in Sodom. 13. And a fugi
tive came and informed Abram the Hebrew; he was dwelling in the Valley o f the Vi-

Apparatus, Chapter 14
s Nfmg: the Horanites those who dwelt; very prob k Nfmg: of Ellasar; VNL: and Amraphel the king
ably from VNL: And the Horanites those who of Pontus and Arioch the king of Ellasar, four kings
dwelt on the mountain of Gabla to El-paran, to the gave battle to five; P: four kings against five gave
plain of Hazoza which is near to the wilderness. battle.
h Nfmg: Hazoza which is near; = VNL. mP: of the Orchards; VNL in v. 10 = Nf.
1Nfmg: the fortress which swallowed up its n Nfmg: within them and what was left.
inhabitants. 0 Nfmg: the property of his brothers son.
3Nfmg: with them.

Notes, Chapter 14

9on the Mountain of Gabla; HT: in their Mount Seir. The identification of Seir with Gabla, Gebal, Gobolitis is
early; see note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series) and Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 14 note 8.
I0as far as the border of Paran {d dgbwV dprn)\ HT: d y lp rn, to El-Paran. The reason for N f s rendering is un
clear. LXX and Syr render as terebinth of Paran, apparently reading or understanding yl as ylwn (see to 12:6). Vulg.,
Onq., Ps.-J., rendering as plain, also seem to have read or understood as ylwn. Nfmg, VNL render Paran as Hazoza
(=Vision), which is there rendering of (Oak of; in Tg.: Plain o f) Moreh of 12:6. See note to that verse.
1 Spring of Judgment; HT: En-Mispath, probably, as Pesh., taking place names as common names; see Ps.-J. (vol.
IB in this series).
12Rekem; HT: Kadesh; see note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series). See also McNamara, 1972, 199f.
l3territory (of the Amalakites), thwmhwn...; HT: sdh\ N f s translation is in keeping with the practice governing its
rendering of this HT word; see note to 2:5.
l4Ain-gedi of the Palm Trees; HT: Hazazan-tamar. This identification also in 2 Chr 20:2; Onq., Ps.-J., Pesh., and
Gen. R. 41,7.
I5Valley of the Orchards; see note to 14:3.
16the City that swallowed up . . . ; see note to 14:2. For Jeromes similar understanding of the text, see R. Hayward,
art. cit., in note to 14:2 above.
17King of Babylon; HT: king of Shinar; see note to 10:10.
l8Pontus; HT: Ellasar; same identification in Symmachus and Vulg. On Pontus, see Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen. 14
note 15.
92 Translation

sion of M am re19 the Amorite, the brother of Eshcol, the brother of Aner. These
were allies of Abram. 14. And when Abram heard that Lot, his brothers son, had
been taken captive, he armed his young m enp (who had) been reared20 in his house,
three hundred and ten2i (of them), and followed after them as far as Caesarea. 15.
And he and his captains9 divided their forces against them by night and slew them
and pursued them to Hoba, which is north of D am ascus/ 16. And he returned all
the wealth; and Lot, his brothers son, and his wealth also he returned as well as the
women5 and the people. 17. And the king of Sodom came out to meet him, after he
had returned from slaying Chedorlaomer' and the kings who were with him, in the
Valley o f the Orchards, that is, the valley of the king. 18. And Melchisedech, king
of Jerusalemhe is Shem the Great22brought out bread and wine, for he was the
priest who ministered in the high priesthoodw23 before the most High God. 19. And

Apparatus, Chapter 14
p N f = VNL, with the following variants: retainers 1 VNL: and the kings who were with him in the Val
(lit.: those who recline) of his house . . . three ley of Hazoza, that is, the place (lit.: house) of the
hundred and eighteen . . . as far as Dan of Valley of the King; Nfmg: to the Valley of
Caesarea; Nfmg: those born in his house, and Hazoza, that is; = VNL.
they did not desire to go with him and he chose u VNL: and Melchi Sedek, the king of Jerusalem, he
from among them Eleazar who was___ There are was Shem the Great, he was a priest to God the
further unconnected Nfmg, e.g.: eight (of eight Most High; P: and Melchi Sedek, the king of
een, cf. HT); Dan of Caesarea, cf. VNL. Jerusalemwho was Shem the Greatwas a priest
q Nfmg: and his servants. of the Most High; he brought out food and wine,
rVNL: and he pursued them as far as Enwata (= and he was standing and serving in the high priest
the Springs) north of Damascus; Nfmg: Aynwata hood before God the Most High (God).
(the Springs) of Damascus. wNfmg: (ministered) to God the Most High.
5Nfmg: (all) the property and also Lot, his broth
ers son, and the property he restored and also the
women.

Notes, Chapter 14
l9Valley of the Vision of Mamre; HT: by the Oaks ( 'Iwny. . . ) of Mamre the Amorite, Mamre here, unlike in other
texts, being a person. The Hebrew phrase Oaks of Mamre is elsewhere (Gen 12:6; 13:18; 18:1; Deut 11:30) rendered by
N f as the Valley of Vision simply. Here in 14:13, apparently under the influence of these texts, N f translates in like
manner, leaving, however, Mamre untranslated.
20reared; as in 17:12 for HT bom in.
2'three hundred and ten; HT: three hundred and eighteen; see Nfmg (no. p) to word.
22Melchizedek . . . he is Shem the Great. The identification with Shem is facilitated by the biblical chronology of
Gen 11:10-26 (Hebrew text), which gives 290 years from the birth of Shems first son to the birth of Abram and says Shem
lived five hundred years after the birth of his first son. In N f and Pal. Tg., Shem was also in contact with Isaac (Nf Gen
24:62) and Rebekah (Nf Gen 25:22). The identification is also in rabbinic sources; see Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen 14 note 26.
Jerome (Hebr. quaest. in Gen 14:18-19, CCL 72,29) tells us that the Hebrews say that Melchizedek was Shem the Great,
and reckoning his lifespan they show that he lived to Isaacs time, and they say that all the firstborn of Noah, until Aaron,
exercised the priesthood and were priests. The identification of Melchizedek and Shem was also known to Ephrem. On
the same views in Jerome, see Hayward, art. cit., in note to 14:2 above.
23
high priesthood; that Melchizedek was believed to have been a high priest may be implied in Gen. R. 46,5: argu
ing that Abraham was a high priest from Ps 110:4 (thou art a priest according to the order of Melchizedek).
Melchizedek is also called a high priest in the Roman Canon (summus sacerdos tuus Melch.)\ see R. Le Daut, Le titre
Summus Sacerdos donn a Melchisedech est-il dorigine juive? RSR 50 (1962) 222-229. See also M. Kasher, Torah
 Translation 93

he blessed him and said: Blessed is Abram before* the most High God who by his
Memra created the heavens and the earth; 20. and blessed is the most High God
who crushedy24 your enemies before you. And he gave him a tithe of everything.
21. And the king of Sodom said to Abram: Give me the persons and take the
wealth2 for yourself. 22. But Abram said to the king of Sodom: Behold, I have
lifted up my hand in an oath before the Lord, the most High God, who by his
Memra created the heavens and the earth: 23. not even a thread of a shoelace6* will
I take of anything belonging to you,cc lest you boast and say: I have enriched
Abram. 24. I need not be considered; only what the young men have eaten and the
portions of the men who went with me, Aner and Eshcol and Mamre; they will take
their portions. '"

CHAPTER 15
1. After these things,0 after all the kingdoms* o f the earthc had gathered together1
and had drawn up battle-lines against Abramd and had fallen before him, ande he

Apparatus, Chapter 14
x Nfmg: to God the Most High. take anything that is yours; that you may not boast
y Nfmg: (who) handed over, your enemies. and say: I have enriched Abram; Nfmg: of my
r VNL: and the property take for yourself; Nfmg: sandal if.
and the property. cc Nfmg: of what you have, so that you will not take
aa Nfmg: I have raised the palm of my hand. vain glory, saying I.
bb VNL: even a thread or a sandal strap, nor shall I dd Nfmg: one part of the whole.

Notes, Chapter 14
Shelemah, vol. 35 (=Aramaic Versions of the Bible, vol. 2), Jerusalem, 1983,170-185, who maintains that the designa
tion is late. Likewise A. O. H. Okamoto in doctoral dissertation, summary in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, II, 74-76.
24crushed. HT (RSV): delivered (mgn; hapax in the Pentateuch).

Apparatus, Chapter 15
PVNL: After these things, after all the kings of the haps I have received the reward of the precepts (P:
earth and (P + all) the rulers of the provinces had my precepts) in this world and there is no portion
gathered together and had drawn up battle lines for me in the world to come.
against (P: with) Abram (V: Abraham) the just and b PVNL: all the kings o f; Nfmg: (every) king.
they had fallen before him and had killed four c Nfmg and PVNL: and all the rulers of the prov
kings (P: kingdoms) from among them and had inces (or cities).
brought back nine encampments, Abram the just d Nfmg, PVNL: (Abraham) the just.
thought in his heart and said: Woe, now, is me. Per- e Nfmg: he killed (without and).

Notes, Chapter 15
'This developed aggadic supplement is found in all Pal. Tg. texts (Nf, Frg. Tgs., CTg H, Ps.-J.) and in Gen. R. 44 . Gen
15:1 is the beginning of a sidra (i.e., a biblical passage appointed as a synagogue reading), and R. Le Daut has noted that
some of the longer Pal. Tg. paraphrases correspond to the beginnings of such sedarim: thus Tg Gen 22:1 (Ps.-J.); Gen
28:10 (Nf, Ps.-J.); Gen 44 :18 (Nf, CTg D, FF); Gen 49:1 (Nf, Ps.-J.); Exod 20:1 (Nf, Ps.-J.); Lev 1:1 (Nf, Ps.-J.); Lev 22:26
(Nf, Ps.-J.), etc. See Le Daut, 1978, 167; also M. Klein, 1986, 10; likewise note 6 to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series). There is
a detailed textual examination of the N f text in B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 130-135. He believes that we can trace (at least)
three stages in the development of the present form of the midrash found in Nf.
 94 Translation

had killed four kings from among them and had brought back nine encampments,
Abram thought in his heart and said: Woe, now, is me! Perhaps I have receivedf the
reward o f the precepts8 in this world and there is no portion for me in the world to
come. Or perhaps the brothers or relatives h o f those killed, who fell before me, will go
and will be in their fortresses and in their cities and many legions2 will become allied
with them 1and they will come against me and kill me. Or perhapsj there were a few
meritorious deeds in my hand the first time they fell before me and they stood in my
favor, or perhaps no meritorious deed will be found in my hand the second time and
the name o f the heavens will be profaned in m e For this reason there was a word o f
prophecy from before the Lord upon Abram the just saying: Do not fear, Abram,
for although many legions are alliedk and come against you to kill (you), my Memra
will be a shield for you; and it will be a protection for you in this world. And al
though I delivered up your enemies before you in this world, the reward o f your good
works is prepared for you before me in the world to come. 2. And Abram said:m I
beseech3 by the mercies that are before you, O Lord;n many things have you given to

Apparatus, Chapter 15
^Expressed in N f and VNL by Ithp: ytqblt: (to be gather together and many legions come against
received; to be made the recipient o f), in P and you, my Memra (is) (as) a shield spread out
Nfmg by the regular form qblyt. (mymry prys trys\ CTg H, trys Ik, shield you) for
g Nfmg and P: my precepts (or: good deeds). you in this world and protects you (mgyn'lk) every
h or relatives, Nf; and relatives, PVNL. day for (or: in) the world to come, and even though
1Nfmg: strong (?) and they join with them; VNL: I have delivered up your enemies before you in this
. . . of those killed and they join with them many world, the reward of your good works is prepared
legions . . . ; P: and they join with them many for you before me in the world to come.
legions. mVNL: And Abraham said: I beseech, (by) the mer
7Nfmg, PVNL: or perhaps he found (P: there was cies before you, O Lord God, many blessings have
found) merit for me the first time that they fell be you given me and many are there before you to
fore me (Nfmg = VNL), or perhaps that merit will give me. But what are these to me, since I go from
not be found for me the second time and the the midst of the world without {bV thus L; VN dl)
(Nfmg: in the) name of Heaven will be profaned in children and Eliezer, the son of my house(hold), by
me; P: . . . it will not be found in me the second whose hand wonders were worked for me in
time. And a word came from before the Lord with Damascus, he is hoping in himself to inherit, to be
Abraham the just saying: Fear not Abraham---- my heir; P: Abraham said: O Lord God,
k Nfmg, P: the brothers and relatives of those slain <m any> are what you have given me and many
should go and (P + many) legions be joined with things are there before you to give me. However,
them and they come against you (Nfmg: against what benefit do I have since I go from the midst of
me), my Memra is a covering <shield> (Nf. cor the world without children, and Eliezer, the son of
rected by VNL; P: my Memra will assure you) my house(hold), at whose hand (= through whom)
for you in this world and a shield upon you all the you worked wonders for me in Damascus, will fi
days. But your reward and your good works are nally be my heir.
prepared for you (Nfmg + before me; lit.: before n Nfmg: (O) Memra of the Lord, many blessings
him) for the world to come; VNL: even if they have you given; cf. VNL.

Notes, Chapter 15
2legions; Latin loan word: legiones, already in the Greek of the NT (Matt 26:53; Mark 5:9, 15; Luke 8:53).
3I beseech by the mercies that are before you, (O Lord); N f s introductory phrase normally inserted whenever in the
HT God is addressed directly in petition. HT : O Lord God. See also 15:8 and Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 2 to Gen 18.
 Translation 95

me and many things0 there are before you, to give me, but I am going from the world
withoutp sons, and Eliezer, the son o f my household,4 by whose hand wonders were
worked9for me in Damascus, will ber my heir. 3. And Abraham said: Behold you
did not give me sons,s and behold a son of my house will be my heir. 4. And be
hold a word of prophecy5from before the Lord was upon Abram saying: This one
will not be your heir, but only he who comes from your own bowels will be your
heir. 5. And he brought him outside and said: Look, now, at the heavens, and
count the stars if you are able to count them. And he said to him: Thus shall be
the descendants of your sons. 6. And Abram believed in the name o f the Memra o f
the Lord and it was reckoned to him as righteousness. 7. And he said to him: I am
the Lord who brought you out of the furnace o f fire of the Chaldaeans6 to give you
this land to inherit it. 8. And he said: / beseech by the mercies that are before
you, 3 how, I pray, will I knowtb,s that I shall inherit it? 9. And he said to him:
Sacrifice" before me a heifer, three years old, a goat, three years old, and a ram,
three years old, a turtle dove and the young of a pigeon. wl 10. And he sacrificed be
fore him* all these things, and he divided them in the middley and he placed each
piece opposite the other, but the birds he did not divide. 11. And the birds came
down2 upon the pieces and the merit o f Abram8 removed9 them. When the bird of

Apparatus, Chapter 15
Nfmg: and many things there are before you to vNfmg and VNL: into pieces and set each of the
give me, but = VNL. pieces before its counterpart.
p N f text bl\ as PL; Nfmg, dl\ as VN. PVNL: And when the bird of prey (pheasant or
q Nfmg: you worked= P. peacock, VNL) came down, it did not draw near
rNfmg: hopes in himself (lit.: in myself) he will in the pieces. And what is this bird of prey? This is
herit (i.e., he hopes to be my heir). the unclean bird. And what is this unclean bird?
5Nfmg: the seed of sons. They are the kingdoms of the earth. And it shall be
1 N f text, both Hebrew lemma and Aramaic transla that when they scheme counsel(s) (VNL: scheme
tion, has he said to him, but to him deleted in evil counsels) against the children of Israel the
both cases. merits of the righteous Abram (P: of Abraham)
tbls correct text with Nfi. makes them void; Nfmg: and the nations, which
uLit.: offer, Nfmg, bring me a heifer. are comparable to the unclean bird, came down to
* VNL: a turtle dove, and the young of a pigeon; plunder the possessions of Israel and the righteous
see note 7 to verse. ness of Abraham protected them; = Ps.-J. with ex
x Nfmg: and he sacrificed to him. ception of a few words.

Notes, Chapter 15
4Eliezer, the son of my household (hr byty); HT: Eliezer of Damascus (bn msq byty). Same paraphrase of HT is Gen.
R. 44,9 (R. Shimeon b. Lakish in the name of Bar Kappara); also ibid., Eliezer of Damascus by whose assistance (si ydw\
cf. Nf) I pursued the kings as far as Damascus; also Gen R. 43,2 on Gen 14:14, where Abrams 318 men are taken as
Eliezer alone: the numerical value of Eliezers name being 318.
5word of prophecy . . . ; HT: the word of the Lord.
6fumace of fire of the Chaldeans; HT: Ur of the Chaldeans; see note to 11:28.
7and the young of a pigeon; lit. a chick (gwzl), the young of a pigeon (brywn). HT : gwzl (RSV: a young pigeon).
In the gloss on gwzl of the HT, Gen. R. 44,14 uses an Aramaic paraphrase as found in Nf.
8the merits of Abraham, mentioned twice: as removing the birds of prey and as being instrumental in delivering Isra
el; see also Gen. R. 44,16. For detailed textual analysis of 15:11, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 136-139.
9removed; lit. caused to cease ( sbt)\ HT wysb, from root nsb (occurs only here in Pentateuch), drove away;
PVNL at end of midrash renders as cancel (btt). For further information on translation, see Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen 15
note 17 with reference to Geiger, 457f.
96 Translation

prey came down he hovered over the pieces. What is this bird o f prey? This is the im
pure bird o f prey. This is the impure bird. These areaa the kingdoms o f the earth;
when they plot evil counsel against the house o f Israel, in the merits o f their father
Abram they fin d delivery. 22. The sun wasbb at the time to set and a pleasantdd
sleep10 fell upon Abram; and behold Abram saw four kingdomsee11 rising against
him: DREAD: that is Babylon; DARKNESS: that is Media; GREAT: that is Greece;
FELL UPON HIM: this <is Edom, the wicked which will fall and will not rise
a g a in > /u 13. And he said to Abram: Know of a surety that the descendants o f
your sons will be strangers and sojournersggl2 in a land that is not theirs; and they
will enslave them and afflict them for four hundred years. 14. I, however, will be
avenged of the nations that will enslave them. After that they will go out with great
riches.hh 15. And you shall be gathered" 13 to your fathers in peace and you shall be
buried at a good old age. 16. And the fourth generation will return here, because
the sins o f the Amorites are not as yet complete. 17. And behold the sun set77 and
there was darkness, and behold Abram looked while seats were being arranged and

Apparatus, Chapter 15
aa Nfmg: these are the four kingdoms that are to en cc Nfmg: went to set = PVNL.
slave the children of Abram and the righteousness dd Nfmg: deep.
of Abram the just will save them. ee Nfmg: the kingdoms which were to arise to en
Nfmg: and the sun was nigh to setting when a slave his sons: DREAD, DARKNESS = P.
deep sleep was cast upon Abram and behold four ^words erased by censor; apparently those within
kingdoms arose to enslave his sons: DREAD: this brackets. Nfmg (to end of verse?): and after that
is Babel; DARKNESS: this is Media; GREAT: this the kingship will return to the people of the house
is Greece; FELL UPON HIM this is < ........> of Israel.
(words erased, but cf. Ps.-J. = that is Edom; for 8g Nfmg: they will be sojourners.
entire gloss see Ps.-J.); PVNL: and the sun went to hh Nfmg: the nations that enslave them I will judge.
set and a deep sweet sleep fell upon Abram. And And after this they will come out with great
Abram saw the four kingdoms that were to arise to possessions.
enslave his sons. (P +: DREAD, DARKNESS, 11Nfmg: you shall enter.
GREAT, FELL UPON HIM) DREAD that is jJ PVNL: And (P + behold) the sun went to set and
Babel; DARKNESS, that is Media; GREAT, that is there was darkness and behold Abram saw while
Greece; FELL UPON HIM, that is Edom (P +: seats were being arranged and thrones erected. And
the wicked). She is the fourth kingdom which is behold, Gehenna which was prepared for the
destined to fall and there will be no rising for her wicked in (or: for) the world to come like an
for all ages. oven. Sparks of fire surrounded it and flames of

Notes, Chapter 15

10pleasant sleep; see also at 2:21. For a textual analysis of 15:12, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 139-140.
11four kingdoms; same interpretation in Gen. R. 44,17.
12strangers (gywryri) and sojourners (twtbyn), a double translation of the HT gr, due most probably to the occurrence
of the word in combination with twsb (RSV: sojourner) elsewhere (Gen 23:4; Lev 25:35, 47). The HT gr in 15:13 is a
collective rendered in N f as plural; RSV: sojourners. The usual rendering of the HT gr in N f is, as here, gywr (Gen 23:4
is an exception, with rendering dyr, resident), which in this rendering is generally translated as stranger. See also note
to Gen 23:3.
13will be gathered; HT: will come. N f renders as at 5:5; 9:29; cf. HT 25:8, 17; 35:29; 49:33; Deut 32:50 (the right
eous gathered to their people by death).
 Translation 97

thrones were erected. And behold, Gehenna14 which is like a furnace, like an oven
surrounded by sparks o f fire, by flam es o f fire,kk into the midst o f which the wicked
fall, because the wicked rebelled against the Law in their lives in this world. But the
ju st,mm because they observed it, have been rescued from the affliction. All was thus
shown to Abram when he passed between these parts. 18. < O n that day>"" the
Lord00 established a covenant with Abram saying: To your sonspp I will give this
land, from the Nile of Egypt to the Great River, the river Euphrates, 19. the
Salmites, 15 the Kenizzites and the Orientals', 20. the Hittites, the Perizzites and the
Giants', 21. the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites and the Jebusites.

CHAPTER 16
1. And Sarai, Abrams wife, bore no children and she had an Egyptian maid
whose name was Hagar. 2. And Sarai said to Abram: Behold, I pray; the Lorda has
prevented me from bearing.* Go in, I pray, to my maid; perhapsc I also may get

Apparatus, Chapter 15
fire, into the midst of which the wicked will fall (P: fire with smoke arising, and the wicked cast into it
fell), because they rebelled against the Law during because during their lives they had rebelled against
their lifetimes (VNL = in this world), but the just, the teaching of the Law in this world and had not
because they will have observed (P: because they fulfilled the precepts. But the just were delivered
observed) it, will be delivered from the affliction from the judgment (= chastisement) because they
(VNL = from it). Thus was it shown (P: all was had served (+?: the Law) during their lives in this
thus made seen) to Abram (VNL: Abraham) as he world and had fulfilled the commandments, and
passed between these places; Nfmg 1: and the for their merits the flame of fire is to be let loose at
sun went to disappear and it became dark, and be the end of the days from the throne of Glory. Every
hold, Abram saw that seats were placed and kingdom will be burned and dissolved (cf. Ps.-J.
thrones were erected, and (he saw) Gehenna which Num 11:26). These great visions Abram saw at the
is likened to a furnace that is prepared for the time he passed between these pieces.
wicked in the world to come because they did not kk Nfmg: of fire and within it the wicked who re
occupy themselves with the study of the Law in nounced the Law.
this world and did not observe the command mm Nfmg. an(j the just who fulfilled the Law were de
ments. All that Abram saw when Abram passed be livered from the tribulation. All this___
tween these pieces; Nfmg 2: and the sun sank nn Missing in text; supplied in Nfi.
and it became dark. Abram was (seeing) and be 00Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
hold he (saw) Gehenna which was burning like a pp Nfmg: the descendants of your son(s).
furnace, with sparks of fire and glowing coals of

Notes, Chapter 15
14behold Gehenna. According to Gen. R. 44,21, God at that time showed Abraham four things: Gehenna, the (for
eign) kingdoms, revelation, and the Temple. See also note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series). For a textual analysis of 15:17,
see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 140-142.
15the Salmites; HT: Kenites. See note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series); also Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 15 note 31. One
view (of Rabbi) in Gen. R. identifies the Kennizites of the same verse as the Shalamites (or Salmites).

Apparatus, Chapter 16
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. cNfmg: Join yourself, I pray, to my handmaid;
b Thus Nfi; in text: from speaking. perhaps.
 98 Translation

children^ through her. And Abram listened to the voice of Sarai. 3. And Sarai the
wife of Abram took Hagar the Egyptian, her maid, after Abram had dwelt ten years
o f days1 in the land of Canaan, and she gave him to Abram her husband as wife. 4.
And he went in* to Hagar and she conceived. And when she saw that she had con
ceived the honor of her mistress/ was of little value in her sight. 5. And Sarai said^
to Abram; My judgment and my humiliation, my insult and the beginning of my
affliction, are delivered into your h a n d / I forsook my country, the house of my
birth, and the house of my father and I have come7 with you with faith.J I went in
with you before the kingsk o f the earth, before Pharaoh king o f Egypt and before
Abimelech king o f Gerarm and I said: He is my brotherso thatn they might not kill
you. And when I saw that I did not bear0 I took Hagar the Egyptian, my maid, and
gave her to you as wife, and I said: She will bear children and I will rear (them). Per
haps I too will get children through her But when she saw that she had conceived
m y honor was of little value in her sight. And now let the Lord be revealedp and let

Apparatus, Chapter 16
d Nfmg: she will bear children and I also will rear mercy be fulfilled upon [or: concerning] me and
(them); see N f v. 5. you) and let him (or: may he) spread peace between
e Nfmg: and joined himself to. me and you (P: upon me and you) and let the world
^Nfmg: and despised her mistress. be filled (P: may the earth be restrained/consumed)
8 PVNL: and Sarai said to Abram: My judgments from me and you, and we will not need the sons of
and my humiliation have been delivered into your Hagar the Egyptian, the slave girl, who belongs to
hand. I forsook (P: I forgot) my country and the the children of the sons of the people who threw (P:
house of my birth (P: my birthplace) and the house cast) you into the furnace of fire (P +: of the
of my father and I came (?; or: brought myself, Chaldeans).
wtyt ly) with you; in the faith (or: trust) of h Lit.: is delivered; Nfmg: are delivered into my
heaven (i.e., God) (P: -I- upon you) I went in with (read: your) hand. I forsook= VNL.
you before all the kings (P: before the kingdoms of 1The text seems corrupt; lit.: I have come ( tyt) it/
the earth), before Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and him (= accusative); or possibly, through defective
before Abimelech the king of the Philistines and I writing as: I have brought it/him. For it (yth)
said (VNL: + concerning you): He is my brother, Nfmg has: y= to me; or me (accusative) =
so that they would not (P: lest they) kill you. And PVNL, where meaning is also problematical.
now I have seen that I am not becoming pregnant JNfmg: in the faith of heaven I entered;= VL.
and (P: and now that I saw that I do not bear chil k Nfmg: the king of.
dren) and I have taken Hagar the Egyptian my mNfmg: the king of the Philistines; cf. VNL (the
handmaid and have given her to you as wife (VNL: king of . . . ) and P.
and I said: She will give birth and I will rear: per Nfmg: in order that.
haps I too will acquire children through her). And 0Nfmg: And now that I saw that I do not bear = P.
when she saw that she had become pregnant, my pNfmg: and she saw (corr. text which lit. reads:
honor became of little value (P: was despised) in was of little value) that she had conceived and
her sight. And now let the Lord be revealed and let my honor became of little value in her sight and
him judge between me and you (VNL:+ and let there is (read let there be) revealed = PVNL.

Notes, Chapter 16
'year of days; HT: year. The addition of days is a peculiarity of N f rendering; also in Gen 29:18, 20, 22; 41:1;
Exod 21:2; 23:10; Lev 19:23; 25:3 (twice), 21; Deut 14:28; 15:1, 12,18; 31:10. M. Kasher (Torah Shelemah, vol. 24, 65-
71 summary in A. Diez Macho, Neophyti 1, V, 62*f.) believes that by the addition of days a (solar) year o f365 days is
intended.
 Translation 99

him judge2 between me and you, and let him spread his peaceq3 between me and
you, r and let the earth be filled from us and we will not need the sons o f Hagar the
Egyptian, who belongs to the children o f the sons o f the people who gave you into the
furnace o f fire o f the Chaldeans 4 6. And Abram said to Sarai: Behold your maid
is in your h a n d / Do to her whatever seems good" in your sight. w5 And Sarai af
flicted her and she fled from before her.* 7. And the angel of the Lord met her at
the spring of water in the desert at the spring, on the way to H a lu za h /6 8. And he
said: Hagar, maid of Sarai, where are you coming from and where are you going?
And where did you fin d a house like the house o f Abram your master? And she said:
I am fleeing from before my mistress Sarai. 9. And the angel of the Lord said to
her: Return to your mistress and humble yourself under her hand. z 10. And the
angel of the Lord said to her: I will surely multiply your sons so that they cannot
be numbered for multitude. 11. And the angel of the Lord said to her: Behold
you are with child and you will bear a son and you will call his nam efla Ishmael, be
cause your afflictions7 have been heard before the Lord.bb'\2. And he shall be like a

Apparatus, Chapter 16
QNfmg: between me and you his peace and let (the vNfmg: before him.
earth) be filled. '' Nfmg: in the way of Haluzah = PVNL.
rNfmg: upon me and you and let the world be "Nfmg: her authority.
filled from me and you and (we will) not (need); aaNfmg: and you shall bear a son (byr) and you
cf. VNL. shall call his name (lexical variants, including byr,
5Nfmg: who cast= P. son).
1Nfmg: your handmaid has been delivered into MHT: The Lord has heard (= given heed to) your
your hand. afflictions; in N f your afflictions preceded by
MNfmg: do to her what is good and right before you the sign of the accusative; Nfmg: the Memra of
and (Sarah) afflicted. the Lord has heard.
wNfmg: in your eyes.

Notes, Chapter 16
2let the Lord be revealed and let him judge; HT: May the Lord judge. For a detailed textual examination of N f
16:5, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 142-147.
3spread his peace (or: . . . peace, wyprwsslmh)-, thus also P (slmyh, his peace); VNL (slm \ peace), reading slmh,
as if with initial shin. B. Barry Levy (op. cit.) suggests that we read as with initial sin, slmh, garment; May the Lord
spread a garment between us, with the connotation of marital relations, as in Ruth 3:9; Deut 27:20. This gives better
meaning in the present context.
4fumace of fire of the Chaldeans; see 11:28. A tradition that Hagar the Egyptian was a descendant of the people of Ur
appears to be unknown to rabbinic sources. See Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 16 note 6.
5For Pal. Tgs. Gen 16:5-7 and Gal 4:25a, etc., see M. G. Steinhuser, in Biblica 70 (1989), 234-240; also R. Le Daut,
Traditions targumiques dans le corpus paulinien? Biblica 42 (1961) esp. 37-43.
6Haluza. HT: Shur. The name Shur occurs in HT Gen 16:7; 20:1 ; 25:18; Exod 15:22; always identified as Haluza
in N f and Frg. Tg.; in Onq. as Hagra; in Ps.-J. as Haluza, except in Gen 20:1, where we have Hagra. In Gen. R. 45,7 Shur is
identified as Haluza, with use of the very same words as in N f (brhdhlws*); see McNamara, 1972, 195; Grossfeld, op.
cit., Gen 16 note 9.
7your afflictions (preceded by sign o f the accusative) have been heard before the Lord; HT: the Lord has heard your
affliction (preceded by sign of accusative). Passive construction to avoid making God the direct subject of the verb, with
retention of the sign of the accusative from the HT. See note to N f Gen 1:4 and Golomb, 1985, 209.
100 Translation

wild ass among00 the sons o f man; his hands shall rule8 over all and the hands of all
shall rule over him; and he shall dwell before all the nations.dd 13. And she prayedee
in the name of the Memra o f the Lord who was revealed to her:9 You are^the God
who sustains8S all ages"; for she said: "Behold also now he has been revealed to me
after he has been revealed to my mistress Sarai. 14. Therefore the well was called:
The well beside which the One who sustains all ages10 was revealed.hh Behold it is
between R ekem 11 and Haluzah. 12 15. And Hagar bore a son" to Abram. And
Abram called the name of his son whom Hagar bore him, Ishmael. 16. And Abram
was eighty-six years when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.

CHAPTER 17
1. When Abram was ninety-nine years, the Memra o f the Lord was revealed to
Abram and said to him: I am the God o f the heavens. 1 Serve before me in truth2
and be perfect in good work. 3 2. And I will set my covenant between me and you
and I will make you very, very powerful4 3. And Abram prostrated himself upon6

Apparatus, Chapter 16
cc Nfmg: he will be like a wild ass among the sons of have been revealed just after you have been re
men. vealed to Sarah my mistress.
dd Nfmg: his brothers. ^Nfmg: And she said: You are.
PVNL: and Hagar gave praise and prayed in the 88 Nfmg: (sustainer, or living) over (all ages).
name of the Memra of the Lord who was revealed hh Nfmg: above which was revealed the glory of the
to her (P = : and to Sarah her mistress) and she Shekinah of the Lord. Behold it is between.
said: Blessed are you, O God, sustainer of all ages 11In text Hebrew work bn (for regular Aramaic br);
(P: living, [or: sustaining] for ever), and have seen Nfmg: byr (son) (variant writing).
my tribulations, because she said: Also to me you

Notes, Chapter 16
8shall rule. HT: shall be against; see Gen. R. 45,9.
9who was revealed to her. HT: who spoke to her.
10. .. sustains all ages. HT: you (are) El Roi (7 ry).
1Rekem. HT: Kadesh. Rekem=Petra; see 14:7 and note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
12Haluza. HT: Bered, a name occurring only here in the HT. Haluza identification of Shur of HT in Gen 16:17;
20:1; Exod 15:22.

Apparatus, Chapter 17
a Nfmg: I will multiply. b Nfmg: Abram bowed down in prayer upon.

Notes, Chapter 17
'God of the heavens. HT: El Shaddai. Same rendering of this divine name throughout in Nf.
2serve before me in truth. HT: walk before me; see note to 5:22.
3perfect in good work. HT: perfect (RSV: blameless). See note to 6:9.
4I will make you very powerful (or: strong); HT: I will multiply. Thus N f only; other Tgs. as HT.
 Translation 101

his face and the Memra o f the Lord spoke with him saying: 4. And as for me, be
hold my covenant with you and you shall become an assembly of a congregation of
ju stc nations.5 5. And your name will no longer^ be called Abram, but your name
will be Abraham, because I have set you as an assembly of a congregation of ju ste
nations.5 6. And I will make you very, very powerful and I will make nations of you;
kingsf who rule nations6 will come forth from your loins. 7. And I will establish my
covenant between me and you, and your sons8 after you throughout their genera
tions, as an eternal covenant, to be in my Memra a G od for you * and for your
sonsj after you. 8. And I will give to you and to your sons after you the land of your
sojournings, all the land of Canaan, as an everlasting inheritance. And I will be for
them in my M em rak a redeemer God. 9. And the Lordm said to Abram: And as
for you: You shall observe my covenant, you and your sonsn after you in their gene
rations. 10. This is the covenant which you shall observe between men and you,
and between your sons after you: to circumcise every male among you. 11. And you
shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin and it will be a covenant-sign between
my Memra and you. 12. And he that is eight days old among you shall be
circumcised;0 every male throughout your generations: he that is reared inpl your
houses and those bought with your money from any gentile that is not from among
your sons. 13. Both he that is reared in q your houses and those that are bought with
your money shall be circumcised; and my covenant will be in your flesh as an ever
lasting covenant. 14. And any uncircumcised maler who will not have circumcised
(the flesh of his foreskin),5 this person will be cut off from the midst of his people;
he has broken my covenant. 8 15. And the Lord' said to Abraham: Your wife
Sarai, you shall not call her name Sarai, but Sarah will be her name. 16. And I have

Apparatus, Chapter 17
cNfmg: numerous. mNfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
d Nfmg: (no) more. nNfmg: between my Memra and you and between
e Nfmg: numerous (nations) I have made; cf. note the descendants of your sons.
c above. Nfmg: Circumcise (imper, pl.).
^omitted in text; added from Nfmg. p Nfmg: those that are raised in/of.
8Nfmg: and between you and the descendants of 9 Nfmg: those that are raised in (your) houses shall
your sons. surely be circumcised.
Nfmg: my Memra. rNfmg: and every male son of the nations (i.e.,
1in text singular; in Nfmg plural. gentiles).
J Nfmg: for the descendants of your sons; a very 5Text erased by censor, as also corresponding mar
frequent variant. ginal variant.
Nfmg: and his Memra will be for you. ' Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 17
5assembly of a congregation of just nations; HT: multitude of nations.
6kings who rule nations; HT: kings. N f renders kings of peoples of 17:16 in like manner.
7reared in. HT: bom in iylyd). See Gen 14:14.
8broken ( ps\ root pys) my covenant. HT : broken (hpr). Similar rendering in N f Lev 26:15; Num 15:31 ; Deut 31:16,
20. Different rendering (referring to breaking a vow) in N f Num 30:9, 13, 14, 16.
102 Translation

blessed her, and I have also given you a son from her; and I have blessed her and
she will become nations; and kings' who rule nations will arise from her. 17. And
Abraham prostrated himself* upon his face and was astonished and said in his
heart: Is it possible for me, a man of a hundred years, to beget1 sons? And is it pos
sible for Sarah, a woman who is ninety years, to bear? z 18. And Abraham said be
fore the Lord: Oh, that Ishmael might live before you! 19. And the Lord said to
Abraham: But, behold your wife Sarah will bear you a son and you will call his
name Isaac; and I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant,
and with his sons after him. 20. And I have heard the voice o f your prayer9 concern
ing Ishmael. Behold00 I have blessed him and made him powerful and multiplied
him exceedingly. He will beget*6 twelve chiefs and I will make him a great
inheritance.cc 21. But I will establish my covenant with Isaac whom Sarah will bear
you at this tim e ^ next year. 22. When he had finished speaking with him, the
Glory o f the Shekinah o f the Lord went up from Abraham. 23. And Abraham took
his son Ishmael and all those reared in 1 his houseee and all those bought with
money, and every male among the men of the house of Abraham; and he circum
cised the^ flesh of their foreskins that very day according as the Lord had** spoken
with him. 24. And Abraham was ninety-nine years when he circumcisedhh 10 the
flesh of his foreskin. 25. And his son Ishmael was thirteen years when he
circumcisedhh10 the flesh of his foreskin. 26. That same day11 Abraham circum
cised the flesh o f his foreskin and his so n 12 Ishmael." 27. <A nd all the m e n > J/ of
his house, all those reared in kkl his house, those bought with money from a gentile,
were circumcised with him.

Apparatus, Chapter 17
wNfmg: and he was blessed, but corn to: and I hb Nfmg: you shall beget.
will bless? cc Nfmg: a (great) nation.
HNfmg: and I will give you a son from her and I ^Nfmg: according to (this) time.
will bless you and she will become numerous peo ^Nfmg: those raised in his house.
ples and kings. ^Nfmg: and they circumcised.
vVNL: and Abraham fell upon his face and was as **Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
tonished; P: and was astonished; Nfmg: and hh Nfmg: at the time he circumcised.
(Abraham) fell (upon his face)= VNL. Nfmg: Abraham and Ishmael was (= were)
vNfmg: shall Abraham a hundred years old beget. circumcised.
"Nfmg: shall she bear? JJMissing in text, supplied in Nfmg.
aa Nfmg: as regards Ishmael I have heard your voice; Nfmg: and those raised in.
behold.

Notes, Chapter 17

9the voice of your prayer. HT: (I have heard) you. When heard, heard your voice of HT concerns Gods rela
tions to humans, N f paraphrases by introducing reference to prayer or the voice of prayer: Gen 17:20; 21:17; 30:17, 22;
Deut 3:26; 9:19; 10:10; 26:7.
I0when he circumcised (bmgzr lyh\ lit. in the circumcising to him, or: when he was circumcised?); HT: bhlmlw;
MT : behimmolo; Niphal, passive: when he was circumcised, as RSV; of reflexive? Note that in v. 24 Sam has *t (the sign
of the accusative?) before flesh, which would indicate an active sense, as in Nf.
"that same day; lit. at the time of that day. See note to 7:13.
,2Abraham . . . circumcised . . . his foreskin and his son Ishmael. HT: Abraham was circumcised (nmwl, Niphal,
passive) and his son Ishmael.
 Translation 103

CHAPTER 18
1. Three angelsa were sent to our father Abraham at the time he circumcised the
flesh o f his foreskin. 1 The three o f them were sent for three things, because it is im
possible for one angel from on high that he be sentbfor more than one thing.0 The
first angel was sentd to announce to our father Abraham that Sarah would bear him
Isaac;* and the second angel was sent to deliver Lot from the destruction; and the
third angel was sent to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboim. And the
Memra o f the Lord was revealedf to Abraham in the plain o f the Vision,2 as he was
sitting at the door o f his tent in the strength o f the day, warming himself, because o f
the blood o f his circumcision, in the heat of the day. 2. And he lifted up his eyes
and saw, and behold, three angels in the likeness o f m en3 standing beside him.*
And he saw and he ran from the door of the tent to meet them, and saluted them 4

Apparatus, Chapter 18
a VNL: three angels were sent to our father was revealed to him in the Plain of the Vision
Abraham and the three of them were sent for three (hyzww) . . . from his circumcision in (lit.: accord
things because it is not possible for one of the an ing to) the heat (variant reading P: the strength of)
gels on high that he be sent for more than one the day.
thing. The first angel was sent to announce to our b Nfmg: to be sent; = P.
father Abraham that, behold, Sarah would bear f Nfmg: one thing; inverted order of Aramaic
Isaac. The second angel was sent to deliver Lot words, as in VNLP.
from the destruction. The third angel was sent to d Nfi: lexical variant; = VNLP.
destroy Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim. Nfmg: that behold, Sarah would bear Isaac; =
For this reason there was a word of prophecy from VNL; compare P.
before the Lord to Abram (sic) the just, and the ^Nfmg: for this reason there was a word of proph
Memra of the Lord was revealed to him in the ecy from before the Lord to Abraham the just=
plain of Hazoza as he was seated at the door of his VNL.
tent, warming himself (= recovering) from his cir ^Nfmg: his circumcision at the strength of the
cumcision at the strength of the day. The same in day= VNL.
P, with variants: At the time Abraham circum Nfmg: standing before him: one of them went to
cised the flesh of his foreskin; and the three (lit.: announce to Sarah that she would bear a male son,
the three of them) angels were sen t___angels on and one of them went to destroy Sodom, and one
high to be sent . . . Zeboim: these angels were sent of them went to deliver Lot from destruction.
to Abraham our father. The Memra of the Lord

Notes, Chapter 18
'For rabbinic parallels to this midrash (also in Frg. Tg.), see Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 18, note 1. One angel (not for
more than one thing); thus Gen. R. 50,2 (on Gen 19:11). That the three men were angels also in Josephus (Ant. 1 ,11, 2,
no. 197) and Philo (De Abr. xxiii, no. 110). A textual analysis of the midrash in B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 150-151.
2the Plain of Vision; see 12:6 (HT: the Oak of Moreh); 13:8 (HT: the Oaks of Mamre); 14:13 (HT: the Oaks of
Mamre the Amorite).
3three angels in the likeness of men. HT: three men.
4saluted them (lit. inquired about their welfare, s 7 bslmhwn) according to the custom of the land); this is N f s ren
dering of the Hebrew (w)ysthw rsh of the HT (bowed himself down to the earth), here and in Gen 19:1; 33:3; 37:10;
42:6; 43:26, and sometimes elsewhere (23:7); also Nfmg Gen 48:12; VNL 19:1. When wysthw is not followed by 'rsh (to
the ground), N f generally renders as 57 bslm(hwn), without the additional according to the custom of the country (Gen
23:7 is an exception). It may be that N f understood rs (ground) of this phrase as land, country. When the verb
ysthw is used in the sense of worship, praise (God), N f renders accordingly, e.g., Gen 24:26,48, 52; 47:31 (in all these
cases worshiping God); 43:28 (a human person). Special cases in N f s rendering of the verb are Gen 22:5; 27:29. See fur
ther Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 18, note 5. See also D. M. Golomb, The Targumic Renderings of the Verb lehistahawt: A
104 Translation

after the custom5 o f the land. 3. And he said: / beseech before you, O Lord,6 if now
I have found grace and favor in your sight, * let not the Gloryj o f your Shekinah go
up7 from your servant. 4. / will fetch, now, a little water; washyour feet, and re
fresh yourselves under the tree. 5. And I will fetch a little food that you may
strengthen your hearts, and after that you can pass on; because for this reason you
have passed m by near your servant at the time o f repast. And they say: Do just as
you have spoken. 6. And Abraham hurried andn went to the tent, to Sarah, and he
said: H urry0 and take three seahs of fine flour, spread it and make unleavened
b re a d / 7. And Abraham ran to the cattle-yard and took a calf, tender and good,
and gave it to his boy-servant, who hurried to prepare it. 8. Then he took curds and
milk and the calf which he had prepared, and placed it before them; and he stood
beside them under the tree and they were giving the impression o f eating and
drinking.8 9. And they said to him: Where is your wife Sarah?; and he said: Be
hold she is in the tent. 10. And he said: I will surely return*7to you at this hour,
and behold,r your wife Sarah will have a male son. And Sarah was listening at the
door of the tent and Ishm ael9 was standing behind her10 listening. 11. Now
Abraham and Sarah had grown old, had advanced in days; the way of woman had
been withheld11 from being with Sarah. 12. And Sarah wondered in her heart say
ing:5 After I have grown old, is it possible for me to return to the days o f my youth
and to have pregnancies; 12 and my husband Abraham has grown old. 13. And the

Apparatus, Chapter 18
1Nfmg: before you. behold, Sarah your wife will have a male child.
JNfmg: I beseech, let (not) the Glory ( o f . . . ) pass And Sarah was listening at the door of the tent; she
was listening and Ishmael was standing behind
*by
Nfmg: a little water and let them wash. her; P: and Ishmael was standing behind it (or:
mNfmg: (for) this have you passed by, to justify (or: him).
declare innocent) your servant. rNfmg: I will surely return to you at this time/
Nfmg: hastened. period and, behold, a son (byr)\ cf. VNL.
Nfmg: hasten. 5VNL: And Sarah laughed in her heart (= herself)
p Nfmg: (knead) them and make cakes. saying: After I have grown old, is it possible to re
q VNL: and he said: I will surely return to you at turn to the days of my youth so that I have a preg
this time (at) which you are (now) standing and, nancy, and Abraham has grown old.

Notes, Chapter 18
Targumic Translation Convention, in Working with No Data. Semitic and Egyptian Studies Presented to Thomas O.
Lambdin, ed. D. M. Golomb (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1987) 105-118.
5custom; Greek loan word: nomos.
6I beseech before you, O Lord. HT: O Lord. For addition see to 15:2; 19:3; by the mercies seems to have been
omitted inadvertently before O Lord.
glory of your Shekinah go up; HT: do not pass by; cf. Introduction, p. 37.
they seemed to be eating and drinking. HT: they ate; see 18:2: angels in the likeness of men.
Ishmael was standing behind her. Paraphrase due to the Targumist having understood HTs whw' (vocalize as
we/zz= she) (was) behind him as he (vocalizing weh), i.e., Ishmael (was) behind (her, or: him). Thus also Ps.-J.,
Frg. Tg. and Gen. R. 48,10.
10behind her (btrh, batarah), or possibly, with HT, VNL, and Gen. R. 48,16: behind him (batareh).
nhad been withheld (Ym4); HT: hdl\ RSV: It has ceased to be.
I2pregnancies dwyyn) rather than menstrual periods (Golomb, 1985, 104); VNL: sing., ydwy\ cf. Gen 3:16,
dwnwk. HT: dnh; RSV: pleasure.
 Translation 105

Lord' said to Abraham: Now, Sarah has laughed," saying: Will I truly bear a
child, now that I am old? 14. Is it possible th a t' anything be hidden before the
Lord?13 At (this) time I will return to you, at this hour, and Sarah will have a male
son. * 15. But Sarah denied saying: I did not laugh, 3' because she was afraid. And
he said to her: No, but you did laugh.y 16. And the men arose from there and
looked attentively in the direction of Sodom,z and Abraham went with them to ac
company them. 17. And the Lord said1 through his Memra: Am I to hide from
my friend 14 Abraham what I am going to do? Since the city o f Sodom is among the
gifts I have given him, 15 it is right that I bb should not overthrow it until I inform him.
18. And Abraham will surely become a great and powerful nation and in his
m erits16 all the nations of the earth shall be blessed. 19. Because it is manifest be
fore m eccl that he will charge his sons and the men o f his house after him that they
observe the way of the Lord by doing justice and right,M sothat theMemra o f the
Lord may bring upon Abraham what he spoke with him.20.And the Lordee said:
The plaint o f the people off Sodom and Gomorrah is surely great, and their sin
has increased greatly. 21.1 will now be revealed18 and I will seefj,s if according to
the plaint that has ascended before me they have performed the destruction. They
are worthy o f total destruction. 19And i f they seek20 to do repentance and i f they hope

Apparatus, Chapter 18

1Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. aa P and VNL the same as P for v. 17.
14Nfmg: has denied. bb Nfmg: that we should overthrow=VNLP.
*Nfmg: that there be deficiency (before the Lord)? ccNfmg: I know.
At this time I will return; for first part see N f and dd Nfmg: judgment and justice.
Nfmg, Num 11:23. wNfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
vNfmg: a son (byr). ^Nfmg: the plaint of Sodom.
vNfmg: you have laughed (a different Aramaic j'n>ls PVNL: I will be revealed and see whether in ac
word). cordance with the plaint of the people of Sodom
"VNL: and they gazed (Afel) in the direction (7 and Gomorrah <w hich> has come up before me,
p y) of Sodom; Nfmg: and they gazed towards
{klqbl) Sodom.

Notes, Chapter 18
13Is it possible that anything is hidden (dytks 0 before the Lord. HT : Is anything too hard (hypl ")for the Lord? Same
rendering of this Hebrew word in N f Deut 17:8 (also in VNL); 30:11. Different rendering of Hebrew in N f Deut 28:59
( tprs).
l4Ab. my friend; cf. Isa 41:8.
15the gifts I have given him; see Gen. R. 49,2; also note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
16in his merits (lit. in the merits, bzkwwt*); cf. Nfmg, in his merits; see note to 12:3. HT: in him.
17manifest before me. HT: I have known (=chosen) him.
18I will be revealed and see. N f avoids anthropomorphism of HT: I will go down and see.
19they have performed the destruction . . . total destruction; Aramaic: klyyh bdw gmyr ynwn hyybyn. HT: sw klh
(wm V d h); RSV: they have done altogether (and if not I will know). klh of the HT is problematic and variously ren
dered or emended, e.g., as destruction, at all (vocalizing as kullah). N f can also be variously understood, depending
on the punctuation and the syntactical position of gmyrand how it is understood, e.g., as entirely or as destruction
(in this sense a synonym of klyyh). Thus: they have performed the destruction {klyyh) completely (gmyr*):;or: they have
performed the destruction {klyyh). They are worthy of total destruction {gmyr'). The latter understanding seems best
and is in agreement with Gen. R. 49,6, where as a gloss on sw klh we have: klyyh hn hyybyn, they must be completely de
stroyed, agreeing verbatim with N fs gmyr ynwn hybbyn. See further on text Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen 18 note 33.
20and if they seek. . . , a paraphrase based on the elliptic HT: and if not, I will know.
106 Translation

in their souls that their evil works are not manifest before mebehold they are be
fore me, as if I did not know. 22. And the men turned away from there and went
to Sodom, and Abraham was still standing, beseeching mercy from before8g the
Lord. 23. And Abraham approached and said: Will you in anger21 blot out the in
nocent with the guilty? 24. Perhaps there are fifty innocent men in the midst of the
city. Will you in anger21 blot (them) out and not remit and pardon22 the sinshh of
the place because of fifty innocent men who are in the midst of it? 25. Far be it
from before you to do such a thing: to kilF the innocent with the guilty, so that the
judgment o f the innocent be like the judgment of the guilty. Far be it from before
you to do such a thing. Will the Judge o f the judges1ck o f all the inhabitants of the
earth not do justice?mm 26. And the Lord"" said: If in Sodom I find fifty innocent
in the midst of the city, I will remit and pardon 22 all the guilty of the place because
of them. 00 27. And Abraham answered and said: Behold, now, I have begun to
speak before the Lord, though I be dust and ashes. 28. Perhaps five of the fifty inno
cent will be lacking. Will you blot outpp all the city because of five? And he said: I
will not blot \Xqq out if I findrr forty-five there. 29. And he spoke with him again
and said: What if forty are found there? And he said: I will not blot (it) out on
account of forty innocent. 30. And he said: Let not, I pray, the anger of the Lord,
grow strong, and I will speak: What if thirty are found there? And he said: I will
not blot (it) out if I find thirty there. 31. And he said: Behold now I have begun
to speak before the Lord: Perhaps twenty are found there. And he said: I will not
blot" (it) out on account of twenty innocent. 32. And he said: Let not the anger of
the Lord, I pray, grow strong and I will speak again this time. Perhaps ten are found
there. And he said: I will not destroy on account of ten. 33. And the Glory o f
the Shekinah23 o f the Lord went up when it had finished speaking with Abraham.
And Abraham returned to his place.

Apparatus, Chapter 18

they have performed [missing in P] the destruction mmNfmg: this order of judgment.
completely. They are guilty. They imagine in their nn Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (said): If there be
souls (= they delude themselves) that perhaps their found.
evil deeds are not manifest before me. And if they 00Nfmg: I will remit and pardon the city for their
seek to do repentance (P +: and to turn back from merits (i.e., their sakes).
their evil deeds), behold they are before me (P: be pp Nfmg: will you destroy.
fore him) as if I did not know. qq Nfmg: I will not destroy; Nfi: it will not be blot
88 Nfmg: in prayer before. ted out.
hh Nfmg: (pardon) the place because. n Nfmg: if there be found.
11Nfmg: just who are in the midst of it. 55Nfi: if they find (i.e., if there be found).
JJNfmg: to blot out. n Nfmg: I will not destroy because of.
kk Nfmg: the judge that judges all. uu Nfmg: I will not destroy if ten be found there.

Notes, Chapter 18
2'in anger; likewise Onq., Ps.-J., Gen. R. 49,8. HT: p, taken as anger rather than as here intended, an interjection,
even.
22remit and pardon, sry wsbq. See note to 4:7.
23the Glory of the Shekinah . . . went up. HT: the Lord went (his way).
 Translation 107

CHAPTER 19
1. And the two angels went into * Sodom in the evening and Lot was seated at the
gate b of Sodom; and Lot saw them and ran out to meet them and saluted them ac
cording to the custom o f the land.1 2. And he said: I beseech you, my lords, come
as far as the house of your servant, I pray, and pass the night and wash your feet;c
and you can arise early in the morning and go on your way. d And they say to him:
No, but we will pass the night in the square o f the city62 3. And he pressed them
greatly; and they turned aside to him and entered into/ his house. And he made
them a meal and baked unleavened bread; and they ate. 4. They had not yet slept^
when the people of the city the people of Sodomsurrounded his house from
their young to their old, all the people from one side. 5. And they called to Lot and
said to him: Where are these men who have come to you tonight? Bring them out
to us that we may know them. 6. And < L o t> went out to them, outside,h and
bolted the door behind him. 7. And he said:1I pray, my brothers, do not do evil. 8.
Behold, I pray, I have two daughters who know not man;7 1 will bring them out to
you now, and do to them what appears good*" in your sight; only do nothing to
these men because for this have m they cometo pass the night in the shade of my
roof. 9. And they say: Move off! And they say: One comes to sojourn amongst
us and, behold, he seeks to be judge o f our judgments!3 Now are we to do to you
greater evil than to them. And they pressed hard against the man, against Lot, and

Apparatus, Chapter 19
a VNL: and the two angels came to Sodom in the ^Nfmg: and he made a meal for them and they ap
evening and Lot was seated at the gate (pyly: Greek peared as if they were eating and as if they were
loan word, pylos) of Sodom; and he saw them and drinking; PVNL: and they appeared as if they
ran and enquired about their welfare (= saluted were eating and as if they were drinking; = Nfmg
them) and bowed down to the ground upon his (a minor variant in P).
face; Nfmg: and they came; == VNL). 8 Nfmg: and they had (not) lain down.
b Nfmg: at the gate {pyle) of; = VNL. hNfmg +: from the doors.
c VNL: and wash your feet and bathe (an erroneous VNL: And Lot said to them: Wait here a little
reading?) in the morning and you shall go to your while until we (= I) beseech mercy from before the
tents in peace. And they said: No, for we shall Lord; a misplaced paraphrase (from v. 18) on the
spend the night in the city street {pltywt, a Greek Heb. text, of v. 7.
loan word, plateia)\ Nfmg: pass the night and JVNL: who have not known intercourse with
wash. man; cf. Nfmg: there are who know not inter
^Nfmg: in the morning you shall go in peace to course with man.
your tents. Nfmg: (good) and proper before you; only to
^Nfrng: we shall pass the night in the city street (these) men.
{pltywt);= VNL. mNfmg: nothing evil at all, for because of this.

Notes, Chapter 19
'according to the custom of the land. HT: (w)ysthw p ym rsh\ RSV: bowed himself with his face to the earth. See
note to 18:2. See Apparatus for variants.
2in the square of the city. HT: in the square.
3judge of our judgments. HT (RSV): to play the judge.
108 Translation

they drew near to break the door. 10. But the men stretched out their hands and
brought Lot into them to the house, and they bolted the door. 11. And the men who
were at the door of the house they smote with blindness,"4 from those of them o f
tender years5 to their old;6 and they labored to find the door o f the house and did
not fin d the door. 12. And the men said to Lot: Right now, what have you here?0
Your son-in-law and your sons and your daughters and all whatsoever you have in
the city, take from the place; 13. for we are going to destroy this place because their
plaint has increased before the Lord and hep has sent us to blot it out. 14. And
Lot went out and spoke with his sons-in-law, given in marriage to his daughters,
and said: Arise, go forth from this place because the Lordr is going to destroy the
city. And it was as if he jested in the sight of his sons-in-law. 15. And at the time of
the rise of the morning dawns the angels laid hold o f Lot, saying: Arise, take your
wife and your two daughters who are present,' lest you be blotted out because of
the sins of the city. 16. And as they delayed, the men took hold of his hands, and
of the hands of his two daughters, in compassion before the Lord upon him; and
they took him out and set him down outside the city. 17. And when they had taken
them outside he said: Save your life; do not look behind you and do not stand
(anywhere) in the entire plain,7 save yourself on the mountain that you may not
come to an end. 18. And Lot said to them: Wait, I pray,wa little while until I x be
seech mercy8 from before the Lord. 19. Behold, I p ra y / your servant has found
grace and favor before you2 and you have increased your favor which you have done
with me, prolonging my life; but I cannot save myself on the mountain, lest the evil
overtake me and I die. 20. Behold, I pray, this city is near to flee there; it is near.aa

Apparatus, Chapter 19
nThus N f with Aruk (s.v. sdr)\ rendering a rare word Lit.: the column of the dawn; so also PVNL.
for blindness of the HT (found only in Gen ; Nfmg: those who are found with you that they
19:11 and twice in 2 Kgs 6:18). P: bhbrbry, blind may not be made an end of because of the sins (lit.:
ness, groping in the dark; variant readings (with debts) of the city.
same meaning?) in V (bhbryyh), N (bhrbryh), L "Nfmg: flee.
(bhbrbryh ); Nfmg: with confusion (in burning, wPVNL in v. 18 = Nf, with variants: wait a little
bhrbyy 'unless corrupt) from their young men to. while, P; wait here a little while, VNL; Nfmg
Nfmg: (what) still have you here? Sons-in-law. here= VNL.
p Nfi -f : the Lord; Nfmg: the Memra of the * Lit.: we (in all texts).
Lord. y Nfmg: I beseech.
q Nfmg: to destroy (it). 7 Nfmg: in your eyes.
r Nfmg: the Name of the Lord. aa Nfmg: it is little.

Notes, Chapter 19
4with blindness, b-sydwryh\ presumably = siddurayya, meaning blindness, cf. Job 10:22; Golomb, 1985, 119.
HT: snwrym (MT: sanwenm\ elsewhere in HT only in 2 Kgs 6:18. See Apparatus, note n.
5tender years, dqyqyhwn. HT: small.
6old; HT: great.
7plain; HT: kkr (kikkar); RSV: valley.
8until I beseech mercy___ Added in order to complete HT, O no, my lords.
 Translation 109

Let me be saved there, I pray. Is it not small? And my life will be preserved. 21.
And he said to him: Behold, I have accepted you in this matter also, not to over
throw the city (of) whichbh you have spoken. 22. Make haste; cc save yourself there,
because I cannot do anything until the time you enter there. For this reason he
called the name of the city Zoar. 23. And the sun went down over the earth as Lot
entered Zoar. 24. And the Memra of the Lord made sulphur and fire come down
upon Sodom and Gomorrah from before the Lord, from the heavens.M 25. And he
overthrew these cities and all the plain and all the inhabitants of the cities, and the
plants of the earth. 26. And because the wife of Lot was from the daughters o f
Sodomites she looked back to see what would be the end of her fathers house,
and behold, she stands as a pillar of salt until the time the dead are brought to
life,fJ9 27. And Abraham went early in the morning to the place where he had stood
and prayed there before** the Lord. 28. And he looked attentively in the direction
of Sodom and in the direction o f Gomorrah, and in the direction of the land o f the
plain. He saw, and behold, the fumeshh of the land went up like the fum es o f the
smoke of a furnace. 29. And when the Lord blotted out" the cities of the plain, the
LordjJ in his good mercies remembered10 Abraham and sent Lot forth from the
midst of the overthrow when he overthrew the cities in which Lot dwelt.11 30. And
Lot went up from Zoar and he dwelt in a cave,** he and his two daughters with
him, because he was afraid to dwell in Zoar. And he dwelt in a cave, he and his two
daughters. 31. And the elder said to the younger: Our father is old and there is no
man in the land to come in to us according to the way of allmm the earth. 32. Come

Apparatus, Chapter 19
bb Nfmg: according as. ification, that the dead will arise); Nfmg: And the
cc Nfmg: hurry. wife of Lot because she was of the people of Sodom
^PVNL: the Memra of the Lord made rains of looked to see what would be the end of her fathers
good pleasure come down on the people of Sodom house.
and Gomorrah so that (VNL: perchance) they ^Nfmg: the vivification of.
might perform repentance from their evil deeds 88 Nfmg: where (she stood) in prayer before.
but they did not. And when they saw the rain come AANfmg: smoke.
down they said: Perchance our evil deeds are not "Nfmg: at the time the Memra of the Lord de
manifest before him (VNL: before me), and he stroyed.
began (lit.: turned) to rain down on them sulphur JJNfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
and fire from before the Lord from the heavens. kk In HT, Tg. Onq., Ps.-J.: on the mountain.
**PVNL: And Lots wife because she was of the mmVNL: and there is no man in the land to join (=
daughters of the people of Sodom (VNL: because have intercourse) with us according to the custom
Lots wife was from the sons of the sons of the peo (= nomos, Greek loan word) of all the earth;
ple of Sodom). . . until the time that the dead will Nfmg: and . . . custom of all; = VNL.
arise (VNL: until the time that there comes the viv

Notes, Chapter 19
until the time the dead be brought to life. Reference to the resurrection in the verse also in PVNL. On formula see A.
Rodriguez Carmona, Targum y resurrection, 1978, 26, 29, 167.
I0in his good mercies remembered; see note to 8:1.
11in which Lot dwelt, dy sr bhwn. There may be a reflection of this Aramaic text in Gen. R. 51,6.
110 Translation

and let us make our father drink wine and we will have intercourse with him, nn and
we will raise up sons00 from our father. 33. And they gave wine to their father to
drink that night, and the elder went in ^ and had intercourse with her father and he
did not know either when she lay down or when she got up. 34. And the following
day the elder said to the younger: Behold, during the evening I had intercourse
with my father; let us give him wine to drink also tonight and go in, you, and have
intercourse with him, and we will raise up sons from our father. 35. And that night
also they gave wine to their father to drink and the younger, rising up, had inter
course with him, 99 and he did not know either when she lay down or when she got
up. 36. And the two daughters of Lot conceived from their father. 37. And the elder
bore a son and called his name Moab. He is the father, the father of the Moabites
unto the time of this day. 38. And the lesser also bore a sonrr and called his name
Son of my People.12 He is the father of the Ammonites until the time o f this day.

CHAPTER 20
1. And Abraham journeyed from there to the land of the south, and dwelt be
tween R ekem 1 and Haluzah,2 and he sojourned at Gerar. 2. And Abraham said
concerning his wife Sarah: She is my sister. And Abimelech the king of G erar0
sent and took Sarah. 3. And the Memra o f the Lord was revealed to Abimelech in a
dream at night and said to him: Behold, you are to die on account of the woman
whom you have taken, for she is married. 4. And Abimelech had not approached*
her, and he said: I beseech, by the mercy3 before you, O Lord; shall an innocent

Apparatus, Chapter 19
nn Nfmg: let us join (= have intercourse). qq Nfmg: she joined with.
00 Nfmg: seed of sons. rr In text br; Nfmg: byr.
PPNfmg: And (the elder) came.

Notes, Chapter 19
l2son of my people, br my {bar Ammi).

Apparatus, Chapter 20
aVN: king of Arad; L: at Arad, possibly in- ^Nfmg: joined.
tended for v. 1, Nfmg: of Arar {sic) and led away.

Notes, Chapter 20
'Rekem. HT: Kadesh. See note to 14:7.
2P: Haluza. HT: Shur. See note to 16:17.
3I beseech by the mercies___ Prefaced to HT: O Lord. See note to 15:2; also 18:13; 24:42.
 Translation 111

people be killed in justice? 4 5. Did he not say to me: She is my sister; and she said:
He is my brother. I did this in the integrity of my heart and in the uprightness5 of
my hands. 6. And the Memra o f the Lord said to him in a dream: It is also
m anifest before m e6 that you did this in the integrity of your heart, and I have also
restrained youd from sinning before me; for this reason I did not give you the
authority1 to approach h e r/ 7. And now, return the wife of the man, for he is a
prophet and he will pray for you and you will live; but if you do not return her,
know that you will surely die, Abimelech, and all that are his. 8. And Abimelech
arose early in the morning and called all his rulers^ and spoke these words in their
hearing; and the men were very much afraid. 9. And Abimelech called Abraham
and said to him: What have you done to us? And what have I sinnedg against you
that you have brought upon me and my kingdom great sins? Deeds that are not
proper to be done, you have done with me. 10. And Abimelech said to Abraham:
What had you in mind that you did this thing? 11. And Abraham said: Because
I said: There is no fear of the Lord at all to be found in this place and they will kill
me on account of Sarah my wife. 12. And yet, of a truth she is my sister; she is the
daughter of my father but not the daughter of my mother, and she became my wife.
13. And when the nations tried9 to lead me astray after their idols and the Memra o f
the Lord took m ehl from the house of my father, I said to her: This is your favor
that you shall do me: in every place where we shall enter, say, I pray, concerning
me: He is my brother. 14. And Abimelech took sheep and oxen, man-servants and
maid-servants and gave (them) to Abraham and he showed him ' Sarah his wife. 15.
And Abimelech said: Behold my land before you; dwell where it appears good to
you. 16. And he said7 to Sarah: Behold I have given a thousand selask of silver11

Apparatus, Chapter 20
c Nfmg: I know. Atext: him.
d Nfmg: (you did) this: I also withheld. 'Nfmg: and he returned (hzr) to him, text of
e Nfmg: from sinning before me; therefore did I not Nf: showed (hwy) probably to be amended ac
permit you to join. cordingly.
^Nfmg: his servants. 1Text: she said.
g Nfmg: what is this you have done to us and what k Text: lit.: a thousand of selas; Nfi: (a thousand)
have we sinned? selas (see note to text); Nfmg: zuzim of shekels.

Notes, Chapter 20
4killed in justice. HT: will you slay... ?
5integrity, uprightness (tmymwt, qsytwt). HT: tm, nqyn; RSV: integrity, innocence.
6. .. manifest before me. HT: I know.
7the power (or: authority), rsw\ HT, lit. I did not give you; RSV: I kept you from.
8rulers. HT: servants; cf. Nfmg.
9the nations tried. . . ; a midrash occasioned by difficulties in the HT (in RSV): and when God caused me to wander
(htw Ihym) from my fathers house, with verb in the plural (ht w) after the Hebrew for God, which ( Ihym) is plural in
form. The interpretation in N f is the same as that of R. Hanan in Gen. R. 51,1.
I0. .. the Lord took me; new verb is necessary in Nf, since the principal verb of HT is interpreted as leading astray.
11 a thousand silver selas (Nf lit. a thousand of selas of silver; Nfi: [a thousand] selas). HT : a thousand of silver.
When the material involved is silver, N f (and other Tgs.) understand that shekels (in Tg.=selas) are intended; otherwise
in N f when the material is gold; see 24:22 and note thereto. On sela, see Introduction, pp. 32-33.
112 Translation

to your brother; behold, that silver12 is given to you as a gift on account o f your hav
ing been hidden even one night from the eyes of the just one and from all who were
with you, and you have been justified above all. But were I to give allm that I have I
would not be worthy that Abraham the just should know that I have not known
y o u n 17. And Abraham prayed before the Lord, and the Lord cured Abimelech
and his wife and his handmaids and they bore children. 18. Because the Lord0 had
indeed locked up^ completely every openingQ o f the w om b13 in the house of
Abimelech, on account of Sarah, Abrahams wife.

CHAPTER 21
1.
And the Lord remembered Sarah in his good mercies as he had said, and the 1
Lord worked signs for Sarah as he had spoken/ 2. And Sarah conceived and bore

Apparatus, Chapter 20
mNfmg: the just Abraham one night and above all have given (text: given you) a thousand selas of sil
that is with me (cf. VNL) and above all I have been ver to your brother. Behold that money I give to
justified. Behold these (7y/z; read: ylw, if) I had you as a gift for the reason that you were concealed
given; VNL: And to Sarah he said: Behold I have from the eyes of Abraham the just your husband
given a thousand selas of silver to your brother. Be (even) for one night with all that is with you and
hold, I have given it to you as a gift for the reason with {yt, the sign of the accusative; a caique on the
that you were concealed from the eyes of Abraham HT, % here with meaning of with) all you are jus
your husband even for one night, and from all that tified. Behold, had I given all that I have I would
was with me (read: with you? or: for all that you not have been (found) worthy. And the(se) words
were with me?), since above everyone you have are justified, and may Abraham the just realize
been vindicated. Behold, even if I had given all that I have not known you.
that I had, I would not be worthy. And the(se) n Nfi: (that) I have (not) drawn near to you.
words are justified; Abraham the just knows (or: 0 Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
may Abraham the just know) that I did not know p VNL locked up; sole gloss on v. in VNL; = Nf.
you (carnally); P: And to Sarah he said: Behold I q Nfmg: (every) membrane (of the womb).

Notes, Chapter 20
l2behold that silver HT: behold it is a covering (kswt) of the eyes to all. . . which might be taken to imply a
form of bribery on Abimelechs part and reflect unfavorably on Sarah. Nf, through interpretation of ksy= to hide, para
phrases in favor of Sarahs honor and integrity. See also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 158-159.
13(every) opening of the womb (or: every birth-opening), b'd pty yldh, HT: b d kl rhm. b d in N f is probably an in
trusion from the HT or a Hebrew gloss; cf. Golomb, 1985, 24. This translation of N f (of this and similar expressions of
the HT) is found also in N f Exod 13:2, 12, 15; 34:19; Num 3:12; 8:16; 12:12; 18:15.

Apparatus, Chapter 21
a~a VNL verbatim as Nf.

Notes, Chapter 21
The Lord remembered. . . in his good mercies. HT: The Lord visited Sarah; see note to 8:1. The word visited
(pqd) of the HT is translated in N f as remembered in his good mercies, also in Gen 50:24,25; Exod 4:31 ; 13:19. In Exod
3:16 N f renders as the Lord shall surely remember you, while Nfmg has: I remembered you in my (corr. from: his)
good mercies.
 Translation 113

Abraham a son* at the time o f his old age, at the time of which the Lord2 had spo
ken. 3. And Abraham called the name of his son who was born to him, whom Sarah
bore to him, Isaac. 4. And Abraham circumcised Isaac his son when he was eight
days old, as the Lordc had commanded him. 5. And Abraham was a hundred years
old at the time thatd3 Isaac his son was born to him. 6. And Sarah said: A great joy
has been made for me from before the Lord:e4 everyone who hears (of it) will rejoice
with me.7 7. And she said: Oh! who will go and relate in the house o f Nahor,
brother o f Abraham:5 Sarah suckles sons, because she has borne him a son at the
time of his old age?* 8. And the child grew and was weaned;* and Abraham made
a great feast on the day that Isaac6 was weaned.' 9. And Sarah saw the son of
Hagar, the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, doing improper actions,J1
<such as jesting in a foreign cult> .k& 10. And she said to Abraham: Cast out this
slave woman and her son, because the son of this slave woman shall not inherit
with my son, with Isaac. 11. And the thing seemed very bad in the sight of

Apparatus, Chapter 21
6 Nfmg: a son (byr, text br) of old age at the time ning. She is (destined) to give suck, because I have
that the Memra of the Lord spoke with him. borne a child for her old age.
c Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. hNfmg: and he weaned.
d Nfi: when. ' Nfmg: that he weaned (Isaac). In text of N f at
PNfmg: great joy (lit.: great for me joy) has the end of v. 8, after Isaac was weaned, there is erro
Lord made for me. neously inserted from v. 9: the son of Hagar the
^Nfmg: great joy has the Memra of the Lord made Egyptian who had borne to Abraham doing deeds
for me. Every one who hears my voice rejoices that were not fitting such as jesting in a foreign
with me (lit.: to me); ending repeated in slightly cult. To this text we have the Nfmg: (not fitting)
different words: and will rejoice with me. to be done, jesting (= PVNL).
8 Nfmg: and she said: How trustworthy were the JNfmg: bad (actions) which it was not.
(good) tidings of him who announced to my master k Ending missing here in Nf; supplied from end of
Abraham from the beginning and said: Sarah is to N f v. 8, where it is wrongly inserted; see n. i above.
give suck to sons; because I have borne him a son PVNL: And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyp
for old age; cf. VNL: and she said: What were the tian, who had borne to Abraham doing bad actions
(good) tidings that he announced (= were an which are not fitting to be done, (such as) jesting in
nounced) to my master Abraham from the begin a foreign cult.

Notes, Chapter 21
2the Lord. HT: God; see note to 1:1.
3at the time that. HT: in the being bom (bhwld) (to him Isaac)Isaac preceded by the sign of the accusative,
even though the verb is passive. Same phenomenon in HT Gen 21:8; 4:18 (Niphal of yld), 17:25, in all of which cases N f
imitates the Hebrew, with the passive and the sign of the accusative; see Golomb, 1985, 209.
4a great joy . . . from before the Lord. HT (RSV): God has made laughter for me.
5. .. who will go and relate to the house of Abraham___ HT : who would have said to Abraham. Paraphrase may be
intended to avoid contradiction with 17:19, where Abraham is explicitly told by God of the birth of a son to Sarah and
himself.
6that Isaac was weanedIsaac preceded by the sign of the accusative as in HT. See note to 21:5. For displacement
at end of 21:8 in Nf, see Apparatus.
7doing improper actions. HT (RSV): playing.
8jesting in a foreign cult, or: entertaining himself with idolatry. For rabbinic parallels see Gen. R. 53,11; further,
Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 21 note 8. For possible relationship of the Pal. Tg. tradition with Gal. 4:29-30, see R. Le Daut,
Biblica 42 (1061) 37-43.
114 Translation

Abraham on account of Ishmael his son. 12. And the Lord said to Abraham: Let it
not seem bad in your sight concerning the boy and your slave woman. Whatsoever
Sarah says to you listen to her voice, because through Isaac shall there be named for
you the seed o f sons.m9 13. And I will also make the son of the slave woman to be a
great10 nation, because he is your son. 14. And Abraham arose early in the morn
ing and took bread and" a skin of water and gave it to Hagar, placing it upon her
shoulder, together with the boy, and sent her forth. And she went and wandered in
the desert of Beersheba. 15. And the water in the skin was finished andp she cast
away the boy under one of the trees,11 16. and went and sat down opposite9 it at
about the distance of a bowshot, because she said: I will not see the death of the
child. And she sat down opposite it and she lifted u p r her voice and cried. 17. And
the voice1 of the boy was heard <before> the Lord',12 and the Angel of the Lord
called to Hagar from the heavens and said to her: What is the matter, Hagar? Fear
not, because the Lord has heard the voice o f the prayer o f13 the boy' in the place in
which he is. 18. Arise, raise up" the boy and take him by the hand, because I will
make him a great nation. 19. And the Lordw opened her eyes and she saw a well of
water; and she went and filled the water-skin* and gave the boy to drink. 20. And
the Lord was with the boy* and he grew big and dwelt in the desert and was of those
expert in the bowshot.z 21. And he dwelt in the desert of Paran and his mother took
him a wife from the land of Egypt. 22. And in that hour Abimelech and Phicol, the
commander of his army, said to Abraham, saying: The Lord is with youaa in all

Apparatus, Chapter 21
mNfmg: righteous (sons). 'Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (has heard) the
nNfmg: food and a water-skin and he gave it to voice of the child.
Hagar. He placed (it) upon. Nfmg: take.
0 Nfmg: of his water-skin, qrbtyh qrwtyh\ so also wNfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
= qrnt of N; VL have = rwqbttf)' (an erroneous rNfmg: the water-skin (qrbt = qrwwt\ see o
writing?); otherwise VNL = Nf. above).
p Nfmg: and it was ended. 1Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (was) at the aid of
q Nfmg: and put. the child.
rNfmg: and she raised. ~Nfmg: a master at the bow.
5Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (has heard) the aa Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord is at your aid.
voice.

Notes, Chapter 21

9seed of sons. HT: seeds, a word which Nf, when it refers to humans, generally translates as descendants; see In-
troduction, p. 26, and note to 7:3.
,0great nation. HT: nation; see v. 18 below.
"trees. HT: bushes, syhm. N f renders as trees as in 2:5.
I2the voice {preceded by sign of accusative) was heard <before> the Lord. . . , wsmy YYY yt qlyh\ HT: and God
heard the voice of the boy. N f text, unlike other such cases, does not contain qdm, before, which A. Diez Macho be
lieves should be introduced. Thus emended, the paraphrase would avoid the anthropomorphism of the HT. B. Barry
Levy (1,1986,160 and 39), however, believes that in all likelihood the literal rendering, without qdm (before) and the
passive, represents the earliest translation of N f (as in N f Gen 31:30; 39:3; 33:5; Deut 11:2). Note also N f s literal transla
tion of the same Hebrew text later in this verse.
13the voice of the prayer of. HT: the voice of the boy. See note to 17:20.
 Translation 115

whatsoever you do. 23. And now, swear to me by the name o f the Lord,14 here, that
you will not deceive me, nor my son, nor the son o f my son;15 according to the kind
ness I have done with you, you will do with me and with the land in which you
sojourn. ** 24. And Abraham said: Behold I swear and I will fulfill the oath.' 16 25.
And Abraham reproached Abimelech concerning a well of water which the servants
of Abimelech had robbed. cc 26. And Abimelech said: I do not know who did this
thing; and you did not even tell it to me, and I have heard it only today. dd 27. And
Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech and the two of them
made a covenant. 28. And Abraham set aside seven lambs of the flock. 29. And
Abimelech said to Abraham: What are these seven lambs which you have set
aside? 30. And he said: Because you will take from my hand these seven lambs so
that they may be a witness to me that I have dug this well. 31. Because of this he
called the name of that place Beersheba, because there the two of them made a cov
enant. 32. And having made the covenant in Beersheba, Abimelech and Phicol, the
commander of his armies, arose and returned to their country, to the Philistines.
33. And Abraham planted an orchard17 in Beersheba4* and within it gave food to the

Apparatus, Chapter 21
^Nfmg: and now swear to me in an oath by the loan word time ) of what they had eaten and drunk
name of the Memra of the Lord here, that you will and he was not willing to accept (it) from them.
not deceive me, my son, nor my grandson accord And our father Abraham used to say to them: (It
ing to the kindness of truth (read: and the truth) was) from him who spoke and the world came into
which (I have done). being by his Memra (or: command). Pray before
cc Nfmg: which your servants digged. your Father who is in heaven, since it is from his
dd Nfmg: and neither have you told me and I (corr. bounty you have eaten and drunk. And they used
from you) have not known it until this day (lit.: not move from their places until he had made
until the time of this day). them proselytes and taught them the way of the
ee VNL: and Abraham planted an orchard in world. And Abraham gave thanks and prayed there
Beersheba (thus NL; V has: the Well of the in the name of the Memra of the Lord, the God of
Seven, or . . . of Sheba) and established within the world; P: And Abraham planted an orchard
it food and drink at (or: for; lit.: and for/at) the in Beersheba and brought within it food and drink
borders (?, ltkwmyy\ or: for the neighbors?; see for the uncircumcised. And it was that when they
Nfmg: lthwmyy\ with he). And they used to eat had eaten and drunk, they used to seek to give him
and drink and seek to give him the price (Greek the price (Greek loan word time) of what they had

Notes, Chapter 21
l4by the name of the Lord. HT: by God.
15my son. . . son of my son. HT: nyny wnkdy, rare words, in the Pentateuch used only here; RSV: my offspring, my
posterity.
I6I swear ( stb ) . . . I will fulfill ( qyym) the oath. HT simply: I will swear ( sbf; root sb1). N f renders the Hebrew sb
by two different Aramaic ones: qyym and sb. When the Hebrew ^ refers to God, it is translated in N f as qyym, fulfill
(but also with possible meaning swear): thus here, Gen 22:16; 24:7; 26:3; 50:24; Exod 13:5,11 ; 32:13; 33:1 ; Num 32:10,
11. When the Hebrew verb sb' refers to man, N f uses the same Aramaic word sb. Thus, Gen 21:23; 24:3, 9, 37; cf. Lev
19:12; Num 5:19,21 ; by qyym only (of man), cf. Gen 21:31 ; Num 11:12; 14:16. The Hebrew word gets a dual translation,
by qyym and sb\ in Gen 21:24 and Deut 6:13. See further Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen 21 note 20.
I7an orchard, or: pleasure garden, enclosure; prds, a Persian loan word. Also in N f and Pal. Tg. Gen 14:10. HT:
% variously interpreted in rabbinic writings as prds (that of Pal. Tg.), as an inn (pwndq), a court of law. In Gen. R. 54,6 we
find the tradition of Abrahams hospitality given as in N f and Pal. Tg. but connected with the understanding of si as
inn.
116 Translation

passersby. 18 And it came about that while eating and drinking they would seek to
give him the price o f what they had eaten and drunk and he would say to them: You
are eating from him who said and the world was. And they would not move from
there until he would convert them, and would teach them to give praise to the Lordff
o f the world. And he worshiped and prayed in the name o f the Memra o f the Lord,
God of the world. 34. And Abraham sojourned in the land of the Philistines many
days.

CHAPTER 22
1. And it happened after these things that the Lorda tempted Abraham with the
tenth temptation,1 and said to him: Abraham! Abraham answered in the language
o f the sanctuary2 and Abraham said to him : HERE I AM. b 2. And he said: Take,

Apparatus, Chapter 21
eaten and drunk, our father Abraham used to say thwmyy, with he, see above VNL). And after they
to them: Pray before your Father of the heavens had eaten and drunk they used to seek to give him
(read: who is in heaven) from whose bounty you the price (Greek loan word time) of what they had
have eaten and from whose bounty you have eaten and drunk. Our father Abraham answered
drunk. And they would not move from there until and said to them: Pray before your Father who is in
he had made proselytes and taught them the way of heaven from whose bounty you have eaten, and
the world. And Abraham worshiped and prayed from whose goods you have drunk. They used not
there in the name of the Memra of the Lord the move from there he had made proselytes of them
God of the worlds; Nfmg: in the Well of the in the name of the Memra of the Lord, the God of
Seven and established within it eating and drinking the world.
for the passers-by and for the neighbors (?; ^Nfmg: to him who created.

Notes, Chapter 21
18On the midrash concerning Abraham, see note to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series); also B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,160f. On
Abrahams hospitality and reception of guests, see already The Testament o f Abraham, Recension A, 1 and 4. Abrahams
interest in converting people is also mentioned in N f Gen 12:5 and in rabbinic sources.

Apparatus, Chapter 22
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. hold. Here I am. In N f Abrahams reply is in He-
b VNL: and it happened . . . (etc.= Nf) . . . and said brew; in VNL in Aramaic,
to him: Abraham, Abraham, and he answered: Be-

Notes, Chapter 22
This verse represents the beginning of a seder, i.e., a biblical text appointed as a synagogue reading. Such verses often
carry expansive paraphrases. See the note to Gen 15:1 and R. Le Daut, 1978, 1967; with the tenth temptation. Ac
cording to rabbinic tradition, God tempted Abraham with ten tests, of which this was the last; see Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen
22 note 1, with rabbinic references. Another of the temptations was Abrahams having been cast into the furnace of fire of
(Ur of) the Chaldaeans, mentioned in N f Gen 11:28; 11:31; 16:5.
2in the language of the sanctuary, i.e., Hebrew (in N f Abrahams reply, Here I am being in the Hebrew of the HT).
See note to Gen 2:19 (Ps.-J.) and 11:1 ; also Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen 2 note 30; A. Shinan, The Language of the Sanctuary
in the Aramaic Translations of the Torah, Beth Miqra 21 (1976) 472-474 (in Hebrew).
 Translation 117

I pray, your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the country of
Mount M oriahc3 and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains
which I will say to you. 3. And Abraham arose early in the morning and prepared
his ass, and took his two young men with him and his son Isaac; and he cut woodd
for a burnt offering and rose up, and went to the place which the Lorde said to him.
4. On the third day Abraham raised his eyes and saw the place from afar. 5.
< A n d > Abraham < sa id > / to his young m e n / Wait here with the ass and I and
the boy will* arrive there, and we will pray4 and return to you. 6. And Abraham
took the wood of the burnt offering and placed them upon his son Isaac; and took
in his hand the fire and the knife and they went, the two of them together, with a
perfect heart.'5 7. And Isaac spoke to his father Abraham and said: Father! And
he said HERE I AM, MY SON. And he said: Behold the fire and the wood; but
where is the lamb for the burnt offering? 8. And Abraham said:7 From before the
Lordk has he prepared for him self a lamb the burnt offering; otherwise you will be
the lamb o f the burnt offering."6 And the two of them went together with a perfect
heart.m5 9. And they came to the place which the Lord had said to him, and
Abraham built the altar there, and arranged the wood and bound his son Isaac and
placed him upon the altar above the wood. 10. And Abraham stretched out his
hand " and took the knife to slaughter his son Isaac. Isaac answered and said to his

Apparatus, Chapter 22

c VNL: Mount Moriah; = Nf; Nfmg +: where the lamb. And the two of them walked together with a
temple was to be built. perfect heart, Abraham to slaughter and Isaac his
^Nfmg: and divided. son to be slaughtered.
e Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord will prepare the
^Missing in text. lamb for himself; = VNL.
g Nfmg: his two boy-servants. mNfmg: a heart at ease; = VNL.
hNfmg: the young lad. n PVNL: and Abraham stretched out his hand and
' Nfmg: with a heart at ease. took the knife to slaughter his son Isaac. Isaac an
7VNL: and Abraham said: The Memra of the Lord swered and said to his father Abraham: Father, tie
will prepare for himself (text: for me) the lamb, my hands well, lest, in the hour of my distress I
and if not you will be the lamb for the burnt offer (lit.: we) confound you, and your offering be
ing, my son. And the two of them walked together found unfit and I (lit.: we) be thrust down to the
with a heart at ease; P: And Abraham said: From pit of destruction in (lit.: for) the world to come.
before the Lord a lamb has been prepared for the The eyes of Abraham were scanning the eyes of
burnt offering, my son; and if not you are the Isaac and the eyes of Isaac were scanning the angels

Notes, Chapter 22

3Mount Moriah. HT: Moriah. See 2 Chr 3:4.

4(arrive there) and we will pray. HT: nsthw; RSV: and worship. For N f s translation of this HT verb in certain con
texts, see the note to 18:2. When the action is done directly to God, N f paraphrases in a variety of ways: pray, as here
(22:5), gave thanks and glorified, Gen 24:26, 48. In 24:52, in keeping with the presence of 'rsh in the HT, we have:
gave thanks and glorified according to the custom of the land. See note to 24:52, also to 23:12 and 48:12.
5with a perfect heart. Addition to HTs went together. See also Pal. Tg. Exod 19:8, Deut 6:4. The Aramaic phrase
seems to mean with complete, undivided, devotion to God, the opposite of a divided heart; see N f Gen 22:14. See
McNamara, 1972, 12If. and note to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
6otherwise you will b e . . . burnt offering; an addition to the HT, and verbatim as the Hebrew paraphrase of the HT in
Gen. R. 56,4.
 118 Translation

father Abraham:1 Father, tie me well lest I kickp you and your offering be rendered
unfit and we be thrust down into the pit o f destruction in the world to come. The
eyes o f Abraham were on the eyes o f Isaac and the eyes o f Isaac were scanning the
angels on high.s Abraham did not see them. In that hour a Bath Qols came forth
from the heavens and said: Come, see two singular persons who are in my world;
one slaughters and the other is being slaughtered. The one who slaughters does notr
hesitate and he who is being slaughtered stretches out his neck. 11. And the angel of
the Lord called to him from the heavens and said: Abraham, Abraham. 5 And he
said: HERE I AM. 12. And he said: Do not stretch out your hand against the
boy ' and do nothing to him, because now I know that you fear before the Lord and
that you have not withheld your son, your only son, from me. 13. And Abraham
raised his eyes and saw, and behold a ram < entangled > in the tree9 by his horns.
And Abraham went and took the ram and offered it as a burnt offering in place wof
his son. 14. And Abraham worshiped and prayedxl in the name o f the Memra o f

Apparatus, Chapter 22
on high. Isaac was seeing them, (P +: and) 1Nfmg: against the young lad.
Abraham did not see them. At that time (lit.: 14Missing in text; supplied from Nfmg.
hour) the angels on high (P: a bath gal) came out * Nfmg: instead of.
and said to one another: Come, see two unique v VNL = Nf, with following variants: and said: You
righteous ones who are in (VNL: within) the world. are the Lord, who sees and is not seen. I beseech by
The one slaughters and the other is being slaugh the mercy (that is) before you Lord . . . the time
tered. The one who slaughters does not hesitate (P: that you said___I immediately arose early in the
has no pity) and the one who is being slaugh morning and put your command into practice and
tered stretches out his neck. fulfilled the command of your mouth. And now, I
Nfmg: in the hour of my distress I (lit.: we) beseech (by) the mercies that are before you Lord
move convulsively and I (lit.: we) confound you God: when the sons of Isaac enter the hour of dis
and our offering be found unfit and I (lit.: we) be tress, remember in their favor the binding of Isaac
made guilty from you in the hands of heaven. The their father and forgive and remit their debts and
eyes of Isaac. redeem them from every distress. For the genera
p The form of the verb in first person pi. (we). tions that are to arise after him will say: On the
q Nfmg: Isaac saw them= PVNL. mountain of the sanctuary of the Lord Abraham
rNfmg: righteous ones in (lit.: to, for) the offered his son Isaac, and on this mountain, which
world; one slaughters and the other is being slaugh is the sanctuary, there was revealed to him the
tered. The one who slaughters has no pity; the one Glory of the Shekinah of the Lord; P = VNL save:
who is being slaughtered; = P. and Abraham worshiped and prayed there . . . and
5 PVNL: And the angel of the Lord called to him said: You, O Lord God, are he . . . in the hour that
from heaven and said: Abraham, Abraham. you said: Offer Isaac your son before me (text:
Abraham answered in the language of the sanctu him). Immediately I arose early in the morning
ary and said: HERE I AM (in Hebrew); Nfmg: and put your command into practice and kept your
Abraham answered in the language of the sanctu decree . . . forgive and remit their debts and save
ary and said;= PVNL. them from every tribulation. Indeed those future

Notes, Chapter 22

7See notes 22-33 and 44 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series) (also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 163f.) for this midrash.
sBath Qol; see Introduction, p. 39.
9(entangled) in the tree; HT (RSV): caught in a thicket (b-sbk). Same rendering in Onq. and Ps.-J. See note 39 to
Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series) and B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 164-166.
l0Ab. worshiped and prayed. HT : Ab. called the name of that place_ See note 40 to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series).
 Translation 119

the Lord and said: I beseech by the mercyy that is before you O Lord: everything is
manifest and known before you that there was no division in my heart the first
tim ez that you said to me to offer my son Isaac, to make him dust and ashes before
you;bb but I immediately arose early in the morning and diligently put your words
into practice with gladness and fulfilled your decree.00And now, whendd his sons are
in the hour o f distress you shall remember the Binding o f their father Isaac, and lis
ten to the voice o f their supplication, and answer them and deliver them from all dis
tress, so that the generations to arise after him may say: On the mountain o f the
sanctuary o f the Lord Abraham sacrificed his son Isaac, and on this mountain the
glory o f the Shekinah o f the Lord was revealed to him. 15. And the angel of the
Lord called from the heavens to Abraham a second time. 16. And he said: / the
name o f his Memra I have sworn, 11 says the Lord, because you have done this
thing and have not withheld your son, only son, 17. I will certainly bless you and
multiply your sons as the stars of the heavens and as the sand that is upon the sea
shore. And your sons12 will inherit the cities of their enemies. 18. And because you
listened to the voice of his M em ra,13 in your descendants will all the nations of the
earth be blessed. 19. And Abraham returned ** to his young men and they arose
and went together to Beersheba; and Abraham dwelt in Beersheba.^ 20. And it
came to pass after these things that it was related to Abraham saying: Behold,
Milcah also has borne children to your brother Nahor: 21. Uz his firstborn, his
brother Buz and Kemuel, the father of Aram, 22. Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph,
and Bethuel. 23. And Bethuel begot Rebekah. These eight Milcah bore to Nahor,
the brother of Abraham. 24. And his concubine,ss whose name was Reumah, she
also bore Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.

Apparatus, Chapter 22
generations that are to arise, will say: On the Lord God. When the sons of Isaac enter into the
Mount of the Sanctuary of the Lord Abraham of hour of their distress, remember in their favor (lit.:
fered his son Isaac and upon this Mount was the for them) the binding of Isaac their father, and for
glory of the Shekinah of the Lord revealed to him. give and remit their debts and save them from
1Nfmg: You are the Lord who sees and is not seen; every tribulation. Indeed those future generations
everything= PVNL. that are to arise will say: On the Mount of the
"Nfmg: in the hour that you said= P. Sanctuary of the Lord Abraham offered; = P al
aa Nfmg: Offer= P. most verbatim.
^Nfmg: your son before him and in number (?; ec Nfmg: went back.
read: immediately) I arose early; cp. P. ^Nfmg: and they walked together to the Well of
cc Nfmg: your commandment and kept your Seven (the Beer of Sheba).
decree= P. 88 Nfmg and PVNL: concubine (another word).
^Nfmg: I beseech by the mercies before you, O

Notes, Chapter 22
nin the name of his Memra I have sworn. HT: by myself I have sworn.
l2your sons. HT: your seed.
voice of his Memra. HT: my voice.
120 Translation

CHAPTER 23
1. And the life of Sarah was one hundred and twenty-seven years: the years of the
life of Sarah. 2. And Sarah died in the city o f the Four Patriarchs,1 which isa
Hebron, in the land of Canaan; and Abraham came to mourn Sarah and to weep
over her. * 3. And Abraham arose from beside his dead and spoke with the sons of
Heth, saying: 4. I am a resident and a sojourner2 with you. Give me a burial-
possession among you so that I may bury my dead from before me. 5. And the
sons of the Hittite answered Abraham, saying to him: 6. Listen to us,3 our master;
you are a princec from before the Lord4 among us; in the best place of our graves
buryrf your dead.5 <N one of us will WITHHOLD FROM YOU6 his grave (or hin
der you) from burying your d ead > .,<? 7. And Abraham arose and saluted them ac
cording to the custom o f the land1 of the sons of H e t h / 8. And he spoke with them
saying: If it pleases you that I bury my dead from before me, listen to me and en
treat for me E p h ro n / the son of Zohar. 9. And let him sell me the cave o f

Apparatus, Chapter 23
a VNL: and Sarah died in the city of the warriors, the end of v. 11; w . 6 b -11 are repeated after v. 11.
that is, Hebron, in the land of Canaan; Nfmg: of Some words of the texts are left in Hebrew,
the men (corr. to: of the warriors), that is; cf. untranslated.
VNL. ^Nfmg: and he gave thanks and praised the people
b Nfmg: and to mourn her. of the land before the sons of Heth.
c Nfmg: behold you are a lord and ruler. 8 Nfmg 1: plead for her (7y ) to Ephron; Nfmg 2:
d Nfmg: in a good grave bury. plead for me.
f This portion of N f is missing at v. 6 but is found at

Notes, Chapter 23
'City of the Four Patriarchs. MT: Qiryath-Arba, The City of the Four. According to a Jewish tradition, it was
the burial place of the four patriarchs Adam, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Gen. R. 58,4; Jerome, Hebr. quaest. in Gen.
23:2, CCL 72,28).
2a resident and a sojourner (dyr wtwtb). HT: gr wtwsb (RSV: stranger and sojourner). The same combination oc
curs again in Lev 25:35, 47, where N f renders as gywr wtwtb; gr alone occurs more often in the HT and is generally
rendered in N f as gywr\ stranger, alien, proselyte. In Gen 15:13 gr alone is taken as a collective and rendered as
strangers (gywryn) and sojourners. The unique rendering ofgras dyyr, resident, in 23:3 is also in Onq., and in Gen. R.
58,6 the Hebrew gr of this verse is explained through the Aramaic dyyr.
3listen to us, qbl mnn, lit. accept from us, a verb used commonly in this sense in Nf, whether in translation or free
paraphrase (e.g., Gen 38:26). HT: hear (sm1) us.
4a prince from before the Lord. HT: a prince of God.
5The Aramaic Targum of this section is given twice in Nf, the last part of v. 6 and w . 7-11 following on the first transla
tion of v. 11. There are but minor differences between the two texts, and Nfmg appear to both texts.
6withhold from you. This is omitted in the first occurrence; it is in the second but in Hebrew (untranslated), with
translation in the margin.
7saluted . . . custom of the land; HT: bowed (ysthw) to the people of the land (lm hrs), the sons of Heth. On the
translation, see note to 18:2 and note the rendering of Nfmg (in Apparatus); see also note to 22:5 and N f24:26,48. In this
particular instance N f omits the translation of HT to the people of the land. This may be through inadvertence or due
to the difficulty of including it in this particular instance. B. Barry Levy (1,1986,167f.), however, thinks that the regular
N f idiomatic translation may be a later, secondary development and that the earlier form of the translation was more
literal.
 Translation 121

Kephelah8 which is at the end of his field; for full money let him sell it to me
among you as a burial-possession. 10. And Ephron was dwelling in the midst of
the sons* of Heth; and Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham, in the hearing o f 9
the sons of Heth, for all who were entering the gate of the city, saying: 11. No, my
lord, listen to me; ' I give you the field, and I will give you the cave that is in it. Be
fore the sons of the people I give it to you; bury your dead.-' 12. And Abraham
bowed down before the people of the land. 13. <A nd he spoke with Ephron> k in
the hearing of9 the people of the land, saying: But if only you would listen to me.
Behold, I give you the money for the field, receive (it) from m e and I will bury"
my dead there. 14. And Ephron answered Abraham, saying to him: 15. My lord,
listen to me;" land of four hundred selas10 of silver, what is that between me and
you? Count (it) andp bury your dead. 16. And Abraham listened to Ephron; and
Abraham weighed the money of which he had spoken in the hearing of9 the sons of
Heth: four hundred selas10 of silver, current in every place;9 accepted in all
commerce.11 17. And the field of Ephron, which is in Kephelah,12 which is before
Mamrethe field and the cave that is in it and every tree that is on the face of the
field in all the territory round aboutwas constituted 18. the possession of
Abraham in the presence of the sons of Heth, for all who entered the gate of his
city. 19. <A nd afterw ards>r Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the
field of Kephelah13 which is before Mamre, that is Hebron in the land of Canaan.

Apparatus, Chapter 23

h Nfmg: in the territory of the sons of. 0 Nfmg: I beseech, listen.

1Nfmg +: I beseech. p Nfmg: between me and you what is it and bury
JThus v. 11 repeated; v. 11 first time reads: No, my your dead.
lord; listen to me. I give you the field and I will 17VNL: four hundred selas of silver, current for
give you the cave that is in it; bury your dead. Be every money-changers table (Latin loan word
fore < . . . > I give it to you. Bury your dead; patera) and acceptable in all commerce (Greek
Nfmg 1: before the sons of the people I will give loan word pragmateia in N f and PVNL); P: cur
it to you; go bury; Nfmg 2: before the sons of rent in every money-changers table and acceptable
my people I will give it to you. Go bury. < in > commerce; Nfmg: for every money
Missing in text. changers table and acceptable for all; cf. VNL.
mNfmg: to do me this favor; receive it from me. r Missing in text.
n Same form as first per. pl.: (we will bury); Nfmg:
and I will bury (in usual form).

Notes, Chapter 23
8(the Cave of) Kephelah, m (rt kpylh. HT : mkplh (Machpelah), a proper name in Gen 23:9,17,19; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13.
Machpelah, the proper name, is rendered as kpylh in N f (23:17, which is in Kpylh). In some texts it appears that N f has
taken the HT to mean double, the Double Cave; cf. Vulg., spelunca duplex.
9in the hearing o f . . . ; as RSV; HT lit. in the ears of.
10selas; HT : shekels; see Introduction, pp. 32-33, and Gen. R. 58,7 (on Gen 23:15): shekel in the Pentateuch means
sela (view of R. Hanina).
1'current in every place, accepted in all commerce; see note 8 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series); commerce, Greek
loan word pragmateia, also in Gen. R. 58:7.
12which is in Kephelah. HT: in Machpelah.
,3the cave (bm'rty) of the field of Kephelah, with slight correction of the text.
122 Translation

20. And the field and the cave that is in it was constituted the burial-property5 of
Abraham from the sons of Heth.

CHAPTER 24
1. And Abraham had grown old and advanced in days; and the Memra o f the
Lord had blessed Abraham in everything. 2. And Abraham said to his servant, the
oldest of his house, who was in possession a1 of all that he had:b Place, I pray, your
hand under my thigh, 3. and I will make you swear in the name o f the Memra of the
Lord, the God of the heavens, he is the God who rules over the earth, ' that you will
not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I
dwell, 4. but will go to my country and to my kindred and you shall take a wife for
my son, for Isaac. 5. And the servant said to him: What if the woman is not will
ing to come after me to this land? Shall I then make your son return to the land
from where you went forth? 6. And < Abraham > d said to him: Take care that
you do not make my son return there. 7. The Lord, the God of the heavens, who led
me from the house of my father and from the land of my kindred, and who spoke
to me and who made a covenant * with me saying: To your sons I will give this
land; he will send the angel of mercy before you and you will take a wife for my
son from there. 8. And if the woman is not willing to come after you, you are freed
from this my oath, but my son you will not make return there. 9. And the servant
placed his hand underneath the (sign of) the covenantf2 of Abraham his master and

Apparatus, Chapter 23
s Nfmg: which (is) in the field, which is in all the
territory round about . . . which is in front of
<Mamre> as a burial possession.

Apparatus, Chapter 24
a VNL: and Abraham said to his servant, the ruler f Nfmg: God of the land.
of his house, the one who had control of all that ^Missing in text.
was his: Put, I pray, your hand under the thigh of e Nfmg +: with an oath.
my covenant; Nfmg: ruler (correcting tlys to ^Taking the Aramaic qyym (generally = covenant)
slyt) = VNL. in this sense; cf. also VNL at v. 2: thigh of the
^Nfmg: who had control of all that he had; cf. covenant; see 49:29 and also note to v. 9.
VNL.

Notes, Chapter 24
'was in possession of, dtpys. HT: hmwsl (root msl), lit. ruled. In N f this Hebrew verb is generally rendered by sit
(Gen 1:18; 4:7; 37:8; 45:8,26; Deut 15:6) and also in VNL, Nfmg in Gen 24:2. It is rendered by rsw in N f 3:16; Exod 21:8.
See also N f Gen 4:7 (with double translation) and note to verse.
2undemeath the (sign of) the covenant, thwt qyymh, taking qyymh (lit. covenant) here as sign of the covenant.
HT: under my thigh. Same rendering of this phrase in N f (and also CTg D) in Gen 47:29. Place hand under the thigh
(in oath-taking) occurs in Gen 24:2, 9; 47:29. N f renders literally in 24:2. In 24:2 VNL renders: under thee thigh of my
covenant; see Apparatus. The place of circumcision is intended, as implied in Gen. R. 59,11.
 Translation 123

swore to him^ concerning this matter. 10. And the servant took with him ten cam
els from the camels of his master, and all the best things o f the testament ofhis
master;3 and he arose and went to the land (of) Naharaim,4 to the city of Nahor.
11. And he made the camels lie down outside the city, by the well of water at
eventime, at the hour in which the women who draw water go forth. 12. And he
said: O Lord, God of my master Abraham, I pray, prepare it for me, I pray, before
me this day and do favor' with my master Abraham. 13. And behold, I stand
placed5 beside the source of water, and the daughters of the people o f the land are
coming out7 to draw water. 14. And let it be thus: the girl to whom I shall say:
Lower, I pray, your jar that I may drink, and who will say: Drink, and I will make
your camels drink, she is the one you appointed for your servant for Isaac, and in
this shall I know that you have done favork with my master. 15. And it happened
that before he had finished speaking, behold, Rebekahwho was born to Bethuel,
the daughter of Milcah, the wife of Nahor, the brother of Abrahamcame out with
a jar on her shoulder. 16. And Rebekah was very beautiful in appearance, a virgin;
no man had known her; and she went down to the spring and she filled her jar and
came up. 17. And the servant ran to meet her and said: I pray, give me to drinkm
from your jar. 18. And she said: Drink, my lord; and she hastened to lower her
jar over his hand and gave him to drink. 19. And when she finished giving him to
drink she said: I will fill also for your camels, until the tim en they have finished
drinking. 20. And she hastened to empty her jar within the feeding trough and

Apparatus, Chapter 24
s Nfmg: and he promised him by an oath con Nfmg, Ps.-J., Aruk edition, Elias Levitas Me
cerning. turgeman', diathk, P, variant; Gen. R. 59,11 (cita
VNL: and the servant took ten camels from the tion), Aruk MS.
camels of his master and went, and all the best ' Nfmg: and do favor and truth.
(things) of the storehouse (<apothk, Greek loan 1Nfmg: (of the people) of the city, that go out.
word) of his master with him (lit.: in his hand), Nfmg +: and truth.
and he arose and went to Ar(am) which is beside mNfmg: water from your jar.
the Euphrates of the two rivers (or, lit.: of nNfmg: I will give drink until.
Naharaim) to the city of Nahor; P: and all the 0 Nfmg: and hastened and lowered her jar; VNL:
best (things) of the storehouse (apothk', variant and she hastened and lowered her trough (read:?
reading covenant, dywtyqy)', Nfmg: store bucket) within the drinking-place and ran once
house (apothk). Note two traditions regarding more to the well to fill, and filled and gave to drink
the exact Greek loan word: apothk: Nf, PVNL, to all the camels.

Notes, Chapter 24
3of the testament (dyytyq) of his master; HT: of his master. The Greek loan word diathk also in (a manuscript)
Aruk citation of verse and in Gen. R. 59,11. Other Pal. Tg. texts, instead of diathk, have the Greek loan word apothk,
storehouse. See McNamara, 1966A (NT and Pal. Tg.) 56, and 1966B (RSO 41, 1966) 10.
4the land (of) Naharain. MT: Aram Naharaim. See also VNL in Apparatus.
5I stand placed. HT : nsb (nissab). This double rendering of this same Hebrew word also in N f Gen 24:43; Exod 17:9;
Num 22:31 ; and Deut 29:9. Elsewhere N f renders by one or other of the two Aramaic words; see Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen.
24 note 12; B. Barry Levy, 2, 1987, 126f. (note to Num 22:31).
124 Translation

ran againp to the well to fill; and she filled9 for all his camels. 21. And the man
drank and observed her silently to see whether the Lord had made his way prosper
or not. 22. And when the camels had finished the man took a ring of gold, a teba6
its weight, and two bracelets for her hand,7 ten (selas) of gold8 was their weight. 23.
And he said: Whose daughter are you? Tell m e / I pray. Have you at home, per
chance, a place for us to pass the night? J 24. And she said to him: I am the
daughter of Bethuel, the son of Milcah, whom she bore to Nahor. 25. And she said
to him: We have abundant straw and fodder with us, and also a place to pass the
night. 26. And the man bowed down and gave thanks and glorified9 the name o f
the Lord.' 27. And he said: Blessed be the Lord, the God of my master Abraham,
who has not forsaken favor and truth with my master. As for me, the Lord" led me
on the road to the house of my masters brethren. 28. And the maiden ran to the
house of the brethren of her mothers master and told all these things. 29. And
Rebekah had a brother and his name was Laban; and Laban ran to the man outside
at the spring. 30. And when he saw the ring and the bracelets on his sisters arms,
and when he heard the words of Rebekah, his sister, saying: Thus did the man
speak with me, he came to the man; and behold he was standing by the camels be
side the spring. * 31. And he said to him: Come in, blessed of the Lord. Why, I
pray, are you standing outside? Behold, I have cleansed * the house of foreign
worship10 and (there is) room for the camels. 32. And the man went into the
house; and he* loosed2 the camels,aa and gave straw and fodder to the camels and
water to wash his feet and the feet of the men who were with him. 33. And they set
before him to eat, but he said: I will not eat until I speak6* my words. And he

Apparatus, Chapter 24
^Nfmg: once more = VNL. foreign worship, from the revealing of nakedness
q Nfmg: and she gave to drink = VNL. and from the shedding of innocent blood; and I
rNfmg: show me. have arranged a place for the camels.
5Nfmg: as a stall (or: as a resting-place). vI.e., Laban.
1Nfmg: before the Lord. "Nfi +: the muzzles of.
14Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. aa Nfmg: the muzzles of the camels which were muz
wNfmg +: of water. zled during the travel so that they would not eat of
*Nfmg: and I have cleansed the house; I have what was stolen.
cleansed (it?) for (worship?). I have set it in order bb Nfmg: until there be spoken.
from three harsh services that stood within it: from

Notes, Chapter 24

'"teba" HT: b e q a i.e., a half-shekel; in Pentateuch only here and in Exod 38:26.
7for her hand (sing.); HT: for her hands (plur.).
8ten (selas?) of gold. mn srh ddhb. N f here reproduces the ambiguity of the HT: srh zhb, lit. ten of gold, generally
understood to be shekels of gold. The material intended is sometimes omitted after srh and is supplied by translators and
expositors. The same ambiguous words, srh zhb, occur again in Num 7 (thirteen times) and is generally understood and
rendered as ten shekels of gold. Nf, however, paraphrases as: its weight: ten selas of silver was its make and it was of
gold (Nf Num 7:14, 26, 32, 38,44, 50, 56, 62, 68, 74, 80; cf. also 84, 86). See also Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 24 note 18; B.
Barry Levy, 2, 1987, 70 (note to N f Num 7:14).
9gave thanks and glorified the name of the Lord. HT: worshiped (ysthw) the Lord; see note to 22:5.
10cleansed . . . of foreign worship. HT: I have prepared the house.
 Translation 125

said: Speak. cc 34. And he said: I am the servant of Abraham. 35. And the Lord
h a s ^ blessed my master abundantly and he has grown powerful, and he has given
him sheep and oxen and silver and gold and men-servants and maid-servants and
camels and he-asses. 36. And Sarah, the wife of my master, bore a son** to my mas
ter after he had grown old,ff and he has given him all that he has. 37. And my mas
ter made me swear saying: You shall not take a wife for my son from the daughters
of the Canaanites, in whose land I dwell. 38. But you shall go to the house o f^ my
father and to my kindred, and you shall take a wife for my son, for Isaac' 39. And I
said to my master: What if the woman will not come after me?hh 40. And he said
to me: <T he L o rd > 11before whom I have served in truth11 shall send his angel be
fore you,12 and will make your journey prosper and you shall take a wife for my son
from my kindred and from the house of my father. 41. Then you will be free from
my oath when you come;) to my kindred; and if they do not give her to you, you are
free from my oath. 42. And I came this day to the spring and I said:kk T beseech, by
the mercy that is before you, 13 O Lord, God of my master Abraham; if there is good
pleasure before you to make prosper my road on which I walk, 43. behold I will
stand placed14 by the spring of water, and behold the maiden who comes out to fill
her jar, and when I say to her: Give me a little water from your jar to drink; 44.
she says to me: Drink, you; and I will also fill for your camels, shemm is the wife
which the Lord has appointed for my masters son. 45. I had not finished speaking
with my heart when, behold, Rebekah came out with her jar on her shoulder, and
lowered it to the spring" and filled (her jar); and I said to her: Give me to drink, I
pray. 46. And she hurried00 and lowered her jar from above her (shoulder) and
said: Drink, and I will also give your camels to drink. And I drank and she gave
the camels to drink also. 47. And I asked her and said to her. Whose daughter are
you? And she said: The daughter of Bethuel, the son of Nahor, whom Milcah bore
him; and I placed the ring on her nose and the bracelets on her arms. 48. And I

Apparatus, Chapter 24
cc Nfmg: (until) I speak my words; and he (Laban) " Missing in text; Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
said to him: Speak. (For I speak the form used JJNfmg: you enter into.
is that of first per. pi.) Nfmg: this (day) by the spring of water and said.
^Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. mmNfmg: and I will also give your camels to drink;
** In text regular for: br, Nfmg: byr. she.
^Nfmg: after she had grown old. nn Nfmg: to the waters.
gg Nfmg: (but) go. 00 Nfmg: and she hastened.
hh Nfmg: the maiden is not prepared to come after
me.

Notes, Chapter 24
nwhom I have served in truth. HT: the Lord before whom (or: before whose face) I have walked.
12before you. HT: with you.
13I beseech, by the mercy that is before you. Additional paraphrase, introducing direct discourse of God. See note to
15:2; also 18:3; 20:4.
14stand placed. See note to 24:13.
 126 Translation

bowed down and gave thanks and glorified15 the name o f the Lord, and prayed be
fore the God of my master Abraham who led me in the way of truth to pp take the
daughter of my masters brethren for his son. 49. And now, if it is in your good
pleasure16 to do favor and goodnessqq17 with my master, tell me; and if not, tell me
and I will turn aside to rr the right or to the left. 50. And Laban and Bethuel an
swered and said: From before the Lord has the thing gone forth; we can speak with
you neither good nor evil. 51. Behold, Rebekah is before you; take her and go, and
let her be wife to my" masters son as the Lord has spoken. 52. And when the
servant of Abraham heard their words he gave thanks and glorified18 the name o f
the Lord, "* according to the custom o f the land. 53. And the servant took out ob
jects of silver and objects of gold and clothes, and gave them to Rebekah; and a gift
he gave to her brothers and to her mother. 54. And they ate and drank, he and the
men who were with him, and they passed the night there> . And they arose in the
morning and said: Send me to my master. 55. And her brother and her mother
said: Let the maiden remain with us two days or ten days,xx 19 and after that she
can go. 56. But he said to them: Detain me not, now that the Lord has prospered
my journey. Send me forth and I will go to my master. 57. And they said: Let us
call the maiden and ask her own mouth. 58. And they called Rebekah and said to
her: Will you go with this man? And she said: I will go. 59. And they sent forth
Rebekah their sister and her nurse,yy and the servant of Abraham and his m en.zz
60. And they blessed Rebekah and said to her: " Truly; until now20 you were our
sister, but from now onward, you go and cleave to him, to the pious man; and from

Apparatus, Chapter 24
pp or fidelity. Nfmg: the men who were there.
w Nfmg: and now if you do favor and truth. a P: and they blessed Rebekah and said to her: Our
rr Nfmg: show (me) and I will turn aside unto. sister, you are parting from us and going to cling to
55Nfmg: the thing has been determined, I cannot righteous men and you are a righteous woman,
speak with you good or good. from you shall arise thousands and myriads of holy
11 HT: your (masters son). angels and the descendants of your sons shall in
uuNfmg: the Memra of the Lord has spoken. herit the gates of their enemies; Nfmg: they said
HMNfmg: before the Lord. to her: Until now you have been our sister; now
AANfmg: a complete year or ten months (of) days; you go to be joined to that righteous man. May
perhaps an error for: the days of a complete year there be good pleasure (= may God grant) that
or ten months; cf. Ps.-J. from you there come forth thousands and myriads
Vl Nfmg: and the maiden and teacher (or: nurse, of righteous multitudes.
paidagogos, Greek loan word) and Eleazar the
servant.

Notes, Chapter 24

15gave thanks and glorified. HT: worshiped (sthwh). See v. 26 above and note to 22:5.
,6if it in your good pleasure. HT (RSV): if you will deal loyally and truly with my master.
17favor and goodness, hsd wtbw. See detailed note in Grossfeld, op. cit., Gen. 24 note 31.
18gave thanks and glorified. HT (RSV): bowed himself (ysthw) to the earth before the Lord. See v. 48 and notes to
18:3 and 22:5.
19two days or ten days. HT: days (ymym, or dual: two days) or ten. See also note 33 to Ps.-J. (vol. 1B in this series).
20truly until now___ HT: our sister, be the mother of ten thousands and may your seed possess. . . , etc. See also
Gen. R. 60,13.
 Translation 127

you there will arise thousands and myriads;b and your sons will inherit the cities of
their enemies. 61. And Rebekah and her maiden rose up and mounted on camels
and went after the man. And the servant took Rebekah and went.c 62. And Isaac
was coming from the sanctuary o f Shem 21 the Great, to the well over which was
revealed22 the One who sustains every age.d And he was dwelling in the land of the
South. 63. And Isaac had gone out to pray23 in the open field at evening time;24 and
he raised his eyes and saw and behold, camels were coming. 64. And Rebekah
raised her eyes and saw Isaac and she let herself down from the camel. 65. And she
said to the servant: Who is that man who is coming in e the open field toward us?
And the servant said: It is my master. And she took her veil and covered herself7
with it. 66. And the servant told Isaac everything that he had done. 67. And Isaac
cbrought h er> into the tent of Sarah his mother; and he took Rebekah and she
became his wife; and he loved her and Isaac was consoled25 after* Sarah his mother
had died.

CHAPTER 25
1. And Abraham took another wife and her name was Keturah. a 2. And she bore
him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan and Midian, and Ishabak and Shuah. 3. And
Jokshan begot Sheba and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were merchants and trad-

Apparatus, Chapter 24
b Nfmg: and myriads of righteous angels and the Shekinah of the Lord was revealed and he =
descendants of your sons shall inherit the cities of PVNL.
(their) enemies; cf. P. e Nfmg: is walking (or leading).
r Nfmg: and they went. PVNL: and she took a veil and veiled herself with
d PVNL: and Isaac was coming from the school of it; Nfmg 1: wrapped herself = PVNL; Nfmg 2:
Shem the Great to the well over which the glory of and wrapped herself in it = Ps.-J.
the Shekinah of the Lord was revealed; VNL con 8 Nfmg: after the death of Sarah.
tinues: and he dwelt in the land of the South; P
continues: and he dwelt between Hagra and
Haluza; Nfmg: over which the glory of the

Notes, Chapter 24
2lfrom the sanctuary (byt mqds") of Shem. Very probably an error for from the school house (byt mdrs) of Shem, as
in other texts of the midrash (see also N f25:22). The Jewish tradition of Shem living into the time of Abraham and Isaac
is found in N f Gen 14:18 (Shem=Melchisedek) and 25:22. See also Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen 24 note 40 and note 37 to Ps.-
J. (vol. IB in this series).
22the well over which was revealed.. . . MT: Beer-la-roi; see also 16:14; 25:11 for the same paraphrase.
23to pray. HT: to meditate, which according to rabbinic theology is to pray; see Gen. R. 60,14; other parallels in
Grossfeld, Neofiti, Gen. 24 note 42, and note 40 to Ps.-J. (vol. IB in this series).
24evening time; lit. evening times. HT: Ipnt rb. The same rendering of the same Hebrew words in N f Deut 23:12;
see also N f Exod 14:27, times of the morning; HT: Ipnt bqr.
25was consoled, w-nhm (Ithp. with assimilation of /aw?; HT: w-ynhm).

Apparatus, Chapter 25
aPVNL and Nfmg 1 +: she is Hagar who was is Hagar who was tied (qtyr) to him from the
bound to him from the beginning; Nfmg 2: she start.
128 Translation

ers and heads o f peoples.b1 4. And the sons of Midian were Ephah and Epher and
Hanoch and Abida and Eldaah. All these were the sons of Keturah. 5. And
Abraham gave all that he had to Isaac. 6. And to the sons of the concubines which
Abraham had, Abraham gave a gift2 and he sent them away from his son Isaac,
while he was still alive, eastwarde to the land of the east. 7. <A nd these are the
days o f> the years of the life which Abraham lived: one hundred and seventy-five
years. 8. And Abraham ended3 (his days) d and died at a good* old age, old and sat
isfied, and he was gathered to his people. 9. And Isaac and Ishmael, his sons, bur
ied him in the cave Kephela in the field of Ephron, son of Zohar, the Hittite which
is in front of Mamre, 10. the field of which Abraham had taken possession from
the sons of Heth. There were Abraham and Sarah his wife buried. 11. And after
Abraham had d ie d / the Lord blessed his son Isaac. And Isaac dwelt at the well at
which was revealed the One who sustains all ages.84 12. And this is the genealogy of
Ishmael, the son of Abraham which Hagar, the Egyptian, the bond-woman of
Sarah, bore to Abraham. 13. And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by
their names, according to their genealogies: Nebaioth the firstborn of Ishmael and
Kedar and Adbeel and Mibsam, 14. and Mishma and Dumah and Massa, 15. and
Hadad and Tema, Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah. 16. These are the sons of Ishmael
and these are their names according to their villages and encampments,* twelve
chiefs according to their peoples.* 17. And these are the years of the life of Ishmael,
a hundred and thirty-seven years; and he ended (his days)5 and died and was gath-

Apparatus, Chapter 25

b VNL: and Jokshan begot Sheba and Dedan. And in tents and in plains = Onq. See also note to v.
the sons of Dedan were traders and craftsmen c Nfmg: to the border of.
( wmnyn) and heads of people; HT (RSV) Nfmg: and died (lit.: and stretched himself);
Asshurim, Letushim and Leummim (names of cf. Onq. + Ps.-J.
tribes); cf. Jerome, Hebr. quaest. in Gen 25,3 (CCL ^good; by correcting text slightly; cf. Ps.-J. and
72,31; PL 23,1026): Asurim . . . merchants Onq.; Nfmg: in complete (health?) or in peace.
(negotiatores), Latusim . . . brass and iron metal ^Nfmg: at the death of (Abraham).
beaters (aeris ferrique metalla cudentes), Laomim 8 Nfmg: besides which the glory of the Shekinah of
. . . tribal chiefs (phylarchous), that is princes of the Lord (was revealed) to him, cf. Gen 24:62, N f
many tribes and peoples. The best reading is and Nfmg.
probably that of VNL: craftsmen, merchants. N f VNL = N f in v. 16, except fortresses (Latin loan
and Aruk mwpryn (Ps.-J. mpwryn) is a Greek loan word castra) for encampments (with Nfmg,
word, emporoi; Nfmg: encampments and dwellers Ps.-J.).

Notes, Chapter 25
'merchants, traders, and heads of peoples, tgryn wmwpryn wrsy wmyn. HT: swrym, Itwsym, lwmym\ RSV: Asshurim,
Letushim, Leummim. The Aramaic translation of this text is cited in Gen. R. 61,5 (R. Shmuel bar Nachman) as tgryn
wnpryn wrsy wmyn; see McNamara, 1966A, 54ff.; RSO 41 (1966), 8f. A paraphrastic rendering of the text also known to
Jerome (Hebr. quaest. on Gen 25:1-6), rendering Asurim as negotiatores (=traders?) and Latusim as aerisferrique metalla
cudentes (bronze- and metal-beaters), or as malleatores. Modem translators are not at one in the exact rendering of the first
two words of the Pal. Tg.: merchants, traders (M. Klein); traders, merchants (Grossfeld).
2a gift; Greek loan word: dSron.
3endedhis days, s p. HT: w-ygw(r o o ig w \rendered in like manner in NfGen 7:21; 25:17; 35:29; 49:33; Num 17:27,
28; 20:29.
4at which was revealed . . . all ages. MT: Beer-la-hai-roi. See 16:14.
5ended his days; see to v. 8.
 Translation 129

ered to his people. 18. And they dwelt from India to Haluzah, 6 which is opposite
Egypt, as you go toward Assyria. And he dwelt opposite all his brothers.' 19. And
this is the genealogy of Isaac/ the son of Abraham. Abraham begot Isaac. 20. And
Isaac was forty years when he took as wife Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel the
Aramaean from Paddan,7 the sister of Laban the Aramaean. 21. And Isaac prayed
before the Lord* concerning Rebekah his wife because she was barren; and the Lord
answered him and Rebekah his wife conceived. 22. And the children pushed one
another in her womb and she said: If such is the tribulation"1 o f children, 8 why,
now, do I have children? And she went to the school o f Shem the Greatg9 to be
seech mercy from before the Lord. 23. And the Lord said to her: Two peoples are
in your womb, and two kingdoms from your womb will be separated; and one king
dom will be stronger than the other kingdom, and the greater will serve before the
smaller. 24. And her days were completed to bring forth, and behold there were
twins within her womb. 25. And the first came forth red, all of him, like a purple
cloak of hair; and they called his name <Esau. 26. And afterward his brother
came forth and his hand holding Esaus heel; and they called his nam e> Jacob.
And Isaac was sixty years at the time he begot them. 27. And the boys grewp and
Esau was a m an9 knowing the hunt, a man of the fields, and Jacob was a man per-

Apparatus, Chapter 25
' VNL = Nf. in v. 18, except Assyrians for n Nfmg: because of the (impending) end of the king
Assyria (with Nfmg). dom of Esau, and afterwards Jacob (shall come),
1 VNL, Nfmg: this is the genealogical pedigree of whose kingdom shall not be destroyed and shall
Isaac. not cease from him for all ages. For this reason he
ANfmg 1: on the Mount of worship, the place called his name Jacob.
where his father bound him, on behalf of his wife; 0 In v. 25 VNL = Nf; word Esau of 25, and 26a,
cf. Ps.-J.; Nfmg 2: and the Memra of the Lord omitted through homoioteleuton in Nf.
heard the voice of his prayer and (Rebekah . . . ) p Nfmg: and the young men grew and Esau was a
conceived. man of bronze thighs (cf. Ps.-J.), and he was a man
'"Nfmg 1: if the pains of childbirth are such, why of bronze thighs because he had bronze in his left
should I be with child? And she went to the school thigh, likened to a sword which served him as the
of Shem the Great, beseeching and praying before distinctive sign of a robber lord; (Greek loan word
the Lord; Nfmg 2: (why) am I alive to have chil lestes). He went out to rob the passers-by (lit.:
dren? And she went to seek mercy from before the those who passed and returned), and thus, in
Lord in the school house of Shem the Great (o f fact, did his father bless him saying: And you shall
expressed by post-biblical Hebrew word sheI] other live by your sword. Jacob was a man perfect in
wise = VNL); P: and the children pushed one an good work, seated and serving at the school of
other in her womb and she said: If the pains of Shem and of Eber, seeking instruction from before
childbirth are like this, why, I pray, have I children. the Lord; cf. Ps.-J.
And she went to the school of Shem the Great to q Nfmg: a mighty man; he was a deceiver, and he
seek mercy from before the Lord. used to test some of his hunt with his mouth; but

Notes, Chapter 25
6India (hndyri) to Haluza. HT: Havilah to Shur. On this identification of Havilah (identified as hndyqy, India) in
N f Gen 2:11 (see note to that verse); on the identification of Shur see note to 16:7.
7Paddan (Nf text bdn; elsewhere pdri)\ MT: Paddan-aram. Elsewhere N f reproduces the full form of the HT place
name; likewise in N f 48:8 (even though HT has merely pdn).
8if such is the tribulation of children why. . . , i.e., if such is the pain of being pregnant with children; paraphrasing
the elliptical HT : if (it is) thus, why this I? N f s paraphrase is in keeping with Jewish tradition as found in Gen. R. 63,6.
9to the school (Ibyt mdrs') of Shem the Great (see 24:26 and 14:18, for the school or academy of Shem). HT: to
inquire (Idrs) of the Lord.
130 Translation

feet in good work; he dwelt in the schoolhouses. 28. And Isaac loved Esau because
he used to eat from his hunt, but Rebekah loved Jacob. 29. And Jacob had cooked
a dish of lentils and Esau came from the open field and was weary. 30. And Esau
said to Jacob: Give me to eat, I pray, from this red dish because I am weary; be
cause of this his name was called Edom. 31. And Jacob said: Sell me, now, your
birthright. 32. And Esau said: Behold, I go to die and of what use is my birthright
to me? 33. And Jacob said: Swear to me this day;r and he swore5 to him and
sold his birthright to Jacob. 34. And Jacob gave bread and a dish of lentils to Esau
and he ate and drank and rose and went his way; ' and Esau despised his birthright,
and c m a d e denial> concerning the vivification10 o f the dead and deniedx the life
o f the world to come.

CHAPTER 26
1. And there was a famine in the land besides the first famine that occurred in
the days of Abraham. And Isaac went to Abimelech, the king o f1 the Philistines, to
G erarah.2 2. And the Lord0 was revealed to him and said: Do not go down to

Apparatus, Chapter 25
Rebekah loved Jacob because he was meek (lit.: PVNL) and he arose and went and Esau (missing
meekness) and examined the teaching of the Law in VNL) despised his birthright and blasphemed
in the school; probably originally a paraphrase of concerning his portion of (P: for) the world to
v. 28. come and denied the vivification of the dead.
r Nfmg: swear to me by an oath (to)day. u made denial added from Nfmg.
5Nfmg: and he swore (a different word). wNfmg: and denied the vivification of the dead.
P: And Jacob gave food and a dish of lentels to ANfmg: and he blasphemed concerning the life of
Esau and he ate and drank; (text continues with the world (to come).

Notes, Chapter 25
10made denial concerning the vivification . . . ; additional to the HT he despised his birthright; see Grossfeld,
Neofiti, Gen. 25 note 21.

Apparatus, Chapter 26
a Nfmg: the glory of the Shekinah of the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 26
king o f . . . , mlkhwn, for usual mlkhwn; alef used to represent vocal shewa?; cf. Golomb, 1985, 51.
Gerarah; N f retains the Hebrew he locale of Gerar, with final -h, or the accusative of direction, while at the same
time prefixing the preposition to (lamed). N f may have misunderstood the original purpose of the he locale. We have
other examples of the retention of the accusative of direction in N f in Gen 26:2 (to Egypt, l-msrymh); 31:26; 33:17 (pos
sibly; to Sukkothah); 35:6 (Luzah, without initial preposition lamed); 37:25 (Gileadah); 46:28 (Goshenah).
 Translation 131

Egypt;3 dwell in the land which I will say to you. 3. Stay in this land and I, in my
M em ra,b will be with you and I will bless you; because to you and to your sonsc I
will give all these lands and I will fulfill the oath which I swore to Abraham your fa
ther. 4. And I will multiply you d like the stars of the heavens and I will give to your
sons* all these lands; and in your m erit4 will all the nations7 of the earth be blessed,
5. because of the fact that Abraham listened to the voice o f my Memra and kept my
charge, my precepts^ and my covenant, and the ordinances of my judgments. h5 6.
And Isaac dwelt6 at Gerar. 7. And the people of the place asked about his wife and
he said: She is my sister; because he was afraid to say she was his wife, lest the
people of* the land should kill him 7 on account of Rebekah, because she was very
beautiful.8 8. And it happened that, having passed many days there, Abimelech, the
king of the Philistines, watched attentively7 by the window9 and saw, and beholdk
Isaac was playing with Rebekah, his wife. 9. And Abimelech called Isaac and said:
Truly, she is your wife; and how have you said: She is my sister? And Isaac said
to him: Because I said: Let me not die m because of her. 10. And Abimelech said:
What is this you have done to us? Behold, for very little10 one o f the young m en 11
could have had intercourse with your wife and you would have brought great
sins"12 upon us. 11. And Abimelech commanded all the people, saying: Whoever
draws near0 this man and his wife shall certainly be killed. 12. And Isaac sowed in

Apparatus, Chapter 26
b text: in the Memra. j VNL: watched.
c Nfmg: and to the descendants of your sons. k Nfmg: by the window and saw (hm \ Nf: hz), and
d Nfmg: the descendants of your sons. behold.
e Nfmg: to the descendants of your sons. mNfmg: be killed because of.
^Nfmg: in the descendants of your sons all the "VNL for v. 10 = Nf, but with: a great sin (lit.:
nations. debt); Nfmg: a great sin = VNL; P: behold for
8 Nfmg: my commandments. very little one of the young men could have used (=
h Nfmg: and the instruction of my Law. have intercourse with) your wife.
' Nfmg: his sons (or: the sons of the). 0 Nfmg: anyone who draws near.

Notes, Chapter 26
3to Egypt (msrymh, with he locale)', see note to 26:1.
4in your merit; HT: in your seed; see note to 12:3. In N f 12:5 and 28:14 in you of HT is rendered by in your
merit.
5ordinances of my judgments (sdry dyyny); HT (RSV): my laws (twrty); sole occurrence of my laws (twrty) in
Genesis. N f renders the Hebrew word (in plur.) in the same fashion in Exod 16:28.
6dwelt (sry). The HT: ysb can mean to dwell or to sit. Unlike other Tgs., N f renders by sry when the former is
meant; by ytb when the HT is understood as meaning to sit.
7lest they kill him; HT: lest they kill me.
8very beautiful; HT: beautiful; addition of very perhaps through the influence of 24:16.
9by (7) the window; HT: bd, which here is best understood as from (RSV: out of); elsewhere it generally means
on behalf of, and the Tgs. render it by 7.
,0for very little; HT: k m t (RSV: only); this is the sole occurrence of the word in the Pentateuch.
11one of the young men; HT: one of the people.
12 great sins; HT: 'sm (RSV: guilt); only here and in Num 5:7-8 (where in 5:7 N f retains the Hebrew word and in 5:8
renders as guilt), in the sense of guilt, compensation, satisfaction for injury. Elsewhere in the Bible 'sm means
guilt offering, and N f retains the Hebrew word.
 132 Translation

that land and gathered in that year a hundredfold in grain.13 And the Lordp pro
tected and blessed him. 13. And the man became powerful and went on growing
powerful until such time as he was very powerful. 14. And he had possessions in
sheep and possessions in oxen and an enlarged retinue.9 And the Philistines were
jealous of him. 15. And all the wells that the servants of his father had dug, they
sealed them up and filled them with earth. 16. And Abimelech said to Isaac: Go
awayr from us; you are more powerful than we by far. 17. And Isaac went away
from there and encamped in the valley of Gerar and dwelt there. 18. And Isaac re
turned to dig the wells of water that they had dug in the days of Abraham his father,
and which the Philistines had sealed up after Abraham had d ie d / And he called
them by the names with which his father had called1them. 19. And the servants of
Isaac dug in the valley and they found there a well of spring water.14 20. And the
shepherds of Gerar quarreled with the shepherds of Isaac saying: The waters are
ours. And he called the name of the well Esek, because they quarreled with him.
21. And they dug another well and they also quarreled about it. u And he called its
name Sitnah. 22. And he went away from wthere and dug another well and they did
not quarrel about it;* and he called its name Rehoboth and said: Because now the
Lord has made room for us and we have made ourselves strong in the land. y 23.
And he went up to Beersheba/ 24. And the Lord** was revealed to him that night
and said: < l > bb am the God of Abraham your father. Fear n o t/c I am with you
and I will bless you and multiply your sons for the merits of Abraham, my
servant. ^ 25. And he built there an altar and prayedee in the name of the Memra
of the Lord and spread his tent there. And the servants of Isaac dug a well there.
26. And Abimelech cam e^to him from Gerar with a company of his frien d s^15

Apparatus, Chapter 26
p Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. "Nfmg: the Well of Sheba.
q Nfmg: and flocks and many servants. aa Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
rNfmg: go from. bb Missing in text.
5Nfmg: after the death of (our) father. cc Nfmg: Fear (not), my Memra is at your aid and I
1 Nfmg: with which he called them. will bless you and increase the descendants of your
uNfmg: and they disputed likewise about it. sons.
wNfmg: and he moved from. dd Nfmg: your father.
x Nfmg: and otherwise they did not dispute. ee Nfmg: and worshiped.
y Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (has made room for) ^Nfmg: went.
us and we have increased. gg Nfmg: his companions.

Notes, Chapter 26

13(a hundredfold) in grain; addition to the HT: a hundred measures (s rym, with shin). N f may be giving a double
translation of the Hebrew consonants s'rym: ( 1) =measures (with shin); (2) s rym=seorim, with sin, barley, or grain in
general. See Jerome, Hebr. quaest., in Gen 26:12 (CCL 72,32): inuenit in anno illo centuplum hordei, a hundredfold of
barley.
,4spring water (water of a source); HT: living (=running) water; same rendering of Hebrew words in N f Lev 14:5,
16; 15:13; Num 19:17.
15a company of his friends; HT (RSV): Ahuzzath his adviser. N f takes the proper name as a common noun. Thus
also Tg. Onq. R. Nehemiah in Gen. R. 64,9 on this verse cites an Aramaic text identical with Nf. See also Jerome, Hebr.
 Translation 133

and Phicol the commander of his army. 27. And Isaac said to them: Why have you
come to me if you hate me and have sent me away from you? 28. And they said:
We have truly seen that the Lord was with youAAand we have said: Let there be
now, we pray, an oath between us and you and we will establish16 a covenant with
you, 29. that you will do us no evil, just as we do not draw near you and as we have
done " good things^ to you and have sent you away in peace. You are from now the
blessed of the Lord. 30. And he made a feast** and they ate and drank. 31. And
they arose in the morning and swore, mm each man with his brother;"" and Isaac
sent them away and they went from him in peace. 32. And it happened on that day
that the servants of Isaac came and told him concerning the well which they had
dug and they said to him: We have found water. 33. And he called it Shibah; be
cause of this, the name which he called the well is Beersheba00 to the time o f this
day. 34. And Esau was forty years old when he took as wife Judith, the daughter of
Beeri the Hittite and <Basemath the daughter of Elon the H ittite > .w 35. And
they were obstinate and overbearing o f spirit9917 and acted licentiously18 in idol wor
ship; and they did not receive instruction, either from Isaac or from Rebekah. "

Apparatus, Chapter 26
hh Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord at your aid. pp Missing in text.
11 Nfmg: that he has done. qq or: despairing?. (See note 17.) PVNL: and they
Jj Nfmg: a good (thing) and have s(ent). were rebellious and exasperating(?), worshiping in a
**Nfi: feasts. foreign cult. And they would not receive instruction
mm Nfmg: and they swore by an oath. either from Isaac or Rebekah; Nfmg: and they
nn Nfmg: his companion. were rebellious and would not receive; = PVNL.
00Nfmg: wherefore they called the name of the city the rr Nfmg: and they embittered the lives of Isaac and
Well of Sheba. Rebekah.

Notes, Chapter 26
quaest. in 26:26: Pro Ochozath pronubo (Och. the best man at a wedding) in hebraeo habet collegium amicorum eius..
amicorum turba (a group, a company of friends); see also Vulg.: Ochozath his friend.
16we will establish; HT lit. we will cut or let us cut (cf. Tg. Onq., Ps.-J.). N f translates this Hebrew phrase in like
manner throughout: Gen 15:18; 26:28; 31:44; Exod 23:32; 24:8; 34:10,27; Deut 4:23; 5:2; 7:2; 9:9; 28:69; 29:13,24.
17obstinate and overbearing in spirit, mphn rwh; HT: mrt rwh, rebellious in spirit (for Isaac and Rebekah). RSV:
they made life bitter (for Isaac and Rebekah). N f actually gives a double rendering of the root mrt of the HT. The word
translated by overbearing (in spirit) is but a tentative rendering of the Aramaic mphn (rwh), from the root nph, in
flate. Other renderings given are despairing, such as quench the spirit; this latter rendering is that of A. Diez Macho
(extinguidoras del espiritu); see 1 Thess 5:19 and A. Diez Macho, in Melanges E. Tisserant, I, Studi e Testi 231 (Citt
del Vaticano, 1964) 183. P has mpht, VNL pht, which M. Klein renders as exasperating. Sokoloff, 1990, 355, renders
N f as causing distress.
18acted licentiously, mghkn. N f uses the verb ghk usually as a translation of HT shq, a term with a variety of mean
ings, e.g., to laugh, play. Here in N f probably playing in a sexual sense is intended; cf. also N f Gen 22:9. See B.
Barry Levy, 1,1986,177f. Sokoloff, 1990,126, understands it here as bowing down in idolatry (as also in N f Exod 32:6
and Frg. Tg. Gen 21:9).
134 Translation

CHAPTER 27
1. And it came about that Isaac grew old and his eyes were dim so that he could
not see; and he called Esau, his older son, and said to him: My son! And he said
to him: Here I am. 2. And he said: Behold, I pray, I have grown old; I do not
know the days of my death.* 3. And now, I pray, take your arm s,c your quiver and
your bow and go out into the open field and hunt game for me. 4. And make for me
dishes such as I like and bring them to me and I will eat, so that my soul may bless
you before I die. 5. And Rebekah was listening when Isaac spoke with Esau, his
son. Esau went out into the open field to hunt game to take back. 6. And Rebekah
said to Jacob: Behold, I heard the voice o f your father speaking with Esau your
brother saying: 7. Bring me game and make me dishes and I will eat and bless you^
before the Lord, before I die.e 8. And now, my son, hear my voice/ and go where I
command you. 9. Go, I pray, to the flock and bring1 me* from there two good kids
and I will make of them dishes for your father just as he likes. 10. And you will
bring them to your father and he will eat so that he may bless you before the Lord
before he dies. 11. And Jacob said to Rebekah his mother: Behold, Esau, my
brother, is a hairy man and I am a man of smooth skin. 12. Perchance my father
will feel me and I will be in his face as one who mocks him, and I will bring upon
myself curses and not* blessings. 13. And his mother said to him: Let these your
curses be upon me, my son. Only listen to my voice and go and bring' them to me.
14. And he went and took and brought to his mother and his mother made dishes
just as his father liked. 15. And Rebekah took the best garments of Esau, her older
son, that were7 in the house and clothed Jacob, the younger son. 16. And the skin of
the kid goat she clothed over his hands and over the smooth part of his neck; 17.
and she gave the dishes and the bread which she had made* into the hand of Jacob
her son. 18. And he camem to his father and said: Father! And he said: HERE I
AM .2 Who are you, my son? 19. And Jacob said to his father: I am Esau your

Apparatus, Chapter 27
a P: and it came about that Isaac grew old and his eyes d Nfmg: dishes and we (prob. = I) will bless you.
were dim so that he could not see; and the holy spirit e Nfmg: We are (prob. = I am) dying.
was taken up (or: removed) from upon him so that ^Nfmg: in (or: for) what I.
Jacob might receive the order of the blessings. And 8 Nfmg: and take.
he called Esau his elder son and said to him: My son. hNfmg: instead of.
And he said to him: Behold, here I am; cf. Ps.-J.; 1Nfmg: and take (them).
Nfmg: Esau answered and said: Behold (here I J Lit.: was; Nfmg: (most) desirable (garments) that
am). were with her in the house.
b Nfmg: I know not the day of my death. k Nfmg: the food that she had made.
c Nfmg: and now, fetch, I pray, your arms. mNfmg: and he entered.

Notes, Chapter 27
'bring; HT: take.
Here I am, hnny, the HT term left in Hebrew, untranslated, without, however, any explicit reference being made to
the language of the sanctuary. While Jacob speaks here in Hebrew to Esau, the same HT term on the lips of Esau in 27:1
is translated into Aramaic (h nh).
 Translation 135

firstborn. I have done as you have spoken to me. I pray sit up and eat of my " game
so that your soul will bless me. 20. And Isaac said to his son: How, now, have you
found so quickly, my son? And he said: Because the Lord your God prepared it
before me. 3 21. And Isaac said to Jacob: Draw near me, I pray, that I may feel7'
you, my son, to see if you are this my son Esau or not. 22. And Jacob drew near
Isaac his father and he touched him and said: Behold, q the voice is the voice of
Jacob but the touchr o f his hand is the touch o f the hands of Esau. 23. And he did
not recognize him because his hands were as the hands of Esau his brother, hairy;
and he blessed him. 24. And he said: Are you really my son Esau? And he said: I
am. 25. And he said: Bring (it) near* to me that I may eat of my sons game, so
that my soul may bless you. And he brought (it) to him and he ate; and he brought
him wine and he drank. 26. And his father Isaac said to him: Draw near, I pray,
and kiss me, my son. 27. And he drew near to him and kissed him; and he smelled
the smell of his garments and blessed him and said: See, the smell of my son is as
the smell o f incense4 o f choice perfumes w which will be offered upon the altar on the
mountain o f the sanctuary, that is, the mountain which he who lives and endures for
all ages5 has blessed. 28. And may the Lord give you of the good of the dew that de
scends from the heavens (and of) the choicest, and o f the good o f the earth, and
plenty of grain and wine6 and oil.1 29. Let nations serve before you8 all the sons

Apparatus, Chapter 27
nNfmg: (seat) yourself and eat of. uNfmg: as the smell of the garden planted in the field
0 Nfmg: (how) is it that you have found so readily? of Eden which the Lord has blessed.
p Nfmg: that I may touch (you). MP: and he drew near and kissed him; and he smelled
9Nfmg: when the voice of Jacob is heard in prayer, the smell of his garments and blessed him and said:
Esau had no power to harm him and when he is lax in See, I pray, the smell of my son (is) (P and VNL) as
the words of the Law, the hands of Esau rule over the smell of incense of choice perfumes which are
him. (yet) to be offered upon the altar (VNL: which they
r VNL: the feeling of the hands (is) the feeling of the are to offer) on the mountain of the sanctuary (P + :
hands of Esau. of the Lord) which the One who lives and endures
5Nfmg: draw near (or: bring it near) to me, I pray, has blessed; Nfmg: choice perfumes which are to
that I may eat of. be offered on the mountain of the sanctuary which
1Nfmg: come and see. the Memra of the Lord has blessed; cf. VNL.

Notes, Chapter 27
3before me, with HT; in text before himself.
4smell of incense. The midrash referring this verse to the Temple is also in Gen. R. 65,23. For the form of the midrash
in Nfmg (note u), with reference to the Garden of Eden, see Gen. R. 65,22.
5he who endures for all ages; see N f paraphrase of MT Beer-la-hai-roi in Gen 16:14; 24:62; 25:11. For the midrash
of 27:27 see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 179f.
6HT (RSV): May God give you of the dew of heaven and of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and wine. N f s
paraphrase is partly an explanatory midrash and may also have intended to balance both parts of the verse; the choicest
of is not in the HT or other Tgs. of the verse; in N f it may be slightly displaced, having originally come a little later, e.g.,
of the choicest good.
7oil; not in HT; added under the influence of rather common biblical expression: corn, new wine, and oil.
8The identification by N f (and other Pal. Tgs.) of the persons involved with the sons of Esau, Ishmael, Keturah, and
Laban is found also in Jewish midrashic sources, even though the exact identification is not always as in Nf, e.g., Gen. R.
66,4. There is a chart for rabbinic identification of groups mentioned in v. 29 in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 18 to Gen 27. See
also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 180-182.
136 Translation

o f Esau\x let kingdomsy be enslaved to you all the sons o f Ishmael; be master and
ruler9 over your brethrenall the sons o f Keturah; and let them advance and salute
you all the sons o f Laban, who is your mothers brother. Whoever2 curses you aa
let him be cursed, like Balaam 10 the son o f Beor; and whoever blesses you** let him
be blessed, like Moses the prophet, the scribe o f Israel.' 30. And when Isaac had fin
ished blessing Jacob and Jacob had just come out from the face of Isaac his father,
his brother Esau came in from the hunt. 31. And he also made dishes and brought
(them) to his father and said to his father: Arise, father, and eat from your sons
game so that your soul may bless me. 32. And Isaac his father said to him: Who
are you? And he said: I am your firstborn son Esau. 33. And Isaac was fright
ened with a very great fright and said: Who, I pray, is the one who hunted game
and brought (it) to me and I ate of it all before you came to me? And I blessed
him. A ndcc a Bath Qol went forth from the heavens and said:11 He will also be
blessed. 34. When Esau heard the words of his father he made a great cry, exceed
ingly strong12 and bitter, and he said to his father: Bless me, also me, father. 35.
And he said: Your brother came with great cunning13 and took your blessing. 36.
And he said: Behold, has his name not rightly14 been called15 Jacob? Behold, he
has supplanted me thse two times. He has taken my birthright and behold, now he
has taken my blessing. And he said: Have you n o t16 a blessing left for me? ** 37.

Apparatus, Chapter 27
x In v. 29 PVNL = Nf, save for minimal differences, bb Nfmg: and those who bless you will be blessed like
found also in Nfmg. Aaron the priest.
vNfmg: all the (kingdoms); = PVNL. cr Nfmg: and he will be blessed, i.e., omits interven
z Nfmg: those who curse you, let them be cursed like ing paraphrase of Nf.
Balaam; cf. Ps.-J. dd Nfmg: has there (not) been left a blessing for Esau?
aa Nfmg + Jacob my son = PVNL.

Notes, Chapter 27

9master and ruler; a rather common combination in Nf; here (and in 27:37) renders gbyr (RSV: lord) of the HT.
I0(cursed) like Balaam; not in HT; the same understanding of the text is found in rabbinic sources, e.g., Gen. R. 66,4;
see Grossfeld, loc. cit., in chart to verse.
1 'in HT Isaac says: I have blessed him and he shall surely be blessed. On the voice from heaven (lit. brt qwl, daughter
of a voice, echo), see Introduction (p. 39) and note 142 to text. The Bath Qol is also mentioned in N f Gen 22:10;
38:27. The heavenly voice is introduced here very probably in view of the solemnity and abiding nature of the blessing
given by Isaac to Jacob, indicating that Isaacs words He will also be blessed are uttered under divine inspiration or
movement. In Leq. Tob on verse (Hebrew text of which is in Grossfeld) it is the Shekinah who utters the words He will
also be blessed. A comment (by R. Levi) on the verse in Gen. R. 67, 3 seems to imply that the Holy One blessed be He
(i.e., God) made Isaac speak the words of blessing (Let him indeed be blessed) on Jacob and according to a general prin
ciple: when a person is righteous the Holy One blessed be He puts those (organs, e.g., mouth) over which a person is
normally master out of his power; cf. John 11:5 If.
12exceeding strong; HT: strong; note also double rendering in Nf.
13great cunning; lit. plenitude of wisdom; a euphemistic rendering of HTs cunning.
14not rightly; lit. (not) of a truth. HT: did he not call his name.
15was called; passive for HT, which is active in form but passive in sense.
I6have (you) not, hl\ rendering literally hi (ha-lS0 of HT.
 Translation 137

And Isaac answeredee and said to Esau: Behold, a master and ruler17 I have set
hirrr' over you, and all his brothers I have set before him** as slaves, and with grain
and wine I have sustained him. And from now, what can I do for you, my son? 38.
And Esau said to his father: Have you (but) one blessing father? Bless me, also me,
father. And Esau raisedhh his voice and wept. 39. And his father Isaac answered
and said to him: Behold, far from the good o f the land shall your dwelling be, and
far from the good o / the dew that falls from the heavens above. 40. And by your
sword shall you live," and before your brother77 shall you serve and be subjected. 18
And when the sons o f Jacob study the Law and keep the commandments,kk they will
place the yoke o f their burden mm upon your neck. And when the sons o f Jacob aban
don the commandments and withhold themselves from studying the Law,nn you will
rule over him and shall break the yoke o f servitude from o ff your neck.19 41. And
Esau00 hated Jacobpp on account of the blessing with which his father99 had blessed
him. And Esau said" in his heart:20 I am not going to do as Cain did, who killed
Abelss during the lifetime o f his father and who turned and begot Seth and called

Apparatus, Chapter 27
ee Nfmg: replied. yoke of their bondage from off your neck = VNL;
^Nfmg: I have given (= set). Nfmg: your weapons: = PVNL.
^Nfmg: I have given (= set) as slaves to him. nn Nfmg: in the Law, and when the sons of Jacob for
hh VL: and Esau lifted up his voice and wept; Nfmg: sake the commandments of the Law.
and (Esau) lifted up; = VL. 00 P: and Esau harbored hatred for Jacob on account
11PVNL: and by your weapons shall you live and be of the blessing with which his father had blessed him.
fore your brothers (P + : the Jews) shall you be And Esau said in the thoughts of his heart: As for me,
enslaved (P: shall you serve); (P: and it shall be I am not going to do as Cain did who killed his broth
that) when the sons of Jacob labor in the Law and er Abel during the lifetime of his father, and turned
keep the commandments, the yoke of (P + : their) and begot Seth, and called his name according to the
bondage shall be placed (P: given) upon your neck; name of his brother. I, however, will wait until what
and when the sons of Jacob withhold themselves so time the days of the mourning for my father draw
as not to labor (P: from laboring) in the law, and so nigh and I will kill Jacob my brother and I (lit.: we)
as not to keep (P: from keeping) the command will be called a killer and an heir.
ments, behold, then, you shall break the yoke of their pp Nfmg: and Esau harbored hatred for Jacob; = P.
bondage from off your neck. qq Nfmg: his father Isaac.
JJNfmg: the Jews shall you be enslaved; = P. rr Nfmg: (said): I am not.
kk Nfmg: and keep the commandment. Nfmg: Abel his brother whom he killed in the life
mmNfmg: (yoke of) bondage upon the necks (read: your time of his father.
neck) and when the sons of Jacob withhold them lt Nfmg and Nfi combined: and his father went back
selves so as not to labor in the law, and not to keep the (hdr, Nf: hzr).
commandments, behold, then you shall break the

Notes, Chapter 27

17master and ruler; see note to 27:29; HT: lord.

18serve and be subjected; double rendering of HT serve.
19With this midrash on the conditions laid down for Jacobs supremacy, compare N f (and Pal. Tg.) paraphrase of Gen
3:15. The point made in this paraphrase of v. 48 is that the supremacy of Jacob over Esau is not absolute but is linked to
Jacobs (=Israels) fidelity to the Law. There is a similar paraphrase in Gen. R. 67,7. On the similarity of N f 3:15 and N f
Gen 27:40 (and of the differences between them), see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 183-186.
20This midrash on Esaus designs on Jacob links Esaus thoughts and plans with the death of his father. A similar
midrash in Lev. R. XXVII, 11 is given (in Hebrew) in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 33 to Gen 27. For a textual study and on the
relation of the text to N f Gen 4:24, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 186f.
138 Translation

his name according to his own nam e.uu Behold, I will wait until what time the days
of the mourning of my father draw nigh; and I will kill Jacob my brother and I will
be called a killer and an heir.11 42. And the words of Esau her older son were re
lated to Rebekah and she sent and called Jacob her younger son and said to him:
Behold, Esau your brother has designs22 on you, to kill you. 43. And now, my son,
hear my voice and arise; goww22> to Laban my brother, to Haran. 44. And you shall
dwell with him** a few days until the time that the fury of your brother has
appeased,24 45. until the might of the anger of your brother turns from youw and
he forgets what you have done; and I will send and takezz you from there. Why now,
I pray, should I be bereaved of both of you in one day? 46. And Rebekah said to
Isaac: I am weary of life because of the daughters of the Hittites. If Jacob takes a
wife from among the daughters of the Hittites such as these, from among the
daughters of the people of the land, why I pray, should I live?

CHAPTER 28
1. And Isaac called Jacob and blessed him and commanded him saying to him:
Do not take a wife from the daughters of the Canaanites. 2. Arise and go to
Paddan-aram, to the house of Bethuel, your mothers father, and take for yourself a
wife from there from the daughters of Laban, your mothers brother. 3. And may
the God o f the heavens1 bless you and make you strong2 and multiply you; and may

Apparatus, Chapter 27
uuNfmg 1: (according to the name) of the one killed. MwNfmg: flee; cf. Ps.-J.
For I will wait until the time that (the days. . . . ) draw xv Nfmg: and you shall reside with him (a few) days.
near; Nfmg 2: other books ( a variant reading): w VNL, Nfmg: (until) the time that the wrath of your
of Abel. But I will hold back until the time the days of brother turns (from you).
the mourning of the death of my father arrives and, lit.: lead; Nfmg: and I will take.
then, I will kill Jacob my brother and I will be found a Nfmg: of Heth.
to be a murderer and an heir.

Notes, Chapter 27
2a killer and an heir; also in Gen. R. 67,8 on verse; not in HT. The designations seem to depend on words of Elijahs
hostile attack on Ahab ( 1 Kgs 21:19). In N f it appears that Esau wants to acquire this title for himself, to become as Ahab.
22has designs, paraphrasing HT mtnhm (mitnahem), which in the ordinary meaning of the word (consoles him
self) is difficult in the present context. Note RSV rendering: comforts himself by planning.
23go (perhaps due to 28:5). HT: flee, brh, which Hebrew word is generally rendered as flee in Nf. See B.
Grossfeld, The Relationship Between the Biblical Hebrew brh and nws and Their Corresponding Aramaic Equivalents
in the Targum (rq, *zl, ph. A Preliminary Study in Aramaic-Hebrew Lexicography, ZAW 91 (1979) 106-123,
esp. 112.
24appeased; HT: swb, lit. return; RSV: turn away.

Notes, Chapter 28
'God of the heavens; N fs constant rendering of HT: El Shaddai: Gen 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14; 49:25; Exod 6:3;
Num 24:4, 16. See Introduction, p. 35.
make you strong; HT: make you fruitful. N f constantly renders make fruitful by make strong; see Gen 1:22
(with note); 8:17; 9:1; 28:3; 35:11; 47:27.
 Translation 139

you become an assembly of a congregation, ju sta nations.3 4. And may he give to

you the blessing of Abraham, to you and to your children with you, so that you in
herit the land of your sojournings which the Lordb gave to Abraham. 5. And Isaac
sent forth Jacob and he went to Paddan-aram to Laban, the son of Bethuel the
Aramean, the brother of Rebekah, the mother of Jacob and Esau. 6. And Esau saw
that Isaac had blessed Jacob and sent him to Paddan-aram to take to himself a wife
from there when he blessed him and gave him command saying: Do not take a
wife from the daughters of the Canaanites, 7. and that Jacob had listened to his fa
ther and to his mother and had gone to Paddan-aram. 8. And when Esau saw that
the daughters of the Canaanites were evil in the sight of Isaac his father, 9. Esau
went to Ishmael and took to himself a wife, besides the wife he had, Mahalath, the
daughter of Ishmael, Abrahams son, the sister of Nebaioth. 10. Five miracles were
worked for our father Jacobc the time that he went forth from Beersheba to go to
Haran.4 The first miracle: the hours o f the day were shortened,d and the sun set be
fore time because the Dibberae desired to speak with him. And the second miracle:f
the stones which our father Jacob took8 and placed under his head-pillow, when he
aroseh in the morning he found all o f them had become one stone. This is the stone
which he erected as a pillar and he poured oil over the upper part o f it. And the third1
miracle: when our father Jacob raised his feet to go to Haran the earth shrank before
him and he was found dwelling in Haran.j And the fourth miracle: the stone which
all the pastors had come together to roll awayk from over the mouth o f the well and
could not, when our father Jacob came he raised itm with one handn and gave to
drink to the flock o f Laban, his mother's brother. And the fifth : when our father
Jacob raised0 the stone from above the mouth o f the well, the well overflowed and

Apparatus, Chapter 28
a Nfmg: numerous. Haran = third miracle of N f and P.
hNfmg: the Memra of the Lord made. 8 VNL H-: in the evening.
c PVNL in v. 10 = Nf, apart from variants noted here. h VNL: when he stood up.
d N f as in VNL, P: were quickened, or: made firm 1The second miracle in VNL; see note / above.
( ytqypw); possibly an error for 'tqsrw of NL Nf. J Nfmg 1 and 2: (and he was found) in Haran in
Pdbyr\ PVNL: Dibbura (dbwr'). (missing in P) a short time (lit.: a small hour).
^VNL: The second sign: when our father Jacob set k Nfmg, P: to remove.
out (lit.: lifted his feet) from Beersheba to go to mNfmg, P: he removed.
Haran, the earth shrank before him and he was found n Nfmg, P: with one of his hands.
dwelling (correction yhyb: being given, to ytyb) in 0Nfmg, P: removed.

Notes, Chapter 28
3assembly of a congregation of just nations; a favorite phrase in N f in translation of qhl of the HT; here HT: Iqhl
mym; RSV: a company of peoples. See also N f Gen 17:7; 25:11; 48:4; 49:6.
4This verse is the beginning of a seder (sidra), i.e., a passage appointed as a synagogue liturgical reading. As observed
earlier (see note to Gen 15:1), the beginnings of such passages tend to have expansive paraphrase. The present elaborate
midrash of N f (and Pal. Tgs.) on the five miracles worked for Jacob as he fled from Beersheba to Haran is also found in
rabbinic sources, although not all five of them are listed in any single one of these (apart from the Pal. Tgs.). Thus in Gen.
R. 68,10 (with miracle 1) and 68,11 (with miracle 2). For a detailed textual study of the midrash in Nf, see B. Barry Levy,
1,1986,187-192. Four of the five events in question are mentioned in the Bible, although not as of a miraculous nature;
cf. Josh 10:12-14; comparison of Gen 28:11 and 28:18; juxtaposition of Jacobs departure and arrival in Gen 29:1 ; Gen
29:4-10. There is no biblical text for the fifth miracle, referred to again in N f Gen 31:22.
140 Translation

came up to its mouth, and was overflowing for twenty years all the days that he
dweltp in Haran. These are the five miracles that were worked withq our father Jacob
the time he went out from Beersheba' to go to Haran. 11. And he prayeds5 in the
place, and he spent the night1there because the sun had set6 on him there. And he
took from the stones of the place and set them under his head-pillow7 and he slept
in that place. 12. And he dreamed, w and behold, a ladder was fixed on the earth
and its head reached to the height o f the heavens; and behold, the angels that had
accompanied him from the house o f his father ascended to bear good tidings to the
angels on high, saying:x Come and see the pious m any whose imagez is engravedaa
in the throne o f Glory,bb whom you desired to see.cc9 And behold, the angels^yrora
before the Lord ascended and descended10 and observed him. 13. And behold, the
Lord** stood beside him and said: I am the Lord, the God of Abraham your father
and the God of Isaac. The land on which you are sleeping, I will give it to you and
to your sons/f 14. And your sonsg8 will be as the dust of the earth, and you will have
power to the west and to the north and to the south and to the east; and in your
merits will all the families of the earth be blessed and in the descendants of your

Apparatus, Chapter 28

p Nfmg, P: resided. v the man, in N f with sign of accusative; the sign

q Nfmg, P: for (our father). lacking in Nfi, PVNL; VNL: (see) Jacob the pious
r Nfmg, P: the well of Sheba. man.
s In v. 11 P = Nf, with variants noted below; Nfmg: "Greek loan word: eikn, or rather its diminutive,
and he reached the sanctuary and passed the night eikonion.
there because the sun had set. And he took four aa engraved lacking in VNL.
stones from the stones of that holy place and he bb Orthographical variants of Nfmg are almost identi
placed them as a pillow and they were made into a cal with PVNL.
single stone. At that time he knew that he was to take cc Nfmg, P: to gaze upon.
four wives and that four camps were to go forth from dd P: holy (angels).
them and that they would be one people. And he lay w Nfmg: an angel of mercy from before the Lord stood
down in that place. placed beside him.
1 Nfmg, P: and stayed overnight (Afel in both). ^Nfmg: and to the descendants of your sons after
u P: from the rocks. you.
* In v. 12 PVNL = Nf, with variants noted below. 88 Nfmg: the descendants of your sons.
x P lacks: saying.

Notes, Chapter 28
5he prayed; HT : he chanced on (RSV : he came); the same understanding of the Hebrew verb also in Gen. R. 68,9
and in other rabbinic sources.
6sun had set, lit. had sunk; HT: had come. Same rendering by N f in Gen 15:12. In Gen. R. 68,10 a cognate He
brew word with Aramaic one of N f used to paraphrase came of HT.
head-pillow. Only N f notes explicitly that it was a head pillow.
8the heights of, or: in the direction of, toward. The same words used at v. 17 and Gen 11:11 (tower of Babel); HT:
reached to the heavens.
9On this midrash and its bearing on the NT, see E. G. Clarke, Jacobs Dream at Bethel as Interpreted in the Targums
and the New Testament, SR 4 (1974-75) 367-377. See also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 192f.
angels . . . ascended; HT: the angels of God were ascending and descending on it (or: on him; Hebrew: bo).
Rabbinic opinion was divided as to whether the angels ascended and descended on the ladder or on Jacob; see Gen. R.
68,12,13 and other Jewish sources (cited in Hebrew in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 16 on Gen 28).
 Translation 141

sons.hh 15. And behold, I in my Memra am with you and shall keep you wherever"
you go; and I will make you return to this land, because my Memra shall not for
sake you until I have done what I spoke to you. 16. And Jacob awoke from his
sleeps and said: Behold, truly, the glory o f the Shekinah11 o f the Lord it dwells in
this place and /, I did not know it. 17. And he was afraid** and said: How awe
inspiring is this place. This place is not" an ordinary place,12 but a place desig
nated before the Lord;13 and this gate is the gate o f prayer designated14 toward
heaven. 18. And Jacob arose early in the morning and he took the stone he had
placed as his head-pillownn and set00 it as a pillar and poured oil on top of it. 19.
And he called the name of that place Bethel, b u tpp Luz was the name of the city
first.qq 20. And <Jacob> rr made a vow, saying: If the Lordss is at my aid,15 and
protects me on the road" on which I journey and gives me breadww to eat and
clothes to clothe myself, 21. and (if) I return in peace ** to the house of my father,
and (if) the Lord is for me a redeeming G o d /* 16 22. (then) this stone which I setzz

Apparatus, Chapter 28

hh families of the earth and in the descendants of your gate a gate corresponding to (or: directed toward) the
sons after you. height of heaven.
" Nfmg: and I will guard you in all that. nn Nfmg: under the basis o f (yswdy) = CTg E; (the
JJNfmg: (from his) agreeable (sleep). basis of his head = his head-pillow).
kk Verse 17 extant in P; Tg. Gen 28:17b-31:32 in CTg 00 Nfmg: and erected it = CTg E.
E; variants noted below. pp CTg E: however; cf. Nfmg.
mm Omitted through homoioteleuton; Nfmg 1: this is qq Nfmg: from the beginning; = CTg E.
not a profane place but rather the place of the sanctu rr Missing in text.
ary of the Lord; and this temple corresponds to the Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
gate of the sanctuary which is in heaven; Nfmg 2: tl CTg E: this road.
and this place is no common (Greek loan word, MMCTgE: I go.
idiotes) place, but rather is it a place set aside as a wwN: food = CTg E.
house of prayer and this gate which corresponds to ** Nfmg: and brings me back in peace.
(or: is directed toward) (the height); Nfmg 2 = CTg yy Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord is at my aid as a Re
E; P: and he was afraid and said: How awe-inspiring deemer God = CTg E.
is this place. This place is not a common place but ~ Nfmg: (which) I erected CTg E.
rather it corresponds to the house of prayer and this

Notes, Chapter 28

11 glory of the Shekinah of the Lord; HT : surely the Lord. On the Shekinah, see Introduction, pp. 36-37, esp. 37.
12not an ordinary place; HT: Behold, this. The paraphrase of N f is intended to emphasize the awesomeness of the
place.
I3a place designated before the Lord; HT: the house of God (beth Elohim).
I4this gate is the gate of prayer designated . . . ; HT: is the gate of heaven.
l5at may aid; HT: with me. So also 31:5; 35:3. On N fs translation of this HT text, see Introduction, p. 28.
I6as a redeeming God, or: redeemer God (l-Th pryq)\ HT: as God. This paraphrase of HT: as God found else
where in Nf: Gen 17:8; Exod 6:7 (prwq); 29:45 (pryq); and as (l-Th) prwq in Lev 11:45; 22:33; 25:38; 26:12, 45; Num
15:41; Deut 26:17; 29:12.
142 Translation

as a pillar will be a sanctuary17 to the name o f the Lord,a and I will separateb a tithe
of all of which you will give me, for your name.

CHAPTER 29
1. And Jacob continued on his journey and went to the land" of the sons of the
east. 2. And he saw and behold, there was a well in the field, and behold there were
three flocks of sheep lying down beside it, because out of that well they used to
water the flocks. And there was a great stone over the mouth of the well. 3. And
when all the flocks were gathered there, they used to roll away the stone from above
the mouth of the well and water the sheep and put back the stone to its place over
the mouth of the well. 4. And < Jac o b > b said to them: My brothers, from where
are you? And they said: We are from Haran. 5. And he said to them: Do you
know1 Laban, the son of Nahor? And they said: We know him. c 6. And he said
to them: Is it well with him? And they said: It is well; and behold Rachel his
daughter comes w ithd the flock. 7. And he said: Behold, it is still high day;2 it is
not time to gather * the cattle together; water the sheep and go pasture them. 8.

Apparatus, Chapter 28
a to the name of the Lord not in CTg E. hLit.: (it will separate) them; Nfmg: it CTg E.

Notes, Chapter 28
'7a sanctuary; lit. house of holiness; HT: a house of God. The holy place in Bethel is again identified as a temple
or the Temple.

Apparatus, Chapter 29
^Nfmg: from.
a IY ' bny. . . : lit.: to the land the sons o f . . Nfmg, e VNL: it is not time to gather (with orthographic
CTg E: Vr\ to the land o f . . . In ch. 29 there are nu variants from Nf, some as in Nfmg); Nfmg: now the
merous agreements between Nfmg and CTg E, some day is at (its) strength; there is not time to gather the
too small to note. flocks; water the sheep and go, pasture (them) =
b Missing in text; in CTg E. CTg E.
c Verse 5 missing in N f text; added in mg.

Notes, Chapter 29
'Do you know, hkymyn; HT: (h-yd'tm. N f uses two different words in rendering yd' (to know) of the HT, i.e., y d
and hkm. B. Grossfeld notes (Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 1 on Gen 29) that N f s use of the root hkm for the Hebrew ydis ex
clusively employed in cases where the Hebrew term implies more than just knowing, as in the case of sexual knowledge
(with reference to Gen 4:1,17,25; 19:5,8; 38:26; Num 31:17,18,35) as well as in cases where acquaintance with some
body or something is involved, e.g., Exod 1:8; Deut 34:6.
2high (day), tly; HT: big, i.e., long. This translation is found only in N f among the Pal. Tg. texts.
 Translation 143

And they said: We cannot until the time all the flocks are gathered together and
they roll the stone from above the mouth of the well. Then we may water^ the
sheep. 9. He was still speaking with them when Rachel came with her fathers
s h e e p / because she was a shepherdess/ 10. And when Jacob saw Rachel, the
daughter of Laban, his mothers brother, and the sheep of Laban, his mothers
brother, Jacob drew near and rolled' the stone from above the mouth of the well,
and watered the sheep of Laban, his mothers brother. 11. And Jacob kissed Rachel,
and raising^ his voice he cried aloud. 12. And Jacob told Rachel that he was her fa
thers brother, and that he was the son of Rebekah; and she ran to tell it to her fa
ther. 13. And when Laban heard the news of Jacob, his sisters son, he ran to meet
him and embraced ^ him and kissed him, and brought him into the house; and he
told Laban all these things. 14. And Laban said to him: Certainly you are as my
blood-relation13. And he dwelt with him a month o f days.n 15. And Laban said to
Jacob: Behold, you are my brother. It is not possible that you serve before me for
nothing.4 Tell m e / now, I pray, what will your wages be? 16. And Laban had two
daughters; the name of the older was Leah and the name of the younger was
Rachel. 17. And the eyes'7of Leah were raised in prayer;5 begging that she be married
to the just Jacob, and Rachel was nice in figurer and beautiful in appearance. 18.
And Jacob loved Rachel and said: I will serve before you5 seven years1 for Rachel,

Apparatus, Chapter 29

^Nfmg: and they (may) water = CTg E. p Nfmg: that you serve beside me for nothing; show
8 Nfmg: which her father had; = CTg E. me; = CTg E.
h Nfmg +: of sheep; = CTg E. q CTg E, PVNL: and the eyes of Leah were tender be
' rolled, with Nfmg and CTg E; text: revealed. cause she used to weep and pray that she should not
J Nfmg: and lifting up (lit.: and he lifted up); same end up (lit.: go up, go away) in the lot of the
rare form in CTg E. wicked Esau; and Rachel was beautiful (CTg E; VNL:
Nfmg: and threw his arms around; = CTg E. pretty) in appearance and beautiful in
mLit.: flesh relation; CTg E: indeed, you are my re countenance.
lation and my blood; Nfmg: my blood (lit.: flesh) r Nfmg: tender because she used to weep and pray
relations (fem.), omitting: certainly, as. that she should not end up (lit.: go up, go away) in
Nfmg: and he resided beside him a month of days the lot of the wicked Esau; but Rachel.
= CTg E. 5Nfmg: that I serve beside you; = CTg E.
0 Nfmg: in truth you are my brother and there is not; ' Nfmg +: of days = CTg E.
cf. P: and Laban said to Jacob: Behold of a truth,
you are my brother. It is not good that you serve be
fore me . . . , etc., as in Nf.

Notes, Chapter 29

3as my blood relation; HT : she is my bone and my flesh. N f s use of as is intended to remove the metaphor.
4it is not possible. . . for nothing; HT (RSV): should you serve me for nothing? As elsewhere (e.g., Gen 18:14), N f s
paraphrase removes the question.
5eyes of Leah. . . raised in prayer; HT (RSV): Leahs eyes were weak. To translate the HT literally (as RSV does)
was considered disparaging to the ancestors of Israel, and for this reason the text tended to be paraphrased to avoid this
lack of respect. See the variants in the Apparatus; also McNamara, 1966A, 53f.; 1966B, 7. Further texts in Grossfeld,
Neofiti, note 7 to Gen 29.
144 Translation

your younger daughter. 19. And Laban said: It is more proper to give her to you
in marriagew than to give her to any other m a n / Dwell with me.3' 20. And Jacob
served for Rachel seven years,z and they were in his face as but a few days because
of the love with which he loved her. "" 21. And Jacob said to Laban: Give me my
wife because** the days o f my service6 are completed and I will go in to cc her. 22.
And Laban gathered together all the people of the place and made a feast.dd Laban
answered and said1 to them: Behold, this pious man has dwelt among us seven
years.ee Our wells have not diminished; our watering troughshave multiplied and
now, what counsel do you give me that we may make him dwell amongst us here
seven more years?gg And they gave him deceptive counsel: to marry him hh to Leah
instead o f Rachel. 23. And it came to pass that in the evening he took his daughter
Leah and brought her" to him; and he went in77to her. 24. And Laban gave Zilpah,
his maid, to Leah, his daughter, as her maid. 25. And behold, in the morning there
was Leah. And he said to Laban: What is this that you have done to me? kk Did I
not serve you for Rachel? And why, now, have you deceived me? mm 26. And Laban
said: It is not"" proper to act thus in our land, to give the younger before the older.

Apparatus, Chapter 29
CTg E, v. 19: And Laban said: It is better for me to them: These seven years I have this righteous man
give her to you than to give her to another man. (lit.: this righteous man has). Since he came to us
Dwell beside me. our troughs have not been wanting (water) and our
wNfmg: better for me to give her; cf. CTg E. springs have multiplied. And now, come, give me
* Nfmg: to give (her) to (another) man; cf. CTg E. counsel that we might force him (to remain) with us
y Nfmg: (dwell) beside me; = CTg E. yet another seven years. And they gave him decep
zNfmg +: of days; = CTg E. tive counsel, to give him in marriage to Leah instead
aa CTg E: because of the extent that he loved her; of Rachel.
Nfmg: because of the extent that he = CTg E. Nfmg: this man has dwelt among us seven years.
bb Missing in text of Nf; supplied in Nfi. And the people of the earth (read: the place) arose
cc Nfmg: and I will be joined; = CTg E. and gave; = CTg E, P.
dd P, CTg E: And Laban gathered together all the peo ^Nfmg: in troughs; cf. VNL.
ple of the place and made a feast. Laban answered gg Nfmg: Give counsel that he dwelt among us here
and said to the people (CTg E +: of the place): Be yet.
hold this man has dwelt among us seven years of hh Nfmg: deceptive (counsel) and they married him (to
days; our springs have been blessed and our flocks of Leah); = CTg E.
sheep have multiplied; and, now, give me counsel as Nfmg: and he brought (her) in; = CTg E.
to what we should do for him so that he dwell beside JJNfmg: and he was joined; = CTg E.
us (P + : yet) seven further years. And the people of kk Nfmg: to us.
the place stood up (correct P: saw) and gave him de mm beside with) you and why, now, have
ceptive counsel and they married him to (P: and you lied to me?; cf. CTg E.
they married off) Leah instead of Rachel; VNL: nn Nfmg: it is not done so in our place: to give; cf.
and Laban gathered all the people of the place and CTg E.
Laban made a feast. Laban answered and said to

Notes, Chapter 29
6my service; HT: my days = my time.
?Laban answered and said___ This haggadic development on Labans plan for deception is found also in Jewish
midrashic literature, e.g., Gen. R. 70,19. Labans reply echoes Jacobs retort in Gen 31:38-39.
 Translation 145

27. Finish the seven days o f this feast%and I will also give you this one for the
service you will render for yet < seven> pp other years. 28. And Jacob did so. And
he finished the seven days o f this (nuptial) feast',qq and Laban gave him Rachel his
daughter as wife. 29. And Laban gave to his daughter Rachel, Bilhah the m aid,9 as
her maid. 30. And he also went in to Rachel," and he also loved Rachel more than
Leah. And he served with him yet again seven other years. 31. And it was mani
fest before10 the Lord that" Leah was hated, and he decided in his Memra to give
her11 children.12 And Rachel was barren. 32. And Leah conceived and bore a son
and called his name Reuben, because she said: Because my affliction is manifest
before the Lord; because surely now, my husband will love me. 33. And she con
ceived yet again and bore a son and said: Since it has been heard before13 the
Lord that I am hated, he has also given me this one. ww And she called his name
Simeon. 34. And she conceived again and bore a son** and said: Now, this time,
my husband will be joined14 to me because I have borne him three sons. For this

Apparatus, Chapter 29
00 VNL, CTg E: finish the seven days of the (nuptial) rr Nfmg: and he was joined (= had intercourse) like
feast of Leah and I will give you. In Nfmg various wise with Rachel; CTg E.
variants corresponding in part with VNL, CTg E. 55Nfmg: beside him still seven; = CTg E.
pp seven missing in text; Nfmg: you shall serve be n Nfmg: that Leah was not loved in the sight of her
side me yet seven; = CTg E. husband and he said; = CTg E.
qq CTg E: and he finished the seven days of the (nup uu Nfmg: manifest; = CTg E.
tial) feast of Leah; Nfmg: the seven days of this ^ Nfmg: I was not loved in the sight of my husband
one; Nfi (to this of Nt text): (feast) of Leah, = and he gave me also this one; = CTg E.
CTg E. ** In text br, in Nfmg and CTg E: byr.

Notes, Chapter 29
8the seven days of this feast; HT lit. the week of this is a text requiring expansion and one variously expanded:
RSV: the week of this one. It was the bridal week (NAB) lasting seven days (cf. Judg 14:12). In some later translations it
is often expanded as in Nf, e.g., the seven days feast (NEB); and already in the Vulg.: impie ebdomadem dierum huius
copulae.
9the maid; perhaps an error for his maid; cf. CTg E; HT: his maid.
10it was manifest before . . . ; HT: God saw. N fs paraphrase avoids anthropomorphism. See Introduction, pp.
34-35.
11to give her, correcting text of Nf: to give me.
12he decided. . . to give her children. N fs paraphrase avoids anthropomorphism; HT : and he (i.e., God) opened her
womb.
13it has been heard before. . . ; avoids the anthropomorphism of the HT : the Lord heard. See Introduction, pp. 34f.
14my husband will make himself available (yzdmn, from root zmn) to me; HT: will join himself (ylwh, from the
root Iwh). B. Grossfeld has noted that the Aramaic zmn in the Tgs. is used to translate principally the Hebrew roots y d,
qrh, qds, terms having the connotation of preparing oneself, availing oneself (to be available), meeting some
one, never in the sense of to be joined. Even though in the present text it translates a Hebrew word meaning to be
joined (in a sexual sense), it should not be translated as to be joined but should be regarded as a euphemism for the He
brew term and rendered by a different word or group of words, e.g., meet with, make himself available. It should be
noted that the Aramaic root zmn is used frequently in the Pal. Tgs., especially in Nfmg, in the sexual sense as a rendering
of the HTs to join (as in Gen 29:34), to use (make use o f).
146 Translation

reason his name was called Levi. 35. And she conceived again and bore a son and
said: This tim e ' we will praise and glorify22 before15 the Lord. For this reason
she called his name Judah. And she ceased from bearing.

CHAPTER 30
1. When Rachel saw that she did not bear sons to Jacob, Rachel was jealous of
her sister and said to Jacob: Give me sons; otherwise I die. 0 2. And Jacobs anger
grew strong against Rachel and he said: Is it from m e1 the fruit, offspring o f the
womb comes?b Behold, I and you will go2 and we will beseech before the Lord who
< has w ithheld> e from you the fruit, the offspring, of the womb. 3 3. And she said:
Behold, my maid Bilhah. Enter \o d her and she will conceive, and I will rear;4 per
haps even I will have children through her. 4. And she gave him* Bilhah her maid
as wife; and Jacob went in7to her. 5. And Bilhah conceived and bore Jacob a son.*
6. And Rachel said: The Lordh has judged me and has also heard my voice and

Apparatus, Chapter 29
vvNfmg: now, this (time); = CTg E. CTg E: I will praise and we (= I) will glorify.

Notes, Chapter 29
l5praise and glorify before . . HT: praise (the Lord). Nf, as often, has a double translation of the Hebrew.

Apparatus, Chapter 30
a Nfmg: I am reckoned as of the dead (sing.; CTg E Nfmg: and she gave [another verb] him; = CTg E.
pl.); = CTg E. ^Nfmg: and he joined; = CTg E.
b Nfmg: that we (= I) should withhold them. Come, I g In text br, Nfmg: byr, = CTg E; Nfi + : male.
and you, and we will go and beseech mercy from hNfmg: the Memra of the Lord (has judged me?) in
before. (or: by) his good deeds and he has likewise heard; =
c Missing in text; present in Nfi. CTg E (in both Nfmg and CTg E for his [good
d Nfmg: My maid Bilhah; be joined (= have inter deeds] read my [good deeds])?
course); = CTg E.

Notes, Chapter 30
Is it from me . . . comes?; HT: Am I in the place of God? N fs paraphrase tones down the HT somewhat.
2Behold I and you will g o . the offspring of the womb; HT: (Am I in the place of God, who has withheld from
you the fruit of the womb? N fs additional paraphrase helps take from the directness of the HT.
3the fruit, the offspring, of the womb, pry wwld m *yy\ HT : fruit of the womb. The same rendering is found in N f for
the other occurrences of the Hebrew phrase: Deut 7:13; 28:4,11,18,53; 30:9. See also B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,196f.
4I will raise him; HT: she will give birth on my knees.
 Translation 147

given me a son; ' because of this she called his name Dan. 7. And Bilhah, Rachels
maid, conceived again7 and bore Jacob a second son.* 8. And Rachel said: / was
also heard5 in the prayer that I prayed"1 before the Lord that he give me sons as he
gave to my sister. " And she called his name Naphtali. 9. When Leah saw that she
had ceased from0 bearing, she took Zilpah her maid and gave her to Jacob as wife.
10. And Zilpah, Leahs maid, bore Jacob a son.' 11. And Leah said: Good luckp
has come which will cut o ff the foundation9 o f the nations.6 And she called his
name Gad. 12. And Zilpah, Leahs maid, bore a second son to Jacob. 13. And Leah
said: The daughters o f Israel will praise me with great praises in the syna
gogues.9^ 1 And she called his name Asher. 14. And Reuben went in the days of
the cutting of the wheat and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them to
Leah his mother. And Rachel said to Leah: Give me, I pray, of your sons man
drakes. 15. And she said to her: Is this a small thing that you have taken my hus
band? And you seek to take' my sons mandrakes? And Rachel said: For this rea
son he will have intercourse w ith5 you8 this night in recompense for your sons
mandrakes. 16. And Jacob came from the field in the evening;' and Leah went out
to meet him and she said to him : You shall come in to me for I have hired you
with my sons mandrakes. And he had intercourse with* her that night. 17. And

Apparatus, Chapter 30

1 Nfmg: son {byr)\ for this reason she called. q lmNfmg: the praises (with) which the daughters of Is
j Nfmg: once more; = CTg E. rael will praise me in the schools, and she called; =
k text: br, Nfmg and CTg E: byr. CTg E.
mIn Nfmg and CTg E minor variants from N f almost rNfmg: (take) also; = CTg E.
identical with one another. *Lit.: use; VN: of an oath he will be joined [= VN]
Nfmg: that he gave to Leah my sister and also; = with you this night in recompense for the man
drakes; CTg E: . . . of an oath he will use you this
0 CTg E
0 Lit.: (with MT): stood (came to stand) from; in night in recompense the mandrakes of your son.
Nfmg a different verb: ceased from; CTg E. 1Nfmg: at eventime; = CTg E.
p Nfmg: good fate; v. 11 in PVN; variants below. uNfmg: (and she said): you shall join yourself to me;
q Correcting text: mstwrhwn (or possibly mstwdhwn) = CTg E.
to mstythwn; VN; mstwyyhwn, foundations; P: wLit.: he used her; Nfmg: and he joined himself
camps (msryyt'). CTg E: and Leah said: Good with her that night; = CTg E.
luck has come and she called his name Gad.

Notes, Chapter 30
5I was also heard___ A paraphrase of a difficult, somewhat harsh HT passage, one possibly felt as derogatory of the
ancestors of Israel. In the RSV it reads: With mighty wrestlings I have wrestled with my sister, and I have prevailed.
N fs paraphrase is also in Onq., on which see B. Grossfeld, 1988, 109; Aberbach, 1969, esp. 20.
6good luck. . . foundations of the people; HT : good fortune. The same understanding of the HT is found in Gen. R.
71,9.
7The daughters of Israel. . . in the synagogues; HT: Happy am I. The daughters call me happy.
8he will have intercourse with me, lit. he will use (make use of) me; HT: he will lie with me. Lie with is HTs
common expression for sexual intercourse, which, when used in this sense, N f translates by sms, use, make use of
(probably as a Hebrew rabbinic expression, use the (marital) bed. See also A. Shinan and Y. Zakovitch, The Story of the
Mandrakes. Genesis 30:14-18 in the Bible, the Old Versions and the Ancient Jewish Literature, Research Projects of the
Institute of Jewish Studies, Monograph Series 8 (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1985).
148 Translation

the Lordx heard the voice o f the prayer o f Leah9 and she conceived and bore to
Jacob a fifth s o n / 18. And Leah said: The Lord has given m ez my wages because I
have given my maid to my master. And she called his name Issachar. 19. And Leah
conceived againaa and bore a sixth son to Jacob. 20. And Leah said: The Lord
has** presented me these good presents.10 This time my husband will make presents
to me because I have borne him six'** sons. And she called his name Zebulun. 21.
And after (this)* she bore a female daughter11 and called her name Dinah. 22.
Four keys12 there areff which are given into the hand of88 the Lord, the master o f all
worlds, and he does not hand over them either to angel or to Seraph:hh the key o f rain
and the key o f provision" and the key o f the sepulchres and the key o f barrenness.
< The key o f rain>, for*1 thus does the Scripture explain and say:13 The Lord will
open for you the good treasure from the heavens. The key o f provision, for thus does
the Scripture explain and say: 13 You open your hand and satisfy all living things in
whom there is good pleasure. The key o f the sepulchres, for thus does the Scripture
explain and say:13 Behold, I will open your graves and will lead you from your
graves, my people. The key o f barrenness, for thus does the Scripture explain and

Apparatus, Chapter 30
ANfmg: the Memra of the Lord; = CTg E. ants noted below; VN is nearest to Nf. The midrash
vtext: br ; Nfmg: byr,; = CTg E. not in CTg E, which renders HT thus: And the
"Nfmg: behold the Memra of the Lord has given Memra of the Lord in his good mercies remembered
me. Rachel and the Memra of the Lord heard the voice of
aa Nfmg: once more; = CTg E. her prayer and he promised (lit.: said) in his Memra
bb Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord; = CTg E. to give her children (almost identical with Nf).
fc Nfmg: now at this time, my husband will be joined gg P: Four keys (there are) in the hand of.
with me because; = CTg E. Nfmg: (Seraph) or to a troupe (of angels); the key of
dd six: identical lexical variant in Nfmg, CTg E. rain; = VN.
ee after this: identical minor variant in Nfmg and 11P: sustenance.
CTg E. JJText: . . . and the key of barrenness. And thus. . . ;
^The additional midrash of v. 22 is in PVN, with vari emendation from PVN, Nfmg, Nfi.

Notes, Chapter 30

9the Lord heard the voice of the prayer of Leah; HT: the Lord listened to (or: heard) Leah. This is one of the few
texts in N f with the construction: active verb + God +yt + object, instead of the more commonly used passive construc
tion (it was heard, etc., before the Lord). See Introduction, pp. 34f., note to N f Gen 1:4, and B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,38f.
10good presents (zbydyn tbyn); HT: zbd twb, good portion.
1 female daughters; HT: daughters. N f occasionally adds male to son(s) and female to daughters). The
addition in this instance may have been due to an opinion known in rabbinic circles that the child in Leahs womb was
onl^ transformed into a female after Leahs prayer for Rachel; see Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 21 to Gen 30.
The midrash in this verse on the four keys (the key or rain, of sustenance or provision, of the grave and of barrenness)
is built on biblical key texts: Deut 28:12; Ps 145:16; Ezek 37:12; Gen 30:22, respectively. Rabbinic tradition, e.g., Gen. R.
73,4 (on Gen 30:22) knows of a midrash on three keys (of burial, rain, the womb, with the texts of Ezek 37:12; Deut 28:12;
Gen 30:22), noting that some add a key of sustenance too, with reference to Ps 145:16. B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,199
201, believes that the midrash occurring in N f after the translation of the key proof texts was not original to Nf, but is
translated from a Hebrew text and added later.
 Translation 149

say: 13 The Lord in his good mercies14 remembered Rachel and the Lord heard the
voicekk of the prayer of Rachel and said"" in his Memra to give her sons. ""15 23.
And she conceived and bore a son and said: The Lord gathered in 00 my shame.
24. And she called his name Joseph saying: The Lordpp has added another99 son to
me. 25. And when Rachel bore Joseph, Jacob said to Laban: Send me away, I
pray, and I will go to my place and to my country. 26. Give me my wives and my
sons, for whom I have served before you16 and I will go because you know the serv
ice which I have rendered before you. rr 27. And Laban said to him: If, now, I have
found grace and favor in your sight, I have found out by divination" that the
Lord has blessed me for your merit.'17 28. And he said: Determine, ww now, your
wage before me** and I will give (it). 29. And he said to him: You know how I
have servedyy before you, and what your cattle werezz before me and (how) they
have grown strong and numerous.18 30. Because the few cattle which you had before
me have grown strong and numerous, and the Lorda has blessed you for my merits
and now, what can I do?* I am also obliged to provide for my sons and the men o f
my house. 19 31. And he said: What will I give you? And Jacob said: Do not
givec me anything (at all). If you do this thing for me I will continue to feed your
flock and guard it.rf 32. I will pass through all your flock this day. I will separate

Apparatus, Chapter 30
kk
Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (listened to) the uuNfmg: the Memra of the Lord; CTg E.
voices of her prayer; cf. CTg E. wvvNfmg: specify; = CTg E.
mm I.e., promised; VN +: in his Memra. *xNfmg: beside (to, Iwy) him; CTg E: beside
nn P: of the fruit of the womb; Nfmg + : because (to, ly) me.
there are four keys which are given neither to angel ^Lit.: you know which; cf. HT; Nfmg: (you are)
nor to Seraph: the keys of rain, the keys of suste aware of my (CTg E: the) service which I have
nance, the keys of the grave, and the keys of served; = CTg E.
barrenness. zz Nfmg: how (lit.: what) your flocks are pasturing be
00 Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord had gathered; = fore (= under) me; = CTg E (with before him).
CTg E. a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
pp Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. b Nfmg: and now what can I do?; minor but identical
qqNf, CTg E: another (an identical lexical variant). variants in Nfmg and CTg E.
rr Nfmg: beside you; CTg E: with you. c In text: (do not) do, under influence of 3 lb. CTg E:
Nfmg: before you; = CTg E. give; Nfmg: you will (not) give me anything at all
u Nfmg, PVN, CTg E: I have discovered through of the flock; CTg E: anything.
augury. ANfmg: I will guard them; CTg E: I will guard you.

Notes, Chapter 30
13(Scripture) explains (mprs) and says, kn ktbwmprs wmr (lit.: and explains and says). B. Barry Levy ( 1986,199)
notes that mprs may mean translated (with reference to Neh 8:8 as interpreted in b. Ned 37b). Sokoloff, 1990,451, un
derstands through prs, specify: For scripture specifically says (with reference to Gen 35:9, etc.).
14in his good mercies. HT: the Lord remembered. On this addition of Nf, see notes to Gen 8:1 and 21:1; also
Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 23 to Gen 30.
15said (=decreed, promised) in his Memra to give her sons; avoids the anthropomorphism of the HT: and opened
her womb.
16served before you; HT: served you. N f commonly uses before in the translation of this Hebrew verb, when the
service spoken of is rendered to humans, e.g., Gen 25:23; 27:40; 29:15; 30:26 (twice), 29; 31:6, 41.
17for your merit; HT: on your account (bgllk); see note to 12:3 and 12:13.
18. .. grow strong and numerous; HT : how they have fared with me; see following verse. See also note to 1:22.
19I am obliged. . . house. N fs paraphrase spells out the HTs when will I provide (lit. do) for my house also.
 150 Translation

from there every white-spotted and specklede lam b20 and every reddish lamb
among the lambs, and the speckled and white-spotted among the goats; (this) will
be my wage. 33. And my merits shall testify for me this day and (the day) of tomor
row, when you enter/ to account21 my wages before you. Everything that is not
white-spotted and speckledg among the goats and reddish among the lambs shall be
with m e(as) a stolen animal. 34. And Laban said: Behold, it is good.' Oh that it
be according to your words.7 35. And that day he separated the white-spotted and
speckled he-goats, and all the white-spotted and speckled she-goats, and all that had
anything of white and all the reddish among the lambs and placed them in the
hands of his sons. k 36. And he put a distance of three days journey between him
self an d m Jacob; and Jacob tended" the flocks of Laban that were left behind." 37.
And Jacob took rods of fresh-green poplar0 and of almond and of the plane-tree,
and peeled white streaks in them from off the white skin that is upon the rods. 38.
And he placed the rods he had peeledp in the troughs of the watering-pools4 into
which the sheepr entered5to drink < in front of the sheep;r and (since) they used to
mate when they entered to d rin k > ,' 39. the sheep mated near the rods and the
sheep bore white-spotted, speckled and striped (young). 40. And Jacob separated
the lambs, and he put the sheepr facing the white-spotted ones and all the reddish
of the sheep' of Laban. <A nd he made flocks for himself and did not mix them
with the flocks of Laban. > w 41. And every time early-born * sheep were m atin g /
Jacob set the rods before the sheepr in the watering-troughs to have them mate

Apparatus, Chapter 30

1 For v. 32b minor variants from N f in Nfmg and CTg p Nfmg: pared off; = CTg E.
E. The text also in VN, agreeing with Nf, with some q Correcting text slightly, with VN, Nfmg, and CTg E.
variants. rThe Aramaic word nh (n) could also be rendered
^Nfmg: I enter; = CTg E. flock(s).
8 minor identical variants, as in e above, in Nfmg and 5Nfmg: came. Cf. Ps.-J.
CTg E. 1 Missing in text: in slightly different form in CTg E
h Nfmg: beside me; = CTg E. and Ps.-J.
1Nfmg: I have spoken well: would that. MIn Aramaic 'm ry'; sheep is also a possible
JNfmg: according to your word (a different term); rendering.
= CTg E. * Missing in text: supplied according to Ps.-J. CTg E
k Nfmg: in the hands of his sons; = CTg E. ends: . . . and he did not set them against the flock of
mNfmg: of days between his sons and between. Laban.
n Minor identical variants in Nfmg and CTg E. *Nfmg: later-born.
0 Nfmg: of a white flower. y Nfmg: at every mating; = CTg E.

Notes, Chapter 30
20(every) white-spotted and speckled lamb, (kl) 'mr qrh wnmr; HT: (kl) sh nqd wtlw; RSV: every speckled and spot
ted sheep.
21when you enter to account, Imqblh; the HT is difficult: when you will come (=will go?) over my wages; RSV: . . .
to look into my wages.
 Translation 151

among the rods.z 42. But before the later-born of the sheepr he used not set them;
and he had numerous flocks, the later-born 22 were for Laban and the early-born for
Jacob. 43. And the man became very, very "" powerful and he had many flocks and
maidservants and menservants and* camels and he-asses.

CHAPTER 31
1. And he heard the words of the sons of Laban saying: Jacob has taken every
thing belonging to our father, a and from what belongs to our father he has acquired
all these riches, M 2. And Jacob saw Labans countenance,2 and behold, it was not
friendly toward him ,c not like yesterday and not like earlier. 3. And the Lordd said
to Jacob: Return to the country of your fathers and to your kindred and I, in my
Memra, will be with you.,<? 4. And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the
field, beside his flock. 5. And he said to them: I see your fathers countenance, and
behold it is not friendly3 toward m e /n o t like yesterday and not like earlier, but the
Memra o f the God of my father^ has been at my aid.hA 6. And you know' that I

Apparatus, Chapter 30
~Nfmg: water troughs to have them mating among aa Ihd lhd\ Nfmg, CTg E: hd' lhd\
the rods; = CTg E. (A number of minor but identi
cal variants from N f in Nfmg and CTg E.)

Notes, Chapter 30
22the later-born, Iqysy. HT: tp. The meaning of the Hebrew root, occurring only twice in the Pentateuch (in Gen
30:42), was debated among the Rabbis. Resh Lakish held it meant later-born (as in Nf), while R. Yohanan believed it
meant earlier-born; see Gen. R. 73,9.

Apparatus, Chapter 31
a Nfmg: that belongs to our father and from what (= ^Nfmg: they (were not) the same toward me; =
CTg E) belongs to our father he has seized; CTg E: CTg E.
. . . he has made all this glory. 8 Nfmg: and the God of my father (= CTg E) his
b Nfmg: this glory (cf. HT); = CTg E. Memra has been.
c Nfmg: the same toward him; = CTg E. hNfmg: beside me.
d Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord; = CTg E. ' Nfmg: are aware; = CTg E.
e Nfmg: at your aid; = CTg E.

Notes, Chapter 31
'acquired all these riches; HT: made all this kbd (=glory); RSV: . . . wealth.
2countenance, sbr \pwy, lit. the brightness (splendor) of (his) face; N f s regular rendering of HT pnym, esp. after the
verb to see, e.g., Gen 31:2, 5; 32:21 ; 33:10; 43:3; 44:23,26; 48:11. The phrase also occurs occasionally in N f with other
verbs.
3friendly; added in Nf; HT: it was not toward him.
4at my aid; HT: with me; see to 28:20, etc.; see Introduction, p. 28, and notes to 28:20.
152 Translation

served before your father with all my strength. 7. And your father cheated me and
changed my wages ten7 times, but the Lord did not give him the power5 to do me
e v il/ 8. If he said thus: The white-spotted m will be your wages; all the flocks bore
< white-spotted young; and if he said thus:> " The speckled will be your wages, all
the flocks bore speckled (young). 9. And the Lord0 has emptied6 the riches of your
father and has given (them)^ to me. 10. And in the hour that the flocks mated, q I
raised my eyes and saw in a dream and, behold, the he-goatsr that mounted the
flock were white-spotted, speckled and striped. 11. And the angel of the Lord said
to me in a dream: Jacob. And I said: Here I am.5 12. And he said: Raise, I pray,
your eyes and see all the he-goats1that mount the flock are white-spotted, speckled
and striped; because all whatsoever Laban has done to you" is revealed before me. 7
13. I am the God who was revealedw to you at Bethel,8 where you anointed a pillar
and where you made a vow to me.* Now arise; go forth from this land and return
to the land of your k i n d r e d 14. And Rachel and Leah answered and said to him:
Have we still a portion and an inheritance in the house of our father? 15. Were we
not considered by him as strangers because he sold us and has even eaten the
moneyy of our sale? 16. All the propertyz that the Lordaa has taken9 from our fa
ther belongs to us and to our children;bb and now do w hatbb bls the Lordaa has com-

Apparatus, Chapter 31
j Nfmg and CTg E: and your father has lied to me and 1Nfmg: male-goats (or: rams); = CTg E.
(Nfmg + your father) has altered my wages already 14Nfmg and CTg E: before him all that Laban {dyt
ten times; PVN: altered (VN + my wages). llbn) has done (Nfmg: is to do) to you.
k Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord has restrained him wIdentical lexical variants in Nfmg and CTg E.
from doing me harm; = CTg E. ANfmg: an explicit vow (lit.: the distinct expres
mIdentical orthographic variant in Nfmg and CTg E. sion of a vow); = CTg E.
" Missing in the text: in CTg E. v VN, Nfmg, CTg E: and he also wants to take the
0 PVN: the Memra of the Lord has emptied; Nfmg money of our marriage contract (ketuba)\ P: be
and CTg E: the Memra of the Lord. cause he sold us and he also wants to take the money
p In Nfmg and CTg E. of our virginity and our marriage contracts
q In Nfmg and CTg E an identical variant: as in 30:41 (ketuba); Nfmg 2: our purchase money.
above. "Nfmg: the riches; = CTg E.
rNfmg: in a vision and behold, the he-goats (CTg E: aa Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord; = CTg E.
male-goats) that come up; = CTg E. bb Minor variants identical in Nfmg and CTg E.
5VN, Nfmg, CTg E: and Jacob answered in the lan hhbis Nfmg: all (that); = CTg E.
guage of the sanctuary (Nfmg: in the holy tongue)
and said: [in Hebrew] HERE I A M

Notes, Chapter 31
5the power, rsw; or: authority; HT: God did not give you to harm me.
6emptied; HT, root nsl; RSV: taken away; the same rendering of the Hebrew root occurs in N f Exod 3:22; 12:36,
not however in Gen 31:15, where in the same context as here, N f renders nsl by has taken (out).
7all whatever. . . is revealed before me (with the sign of the accusative before all); HT: I saw all. . . ; N fs usual
method of avoiding anthropomorphism; see Introduction, pp. 34-35.
8who was revealed to you at Bethel; HT: I am the God Bethel, hl bytl.
9has taken; HT with root nsl; see note 6 to v. 9.
 Translation 153

manded you. 17. And Jacob arose and set his sons and his wivescc on camels. 18.
And < h e took> dd his cattle, and all his wealthee which he had acquiredhis
riches and his possessions which he had acquired in Paddan-aramto go /rto Isaac
his father, to the land of Canaan. 19. And Laban had gone to shear** the sheep, and
Rachel stole the images10 belonging to her father. 20. And Jacob outwitted11
Laban the Aramaean ** because he did not tell him he was fleeing. **21. And he fled
with all that was his. And he arose and crossed the river (and) set his face to the
mountain of Gileadah.hh 22. And it happened that11 when the shepherds o f Laban
went to water the sheep from the well, they were not able. And they waited two and
three days, hopingjJ that perchance it would overflow; but it did not overflow.12
Then** it was told to Laban on the third day that Jacob had fled. 23. And he took
his brothers with him and pursued after him, a traveling distance o f seven days,13
and overtook him on the mountain of Gileadah. 24. And the Lordmm was revealed14
to Laban the Aramaean"" in a dream at night and said to him: Take care for your
self. You shall not"" speak with Jacob good or"" evil. 25. And Laban overtook
Jacob. And Jacob had spread his tent on the mountain; and Laban made his broth-

Apparatus, Chapter 31

ccNfmg: and carried his men (i.e., people) (and 11N: and it happened when the shepherds gathered to
sons); cf. Samar, LXX; CTg E: and carried his sons gether seeking to water the sheep, they were not able;
and women. and they waited two or three days (hoping) per
dd Missing in text: in CTg E. chance the well would overflow but it did not
**Nfmg, CTg E: (CTg E only; and he took all his riches overflow; and then they told Laban on the third day
and all) the treasure which he had laid by, the riches that Jacob had fled; P as N f except some variants
of possessions which he had laid aside in Paddan noted below; Nfmg: Jacob there near the well, and
(-aram) to enter to Isaac; VN: the treasure. they did not find water and waited three days for it to
^Nfmg: to enter; = CTg E. overflow, but it did not overflow and then it was re
ggNfmg: and the images of idols which his father lated on the third day that the pious Jacob had gone,
had; = CTg E. for whose merit(s) the waters had flowed over for
hhNfmg: because he had seen in the holy spirit that lib twenty years.
eration would be effected there for Israel in the days JJP: expecting that perchance the well might
of Jephthah, who was from Gilead (liberation, overflow.
syzbwt', by correcting shbyt of text; possibly: rest kk Nfmg: and it was told Laban, etc. (as Nf).
ing, sbwt). nmNfmg: the Memra of the Lord; = CTg E.
nn Minor identical variants in Nfmg and CTg E.

Notes, Chapter 31

10images; HT: trpym; RSV: household gods.

1'outwitted; lit. stole the wits/mind/knowledge o f; HT: stole the heart (=mind) of.
12This haggadic supplement refers back to the fifth miracle of Pal. Tg. Gen 28:10.
13traveling distance of (seven days); HT : distance of. N f also elsewhere adds traveling to distance. In the pres
ent case, however, the addition may be connected with a particular understanding of HTs seven days journey,
namely, that Laban overtook Jacob on that very day; hence, the distance that Jacob had traveled in seven days Laban
covered in one single day; cf. Gen. R. 74,6.
l4Gileadah, as HT but with final he; probably a he locale; see note to 26:1, 2; also 33:17; 37:6.
154 Translation

ers encamp on the mountain of Gileadah.15 26. And Laban said to Jacob: What
have you done? You have deceived me < a n d have taken my daughters like prison
ers that flee from the edge o f the sword>. 27. <Why, now, have you fled in secret
and deceived me and my daughters>o16 and have not told me? Had you but told
me I would have sent you forth in joy, with songs, with timbrels, and with harps.
28. Nor did you permit me to kiss my sons and my daughters. Now, you have acted
foolishly (in) what you have done. 29. I have with me strength and numerous
multitudespp to do you evil, but the God of your father said to me, during the eve
ning, saying: Take care not to speak with Jacob, either good or evil. 30. And now,
you have gone away because you have greatly desired99 the house of your father.17
But why" did you steal my gods18 < ............ > . 31. And Jacob answered and said
to Laban: Because I was afraid, because you said: Do not take your daughters
from me illegitimately. 32. He with whom you find <your gods, shall not live>."
In the presence of our brothers see for yourself what I have with m e and take it.
And Jacob did not know that Rachel had stolen them. 33. And Laban went into the
tent of Jacob and into the tent of Leah and into the tent of the two concubines, 19
and did not find them. And he went out of the tent of Leah and went into the tent
of Rachel. 34. And Rachel had taken c th e images> ww and had put them in the
camels saddle and had sat on them. And Laban examined all the tent and did not
find (them). 35. And she said to her father: Let it not appear evil in the sight of
my lord** that I cannot stand up before you, because the way of women is upon
me. And Laban examined all the tent and did not find the images. 36. < A nd the
anger of Jacob was enkindled > yy and he quarreled with Laban. And Jacob an-

Apparatus, Chapter 31
00 Missing in Nf; supplied in Nfmg, which = CTg E. < se e > what is beside you [sic] and take it for your
pp VN: I have strength and (a numerous) host. self. . . ; Nfmg: (the statues[erased by censor] of
qq Nfmg: you have surely been called in (or: have had your idols.
to retire) to the house of. uuNfmg: of what is beside me of what is yours.
n Nfmg, CTg E +: now (or: I pray). Word erased by censor; Nfmg: the images [erased]
55Lit.: my fears, word following (with six conso of the idols and she put them [here wrong word
nants) erased by Christian censor as in w . 32, 34; erased]; = CTg E: the images of the idols and set
Nfmg + CTg E: statues of my idols. (them) under the saddle (= Nfmg); CTg E breaks
lt These or similar words (of about nine consonants) off here.
erased by censors. CTg E v. 32: with whom you find xv Nfmg: Let not the anger of my Lord be enkindled.
my [s/c] idols shall not live. Before our brothers vv Missing in text; supplied from Nfmg.

Notes, Chapter 31

15the Lord was revealed; HT: God came; the same in N f Gen 20:3.
I6and my daughters. Thus, following A. Diez Machos reconstruction, which B. Barry Levy (1986, 203) considers
problematic.
17This section of the Neofiti 1 MS has been censored by a Christian censor to remove what appeared to be anti-
Christian references. On this censorship, see Introduction, p. 9.
l8gods, dhlty; lit. my (objects of) fear.
19concubines; HT: maids. N f gives them their true status; same rendering in 32:23; 33:1. The rendering of Tg.
Onq. and of Ps.-J. is the same as that of Nf; see Grossfeld, 1988, 113 (on Onq. Gen 31:33).
 Translation 155

swered and said to Laban: What is my sin and what is my offense that you have
pursued after me? 37. Now that you have examined all my objects, what have you
found of all the objects of your house? zz Put them here in front of my brothers and
your brothers so that they may judge between the two of us. 38. These twenty years
I am with you; your ewes and your she-goats were not without young and the male
lambsa of your flock I did not eat. 39. What was killed I did not bring to you.*
Every one o f them that fled from the numbers I made good. From me you demanded
it. What the thieves stole in the daytime, and what the wild beasts killed during the
night, I made good. 40. During the daytime the heat devoured me and the frostc at
night, and my sleep fled from my eyes. 41.1 am these twenty years in your house; I
served before youd fourteen years for your two daughters and six years for your
flock, and ten times have you changede my wages. 42. Were not the God of my fa
ther, the God of Abraham and the Strong One of Isaac, with me, you would surely
have sent me away now empty(-handed). My sorrows and the labor of my hands7
are manifest before the Lord,20 and last night*21 he admonished (you). 43. And
Laban answered and said to Jacob: The daughters are my daughters, and the sons
are my sons, and the flocks are my flocks, h and all that you see is mine. And what
can I do to these daughters of mine this day, and to the sons they have borne? 44.
And now, come let us make a covenant, I and you, and it will be a sign1between me
and you. 45. And Jacob took a stone and set it up as a pillar. 46. And Jacob said to
his brethren: Gather stones.7 And they took stones and made a heap; and they ate
there upon the heap of stones. 47. And Laban called it: Igar Sahaduta and Laban

Apparatus, Chapter 31

" Nfmg: your instruments of war (probably error for: ^Nfmg: and the uprightness o f my hands is
household objects); place (them), I pray, between manifest.
my brothers and your brothers and let them judge. Lit.: (last) evening; Nfmg: he admonished him
a CTg C, (which begins here): the males (or: rams); last night (lit.: evening); CTg C: he admonished
Nfmg: the reward (of your male lambs). you.
b VN, CTg C, in v. 39 = Nf, also P except endings: . . . h Nfmg: these women are my daughters: and these
I made good: the wages of my days labor and the sons are reckoned as my sons, since they have been
watchfulness of my eyes at night. bom from my daughters; and the flock is from my
f In text: qfs\ Nfmg: and the frost (qrws\ regular flock.
form) at night. ' Nfmg: as a witness; as CTg C.
d Nfmg: beside you. JNfmg: to his sons whom he called in the language of
^Nfmg: you have altered (some variant at v. 6 the sanctuary his brothers; CTg C: to his sons
above). whom he called his brothers.

Notes, Chapter 31
20my sorrows are manifest before the Lord (with the sign of the accusative before sorrows); HT : God saw___ On
this method for avoiding anthropomorphisms, see Introduction, pp. 34-35.
2ilast night, b-rms (rendering HTs 'mi), as in Gen 19:34; 31:29, 42. b-rms, lit. in the evening, this (last)
evening.
156 Translation

called it in the language o f the sanctuary,22 GAL ED. 48. And Laban said: This
heap of stones is a witness between me and you this day. Because of this he called
its name Gilead; 49. And Zapit,k because he said: Let the Lord be revealed23 and
let him judge between me and you when we are removed one from the other. 50. If
you ill-treat my daughters, and if you take wives besides my daughters, although no
one is with us, see, the Lordm is witness between me and you. 51. And Laban said
to Jacob: Behold this heap and this pillar which I have set up between me and you.
52. This heap is a witness, and this pillar is a witness, that I will not pass over and
take this heap to you, < an d that you will not pass over this heap to m e> " or this
pillar to do harm .0 53. The God of Abraham and the God of Nahor judge between
usthe God of their fathers. And Jacob swore by the Strong One of24 his father
Isaac. 54. And Jacob offered sacrifices on the mountain and called his brethren to
eat b re a d / and they ate breadp and they spent the night on the mountain.

CHAPTER 32
1. And Laban arose early in the morning and kissed his sons and his daughters
and blessed them. And Laban went and returned to his place. 2. And Jacob went on
his journey and angels from before the LordaX overtook him. 3. And Jacob said
when he saw them: Perhaps they are messengers from Laban,2 my mothers

Apparatus, Chapter 31
*CTg C: And Zapita because he said: May the n Omitted in text; in CTg C.
Memra of the Lord watch out (yspy ) and judge in. 0 Nfmg: for evil.
mNfmg, CTg C: the Memra of the Lord. p Nfmg: food; CTg C breaks off at v. 54a.

Notes, Chapter 31

22Let the Lord be revealed; HT: May he (i.e., God) keep watch.
23the language of the sanctuary, i.e., Hebrew. See also N f Gen 2:19; 11:1; 22:1; 45:12.
24the Strong One o f . . . ; HT: the Fear of. . . . See Introduction, p. 35.

Apparatus, Chapter 32
a Nfmg: the angels of the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 32
'angels from before the Lord; HT: angels of God.
2The haggadic development, with Jacobs inner reflections, in this verse is similar to what we find in certain rabbinic
sources. Texts in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 2 to Gen 32. See also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 205f.
 Translation 157

brother, who has returned to pursue after me; or the hosts o f Esau, my brother, who
comes to meet me, or hosts o f angels from before the Lord come to deliver me from
the hands o f both o f them. Because of this* he called the name of that place
Mahanaim. 4. And Jacob sent envoys before him to Esau his brother to the land of
Gabla, 3 to the territoryc o f the Edomites.4 5. And Jacob commanded them, saying:
Thus shall you speak to my master, to Esau: Thus says your servant Jacob: I have
sojourned with Laban and I have tarried until now. d 6. And I have oxen and he-
asses and menservants and maidservants, and I have sent to relate' (it) to my mas
ter, so that I may find grace and kindness5 in your s i g h t . 7. And the spies6 re
turned to Jacob, saying: We reacheds as far as your brother, to Esau, and behold he
is coming to meet you and four hundred men, generals,hl with him. 8. And Jacob
was very much afraid and in distress; and he divided the people that were with
him, the sheep and the oxen and the camels into two camps. 9. And he said: If
Esau comes to one camp and kills it, the camp that remains will be saved. 10. And
Jacob said: O God of Abraham my father, and God of Isaac my father, O Lord,'
(you) who have said to me: Return to your land and to your kindred and I will do
you good;7 11. behold, I am little and I am not worthy of all the favors and of all

Apparatus, Chapter 32
b PVN, Nfmg: (PVN: And Jacob said) when he saw cNfi: adjoining (the Edomites); or: boundary,
them: Perhaps they are (the, P, Nfmg) camps of limits.
(VN: from) my brother Esau coming against me d Nfmg: I have delayed coming until now.
(PVN: to wage war against me) to kill me, or per e Nfmg: to tell (lit.: show) it.
chance the camps of (Nfmg: Laban), my mothers ^Nfmg: before you.
brother, coming after me to kill me, or perchance g Nfmg: we came.
(the P) camps of (PVN: holy angels from before) h Greek loan word: polemarchos (cf. Nfmg, Gen 33:1
the Lord (VN: who are) coming to save me (P + below); also in PVN.
from their hands; VN: from the hands of both of 1Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
them). For this reason (PVN: he called the name of JNfmg: and we (= I?) will do good with you.
that place Menahem).

Notes, Chapter 32

3Gabla; HT: Seir. N fs constant identification of HT Seir; see McNamara, 1972, 194.
4territory of the Edomites; HT: field (sdh) of Edom. As noted to Gen 2:5, N f renders HTs sdh by territory,
boundary, limits in Gen 14:7; 32:4; 33:19; 36:35; 41:48; 47:24.
5grace and kindness, hn whsd; HT: hn (RSV: favor). As remarked in the note to 6:8, to express divine favor the HT
uses both the simple hn and the composite hn whsd, the latter being the more frequently used in later times. When the HT
has the simple hn, N f almost universally paraphrases by the composite hn whsd; thus: 6:8; 18:3; 19:19; 30:27; 32:6; 33:8,
10,15; 34:11 ; 39:4,21 ; 47:25,29; 50:4; Exod 32:5; 33:12,13,16,17; 34:9; Num 11:15; Deut 24:1. The only exceptions are
Exod 3:21; 11:3; 12:36; Num 11:11.
6spies; HT: messengers.
7generals (four hundred men generals); HT: four hundred men, ys, a term often taken in the Tgs. as denoting
more than an ordinary man (see note to 12:20). The identification of the men as generals is in keeping with one of the rab
binic views on who these particular men were. Gen. R. 75,12 has: R. Samuel b. Nahman said: Four hundred kings
wearing crowns were with him; others say: Four hundred prefects were with him. R. Jannai said: Four hundred generals
were with him.
158 Translation

the truth that you have done with your servant, because with my staff I crossed this
Jordan and now behold, I have become two c a m p s/ 12. Save me, I pray,from the
hands of Esau, because I fear him, lest he come and kill me and blot out the
mother"1with the sons. 13. And you have said: I will surely do you good, and I will
make your sons like the sand of the sea which cannot be counted for multitude.
14. And he passed that night there; and he took from what he had brought in his
hands a gift" for Esau his brother: 15. two hundred she-goats, twenty he-goats; two
hundred ewes and twenty rams; 16. thirty milch-camels and their young; forty cows
and ten bulls; twenty she-asses and ten Libyan asses.0 17. And he put then in the
hand of his servants, each flock separately. And he said to his servants: Pass be
fore me and place (some distance) between one flock and the other. 18. And he
gave command to the first saying: When my brother Esau meets you and asks you,
saying: From (whom) do you come, and where are you going, and to whom do
these that precede you belong? 19. you shall say: To your servant, to Jacob; it is a
gift and has been sent to my master, to Esau, and behold, moreover he is behind
us. 20. And he commanded also the second and the third, and also the one who
walked afterp the flocks saying: According to this word shall you speak with Esau
the time you meet him. 21. And you shall say: Behold, Jacob also comes after us.
Because he said: I shall appease his face* with the gift that goes before me, and
after that I will see his countenance;8 perhaps he will receive me favorably. r 22.
And the gift passed on before him, and he spent that night in the camp. 23. And he
arose that night and took his two wives and his two concubiness9 and his eleven
sons and crossed the ford of the Jabbokah. 24. And he took them and made (them)
cross the stream and made all he had go across. 25. And Jacob was left alone; and
the angel Sariel wrestled1 with him in the appearance o f a m an 10 and he embraced
him until the time the dawn arose." 26. When he saw that he could not prevail
against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh and the hollow of Jacobs thigh be-

Apparatus, Chapter 32

k Nfmg: very large (camps). f Lit.: accept me the face; Nfmg: receive his coun
mNfmg: the mothers. tenance; = CTg C.
n Greek loan word doron; also in CTg C. 5Nfmg: his maidservants; = CTg C.
Nf: Iwwdqyn; CTg C: lwbdqyn\ P: lwbdykym\ VN: 1 Nfmg: struggled; CTg C: and an angel wrestled
Iwydyn dqyn (!) with him in the form of a man until the rise of the
p Nfmg: also all those who walked after; = CTg C. column of the dawn.
q Nfmg: (his) countenance; = CTg C. uNfmg: until the rise of dawn (a different word).

Notes, Chapter 32
8his countenance; see note to 31:2.
9concubines; HT: maids. The same rendering in N f 31:33.
1 the angel Sariel. . . appearance of a man; HT: a man wrestled with him. The identification of the man as an
angel is found in Jewish sources; the identification with Sariel, however, only in Nf. See further, Ginzberg, Legends, V,
pp. 305-310; Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 28 to Gen 32.
 Translation 159

came benumbedwU in his wrestling* with him. 27. And he said: Let me go because
the rise of the dawn12 has a rriv ed / and because the time o f the angels on high to
praise213 has arrived, and I am a chief o f those who praise.And he said: I will
not let you go unless you bless me. 28. And he said to him: What is your name?
And he said: Jacob. 29. And he said: Your name shall no longer be called**
Jacob but Israel, because you have claimed superiority with angels from before the
Lord14 and with m encc and you have prevailed against them. 30. And Jacob asked
and said: Tell me your name I pray; and he said: Why, now, do you ask my
name? And he blessed him there. 31. And Jacob called the name of the place
Peniel because: I have seen angels from before the Lord face to face and my life has
been spared. 32. And the sun shone for him when he crossed Peniel and he was
limping on account of his thigh. 33. Because of this, until the time o f this day, the
sons of Israel do not eat the sinew of the hip which is above the hollow of the thigh
because he touched the hollow of Jacobs thigh on the sinew of the hip.

CHAPTER 33
1. And < Jac o b > " lifted up his eyes and saw and behold, Esau was coming and
with him four hundred men on foot. * And he divided the children between Leah

Apparatus, Chapter 32
wyqht (VN, wqht) (from qhy) a rare word used to vVN, CTg C, Nfmg: because the column of dawn
translate a rare Hebrew term in all Pal. Tg. texts has arisen.
(corr. qtt of P); lit.: to be blunt (and loose); cf. r Nfmg: to send; VN, CTg C as Nf.
Pal. Tg. (VN), Gen 33:4. aa Nfmg: of the messengers; CTg C as Nf.
x Text: 'tpgswt'; VN: in his wrestling; another bb Nfmg: (no) longer be said.
term, bsdrwtyh; correct Nfmg (bstd/r/wt0 accord cc Nfmg: in the form of men; = CTg C: with holy
ingly; CTg C as Nf. angels from before the Lord in the form of men.

Notes, Chapter 32
r^
11<4was benumbed, w-qht, from qhy, rendered thus following Jerome A. Lund, On the Interpretation of the Palestini
an Targumic Reading wqht in Gen 32:25, JBL 105 (1986) 99-103. Modem translations generally render as was
dislocated, became disjointed.
12dawn, mwd dshr\ lit. the column of the morning. . . . of the dawn (also in Hebrew: mwd hshr). HT :shr. N f ren
ders shr (dawn) throughout in like manner: Gen 19:15; 32:25, 27.
13time to praise___ The same reason for the angels departure is given in Gen. R. 78,2 and in other rabbinic texts. In
Pal. Tgs. this angel is presented as the chief of the angels of praise.
14with angels from before the Lord; HT: with 'Ihym (=with God, or with divine beings).

Apparatus, Chapter 33
^Nfmg: (men), war leaders (or: generals)
a Missing in text; in Nfi. (pwlymkyn\ read pwlmrkyn\ see N f Gen 32:7).
160 Translation

and Rachel and the two concubines,cl 2. And he placed the concubines and their
sons to the front and Leah and her sons < a n d Rachel and Joseph b e h in d > / 3.
And he passed in front of them and saluted them according to the custom o f the
land,e2 seven times until the time that he drew near to his brother. 4. And Esau ran
to meet him and embraced him and fell on his neck and kissed him and w e p t/ 5.
And he lifted up his eyes and saw the women and the little ones and said: Who are
these with you? And he said: Children with whom the Lord favored me.* 6. And
the concubines drew near, they and their sons and saluted3 him. h 7. And Leah and
her sons also drew near and saluted3 him; < a n d after that Joseph and Rachel drew
near and they saluted h im > .' 8. And he said: What does all this host that I have
met (mean) for you? 4 And he said: To find grace and favor5 in your sight."j 9.
And Esau said: I have plenty, my brother; keep for yourself all that is yours. 10.
And Jacob said: No, I pray; if, I pray, I have found grace and favor in your sight,k
let my gift be received from me, because for this reason have I seen your counte
nance"1 as one sees the countenance o f angels from before the Lord6 and you have
showed yourself kindly disposed. 11. Receive, I pray, my goodwill gift that I have
brought you, because the Lord has favored me" and because I have everything.
And he pressed him and he took (it). 12. And he said: Let us move, I pray, and let
us proceed and I will go before you. 13. And he said to him: My master knows0
that the children are tenderp and that I have sheep and cows that give suck9 before
me. If they are overdrivenr for one day, all the flock will die. 14. Let my lord pass, I

Apparatus, Chapter 33

c Nfmg: maidservants; see Gen 32:23 above. 7 Nfmg: before my lord.

d Missing in text. k Nfmg: before you, and receive the gift (down).
e Nfmg: he prostrated himself upon the ground. mNfmg: from my (text: his) hands, because for this
^Nfmg, PVN add: (and kissed him; P: and both of reason have I (or: you) reconciled your coun
them wept; cf. Gen. R. 78,9). Esau wept because his tenance.
teeth had grown blunt (corr. Nfmg) (VN: + as [text: n Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord has had considera
in] wax) and Jacob wept because of the tenderness tion of me.
of his neck. 0 Nfi: is aware.
8 Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord had consideration for p Nfmg, PV: (that the children) are delicate (Ptc.
and protected. peal; in N f Ptc. pail).
hNfmg: the maidservants drew near, they and their QNfmg: going up.
sons, and bowed down. rNfmg: (if) I overdrive.
' Missing in the text.

Notes, Chapter 33
concubines; HT: maids. The same rendering in N f 31:33 and 32:23.
2saluted according to the custom . . . ; see note to Gen 18:2. HT (RSV): bowing himself to the ground.
3saluted them; HT: bowed down; see note to 18:2.
4W hat. . . (mean) for you?; lit. who for you.. . , rendering HT literally.
5grace and favor in your sight; HT: grace (hn) in your eyes; grace and favor; hn whsd; HT: hn. See note to 6:8 and
32:6.
6of angels from before the Lord; (RSV): like seeing the face of God.
 Translation 161

pray, before his servant and I will lead them leisurely,sl according to the pace of the
beasts of labor which are in my hand and according to the pace of the children,
until the time that I go' to my master at Gabla."8 15. And Esau said: Let me, I
pray, leave' with you some of the people that are with me. But he said: Why,
now? Let me find* grace and favor in the sight of my lord. 16. And Esau returned
that day on his way to Gabla.8 17. And Jacob moved to Succothah9 and built a
house for himself, and for the cattle he made booths. For this reason he called the
name of the place Succothah. 18. And Jacob came, perfect in good work,10 to the
fortress of Shechem which isz in the land of Canaan, on coming from Paddan-aram;
and he camped beforeaa the city. 19. And he bought the territory of the area11
where he spread his tent from the sons of Hamor, the father of Shechem, for a hun
dred pearls.bbn 20. And he erected an altar there, and he prayed00 there in the name
o f the Lord,dd13 the God of Israel.

Apparatus, Chapter 33

s Ihwny as in Ps.-J., Aruk (s.v. hn), Levita, Met u>Nfmg: let me set up (same Aramaic word used to
urgeman; Gen. R. 78, 14. render the Hebrew in N f Gen. 30:38; 43:9; 47:2;
1Nfmg: we (= 1 ) enter. Exod 10:20).
uNfmg: let my lord, I pray, go ahead before his ser x Nfmg: let us (= let me?) find, (nskhh).
vant and receive his portion and the reward of the y Nfmg: before my lord.
great blessing (with) which my father blessed him in 2 Nfmg: the city of Shechem which is in the land.
this world, and I by myself will lead the sons of the aa Nfmg: opposite.
captivity to the instruction of the law which is before bb PVN: (for a hundred) pearls (in Nf, PVN: mar-
me, and to the hope in its (or: his) righteousness (or: garites [margelis], a Greek loan word).
^-4?y his merits) until the time the captivities are ended cc Nfmg: worshiped.
and I enter to my master to wage war in Gebula. dd Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.

Notes, Chapter 33
7leisurely, Ihwny; HT: lty, slowly. Precisely this same Aramaic word, found only in N f as the rendering of HT
33:14, is cited in Gen. R. 78,14 in explanation of the Hebrew. See McNamara, 1966B, 12.
gGabla; N fs rendering of HT Seir; see McNamara, 1972, 194.
9to Sukkothah. N f retains the Hebrew final he locale, adding the preposition to. See note to 26:1, 2; also 31:23;
35:6.
1perfect (slm) in good works; HT : slm, in the sense of safely. The rendering here is in keeping with N fs translation
technique of qualifying slm (as also tm, tmym) when referring to persons with the words good works; thus Gen 6:9;
15:16; 17:1; 25:27; 33:18; 34:21; Deut 18:13. In this instance (33:18) N fs rendering is not in order, since slm does not
have a moral connotation.
1'territory of the area, thwmh dhql\ HT: hlqt hsdh\ RSV: the piece of land. N f uses three different words to render
sdh of the HT (see note to 2:5), two of which (thwmh, hql*) it uses here to translate the HT composite expression.
12pearls, mrglyyn, Greek loan word margaretes or marglis\ HT: qsyth, a word of unknown meaning, rendered in
RSV as: pieces of money. The exact meaning of the Hebrew term was discussed by the Rabbis. One identification pro
posed was precious stones; see Gen. R. 79,7. This same text of Gen. R. tells us that about 200 c e . R. Hiyya the Elder and
R. Simeon b. Halafta forgot the translation of several words of the HT and went to an Arab market town (probably the
Aramaic Nabatean-speaking Hegra in Northern Arabia) to relearn them. One of the difficult Hebrew words was qsyta of
Gen 33:19, and the Aramaic term mentioned as translating it was kesitta, which may mean either diamonds of
sheep. See Gen. R. 79,7, with translators note in the Soncino translation.
13in the name of the Lord. . . ; HT (RSV): (he erected an altar) and called it El-Elohe-Israel (=the God, the God of
Israel). In N fs paraphrase call of the HT is interpreted as praying.
162 Translation

CHAPTER 34
1. And Dinah, the daughter of Leah, whom she had bornea to Jacob, went out to
let herself be seen with the daughters o f the people of the land.1 2. And Shechem,
the son of Hamor* the Hivite, the master of the land, saw her and took her and
abused2 herc and disgraced her. 3. And his soul found delight in Dinah, Jacobs
daughter; and he was enamored of the maiden d and he spoke words o f peace"3 with
the heart of the maiden. 4. And Shechem said to Hamor, his father, saying: Take
this m aiden* (for me) as wife. 5. And Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah, his
daughter; and his sons were with the cattle7 in the field, and Jacob remained silentg
until the time they came. 6. And Hamor, the father of Shechem, went out to Jacob
to speak with him. 7. And the sons of Jacob entered from the field when they heard
(of it); and the men were very angry and they were very much offended because he
had done* an abomination in Israel in having intercourse with' the daughter of
Jacob, for it was not proper4 that such a thing be done. 8. And Hamor spoke with
them saying: The soul of Shechem, my son, found delight in your daughter. I pray,
give her in marriage to him as w ife/ 9. and mingle5 with us; give u sfcyour daughter
and take our daughters for yourselves. 10. And you shall dwell with us and the land
will be before you. Dwellm and trade in it and take possession of it. 11. And
Shechem said to his father and brothers: I have found" grace and favor in your
sight, and what you will say to me I will give. 12. Make very great for me the dowry
and the marriage contract06 and I will give ju stp as you say to me, but give me the

Apparatus, Chapter 34
a Nfmg: the daughter of Leah who was bom. k Nfmg: You shall give (another word); = CTg C.
b Nfi: of the nations of the world (i.e., Gentiles). mNfmg: Reside in it; CTg C: reside and trade in it.
c Nfmg: and joined (sexually) with her. n Nfmg: we ( = 1 ) have found, or let us (= me)
d Nfmg: the girl. find.
f Nfmg: of peace to the heart of the girl. PVN: (make very great for me) the dowry and the
^Nfmg: herds. marriage contract (ketuba, as in Nf); dowry in N f
8 Nfmg: he abandoned. prn; in VN pwrn: in CTg C: pryn; = Greek loan word
h Nfmg: there had been done. phern.
1Nfmg: in joining (sexually) with. p Nfmg: all (that you say).
7Nfmg: give her to him, I pray, as wife.

Notes, Chapter 34
'(the daughters of the land) to be seen with; HT: to look at, rh b-. See Ginzberg, Legends, V, pp. 313f., and com
ment of B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 209.
2abused, lit. used; HT: lay with. See note to 30:15.
3words of peace; not in HT.
4it was not proper. HT: thus it was not done. N f translates passive of to do with the negative in similar fashion
elsewhere (Gen 20:9; 29:26; Lev 4:2, 13, 22, 27; 5:17).
5mingle; HT: intermarry.
6dowry and marriage contract; HT (RSV): marriage present and gift; dowry, Greek loan word phern, also used
here in the LXX.
 Translation 163

maiden d as wife. 13. And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his fa
ther in the vastness o f their wisdom, 7 and they spoke9 (thus), because he had viola
te d r Dinah their sister. 14. And they said to them: We cannot do this thingto
give* in marriage our sister to a man who has < a foreskin> ' because he is a
disgrace to us. 15. But we will become mingled8 with you if you become like us,
circumcising every male of you. 16. And we will give our daughters to you, and
your daughters we will take to ourselves, and we will dwell with you and all o f us
will become one people. 17. And if you will not listen to us by becoming circum
cised, we will take our daughter and go. 18. And their words were pleasing' in the
sight of Hamor and in the sight of Shechem, the son of Hamor. 19. And the young
man* did not delay to do the deed because his soul found delight in the daughter of
Jacob; and he was the most honored of all the men o f the house of his father. 20.
And Hamor came, and Shechem and his son, to the gate of their city and spoke
with the men of their c ity / saying: 21. These men are perfect in good work9 with
us, and let them dwell in the land and trade in it; and the land behold, it is broad
in its territorylies before them. We will take their daughters to us as wives and we
will give our daughters to them. 22. But only on this condition will the men min
gle10 with us, to dwell with us, to become one nation: that we circumcise2 every
male as they are circumcised. 23. Their possessions and their wealthaa and all their
cattle, are they not ours? Only let us mingle10 with them and they will dwell with
us. 24. And every one going out the gate of his city listened to Hamor and
Shechem, his son; and they circumcised every male, everyone going out the gate of
his city. 25. And it happened that on the third day, when they were sore from their
circumcision, 11 two sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, brothers of Dinah, took each
man his sword, and entered the city in all safety and killed every male. 26. And
they killed Hamor and Shechem, his son, with the edge of the sword and took
Dinah from the house of Shechem and went out. 27. The sons of Jacob went in
upon the slain and plundered the city because they had defiled their sister.** 28.
They took their sheep and their oxen, < a n d their he-asses>." and what was in the

Apparatus, Chapter 34
q Nfmg: he spoke. y Nfmg: the people of the city; CTg C: the wise men
' Nfmg: they had violated; = CTg E. of their city.
s Nfmg: to give (another word, that in CTg C). Nfmg: when he circumcises.
' Missing in text, and glosses; in CTg C. aa Nfmg: the herds (or: riches) and their possessions;
" Nfmg: an abomination; = CTg C. CTg C: their wealth and their possessions.
* Nfmg: looked good. bb Nfmg: they had defiled Dinah.
x Nfmg: boy; = CTg C. Missing in the text.

Notes, Chapter 34
7in the vastness of their wisdom; HT: with guile. The same translation occurs again in Nf, in the only other occur
rence of the word in the Pentateuch (Gen 27:35).
8we will become mingled; HT : n wt\ RSV : we will consent; a word found only in Gen 34:15,22,23, and rendered in
like manner in N f in all occurrences.
9perfect in good work; HT: perfect. The translation is in accord with N f practice. See note to 33:18.
10mingle; see note to 34:15.
nsore from their circumcision; HT: when they were sore.
164 Translation

city and what was in the field; 29. and all their wealth12 and all their little ones and
their wives and all that was in the houses they took captive and made (their) spoil.
30. And Jacob said to Simeon and Levi: You have done evil to me, making my
nam edd evil before the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites and the
Perizzites. I am a people few in number and they will be gathered <against me and
will kill m e> ee and will blot out (both) me and the men of my house.,,ir 31. And the
two sons13 o f Jacob,gg Simeon and Levi, answeredhh and said to Jacob, their father:
"It is not fitting that they should say11 in their congregations and in their
schools:11< Uncircumcised>kk have defiled virginsmm'4 and servers < o f idols> nn
the daughter00 o f Jacob. But it is fitting that they should say in the congregationspp
o f Israel and in their schoolhouse:qq Uncircumcised were slain on account o f a virgin
C and servers o f idols> rr because they defiledss Dinah, the daughter o f Jacob; so
that after all this Shechem, the son o f Hamor, might not become proud in his soul
and exalted in his heart and say: Like a woman who has not a son o f man, avenging
humiliation, thus was it done to Dinah our sister: like a lost woman, a
p r o s tit u te uu

Apparatus, Chapter 34

JJ Nfmg: my reputation (thy = tyhy ); cf. Ps.-J. 00Nfmg: they have violated the daughter of.
w Missing in text: supplied from Nfmg. pp Nfmg: that it should be said in congregations of; =
^Nfmg: and they shall kill and destroy the mothers VNL.
with the children. qq Nfmg: in the (school) houses; = P.
88 PVNL as Nf, with variants as below. rr Erased by censors; in PVNL.
hh VNL: the two sons of Jacob answered together, and Nfi: they have defiled Dinah; Nfmg: because of
said to Israel; P: Simeon and Levi answered and the daughters of Jacob and not only (this) but lest.
said to Jacob. u Nfmg: after this it is not fitting for Shechem; P:
11 Nfmg: that it be said; = VNL. from now it is not fitting for Shechem.
jj Nfmg: in their school houses; = PVNL. uuNfmg 1: (like a) lost woman, a prostitute who has
kk Erased by censor; in PVNL. no avenger, has it been done to my sister Dinah. Be
mm P: uncircumcised defiled (sybw) virginity (btwln). cause of this have we done this thing; Nfmg 2:
VNL: uncircumcised defiled virginity (btwlt); (who has no) avenger of blood nor avenger of humil
Nfmg: s' (sybw = defiled?; or: sepher ,aher= vari iation, thus did it happen to Dinah, the daughter of
ant readings) virgins with regard to virginity Jacob. And he said: Like a whoring woman and a
(btwln lbtwlt).j. Nid. 49a bot. speaks of: a betulah prostitute he has reckoned our sister; cf. VNL: like
(virgin) as to virginity (Ibtwlyn), i.e., a virgin with a woman who has no man to avenge her humiliation,
regard to the hymen as opposed to menstruation (lit.: thus was it done to Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and
bloods). See Jastrow, I, 200. they say: Like a whoring woman and a prostitute
nn Erased by censor; in PVNL. have they reckoned our sister; P almost identical.

Notes, Chapter 34

12wealth, mmwn; HT: hyl, might, etc.

13The two sons. . . humiliation. This elaborate aggadic supplement in N f Gen 34:31, which is also present in the Frg.
Tgs. and in a shorter form in Ps.-J., finds no reflection in any known rabbinic literature (Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 24 to
Gen 34). For a textual study of the midrash, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 210-212.
14defiled virgins. R. Le Daut, 1978, 321, note 14 (with reference to S. Lieberman, Hellenism, 167, and G. Vermes,
Jesus the Jew, 2 19) draws attention to a Nfmg which clarifies this expression: virgins with regard to virginity, i.e., with
regard to the hymen, as opposed to menstruation, this being the formula of j. Nid. 1,49a. See Apparatus, note mm.
 Translation 165

CHAPTER 35
1. And the Lord said to Jacob: Arise, go up to Bethel and dwell there and buildb
an altar there to the name o f the M em ra1 o f the Lord, who was revealedc to you
when you fled d from before Esau your brother. 2. And Jacob said to the men o f his
house2 and to everyone that was with him: Remove the foreign worship from
among3 you; and purify yourselves and wash your garm ents/ 3. And let us arise
and go to Bethel and I will build an altar there to the name o f the Lord4 who an
swered me in the hour^ of my affliction and* was at my aid5 on the journey on
which I went. 4. And they gave to Jacob all the foreign worship6 that was in their
hands,* and the rings that were on their ears;' and Jacob hid them under the oak77
which is near Shechem. 5. And they journeyed on, and the fear of the Lordk was
upon the villages that were around them and they did not pursue the sons of Jacob.
6. And Jacob entered"1Luzah8 which is in the land of Canaanthat is, Bethelhe
and all the people that were with him. 7. And he built an altar there and called" the
place where the Lord was revealed to him Beth-El,9 because there the Lord had been
revealed to him when he fled from before Esau, his brother. 8. And Deborah, the

Apparatus, Chapter 35
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. JNfmg: which was opposite Shechem.
b Nfmg: and you shall make. k Nfmg: the sons of Israel (journeyed on) and (the fear
c Nfmg: to God who was revealed. of the Lord) was.
d Nfmg: at the time you fled from. mNfmg: and (Jacob) came.
e Nfmg: which were with him. Remove the images of n CTg E: . . . and he called the name of the place El
(word erased by censor) the idols which are among Beth-El, because there were the angels revealed to
you and purify yourselves and wash your garments. him when he was fleeing from before Esau his broth
^Nfmg: the altar to God who answered me in the er; Nfmg: and he worshiped and prayed there in
hour of. the name of the Memra of the Lord God who was re
gNfmg + : his Memra. vealed to him in Bethel because there was revealed to
hNfmg: the images of (word erased by censor) the him there the glory of the Shekinah of the Lord the
idols which were in his hands. time that he fled before Esau.
1Nfmg: which were on their ears.

Notes, Chapter 35
'in the name of the Memra . . . ; HT: to the God who appeared to him.
2the men of his house; HT : his house (hold). The addition of men, etc., is a translation technique of N f in the ren
dering of house when humans are intended, e.g., Gen 7:1 ; 12:17; 18:19; 34:19; 35:2; 41:51; 45:8; 46:27; 47:12; 50:4,22.
3foreign worship from among you; HT : the foreign gods which are in your midst. N f uses foreign worship in gen
eral for Hts foreign gods (Gen 35:2, 4; Deut 31:16; 32:12).
4to the name of the Lord; HT: to God.
5was at my^id; HT: was with me. On this paraphrase see note to 28:20 and Introduction, p. 28.
6foreign worship. See note to v. 3.
7oak; HT: terebinth. N f renders the Hebrew words for terebinth (7/z) and oak ( Iwri) by the same term oak
( Iwri). See note in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 8 to Gen 25.
8Luzah; HT: Luzah = Luz, with he locale. On the he locale, see note to Gen 26:1, 2; also 33:17.
9where the Lord was revealed to him Bethel; HT: he called the place El Bethel because God revealed himself to
him.
166 Translation

nurse0 of Rebekah, died and she was buried7 under the oak;10 and he called the
name of the oak Weeping. 11 9. O God o f eternityg may his name be blessed for
ever and forever and ever12 your meekness and your rectitude, and your justice and
your strength and your glory, will not pass for ever and ever.r You have taught us to
bless the bridegroom and the bride from Adam and his consorts.s And again you have
taught us to visit those who are ill from our father Abraham, the righteous one, when
you were revealed to him in the Valley o f the Vision13 while he was still' suffering
from circumcision. And you taught us to console the mourners from our father Jacob

Apparatus, Chapter 35
Nfmg: the foster-mother; = VNL; similar word in ages and for all generations. From the primeval ex
CTg C. ample (Greek loan word: dogma ) you have taught
p VNL +: below Bethel; CTg C +: beneath Bethel your forbearance for eternal generations. Your for
under the oak; VNL v. 8 almost = Nf. bearance, your righteousness, your grandeur, your
q VNL: God of eternity, may his name be blessed for rectitude, your power and your glory do not cease
eternal ages, you have taught us to bless the bride from all generations. You have taught us fitting com
groom and the bride from Adam and his partner, mandments and beautiful statutes (etc., as in VNL,
since thus does the Scripture clearly state: And the but with the Scripture citations in Hebrew. CTg C is
Memra of the Lord said to them: Grow strong and close to P, again with biblical texts left in Hebrew:
multiply and fill the earth and subdue it. You taught God of eternity, may his name be blessed for all ages
us to visit those who are ill from our father Abraham, from the day of eternity. You have taught your for
the righteous, when you were revealed to him in the bearance to endless generations, since your recti
Valley of the Vision. And you further taught us to tude, your righteousness, your grandeur, your
bless those who mourn from our father, the righteous majesty, your power and your glory do not cease for
Jacob, when you were revealed to him when he came ever and ever. You have taught us seemly command
from Paddan-aram, as the way of the world (= ments, etc.
death) had encountered Deborah, the foster-mother r Nfmg: You have taught us fitting commandments
of Rebekah, his mother, and Rachel died beside him and beautiful statutes, you have taught us to bless,
on the way and our father Jacob sat there crying etc.
aloud, lamenting, mourning and weeping. And you, 5Nfmg: because thus does the Scripture clearly state:
master of every age, O Lord, in the measure of your And the Memra of the Lord blessed them and the
good mercies were revealed to him and consoled Memra of the Lord said to them: Be strong and mul
him, and blessed him with the blessing of those who tiply and fill the earth and subdue it. And again you
mourn over his mother. Wherefore does the Scrip have taught us (to visit); cf. VNL.
ture clearly state and say: The Memra of the Lord 1Nfmg: and you commanded him to circumcise his
was revealed to Jacob a second time on his return foreskin . . . you blessed him over his mother, be
from Paddan-aram and blessed him; P: The God cause thus does the Scripture clearly state and say;
of eternity, may his name be praised for everlasting = VNL.

Notes, Chapter 35

l0the Oak, as in the HT (*.Iwn). See note to v. 4.

1 he called the name of the Oak Weeping; HT: he called its name The Oak of Weeping. N f probably to be correct
ed accordingly.
l2This is the beginning of a sidra (seder), i.e., a biblical passage appointed as a synagogue reading. The beginning of
these tends to have an expansive paraphrase. See note to Gen 15:1. The paraphrase to 35:9 is found in whole or in part in
Nf, Nfmg, Frg. Tgs., CTg. C, Ps.-J. This midrash is on God as model for certain works of mercy and human considera
tion: blessing the bridegroom and bride, visiting the sick, consoling the mourners, with supporting Bible texts,
respectively: Gen 1:28; 17:l,9-14and 18:1; Gen 35:9, i.e., the present text which it introduces. See also M. Klein, 1986,
II, 26f; Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 12 to Gen 35. There is a detailed analysis of the text in B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,212-219.
I3a second time; HT: again.
 Translation 167

the righteous one. The way o f the world14 overtook Deborah, the foster mother o f
Rebekah his mother. And Rachel died beside him on his journey; and he sat down
crying aloud and he wept and lamented and wailed and was dejected. But you in
your good mercies were revealed to him and blessed him; (with) the blessing o f the
mourners you blessed him and consoled him. For thus the Scripture explains and
says: And the Lord was revealed to Jacob a second tim e15 when he cam e from
Paddan-aram and blessed him. 10. <A nd the Lord said to him: Your name is
Jacob; your name shall no longer be called Jacob, because Israel shall be your
name. And he called his name Israel. > 11 And the Lordx said to him: I am the
God o f the heavens. 16 Be strong and multiply. A nation, and an assembly o f a con
gregation of just nations, shall arise from you, and kings who rule nations shall
come forth from your loins. 12. And the land that I gave to Abraham and to Isaac, I
will give it to you; and to your sons after you I will give the land. 13. And the
Glory o f the Shekinahy o f the Lord went u p 17 from above him in the placez in
which it spoke with him. 14. < And Jacob erected a pillar in the place in which he
had spoken with h im aa> , a pillar of stone; and he poured libations upon it and
poured oil upon it. 15. And Jacob called the name of the place where the Lordbb
had spoken with him Bethel. 16. And they moved from Bethel, and it was the time
o f the harvest0018 of the land, dd to come to Ephrath. And Rachel brought forth and
had difficulty in bringing forth. 17. And when she had difficulty in bringing forth,
the midwife said to her: Do not fear; because this one is a son. e<? 18. And when
she gave forth her soulbecause she diedshe called him :19 the so n ^ o f my sor-

Apparatus, Chapter 35
uNfmg: You blessed him with the blessing of him aa Missing in the text: in CTg C.
who mourns and consoled him. For thus does the bb Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord; CTg C ends at v.
Scripture clearly state and say that he was revealed. 15a.
And again you have taught us to bury the dead from cc \swn llth.
our master Moses, whom the Lord, the Lord of dd VNL: and it was (the) time (of) the kibra (a good
agesmay his name be blessed for agesburied. stretch) of the land to go in to Ephratah and Rachel
J^Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord a second time when was in childbirth, and she had difficulty in giving
he came; cf. VNL, CTg C. birthretaining kibrah, the obscure word of the
* Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord; = CTg C. The verse Hebrew text; cf. Gen 48:7; Nfmg: the kibra of the
is omitted in N f text but is supplied in margin. land to go in; = VNL.
vNfi: the Shekinah of the Glory. MNfmg: a male son (byr).
"Nfmg: from beside him, the Glory of the Shekinah ^Nfmg: a son (byr); v. 18b in PVNL; = Nf.
of the Lord (went up) in the place; = CTg C.

Notes, Chapter 35
,4the way of the world; a euphemism for death; cf. Jos 23:14; 1 Kgs 2:2.
l5Plain of the Vision. See N f Gen 18:1; also 12:6; 13:18; 14:13; McNamara, 1972, 198.
16God of the heavens; HT: El Shaddai. Regular translation of Nf; see Introduction, p. 35.
l7Glory of the Shekinah went up; HT: God went up. On N fs translation see Introduction p. 37.
,8the time of the harvest; HT: and there was still a kibrah (?=stretch) of land. Ps.-J. as Nf. See also Gen. R. 82,7,
linking the HT word with kbr (already) and bar (com): The com was already grown and the rainy season had passed
. . . but the hot season had not yet come. VNL and Nfmg retain the Hebrew word kibrat (...).
l9he called him; HT: she called him. This text of N f may be intentional, since Rachel is presumed dead. However,
it could also be an error, as immediately afterward we read: but his father called him.
168 Translation

row; but his father called him, in the language o f the sanctuary,20 Benjamin. 19.
And Rachel died and was buried on the way of Ephrath, that is, Bethlehem.gg 20.
And Jacob erected a pillar above her grave; this is the pillar of the grave of Rachel
until the time o f this day. 21. And Israel journeyed and spread his tent furtherHh
from the Tower of the Flock. 22. And when Israel dwelt in that land Reuben went"
and lay with Bilhah21 < th e concubine of his father> ;i' and Israel heard (of it). And
the sons of Jacob were twelve. 23. The sons of Leah: Reuben, the firstborn of
Jacob, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. 24. The sons of Rachel: Joseph
and Benjamin. 25. The sons of Bilhah, the maid of <Rachel: Dan and Naphtali;
26. the sons of Zilpah, the maid o f> kk Leah: Gad and Asher. These are the sons of
Jacob that were born to him in Paddan-aram. 27. And Jacob came to his father
Isaac at Memre, the city of the giants, that is, Hebron, where Abraham and Isaac
had sojourned. 28. And the days" of Isaac were one hundred and eighty years. 29.
And Isaac ended his days and died and was gathered to his people, old and satis
fied in days. And his sons Esau and Jacob buried him.

CHAPTER 36
1. And this is the genealog/ca/ pedigree1 of Esau, that is, Edom. 2. Esau took his
wives from the daughters of the Canaanites'.2 Adah, the daughter of Elon the
Hittite, Oholibamah, the daughter of Annah, daughter of Zibeon the Hivite, 3. and

Apparatus, Chapter 35
g8 Nfmg +: of Judah. JJMissing in text: supplied in Nfi, in Hebrew.
hh Nfmg: at the far side o f; cf. Ps.-J. kk Missing in text.
11In VL the text. Reuben went in concubine of his fa nmNfmg: the days of the life of.
ther in Hebrew only, followed in Hebrew, by rubric: nn Nfmg: *he died, lit.: he stretched himself, as in
It is not translated. This is in accord with M. Meg. Ps.-J.; cf. Nfmg. Gen 25:8, 17.
4:10. In Nf, it is translated except for lay with
Bilhah, which is in Hebrew. In Nfmg: text in He
brew without translation. See note 21.

Notes, Chapter 35
20in the language of the sanctuary, i.e., Hebrew. See note to Gen 2:19; also 11:1; 22:1.
2and lay (wyskb) (with) <Bilhah>, lay being the Hebrew word left untranslated; the word rendered as with is
really in N f the sign of the accusative {yt), which mistranslates the Hebrew % which may be the preposition with or the
sign of the accusativein this case the former. Also in Nf, part of the text is omitted or left without translation. The ex
planation of all this lies in the fact that this section of the HT on Reubens sinful behavior was one of the passages to be
read out in Hebrew but not translated into Aramaic. On these see McNamara, 1966A, 46f.; M. Klein, Not to Be Trans
lated in PublicV mtrgm b s y b w r J J S 39 (1988), 80-91; 82-84 for Gen 35:22.

Notes, Chapter 36
genealogical pedigree; HT: tldwt. See note to Gen 2:4.
2Canaanites; HT: of Canaan.
 Translation 169

Basemath, Ishmaels daughter, sister of Nebaioth. 4. And Adah bore to Esau

Eliphaz; and Basemath bore Reuel. 5. And Oholibamah bore Jeush, Jalam, and
Korah. These are the sons of Esau who were born to him in the land of Canaan. 6.
And Esau took his wives and his sons, and his daughters and all the persons of his
household, his wealtha and all his cattle and all his property,* which he had ac
quired' in the land of Canaan, and he went from before his brother Jacob to an
other land. 7. For their wealthd was too great for them to dwell together; and the
land of their sojournings could not have room for* them because of their cattle. 8.
And Esau dwelt in the mountain of Gabla; Esau is Edom. 9. This is the
<genealog/ca/> ebls pedigree3 of Esau, father of the Edomites,4 in the mountain of
Gabla.5 10. These are the names of the sons of Esau: Eliphaz, the son of Adah, the
wife of Esau. This is Reuel, daughter of Basemath, the wife of Esau. 11. The sons of
Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, Gathem, and Kenaz, 12. Timna was a
concubine7 of Eliphaz, son of Esau, and she bore Amalek to Eliphaz. And these are
the sons of Adah, wife of Esau. 13. And these are the sons of Reyek: Nahath, Zerah,
Shammah, and Mizzah. <These are the sons of Basemath, wife of E s a u > / 14.
These were the sons of Oholibamah, the daughter of Anah, the daughter of Zibeon,
wife of Esau: she bore to Esau Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. 15. These are the chiefs of
the sons of Esau. The sons of Eliphaz the firstborn of Esau: the chief Teman, the
chief Omar, the chief Zepho, the chief Kena, 16. the chief Korah, the chief Gatam,
the chief Amalek. These are the chiefs of Eliphaz in the land of the Edomites.
These are the sons of Adah. 17. And these are the sons of Reuel, the son of Esau:
the chief Nahat, the chief Zerah, the chief Shammah, the chief Mizzah; these are
the chiefs of Reuel in the land of the Edomites.4 They are the sons of Basemath,
Esaus wife. 18. And these are the sons of Oholibamah, wife of Esau: the chief
Jeush, the chief Jalam, the chief Korah. These are the chiefs (born) of Oholibamah,
the daughter of Anah, Esaus wife. 19. These are the sons of Esauthat is, Edom
and these are their chiefs. 20. These are the sons of Seir, the Hauranite,6 the inhabi
tants of the land: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, 21. Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan.

Apparatus, Chapter 36
a Nfmg: his riches. ebls written above the line and added in different spell
b Nfmg: his possessions. ing in Nfmg.
c Nfmg: he had saved up. ^Nfmg: concubine (plqy, another word).
d Nfmg: their possessions were (too) great. 8 Missing in the text.
e shn = hsn; Nfmg: (could not) support.

Notes, Chapter 36
3genealogical pedigree; HT: tldwt. See v. 1 and note to 2:4.
4Edomites; HT: of Edom.
5Gabla; HT: Seir. The constant identification of Nf; see McNamara, 1972, 194.
6Hauranite; HT : hhry\ RSV: the Horite. Same identification in Deut 2:12,22. In all these cases the identification is
in N f only; Onq. and Frg. Tgs. have Horites. The Hauranites of N f are apparently the residents of Hauranitis or
Auranitis = Hauran of Ezek 17:16, 18. See McNamara, 1972, 195.
170 Translation

These are the chiefs of the Hauranites < th e sons of Gabla> h in the land of Gabla. '
< . . . . 30.............> according to their chieftains in the land of Gabla. 31. And
these are the kings who reigned in the land of the Edomites4 before any king ruled
over the sons of Israel. 32. Bela the son of Beor reigned in Edom, and the name of
his city was Dinhabah. 33. And Bela died and Jacob < son of Zerah of Bozrah>
reigned after him. 35. And Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad, who killed
the Midianites7 in the territory o f the Moabites, reigned after him, and the name of
his city was Avith. 36. And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah reigned after
him. 37. And Samlah died and Shaul of Mesopotamia8 reigned after him. 38. And
Shaul died and Baal-hanan the son of Achbor reigned after him. 39. And Baal-
hanan the son of Achbor died and Hadar reigned after him, and the name of his
city was Pau; and his wifes name was Mehetabel, the daughter o f a maker o f
hunting-nets,9 who worked with his hunting spear all the days o f his life; and he grew
rich and acquired wealth, and he knew what is silver and what is gold. 40. These are
the names of the chiefs of Esau, according to their families, their places, according
to their names: the chief Timna, the chief Alvah, the chief Jetheth, 41. < th e chief
Oholibamah, the chief Elah, the chief P in o n > / 42. the chief Kena, the chief
Teman, the chief Mibzar, 43. the chief Magdiel, the chief Iram. These are the chiefs
o f the Edomitesthat is, Esau, father of the E dom /toaccording to their dwell
ings in the lands in which they dwelt.

Apparatus, Chapter 36
h Missing in the text. Nfmg: the sons of Gabla in the ' Vv. 22-30 omitted in the text by homoioteleuton.
land of the Edomites. 7 Missing in text.

Notes, Chapter 36

7killed the Midianites . . . territory of (thwmyyhwn) the Moabites; HT: defeated Midian in the country (sdh, lit.
field) of Moab. N f employs the Aramaic word thwm, territory, border, boundary as one of the terms to render
sdh of the HT; see note to 2:5. For the rendering of 33:19, see note to that verse.
8Mesopotamia, lit. between the Rivers; HT: from Rehoboth-of-the-River, Rehoboth being from a root mean
ing broad.
daughter of a maker of hunting nets. . . what is gold?; HT: daughter of Matred, daughter of Mezahab. Matred is
interpreted as maker of hunting nets, as if from root trd, to hunt, to chase, and Mezahab as if from mah, what?
and zahab, gold. The same paraphrase is found in the Frg. Tgs. and in Ps.-J. The understanding of the names in Gen. R.
(83,4) is almost identical with N fs paraphrase: The daughter of Mezahab. They were net-makers (trwdym), and when
they became wealthy they used to say: What (is) gold and what (is) silver? See also B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,221 -222.
 Translation 171

CHAPTER 37
1. And Jacob dwelt in the land of his fathers sojournings, in the land of Canaan.
2. This is the genealogical pedigree1 of Jacob. Joseph, when he was seventeen years
old, was tending the flock with his brothers; he was a youth brought up2 with the
sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his fathers wives. And Joseph brought
the bad rum or3 of his brothers4 to his father. 3. And Israel was enamored of Joseph
more than all his sons, because he was the son of his old age; and he made him an
embroidered ornamented garment.a5 4. And his brothers saw that their father loved
him more than all his brothers, and they hated him and could not speak words of
peace with him. 5. And Joseph had a dream, and he told (it) to his brothers and
they hated him still more. 6. And he said to them: Hear, I pray, this dream which I
dreamed. 7. Behold, we were binding sheaves*6 in the midst of the field, and be
hold my sheaf arose and also stood upright, and behold your sheaves gathered
around and saluted1 my sheaf. 8. And his brothers said to him: Are you indeed
going to reign over us? Or are you indeed to have dominion over us? And they
hated him yet more because of his dreams and because of his words. 9. And he
dreamed again a second tim e,8 and he related it to his brothers, and said: Behold I
have again dreamed, and behold the sun and the moon and eleven stars saluted
me. 10. And he related it to his father and to his brothers; and his father rebuked

Apparatus, Chapter 37
a an embroidered ornamented garment, prgwd b binding sheaves: also in PVNL.
msyyr; loan word: Latin, paragauda; Greek,
paragauds.

Notes, Chapter 37
'genealogical pedigree; HT: tldwt. See note to 2:4.
2brought up with; not in HT.
3the bad rumor of his brothers, or: . . . concerning his brothers, tbhwn (=tybhwn) d hwy bys; tyb, as in Onq. =
rumor, (evil) report. N fs paraphrase renders an awkward HT construction: their report <=the report about them), the
evil one. B. Grossfeld {Neofiti, note 3 to Gen 37) understands tb of N f as nature, and the entire clause as: the evil na
ture of his brothers. See also Grossfeld, 1988, 126 on Onq., where the same Aramaic word as N f is used; see also
Sokoloff, 1990,219. tb, tybh, nature, character. On the Targumic presentation of Joseph, see M. Niehoff, The Fig
ure of Joseph in the Targums, JJS 39(1988) 234-250; V. Monsarrat, LHistoire de Joseph dans le Targum Palestinien,
Foi et Vie 86 (1986) 17-23.
5(embroidered) ornamented garment, prgwd (msyyr); HT: ktnt psym; RSV: a long robe with sleeves. There is men
tion of this garment in HT Gen 37:3,23, 32 (cf. also 2 Sam 13:18,19). Nf, and Pal. Tgs. generally, render ktnt (robe) of
the HT with the loan word (Greek paragauds; Latin paragaudae; probably ultimately a term of Oriental origin; see In
troduction, note 80), a tunic or garment with purple border, and render HT pssym by msyyr, embroidered.
6binding sheaves, kwrkwwn/mkwrkyn. This rendering of N f is found as a Pal. Tg. citation in the Aruk and is cited by
medieval commentaries. David J. Martin comments on this, and such like medieval Pal. Tg. citations found in Nf, that
Neofiti must be the Targum Yerushalmi or Targum Erez Israel known to these writers. See D. J. Martin, New Direc
tions in Biblical Scholarship. Targum Yerushalmi to the Pentateuch, Tradition 13-14 (1973), 201-220; 203 for Gen
37:7. See also above, Introduction, pp. 10-12.
7saluted, lit. inquired about the welfare of; HT: bowed down. See note to 18:2.
8a second time; HT: another dream.
 172 Translation

him, and said to him: What is this dream that you have dreamed? Shall I, and
your mother and brothers truly come to salute you according to the custom o f the
land?. 9 11. And his brothers were jealous of him, but his father was keeping note of
the matter. 12. And now his brothers went to tend their fathers flock at Shechem.
13. And Israel said to Joseph: Are not your brothers tending (their flocks) in She
chem? Come, and I will send you to them. And he said to him: Here I am. 14.
And he said: Go, I pray, and see how your brothers are, and how the flock is, and
bring me word. And he sent him from the plain of Hebron, and he came to She
chem. 15. And an angel in the appearance o f a m a n 10 met him cfor behold he was
lost in the fieldand the man asked him saying: What are you looking for. 16.
And he said: I am looking for my brothers. Tell me, d I pray, where they are tend
ing (their flocks). 17. And the man said: They moved on from here, for I heard
them say: Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after his brothers and he met
them in Dothan. 18. And they saw him afar off, and before he came near to them
they conspired against him to kill him. 19. And they said one to another: Behold,
here comes the lord of thesee dreams. 20. And, now, come and let us kill him, and
let us throw him into one of the pits and we will say: An evil beast devoured him;
and we will see, what will be the end of his dreams. 21. And Reuben heard it and
he delivered him out of their hands and said: Let us not kill him, and let us not be
come guilty o f his life.f 11 22. And Reuben said to them: Do not shed innocent
blood;12 throw him into this pit which is in the desert and do not extend the hand*
o f murderers against himthat he might rescue him from their hands to restore
him* to his father. 23. And it happened when Joseph came to his brothers, they
stripped him of the embroidered ornamented garment1which was on him. 24. And
they took him and cast him into the pit; but the pit was empty, there was no water
in it. 25. And they sat down to eat bread; and they lifted up their eyes and saw, and
behold a caravan of Saracensjn coming from G ileadah,14 with their camels laden

Apparatus, Chapter 37
cGen 37:15-34 in CTg E. CTg D, E: they stripped Joseph of the (or his) gar
CTg E: show me. ment (prgwdh), the embroidered garment.
e CTg E: the master of the evil dreams. 1prgwd msyyrh.
^CTg E: let us not become guilty; CTg D: guilty of J PVNL: a caravan of Saracens; in N f of Saracens
his blood. repeated.
8 CTg D and E: a hand.

Notes, Chapter 37

9salute. . . according to the custom of the land; HT (RSV): bow ourselves to the ground. See note to 18:2. The me
chanical nature of N fs paraphrase is well illustrated in the rendering of 37:7 and 10.
10an angel in the appearance of a man; HT : a man. N fs paraphrase is in keeping with rabbinic tradition; cf. Gen. R.
84,14 (on Gen 37:15) and 75,4 (on Gen 32:4): Joseph was met by three angels.
1 'kill him and become guilty of his life; HT lit.: let us not strike (=kill) a life. In Deut 19:6,11 N f renders the same
Hebrew words in identical fashion.
12innocent blood; HT: blood.
13Saracens. N fs text repeats the word (d-srqyn d-srq'yn); HT: Ishmaelites; the same identification occurs in N f
throughout (Gen 37:25,27; 39:1). See McNamara, 1972,200; Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 17 to Gen 37. There is mention of a
Saracen in Gen. R. 48,9 (on Gen 18:2).
14Gileadah; HT: Gilead (without any final he locale). Possibly N fs Aramaic form of the place had a final -a. See
note to 26:1, 2. In 31:47, however, N f has form Gilead.
 Translation 173

with wax, balm ,15 and resin, on the way to bring (it) down to Egypt. 26. And
Reuben said to his brothers: What wealth1*16 will we have if we kill our brother and
conceal his blood? 27. Come, let us sell him to the Saracens, and let us not extend
our hands' 17 against him because he is our brother, a blood relation; 18 and his
brothers listened to him. 28. And some Midianite men, traders, passed by; and they
lifted up and took Joseph out of the pit, and they sold Joseph to the Saracens for
twenty selas"19 of silver; and they brought Joseph to Egypt. 29. And Reuben re
turned to the pit, and behold, Joseph was not within the pit and he rent his clothes.
30. And he returned to his brothers and said: The boy is not and I do not know20
where to go. 31. And they took the ornamented garment0of Joseph and they killed
a young he-goat and dipped the ornamented garment in the blood. 32. And they
sent the embroidered ornamented garment of Joseph and brought it to their father
and said: This we have found. Examine, we pray, whether it is the ornamented gar
ment of your son or not. 33. And he recognized it and said: This is the orna
mented garment9 of my son; an evil beast has devoured him. Joseph has surely
been killed.r 34. And Jacob rent his garments and put on sackcloth in their stead
and mourned for his son many days. 35. And all his sons and daughters rose up to
console him; but he refused to be comforted and said: No, I shall go down to my

Apparatus, Chapter 37
k CTg D, E: what benefit is there to us if we kill. all ages, that he will save him from the hands of the
m CTg E: the hand of murderers. woman and will show me the countenance of Joseph
CTg D, CTg E: twenty Zuzim, twenty meahs. my son in peace while I am still alive; VNL: And he
0 Nf: prgwd\ CTg D, E: the linen garment (ktnt'). recognized ( ... as N f ___) ; . . . it devoured my son
p In all texts, prgwd. Joseph. However, I see in the holy Spirit one like (as
q Nf, CTg E: prgwd; CTg D: ktwntyh. it were) an evil woman standing opposite him; P:
r CTg E: And he recognized it and said: This is the He recognized it < . . .> . . . my son has not been
garment (prgwdh ) of my son; a wild beast has not de surely killed. Besides, I see in the holy Spirit an evil
voured him, nor has my son been surely killed (CTg woman standing opposite him, the wife of Potiphar,
E ends here); CTg D: He recognized it and said: This the ruler of Pharaoh, the chief of the executioners
here is the linen garment (ktntyh) of my son Joseph. (Latin loan word: speculator:; also in Greek,
Joseph my son has not surely been killed, nor has an spekoulator) and she is comparable to a wild beast.
evil beast devoured him; but rather, an evil woman, Besides I trust in the Lord of all the world to save him
who is comparable to a wild beast is standing up op from sexual offenses and to show me the face of
posite him. However, I trust in the Lord, the Lord of Joseph my son in peace while I am still alive.

Notes, Chapter 37
I5balm, Itwm; Akkadian, ladinnu; Greek ledon, ldanon (ladanon)\ Latin ladanum.
their wealth (or profit, mmwn, mamon), will we have?; HT: what profit (bs) is it.
extend our hands; HT: let not our hand be.
blood relation; HT: our (own) flesh.
19shekels, sl; HT : pieces of silver, ksp. The identification in N f is according to the principle in Bekh 50a: every sil
ver piece (ksp) mentioned in the Pentateuch without any qualification means a sela ; see also Introduction, pp. 32f.
I do not know; HT: and I, where (shall) I come (=go). In its paraphrase Nf, here as elsewhere, removes the
question.
 174 Translation

son to Sheol. And his father wept for him. 36. And the Midianites sold him to the
Egyptians, to Potiphar, an officer21 of Pharaoh, the captain of the executioners,s22

CHAPTER 38
1. And it happened in that hour that Judah went down from his brothers and
turned aside to an Adullamite man whose name was Hirah. 2. And there Judah saw
the daughter of a Canaanite whose name was Shua; and he took her to wife and
went in to her. 3. And she conceived and bore a son and she called1 his name Er. 4.
And she conceived again and bore a son and called his name Onan. 5. Yet again she
bore a son and called his name Shelah. And it happened that she ceased2 (from
bearing) after she had borne him. 6. And Judah took a wife for Er, his firstborn,

Apparatus, Chapter 37
4Latin loan word: speculator (also in Greek); VNL:
Potiphar, Pharaohs ruler, chief of executioners.

Notes, Chapter 37
21oficer; HT: eunuch. Apart from Tg. Isa 56:3f. (where the literal translation is inevitable), the Tgs. never render
this term of the HT literally. N f translates as slyt, officer, ruler; other Tgs. as rb, magnate, etc.
22executioner; a Latin-through-Greek loan word: speculator/spekoulator, HT: stewards, guards. N f renders in
the same manner throughout.

Apparatus, Chapter 38
a Nf, P: as she paused; VNL = Nf.

Notes, Chapter 38
she called; HT: he called. We find the same rendering as N f in Ps.-J., with Sam. Pent.; feminine also in Gen. R.
85,4.
2paused, etc., psqt; HT : He was in Chezib when she bore him. N f renders the place name Chezib as if it were a verb,
as do also Ps.-J., Pesh., Vulg. (quo natoparere ultra cessavit). The Hebrew verb in question, however, i.e., kzb, generally
means to tell a lie, and thus did Aquila render (as given by Jerome, Hebr. quaest. in Gen 38:5):.. .ut mentiretur a partu
(postquam genuit eum). Jerome, in the same place, takes the Hebrew verb kzb to mean cease, stop: stetit partus eius,
and refers to Hab 3:17, where, he says, kzb (mentiretur opus oliuae) must mean cease. Gen. R. 85,4 glosses the Hebrew
word in 38:5, as N f does, i.e. psqt, she ceased. B. Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 3 to Gen 38, notes that Isenberg (Studies, p. 17)
believes that the fundamental meaning of kzb is to cheat, to lie, but also refers to the meaning to fail in Isa 5:11,
which text he believes has influenced N fs present rendering. Grossfeld himself adds support from Tg. Isa 5:11 ; 58:11 ;
Tg. Jer 13:1, where the Hebrew kzb is rendered by psq.
 Translation 175

and her name was Tamar. 7. And Er, the firstborn of Judah, did evil deeds3 before
the Lord, and he died by a decree from before the Lord.4 8. And Judah said to
Onan: Go in to your brothers wife and marry her, and raise up the seed o f sons to
the name of your brother. 5 9. And Onan knew that the sons would not be called by
his name;6 and when he went in to his brothers wife he destroyed his works1 upon
the ground, so as not to raise up sons8 to the name of his brother. 10. And what he
did was displeasing before < th e Lord>,* and he also died by a decree9from before
the Lord. 11. And Judah said to Tamar, his daughter-in-law: Remain a widow in
your fathers house until the time my son Shelah grows upfor he said: Lest he
die like his brothers. And Tamar went and dwelt in her fathers house. 12. And
many days went byc and the daughter of Shua, the wife of Judah, died; and when
Judah was comforted he went up to Timnah, to the sheep-shearers, he and his
friend Hirah the Adullamite. 13. And it was related to Tamar saying: Behold, your
father-in-law is coming up to Timnah to shear the sheep. 14. And she took off her
widows garments, and covered herself with a veil and wrapped herself up in it, and
sat down at the crossroads10 which is on the way to Timnah; because she saw that
Shelah had grown up and she had not been given to him as wife. 15. And Judah saw
her, and Judah thought her to be a harlot, because her face was coveredd in the
house o f Judah, and Judah had not known her.11 16. So he turned aside to her at the
road and said: Allow me, I pray, that I go in to you; for he did not know that she
was his daughter-in-law. And she said: What will you give me that you may come
in to me? * 17. And he said: Behold I will send you a kid-goat from the flock.

Apparatus, Chapter 38

b Missing in text. begin here imperfectly: behold my coming (or: my

c Lit.: and the days become many; cf. HT. corpse?) is here. Let me (form of 1st pi.) join sexually
d VNL: because she had veiled her face. with you . . . and she said: What will you give me to
PIn N f that you may come in to me twice in text; join sexually with me?; CTg D as Nf.
first time after his daughter-in-law; CTg D and E

Notes, Chapter 38
3did evil deeds; HT: did evil.
4he died by a decree from before the Lord; HT : and the Lord slew him. N f paraphrases in such a manner as to avoid
attributing this action to God.
5sons to the name of your brother; HT: raise up seed (=offspring) to___
6sons would not be called by his name; HT: that the seed (=offspring) would not be his.
7his works; added in N f (and Ps.-J.) to supply a direct object lacking in the HT, which has: he destroyed to the (=on
the) ground. His works of N f = his seed.
8to raise up sons . . . ; HT: to give seed (=offspring) to his brother.
9died by a decree; HT: he (i.e., Yahweh) killed him also; see v. 7.
,0at the crossroads; HT: at Enaim (place name, lit. the eyes). Pesh renders as Nf; so also Vulg. (in bivio itineris)
and Jerome, Hebr. quaest, in Gen 38:14: (Enaim is not the name of a place but the meaning is): sedit in biuio, siue in
compito (i.e., crossroads) (CCL 72,46). A similar understanding is found in rabbinic texts; see Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 14
to Gen 38.
11in the house of Judah and Judah had not known her; an explanatory paraphrase beyond the HT.
176 Translation

And she said: Will you give me a pledge until the time you send it? 18. And he
said: What pledge shall I give you? And she said: Your signet-ring, the cord of
your seal, and the staff that is in your hand. And he gave them to her, and he went
in to her and she conceived by him. 19. And she arose and went away, and took off
her veil7 and put on the garments of her widowhood. 20. And Judah sent the kid-
goat by the hand of his friend^ the Adullamite, to receive the pledge from the hand
of the woman, but he did not find her. 21. And he asked the people of the place say
ing: Where is the harloth who sat at the crossroads12 in the road? And they said:
There is no harlot woman here. 22. And he returned to Judah and said: I have
not found her, and even the people of the place said: There is no harlot woman
here. 23. And Judah said: Let her take it as her own, lest we become the object of
mockery. Behold, I have sent this kid, and behold now, I have not found her. 24.
And it happened about three months later that it was related to Judah, saying:
Tamar, your daughter-in-law, has played the harlot. And behold she is with child
because of harlotry. And Judah said: Bring her out and let her be burned. 25.
And Tamar went out13 to be burned by fire 1and she asked for the three witnesses, but

Apparatus, Chapter 38

f VNL: her veil (same word as Nf, CTg D + E). ring, the cloak, and the staff; CTg D, VNL: And
8 CTg D, E: his companion. Tamar was going out to be burnt. She sought the
h CTg D: the woman, the harlot. three witnesses but could not find them. She raised
' CTg E, P: And Tamar was going out to be burnt by her eyes on high and said: (VNL + : I beg from before
fire; (P+: and) she sought the three witnesses but you, O Lord). You are the Lord (VNL: You are the
could not find them. She raised her eyes on high and God) who answers (D +: the prayer of) the afflicted
said: I beseech by the mercies that are before you, O in the hour of their affliction. Answer me in this hour
Lord God, answer me in the hour of my affliction (P: (VNL +: which is the hour of my affliction) and I
in this hour which is the hour of my affliction) and I will raise up to you three righteous ones from (VNL:
will raise up to you three righteous ones in the Valley in) the Valley of DuraHananiah, Mishael, and
of DuraHananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. At that Azariah. At that hour the Lord beckoned to Michael
hour the Lord beckoned to (P: the Holy one, Blessed and said to him (VNL: the Memra of the Lord heard
be He, summoned) Michael the angel and said to the voice of her prayer and said to Michael): Go
him: Go down, give them to her. When she saw them down, give them to her. Her eyes were lit up when she
her eyes shone and she cast them under the feet of the saw them. She took them and cast them before the
judges and said: The man to whom these belong, feet of the judges and said: The man to whom these
from him am I with child. But even if I am to be belongit is from him that I am with child. Even
burnt, I will not reveal him. However, the witness though I were burnt, I am not going to reveal (VL: de
that is between me and him will put in his heart to fame) him. However, I trust in the master of all ages,
recognize them to whom these belongthe signet the Lord (VNL + : who is witness between me and

Notes, Chapter 38

12who sat at the crossroads; HT: at Enaim; see note to v. 14.

13This lengthy midrash is found in essentially the same form in Nf, Frg. Tgs., and in a somewhat briefer form in Ps.-J.
and in CTg D and E. It is also preserved in Targumic Tosafoth. The Genizah texts, including tosafoth, have been edited
by M. Klein, 1986 (Genizah Manuscripts), I, 88-99; with notes in II, 31-33. Genizah tosafoth also in M. Klein,
Targumic Toseftot from the Cairo Genizah, in Salvation en la Palabra. . . En memoria. . . A. Diez Macho (Madrid,
1986) 409-418. Related rabbinic and NT texts are brought together by B. Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 21 to Gen 38. See also
R. Bloch, 1955B (Notes sur lutilisation. . . ) and McNamara, 1966A, 138-142; B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,225-231 (fora
textual analysis).
 Translation 177

did not fin d them. She lifted up her eyes on high and said: I beseech by the mercies
from before you, O Lord, you are he who answers the afflicted in the hour o f their af
fliction; answer me in this hour, which is the hour o f my distress. O God who answers
the distressed, enlighten my eyes and give me the three witnesses and I promise you
three just men in the valley o f Dura: 14 Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. When they
go down into the burning fire they will sanctify your holy name.And immediately
the Lord heard the voice o f her supplication, and he said to Michael: Go down and
give her his three witnesses. And her eyes were enlightened and she saw them and
she gave them into the hands o f the judges and said: By the very man to whom
those things belong am I with child. But although I may be burned I will not make
him known. And the witness that is between me and him will put in his heart to see
them in this hour, and will deliver me from this great judgment.Judah immediately
stood upon his feet and said: I beg o f you brothers, and men o f my fathers house,
listen to me: It is better for me to burn in this world, with extinguishable fire, that I
mayJ not be burned in the world to come whose fire is inextinguishable. It is better
for me to blush in this world that is a passing world, that I mayi not blush before my
just fathers in the world to come. And listen to me, my brothers and house o f my fa
ther: In the measure in which a man measures it shall be measured to him, whether
it be a good measure or a bad measure. Blessed is every man who reveals his works.
Inasmuch as I took the ornamented garment o f my brother Joseph and dipped it in
blood o f the kid-goat and I said to Jacob: Examine, examine I pray whether this is
the ornamented garment o f your son or not.And (as for) me it is now said to me: To
whom this signet-ring and cord and staff belong, by him am I with child. Tamar,
m y daughter-in-law, is innocent; 15 by me she is with child. Far from herfrom
Tamar, my daughter-in-law to conceive sons o f harlotry.But a Bath Qol came forth
from heaven and said: They are both just; from before the Lord the thing has come
about. 26. And Judah acknowledged (them)* and said: Tamar; my daughter-in-

Apparatus, Chapter 38
him) that he will put in the heart of the man to whom than that I (same form as: we) bum in the inextin
these belong to recognize them: this signet ring, the guishable fire (lit.: fire that devours fire) in the
cloak, and the staff. world to come. And Judah recognized them and said:
JIn Aramaic the same form as we may (not). Tamar is innocent because I did not give her to
k CTg E + : when Judah saw them he said in his Shelah my son. And he did not know her again; CTg
heart: It is better for me that I (same form as: we) D, P: And when Judah saw the three witnesses he
be confounded in this world than I (same form as: arose to his feet (D + : and cried aloud) and said: Lis
we) be confounded in the world to come. It is bet ten to me (lit.: accept from me) my brothers and men
ter for me to bum in extinguishable fire in this world of my fathers house (P: I beseech you my brothers

Notes, Chapter 38
l4threejustmenin the Valley of Dura. . cf. Dan 1:6; 3:14-27. The reference assumes that Hananiah, Mishael, and
Azariah were descended from Judah and Tamar. M. Klein, 1986, II, 31 refers in this connection to Ber. R. pp. 1211,1213
(=Midrash Bereshit Rabba, ed. J. Theodor and Ch. Albeck, Jerusalem, 1965).
15Tamar is innocent; HT: she is more righteous than I (mny). All the Pal. Tg. texts tone down Judahs profession of
guilt and in different ways; see chart in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 22 to Gen 38.
178 Translation

law, is innocent; for this reason16 I did not give her to Shelah, my son. And he did
not know her again. 27. And it happened in the hour that she bore that there were
twins in her womb. 28. And when she was giving birth a child17 put forth his hand
and the midwife took (it) and tied a crimson threadm on his hand saying: This
came out first. 29. And it happened when he drew back his hand, behold his
brother came out and she said: How strong you are, and how strong you will be my
son.nl* And she called his name Perez. 30. And after this his brother, on whose
hand was the crimson thread,"7 came out and his name was called Zerah.

Apparatus, Chapter 38
and men of my fathers house, accept this word from who reveals his works. Text continues thus: Be
me): In what measure a man measures (P + : in this cause I took the embroidered cloak (prgwdh) of
world), in that measure is it measured to him (P: do Joseph my brother and dipped it in the blood of the
they measure to him in heaven), whether it be good kid-goat and offered it before the feet of my father
measure or bad measure. And blessed is every man and said to him: See, now; is this the embroidered
whose works are manifest (lit.: they make manifest; cloak (hprgwdh, with prefixed Hebrew definite arti
VNL: who reveals his works; P: who has good cle!) of your son or not?measure corresponding to
works). It is better for me (P corrupt) to be ashamed measure and (legal) decisions corresponding to
in this world than to be confounded in the world to (legal) decisions. It is better for me to be ashamed in
come. It is better for me to bum in extinguishable fire this world than to be ashamed in the world to come;
than to bum in inextinguishable fire (lit.: fire de it is better for me to bum in extinguishable fire than
vouring fire). Because I took the cloak of Joseph my to bum in inextinguishable fire (lit.: fire devouring
brother and dipped it in the blood of the kid-goat and fire). Tamar, my daughter-in-law, is innocent in
sent it (P: oppressed: or emending: deceived; judgment. From me is she with child. Far be it from
cast it) to my father and said to him: Look now. Is her, Tamar, my daughter-in-law. She is not bearing
this the cloak of your son Joseph or not? measure children of prostitution. Because I did not give her in
(corresponding to) measure and legal decision corre marriage to Shelah my son. A voice (lit.: daughter of
sponding to legal decision. Tamar my daughter is voice, Bath Qol) came forth from heaven and said:
innocent. From me is she with child. CTg D breaks Both of you are innocent in judgment. From before
off here. P continues: Far be it from her, from the Lord has this thing occurred. And he did not
Tamar my daughter-in-law. She is not with children know her again.
of fornication, because I did not give her to Shelah mIn N f zhwr zyhwryh (zyhwr, with -he), in CTg E;
my son. A voice (lit.: daughter of a voice, a Bath Qol) zyhwry (with heth).
came out from heaven and said: Both of you are in n CTg E: how strong you are, and again you will seek
nocent. From before me did this thing occur. And he to be strong.
did not know her again. VNL as above as far as:

Notes, Chapter 38
l6for this reason (I did not give), or possibly: because (I did not give), bgyn kk, rendering HT 7 kn (RSV: in as
much as. The combination bgyn kk occurs only here in Nf; elsewhere N f renders the HT 7 kn by bgyn kdn; cf. Golomb,
1985,40. Possibly in N f bgyn kk has the same meaning as bgyn kdn. CTg FF has: ry 7 kn (I did not give her), which Klein,
1986.1, 92, renders as: for this reason I did not give; CTg E has: mn bgyn kn [this is] because I did not give (Klein,
1986.1, 98).
17a child. N f adds a subject to the HT: one (or: he) put out a hand.
18how strong you are. . . my son; HT: What a breach you have made for yourself. N f may possibly contain a refer
ence to the Messiah who would descend from Perez, as noted in Gen. R. 85,14.
 Translation 179

CHAPTER 39
1. And Joseph was taken down to Egypt, and Potiphar, an officer1 of Pharaoh,
captain of the executioners,2 an Egyptian man, bought him from the hands of the
Saracens who had taken him down* there. 2. And the Lord was (with)e3 Joseph and
he became a man prospering in good work;4 and he became a (magnate) and a
ruler5 in the housed of his Egyptian master. 3. And his master saw that the Lord
was with him, e and that whatever he did, the Lord/ caused to prosper in his hands.
4. And Joseph found grace and favor6 in his sight, and he waited upon him and he
appointed him administrator81 over his house. h He delivered all that was his under
his authority. ' 8 5. And it happened that from the time'' that he appointed him
administrator1 over his house and over all that he had, the Lord^ blessed the house
of the Egyptian for the merit9 of Joseph; and the blessing of the Lord was upon all
that he had in his house and on the face of the field. 6. And he left all that he had
under the authority' 8 of Joseph; and he had no concern for anything after him ex
cept the breadk which he ate. And Joseph was handsome of form, m beautiful in
appearance." 7. And it happened after these things that the wife of his master lifted
up her eyes to Joseph and said to him: Lie with me. 8. And he refused, and said

Apparatus, Chapter 39
a hwnht, a unique Hufal form, under influence of HT; 'CTg E: the Memra of the Lord.
CTg E 'twht, Ithp form. 8 In Nf. CTg E = VNL Greek loan word epitropos\
b whtw of text = hytw of CTg E. VNL: and he appointed him administrator.
c In text yt, the sign of the accusative; a slavish repro h CTg E: over the men of his house.
duction of 7 of HT (which here = with); CTg E: 1CTg E: between his hands.
and the Memra of the Lord was at the aid of 7 CTg E: from the hour.
Joseph. * CTg E: the food.
^CTg E: and he was a man prospering and he was mLit.: in his form.
placed in the house of his Egyptian master; cf. HT. n Correcting text slightly in accord with CTg E.
e CTg E: the Memra of the Lord was at his aid.

Notes, Chapter 39
an officer; HT: a eunuch; see note to 37:36.
2executioners, Greek loan word, as noted at 37:36; HT: stewards, guards.
3(was) with, yt, rendering 7 (in Hebrew = with, or simply the sign of the accusative) as the sign of the accusative,
contrary to the context.
4prospering in good works; HT: prospering; the addition in line with N fs paraphrase of perfect, etc.; see note
to 6:9.
5a magnate and a ruler, rb wslyt; an addition to the HT. The combination occurs often in N f and can be variously ren
dered, e.g., captains and officers.
6grace and favor, hn whsd\ N fs almost invariable expansion of HT hn\ see note to 6:8 and 32:6.
7administrator; Greek loan word epitropos; an addition to the HT.
8delivered . . . under his authority; HT: gave into his hand.
9the merit of; HT: because of (bglt). See notes to 12:3,13.
180 Translation

to his masters wife: Behold, my master has no concern for (anything) after m e;"10
< a n d all that he has in his house, and a ll> p that is his, he has delivered into my
authority: '8 9. There is no captain or officer11 in this house outside of me, and he
has not kept back9 anything from me except yourself, for you are his wife. How can
I do this great evil, and sinr before my God? 12 10. And it happened that although
she spoke with Joseph day after day, he did not listen to her, to have intercourse
with her in this world, so as not to be w ith13 her in the world to come.sl4 11. And on
one of those days he entered within the house to reckon his accounts,15 and there
was no one of the people of his house there in the house. 12. And she caught him
by his clothes saying: Have intercourse16 with me. 17 But he left his clothes with
her and fled and went out into the market-place. 13. <A nd when she saw that he
left his garment (with her) in her hand and went out into the market-place>.' 14.
<She called> ' to the men of the house and spoke to them saying: Behold he has
brought to me a Hebrew man to make fun of us. He came in to me to have inter
course with me," and I cried out in a loud voice. 15. And when he heard that I
raised my voice and cried out, he left his clothes with me and fled and went out
into the market-place. "' 16. And she kept his clothes in her handxiS until the time
that her husband came to his house. 17. And she spoke to him these words saying:
< T he Hebrew servant whom you brought to us to jest with me, came in to me.

Apparatus, Chapter 39
CTg E: behold my master does not know anything this world, (CTg E + sufficient) so as not to be a part
besides me. Everything that is in his house he has ner with her in Gehenna in the world to come. CTg
handed over between my hands. E breaks off before the end of v. 10.
p Omitted in text of Nf. Missing in text.
q CTg E: withheld. Nfmg: to unite sexually with me.
r Lit.: and I sin; CTg E: and we (= I) become guilty wNfmg: outside.
of it before the Lord. * Nfmg: beside her.
5CTg E, P: to unite sexually (P: to sleep) with her in

Notes, Chapter 39

10had no concern for anything after him; lit. and he used not know anything after him. M. Klein ( 1986,1 ,100) ren
ders: and he did not check after him at all/ HT: and he did not know anything with him. Grossfeld, 1988, 132,
renders Onq., which is almost identical with Nf, as: and he had no concern for anything with him there.
1'captain and officer, rb wslyt; cf. v. 2; HT: great one (or: greater).
12sin before my God; HT: sin to God. Addition of my not attested outside of Nf.
13with her; HT: slh, which term ordinarily means beside (her).
14in this world. . . in the world to come; additions in Nf, and in Pal. Tgs., to HT. This paraphrase is very similar to
the comment on the verse in Gen. R. 87,6: to lie by her. in this world, and to be with herso that he should not be with
her in the Gehenna in the world to come.
15to reckon his accounts; HT: to do his works. The rabbis discussed the meaning of this Hebrew phrase, with spe
cial interest in what precise work Joseph was doing. One view was that it was sexual intercourse; another (as in Nf) was
that it was to do his masters accounts; thus Gen. R. 87,7.
have intercourse with; lit. use; HT: lie with. N f renders the Hebrew in the usual manner, when this is seen as
denoting intercourse. See Gen 30:15, etc.
,7with me; HT: sly. See to v. 10.
18in (her) hand; HT: slh. See to v. 10.
 Translation 181

18. And when I raisedy my voice and cried out he left his clothes in my hand18 and
fled into the market-place. 19. And when her master heard the words which his
wife spoke to him saying: According to these things your servant did to me, his
anger grew strong. 20. And Josephs master took him and placed him in the prison,
in the place where the prisoners of the king were imprisoned. And he was there in
the prison. 21. And the Lord was with Joseph and he placed grace and favor upon
him and made him find grace in the sight of the captain of the prison.2 22. And the
captain of the prison placed all the prisoners who were in the prison under the au
thority o f Joseph;aa and whatever was done there, it was he who did it. 23. And the
captain of the prison was not concerned about anything** at all after h im ,19 be
cause the Lord was with him; and all that he did the Lord made prosper in his
hands.

CHAPTER 40
1. And it happened after these things that the chief cup-bearer and the chief1
baker of the king of Egypt fell foul of their master, the king of Egypt. 2. And Phar
aoh became angry with his two officers, 2 with the chief cup-bearer and the chief
baker. 3. And he put them in custody in the house of the captain of the execu
tioners, 3 in the place where Joseph was imprisoned. 4. And the captain of the exe
cutioners,3 appointed Joseph over them and he ministered to them. And they spent
(some) days in custody. 5. And they both dreamed a dreamthe chief1 cup-bearer
and the chief baker of the king of Egypt who were imprisoned in the prison each
man a dream in one night, each dream with its own interpretation. 6. And Joseph
came to them in the morning0 and saw them, and behold their faces were troubled.b

Apparatus, Chapter 39

y In text rymt: written differently ( Y ym t) in Nfmg, aa Nfmg: in the hands of Joseph.

PVNL. Nfmg: nothing (that was) in his hand, because the
z Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (was) at the aid of Memra of the Lord was at his aid; and all that he did
Joseph and he inclined (its) kindness toward him and the Memra of the Lord made prosper.
put kindness in the sight of the prison officer.

Notes, Chapter 39
19was not concerned . . . after him. See note to v. 6.

Apparatus, Chapter 40
a Nfmg: about morning time. b Nfmg: excited; = CTg E.

Notes, Chapter 40
'chief. . addition to HT: the butler . . . the baker.
2(his) officers, slytwy, HT: eunuchs; see to 37:36.
3executioners; a Latin-through-Greek loan word; see to 39:1; HT: stewards, guards.
182 Translation

7. And he asked the officers02 who were with him in prison in his masters house
saying: For what reason are your faces troubled today? d 8. And they said to him:
We have dreamed a dream and there is no interpretation for it. e And Joseph said
to them: Are not interpretations from before the Lord?/4 Relate them to me I
pray. 9. And the chief cup-bearer told his dream to Joseph and said to him: In my
dream, behold there was a vine before me.* 10. And on the vine there were three
branches. And it bloomed; it sent out blossoms, the clusters ripened and became
grapes. 11. And Pharaohs cup was in my hand and I took the grapes and pressed
them into Pharaohs cup, and I placed the cup in the palm of Pharaohs hand. 12.
And Joseph said to him: This is its interpretation:* The three branches5 are the
three fathers o f the world:' namely; Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the sons o f whose
sons are to be enslaved in the slavery o f the land o f EgyptJ and are to be delivered by
the hands o f three faithful leaders:k Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, who are to be lik
ened to the clusters o f grapes. And as regards what you said: 7 took the grapes"1and
pressed them into Pharaohs cup and I placed the cup in the hands o f Pharaoh, this
is the cup o f retribution " which Pharaoh is to drink in the end. And you, chief cup
bearer, (your) rewardp shall not be lost, because you have dreamed this good dream.
But Joseph did not say the interpretation o f the dream. A ndq Joseph interpreted as
seemed good in his sight. And Joseph said to him: This is its interpretation;r the
three branches are three days. 13. At the end o f three days6 Pharaoh will lift up your

Apparatus, Chapter 40

c Nfmg: the officer. (Greek loan word: phial) of wrath that Pharaoh is
'Nfmg: excited; CTg E = Nf. destined to finally drink. And you also, chief cup
e CTg E: we have no one who would interpret it. bearer, (will) receive a good reward for that you have
^CTg E: interpretations before the Lord. dreamt.
8 Nfmg, CTg E: planted before me (Nfmg: before n Nfmg: the bowl iplyty) of wrath that Pharaoh is des
him). tined to finally drink. You also, chief cup-bearer; =
h Nfmg: This is the interpretation of the dream; cf. CTg E; cf. P.
PVNL, CTg E. 0 Nfmg: chief cup-bearer (that) you took them; =
' CTg E, P: fathers of the world, from whose (sons); CTg E.
Nfmg: they are the three from whose; VNL as Nf. p VNL: your rewards; Nfmg: receive a good reward
j CTg E, P, VNL: to be enslaved in the land of Egypt. for the dream that you dreamed; = CTg E; cf. P:
k Nfmg: righteous, faithful (leaders). receive a good reward (for the fact) that you
mP: clusters of grapes. And as to your having pressed dreamed.
them into Pharaohs cup and having placed the cup * CTg E, P, VNL + : afterward.
in the palm of Pharaohs hand, this is the bowl rCTg E, P +: of the dream.

Notes, Chapter 40
4from before the Lord; HT: . . . belong to God.
5This interpretation of the tree branches is found also in rabbinic sources, e.g., Gen. R. 88,5 on this verse: three
branchesMoses, Aaron and Miriam; its blossom shotforththe redemption of Israel blossomed. For a detailed analy
sis of 40:12-13, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 233-236.
6at the end of (three days); HT (RSV): within (three days).
 Translation 183

head and he will restore5 you to your service;' and you will place the cup in the
palm o f Pharaohs hand according to the previous procedure,u when you were cup
bearer to him. 14. But remember me when it is well with you, and do me, I pray,
favor and goodness,xl and remember me to Pharaoh7 and deliver me from this
prison. 15. For I was indeed stolen from the land of the Hebrews, and here also2 I
have done nothing that they should have put me in prison. 8 16. And the chief
baker saw that he had interpreted well, and he said to Joseph: I was also in my
dream, and behold there were three baskets of white bread9 upon my head, 17.
and in the uppermost basket there were all kinds of edibles bb for Pharaoh, the work
of a baker, and a bird was eating them out of the basket from above my head. 18.
And Joseph answered and said: " This is the interpretation ^ o f the dream. 10 The
three baskets are the three hardee enslavements which Israel is to serve in the land o f
Egypt, with clay and bricks and with all sorts o f work onff the face o f the field. And
Pharaohgg is to decree evil decrees against Israel, and he will throw their sons into
the river.hh But Pharaoh will perish and his forces will be blotted out, and the sons o f

Apparatus, Chapter 40
s Nfmg: and will return you. cc Verse 18 is in PVNL; 18a in CTg E: Joseph an
1CTg E: to your place. swered and said: This is the interpretation of the
uNfmg: (place the) cup of Pharaoh in my (read: his) dream: the three baskets (are) the three harsh servi
hand according to the (previous) procedure; = tudes which the Israelites are destined (to serve); =
CTg E. P. CTg E breaks off at 18a and resumes at 41:43.
HNfmg: you gave him to drink; = CTg E. dd Nfmg: interpretation; a different form of the word,
*Nfmg: and truth; CTg E damaged. that of P.
y Nfmg: before Pharaoh. ^Nfmg: harsh = CTg E; P (VNL; = Nf).
z Nfmg and CTg E have identical minor variants. ^Nfmg: of the face of.
aa VNL: and behold upon my head three baskets of 88 Nfmg: (Pharaoh), that is, Pharaoh king of Egypt,
fine coal-baked bread (VL, rypt [N, d rypt] (will) decree evil decrees; Nfi: will decree (lit.: be
qqbtwn); Nfmg: fine bread (qqbtyn); = VNL. See decreeing) decrees; = VNL.
note 9. hhNfmg: into the river but the end of Pharaoh (is that)
bb Nfmg, CTg E: in the uppermost basket all kinds of he will perish; cf. P: into the river but the end of
food for Pharaoh; (agreement between Nfmg and Pharaoh and his servants.
CTg E also on many minor lexical variants).

Notes, Chapter 40
7favor and goodness, hn whsd; HT: hn; N fs constant paraphrase; see note to 6:8 and 32:6.
8this prison; HT: this house.
9white bread, dpytnqyt; HT: hry, RSV: white bread. Ps.-J. also has d-pyt. A. Diez Macho suggests reading ryptin
Nf. This is the reading of VNL (VL, rypt ;N, drypt*), which add qqbt(w)n (V, qqbtrn). Some scholars wish to derive the Ar
amaic qqbtwn (or in corrected form qqbtwn (or -yn) from the Greek kakkab or kakkabos, a pot (thus, fine bread,
baked in a pot); others from the Latin accubitum, through Greek akkoubiton, reclining (i.e., fine bread used at the
meals of the upper class. See Introduction, p. 17, and note 75. N fs dpytcan be retained and understood as d-pyt; pyt,
bread; see Sokoloff, 1990,433. The translation in text and apparatus follows Sokoloff, 1990, in interpreting qqbtw(y)n
as fine bread and rypt as coal-baked bread (Sokoloff, 1990, 523).
10B. Grossfeld (Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 17 to Gen 40) notes that this lengthy haggadic supplement, also present in the
various Pal. Tgs. and in Ps.-J. in abbreviated form, is not reflected exactly as here in rabbinic literature. The closest paral
lel is in Gen. R. 88,6.
184 Translation

Israel will come forth redeemed with head uncovered. 11 But you, chief baker, will re
ceive an evil recompense," because you have dreamed this dream." And Joseph did
not say the interpretation o f the dream,JJ and Joseph explained to him what seemed
< g o o d > in his sight. And Joseph said to him: This is its interpretation: the three
baskets are three days. 19. A t the end o f three days Pharaoh will lift up your head
from above you and he will hangkk you on a gibbet;mm12 and the birds will eat the
flesh from off your head." 20. And it happened on the third day, the birthday"" of
Pharaoh,13 that he made a feast for all his officers, and he lifted up the head of the
chief cup-bearer and he lifted up the head of the chief baker among his officers.00
21. And he restored the chief cup-bearer to his servicespp and he placed the cup in
the palm of the hand o f Pharaoh. 22. And he hanged the chief baker as Joseph had
interpreted to them. 23. Joseph forsook14 the favor that is from above and the favor
that is from below, and the favor which had accompanied99 him from his fathers
house, and he trusted in the chief cup-bearer, in flesh that passes,ss in flesh that
tastes the cup o f death. 15 And he did not remember the Scripture, for it is written in
the book o f the Law o f the Lord, which is like the book o f the Wars: Cursed be the

Apparatus, Chapter 40

11P: an evil reward since this dream is an evil dream. 00 Nfmg: among his servants; cf. Ps.-J.
JJNfmg: (of the dream) Joseph did (not) say to him. pp Nfmg: to his place.
After this Joseph interpreted to him what was not qq Nfmg: that had accompanied him in mercy from;
good in his sight, and he answered him and said: This v. 23 in PVNL; variants below.
is the interpretation of the dream: the three baskets rr Nfmg: and in flesh; = PVNL.
are three days; cf. VNL. 55Nfmg: that passes and that tastes the cup of death.
kk
Or: crucify you on a cross. u PVNL: the Scripture, because it is written and clear
mmNfmg: tree; cf. Ps.-J. ly stated: Cursed be the man.
m Greek loan word genesia.

Notes, Chapter 40

11 with head uncovered, brysgly. For a possible relation of this phrase to parrhesia in the NT, see McNamara, 1966A,
176f.
12hang you on a gibbet, y sib Islybh; HT: .. .on an % i.e., on a tree or timber pale. TheHebrewword Misused in the
sense of gallows or stake here and in Deut 21:22,23. s in the sense of tree is normally translated by yin in N f (e.g.,
Gen 1:29; 2:16,17; 3:1 and ch. 3 passim; 6:14; 18:4,8; 22:7,9,17). In 40:19 both verb and noun (hang, gibbet) have the
root sib; in N f Deut 21:22, however, we have the noun qysh: you shall hang (tslbwn) him upon a tree (qysh), although in
both Deut 21:22 and 23 the verb used is sib. The verb sib can mean hang, impale, or crucify, and the noun slybh ei
ther stake or cross. For the midrash in N f Gen 40:18-19, see B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 236-240.
13the birthday (of Pharaoh); a Greek loan word: genesia; cf. Mark 6:21 ; Matt 14:16. For a discussion on the meaning
of this word (whether birthday or anniversary of accession to the throne), see Schrer, I (rev. G. Vermes, F. Millar,
eds.), 1973, note 26 to pp. 346-348.
14This long midrashic development, present also in Frg. Tgs. and in shorter form in Ps.-J., is also reflected in rabbinic
sources (texts given in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 23 to Gen 40), e.g., Gen. R. 89,3 on Gen 41:1.
15the flesh that tastes the cup of death. On this see R. Le Daut, Goter le calice de la mort, Biblica 43(1962) 82-86
and S. Speiers reply, Das Kosten des Todeskelches im Targum, VT 13 (1963) 344-345. See also B. Barry Levy, 1,
1986, 240-242.
 Translation 185

son o f man who trusts in flesh and who places his trust in flesh.uu Wherefore the
chief cup-bearer did not remember Joseph, and he forgot him until the appointed
tim e16 to be redeemed had arrived.

CHAPTER
1. And it happened at the end of two days that Pharaoh dreamed. And behold, he
was standing on the bank o f1 the river. 2. And behold, there came up from the river
seven cows, pleasant to see, fat of flesh, and they fed among the reeds. 3. And be
hold, seven other cows came up from the river after them, evil to see, thin of flesh,
and they stood beside the (other) cows on the bank of the river. 4. And the cows2
that were ugly to see and thin* of flesh ate the seven cows that were pleasant to see
and fat of flesh. And Pharaoh awoke. 5. And he fell asleep and dreamed a second
time and behold seven earsc of corn growing on one stalk, fat and good. 6. And be
hold, seven ears, thin and burned3 by the east wind,4 grew after*them. 7. And the
seven thin ears devoured the seven fat and full ones. And Pharaoh awoke, and be-

Apparatus, Chapter 40
uuNfmg: and makes flesh his trust. And blessed is the Lord, and makes the Memra of the Lord his trust; be-
man who trusts in the name of the Memra of the cause of this; = P.

Notes, Chapter 40

16until the appointed time; an addition to the HT. The same idea is found in Gen. R. 88,7 on the verse which lists the
unlikely divine interventions in Israels history, from Abraham and Sarah until the final unification of the human race
(citing Zech 3:9).

Apparatus, Chapter 41
a VNL: they were feeding among the papyri; Nfmg, d Nfmg: of the east come up after; CTg E: came up
Nfi: (with slight corrections) among the papyri. after (opening words of text). There are no glosses in
Nfmg: and tender. N f between Gen 41:7 and 43:26.
c Nfmg: full ears.

Notes, Chapter 41
on the bank of; an addition to HT in Nf.
2cows, twryn, actually the masc. form; HT has the feminine prwt. Both the Hebrew fem. and the Aramaic masc. may
in fact refer to the species in general (cf. Gen 32:16). The HT speaks of forty prwt (fem. plur.) and ten pryn (masc. plur.),
which N f (and CTg C) renders as: forty female twryn. See Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 2 to Gen 41.
3bumed; HT: blighted.
wind; added in Nf; implicit in HT.
186 Translation

hold, it was a dream. 8. And it happened in the morning that the spirit o f Pharaoh
was troubled; and he sent and called all the magicians of the Egyptians,5 and all
their wise men; and Pharaoh related his dream se to them, but there was no one who
could interpret them to Pharaoh. 9. And the chief cup-bearer spoke to Pharaoh say
ing: I remember my sins today. 10 Pharaoh was angry with his officers6 and (he)
placed me7 in prison in the house of the captain of the executioners,81 me and the
chief baker. 11. And we dreamed a dream on one night, I and he, each of us
dreamed a dream with its own interpretation. 12. And a young Hebrew was there
with us,* a servant of the captain of the executioners,hl and we told him ' and he in
terpreted our dream for us, he interpreted to each man according to his dream s/
13. And it happened that it came to pass just as he had interpreted to us; he re
stored me to my service,k but he hanged him on a gibbet." mS 14. And Pharaoh sent
and called Joseph, and they brought him quickly from the prison. "9 He shaved him
self, washed10 his clothes0 and went in to Pharaoh. 15. And Pharaoh s a id / I
dreamed a dream and there is no one" to interpret it, and I have heard about you
thus: You hear the dream to interpret it. 16. And Joseph answered Pharaoh saying:
Not I; from before the Lord, will answer be m ade11 (concerning) the welfare of
Pharaoh.r 17. And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph: In my dream behold, I was standing
on the bank of the river. 18. And behold, there came up from the river seven cows,
fat of flesh and pleasant in form ,1 and they fed among the rushes. 19. And behold,
seven other cows came up after them, very lean and evil to see, thin v/'s of flesh,
and I had never seen (cows) as bad as them in all the land of Egypt. 20. And the
th in 1 b,s and the bad cows ate up the first seven fat cows. 21. Although they entered

Apparatus, Chapter 41

e CTg E: his dream. CTg E: he shaved his beard and changed his
'CTg E: them. clothes.
*CTg E: beside us (= with us). p CTg E +: to Joseph.
h Latin, speculator, Greek, spekoulator. q CTg E: I have no one.
1CTg E: we told (i.e., narrated) before him. r CTg E: the Memra of the Lord will answer (= pro
1 CTg E: each man according to the interpretation of vide for?) Pharaohs welfare (the Memra o f
the (or: his) dream we had dreamed. interlineated).
k CTg E: my place. 5CTg E: pleasant to see.
mor: crucified him on a cross. sbls hsy; CTg E: small (<dqyq).
n CTg E: and they drew him from the pit.

Notes, Chapter 41

5of the Egyptians . . . their; HT: of Egypt . . . its.

6his officers; HT: his servants.
7executioners; a Latin-through-Greek loan word; see to 37:36. HT: stewards, guards.
8on a gibbet, slyb \ an addition in N f to HT; on the word see note to 40:19.
9prison; HT (RSV): dungeon, lit. pit.
I0he washed; HT: he changed.
11 Not I; from before the Lord. . . will answer be made; HT : God will answer. Not I;lit. except for me, rendering
HT bl dy literally (as also in N f Gen 14:24; 41:44). The passive, will answer be made, is followed by the sign of the accu
sative (-yt). See Introduction, pp. 34f. B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,242, considers the passive verb secondary here in Nf.
 Translation 187

into their inwards, ' one did not know they entered into their inwards, ' for their ap
pearance was as lean12 as it was before. wAnd I awoke. 22. And I saw in my dream,
and behold, seven ears coming out of one stalk full and good. 23. And behold,
seven ears, withered* and thin, and burnedy with the east wind, sprouted after
them. 24. And they devoured the seven good ears. And I told it to the magicians
and there was no one to interpret13 it to me. 25. And Joseph said to Pharaoh: The
dream of Pharaoh is one; what the Lord14 is to do has been related2 to Pharaoh. 26.
The seven good cows are seven years and the seven good ears are seven years; the
dream is one. 27. And the seven thin* b,s and bad cows that come up after them are
seven years, and the seven thin ears, burned by the east wind,15 are seven years of
hunger. 28. That is the matter which I said to Pharaoh: What the Lord14 is to do
had been related to Pharaoh.16 29. And behold, seven years of hunger are coming,
and all the abundance will be forgotten in the land of Egypt; for the famine will
blot out the land. 31. And the abundance will not be known in the land by reason
of that famine which will (come) after; for it will be very severe. 32. And the fact
that the dream has been related twice to Pharaoh (means) that the thing has been
determined from before the Lord,17 and that there is a hurry from before the Lord
to do it. 33. And now, let Pharaoh appoint18 an understanding and wise man and
set him*6 over the land of Egypt. 34. Let Pharaoh charge a m an,19 and let him ap
point administrators20 in all the land o f Egypt,21 and let them take a fifth o f the pro
duce22 of the land of Egypt, during the seven years of plenty.cc 35. And let them
gather all the provisions of those seven23 good years that are coming, and let them

Apparatus, Chapter 41

1CTg E: within them. aa CTg C: the Memra (of the Lord).

wCTg E: bad (sickly). CTg C: I have appointed him lord and ruler.
* CTg E: from the beginning. cc VNL: Let Pharaoh act and appoint him administra
x CTg E: shrunken. tor (epitropos) over the land and let him set aside
v CTg E: blasted. (lit.: divide) a fifth part of (lit.: in) the land of Egypt
2 CTg E: what the Memra of the Lord is to do he has during the seven years of plenty; cf. CTg C: and let
shown to Pharaoh. Pharaoh act and appoint a man. . . years of plenty.

Notes, Chapter 41
,2lean; HT: bad.
13to interpret; HT: to tell.
,4The Lord; HT: God.
15bumed east wind; see v. 6.
l6related to; HT: has been shown.
17from before the Lord; HT: from God.
l8appoint; HT: yr\ RSV: select.
19charge a man; HT: let him make (i.e., take steps; RSV: proceed).
20administrators; Greek loan word epitropos; HT: officials, overseers.
21a ll. . . of Egypt; addition to HT in Nf.
22of the produce; addition to HT in Nf. HT: divide the land into five parts, or: take a fifth (of the land).
23seven; an addition to HT in Nf.
188 Translation

gather all the provisions of those seven23 good years that are coming, and let them
gather corn under the authority o f24 the Pharaoh as provisions in the cities, and let
them conserve them. 36. And the provisions will be a good remembrance25 for the
land for the seven years of famine which will be in Egypt, that the land may not be
blotted out by the famine. 37. And the thing seemed good in the sight of Pharaoh
and in the sight of all his officers. 26 38. And Pharaoh said to his offlcers:dd26
Where will we find a man like this upon whom there dwells a holy spirit from be
fore the Lord." 27 39. And Pharaoh said to Joseph: Since the Lord has caused you
to know all this, there is no one as understanding and wise as you. 40. You will be
appointed administratoree2S over my house/7 and by the decrees o f your mouth gg all
my people will be provided for.29 Only (as regards) the throne o f my kingdom30 will
I be greater than you. 41. And Pharaoh said to Joseph: See that I have appointed
you master and ruler31 of all the land of Egypt. 42. And Pharaoh took the ring
from his hand and he put it on the hands of Joseph; and he dressed him in gar
ments of linen and he put a golden necklace about his neck. 43. And he made him
ride in his second chariot and they acclaimed32 before him:hh Long live33 the fa
ther o f the king who is master in wisdom, although small in beauty and tender in
years." And he appointed him master and ruler34 over all the land of Egypt. 44.

Apparatus, Chapter 41

dd CTg C: to all his officers. gg CTg C: the command of your mouth.

** Greek loan word: epitropos. hh CTg E + : saying.
^ CTg C: over my palace (Greek or Latin loan word CTg E: great in wisdom but tender in years; =
palation, palatium). PVNL.

Notes, Chapter 41

24the authority of; HT: the hand of.

25a good remembrance; HT: as a reserve.
26his officers; HT: his servants.
27dwells a holy spirit from before the Lord; HT: the spirit of God is in him. Ps.-J. has: spirit of prophecy.
28administrator, Greek loan word epitropos; added to HT in Nf.
29be provided for; HT (RSV): shall order itself.
30. .. of my kingdom; HT: only the throne will I make greater than you.
3master and ruler, rb wslyt; a common combination in Nf; here added to HT.
32acclaimed, mqlsyn\ HT: and they called out. The Aramaic verb qls can mean call out, praise, tramp, or
stamp. In N f Exod 32:18 it is probably to be rendered as praise (although tramp and stamp are also possible); in
Deut 32:43, in parallelism with praise, it is probably to be translated as acclaim. M. Klein (1986, II, 39) regards it as a
Greek loan word (kalos, kaleusai)\ see also A. A. Bevan, The Aramaic Root qls, in Orientalische Studien: Theodor
Nldeke zum siebzigsten Geburtstag, ed. Carl Bezold (Giessen, 1906) 58lf.; Sokoloff, 1990, 494f.
33long live. . . tender in years. A double paraphrase of HT Abrek, which word is apparently a cry of homage, but of
uncertain derivation (most probably Egyptian) and meaning. N f first paraphrases as Father (ab) of the king, rek being
regarded in b. Baba Bathra 4a as meaning royalty. This is the sole paraphrase in Tg. Onq. Abrek is next paraphrased in
Nf, Frg. Tgs., and Ps.-J. as if from 'ab, father, and Hebrew rak, i.e., tender. This second paraphrase is found in a num
ber of rabbinic texts and is particularly close to Gen. R. 90,3: Abrek, which means father ( ab) in wisdom, though tender
(rak) in years. The final element (rk) gets a double interpretation in Nf: small and tender. See also B. Barry Levy, 1,
1986, 243f.
34master and ruler; added to HT in Nf, as in v. 41, etc.
 Translation 189

And Pharaoh said to Joseph: I am Pharaoh; without you no one will stretch
forth jj3s his hand to tie his cincture,klc36 nor his foot to mount a horse in all the land
of Egypt. 45. And Pharaoh called the name of Joseph The man to whom hidden
things are revealed.31 And he gave him as wife Asenath,mm the daughter of
Potiphera, master o f Tanis. "38 And Joseph went out into all39 the land of Egypt.
46. And Joseph was thirty years old when00 he stood before Pharaoh the king of
Egypt. And Joseph went out from before Pharaoh, and he went through all the land
of Egypt. 47. And the land produced in the seven years of plenty, and the granaries
were fdled.pp40 48. And he gathered all the provisions of the seven years that were
in the land of Egypt and he put the provisions in the cities; the provisions of the
territory41 round about the city he placed within it. qq 49. And Joseph gathered corn
like the sand of the sea in great quantities until the time that he was withheld42
from counting because there was no sum total43 for such a quantity.rr 50. And to
Joseph two sons were born, before the year of the famine came, whom Asenath, the
daughter of Potiphera, master o f Tanis, bore him. 51. And Joseph called the name
of the firstborn Manasseh, because the Lordss made me forget all my labor, and all
the men o f44 my fathers house. 52. And the name of the second he called
Ephraim, because the Lord has strengthened me in the land of my affliction. 53.

Apparatus, Chapter 41

jj CTg E: raise. qq CTg E: the provisions of the estates of the city that
kk A
Greek loan word: zone. were round about it, he put within it.
mm CTg E retains the Hebrew form of the sign of the ac rr CTg E: until the time that he ceased to count be
cusative before Asenath. cause there was no sum total.
nn P: master of Tanis (= Nf). CTg E: because he said: Because the Memra of the
00 CTg E: at the time that. Lord made me forget.
pp CTg E: years of plenty, abundance of grain for the u CTg E: because he said: because the Memra of the
granaries. Lord has strengthened me in the land of my
affliction.

Notes, Chapter 41

35stretch out; HT: lift up.

36tie his cincture, mount his horse; HT: hand and foot.
37the man to whom hidden things are revealed; a paraphrase of HT proper name Zaphenath-Paneah; cf. Onq. and
Ps.-J. There is a similar interpretation of the HT in Gen. R. 94,4: R. Johanan said: The name connotes: He reveals things
that are hidden (Hebrew: zephunoth) and easily declares them. Other interpretations of the name are also given in the
same passage.
38master of Tanis; HT: priest of On. Tanis renders Pithom in N f Exod 1:11 and Zoan in N f Num 13:22.
39all; addition to HT in Nf.
40the granaries were filled; HT (RSV): abundantly.
41territory, thwmh; HT: field(s), sdh] the same rendering as in 36:35 and elsewhere in Nf; see note to 2:5.
42was withheld, 7m'; HT: hdl, ceased. N f consistently (10 cases out of 11) translates hdl of the HT in the same
manner (Gen 11:8; 18:11, etc.). See Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 37 to Gen 41.
43there was no sum total. . . quantity; HT: there is no number.
44the men of; an addition to HT in Nf.
190 Translation

And the seven years of plenty that were in Egypt were completed. 54. And the
seven years of famine began to come as Joseph had said. And there was famine in
all the countries, but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. ww 55. And all the land
of Egypt was hungry, and the people cried out before Pharaoh 45 for bread. And
Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians: Go to Joseph; whatever he says to you, do. 56.
And since there was famine over all the face of the earth, Joseph opened all the
granaries46 in which there was < g ra in > and he sold (it) to Egypt. And the famine
grew severe in the land of Egypt. 57. And all the inhabitants o f41 the earth entered
into Egypt to buy corn 47 from Joseph, because the famine was growing strong in all
the earth.

CHAPTER 42
1. And Jacob saw in the holy spirit1 that corn was being sold2 in Egypt, and Jacob
said to his sons: Why now do you look sated between the fam ines!a3 2. And he
said: Behold, I have heard that there is corn being sold2 in Egypt. Go down there
and buy for us from there, that we may live and not die. 3. And ten brothers of
Joseph went down to buy born in Egypt. 4. But Jacob did not send Benjamin, the
brother of Joseph, with his brothers, because he said: Lest any calamity4 befall
him. 5. And the sons of Israel entered to buy among those (others) who entered,
because there was a famine in the land of Canaan. 6. Joseph was the ruler of the
land, and he sold to all the people of the land. And the brothers of Joseph came,

Apparatus, Chapter 41

uu CTg E: that were in the land of Egypt. ^ CTg E: food.

Notes, Chapter 41
45before Pharaoh; HT: to Pharaoh.
46all the granaries; HT: everything.
47the inhabitants of; corn; both are additions to HT in Nf.

Apparatus, Chapter 42
a Verse 1 in P = N f verbatim.

Notes, Chapter 42
'(Jacob saw) in the holy spirit; HT: Jacob saw. This is the only text in N f where Jacob is said to have had the holy
spirit. N f Gen 42:1 is in agreement with a number of rabbinic midrashic statements, given in Hebrew in Grossfeld,
Neofiti, note 1 to Gen 42. According to Gen. R. 91,6 (on Gen 42:1), the holy spirit departed from Jacob the day Joseph
was stolen, and (presumably) was not with him at the Gen 42:1 stage of his life. Jacob would have foreseen the future only
imperfectly. On the holy Spirit in Nf, see Introduction, pp. 38-39.
2being sold; addition in Nf.
3sated between the famines (or: among the hungry); an addition in Nf; cf. Gen. R. 91,2.
4calamity (sql); HT : plague ( swn). The same translation by N f is found in the other occurrences of the word (42:38;
44:29; Exod 21:22; 21:23). Ps.-J. renders differently.
 Translation 191

and they saluted him according to the custom o f the land.5 7. And Joseph saw his
brothers, and he recognized them, and he showed himself hostile6 to them, and he
spoke harsh words to them, and he said to them: Where did you come from? And
they said: From the land of Canaan to buy provisions. 8. And Joseph recognized
his brothers, but they did not recognize him. 9. And Joseph remembered the
dreams he had dreamed about them, and he said to them: You are spies. You have
come to see the entrancesbl of the land. 10. And they said to him: < N o > ,c my
lord; but your servants have come to buy provisions. 11. All of us are the sons of
one man; we are trustworthy; your servants are not spies. 12. And he said to them:
Surely you have come to see the entrancesbl of the land. 13. And they said to
him: We your servants are twelve brothers, the sons of one man, in the land of
Canaan, and behold the youngest is with our father today; and one of us, since he
went out* from among us, we do not know what has been his end.d 14. And Joseph
said to them: Behold the word9 which I spoke to you saying: You are spies. 15. By
this you will be tested: by the life o f the head10 of Pharaoh, you shall not go out
from here unless your youngest brother comes here. 16. Send one o f you, and let
him bring your brother, and you shall remain in prison and your words will be
tested < to see> if you are truthful If not, by the life o f the head10 of Pharaoh you
are spies. 17. And he put them in prison for three days. 18. And on the third day
Joseph said to them: Do this and you will live: for I fear before the Lord.11 19. If
you are trustworthy, let one o f you, another brother12 of yours, remain confined in
your prison, and (the rest of) you go, (and) carry provisions o f grain13 (because)
your houses are hungry. 20. And you shall bring your youngest brother to me so
that your words may be confirmed, and you shall not die. And they did so. 21.
And the brothers said to one another: Surely14 we are guilty o f the blood15 of our

Apparatus, Chapter 42
b N f text, m lly\ as Aruk Pal. Tg. citation; Elias Levita, f Missing in text.
Meturgeman, m 77; weak points of entry? See d P: another, we do not know what has been his end.
note 7.

Notes, Chapter 42
5saluted according to the custom of the land; HT : bowed to the ground;the regular N f paraphrase; see note to 18:2.
6he showed himself hostile; HT: he concealed his identity.
7entrances, m lly\ HT: rwt (h-rs), the nakedness of (pudenda) (of the land), i.e., the vulnerable, exposed places.
Jastrow (817b) understands m7/'as evil deed, and the similar raVV'as that which is to be explored, weak points.
See Apparatus.
8since he went o u t. . . his end; an addition in N f (and Ps.-J.) to HT (RSV): and one is no more.
9word; addition in Nf.
10life of the head; HT: (by) the life o f . . . ; = I swear by Pharaoh.
nfear before the Lord; HT: fear God.
12one of you, another brother; HT: one of your brothers.
13provisions of grain; HT: rations.
14surely (brm), rendering bl of HT in agreement with R. Kahanas view in Gen. R. 91,8. See McNamara, 1966B, 9,
for the significance of the rendering; see Introduction, p. 28.
15of the blood; addition in Nf.
192 Translation

brother, whom we saw in the distress of his soul when he moved convulsively be
fo re 16 us, and we did not listen. Therefore this great affliction has come upon us.
22. And Reuben answered them saying:e Did I not say to you: Do not sin against
the boy, and you did not listen. And behold now his blood is being sought. 23.
And they did not know that <Joseph was listening to them because>c Manasseh
was standing17 between them as in te rp re te r/24. And he turned aside from them
and wept. And he returned to them and spoke with them. And he took Simeon
from among them and bound him before them. 25. And Joseph gave command to
fill their receptacles with corn, and to return the money of each in his sack, and to
give them provisions for the road. And it was done so for them. 26. And they
loaded their wheat on their asses and they went from there. 27. And one o f them
opened his sack to give fodder to his ass at the resting house, and he saw the money
which was in the mouth of his bag. 28. And he said to his brothers: My money has
been returned and behold, it is in the mouth of my bag. And their heart was
agitated18 and they trembled one before19 the other saying: What is this that the
Lord has done to us? 29. And they came to their father Jacob, to the land of
Canaan, and they related to him all that had happened to them saying: 30. The
man, the master of the land, spoke harsh words20 to us and considered us to be spy
ing the land. 31. And we said to him: We are trustworthy. We are not spies. 32. We
are twelve brothers, the sons of our father; one o f us, since he went out21 from
among us, we do not know what has been his end. And the youngest is with our fa
ther this day in the land of Canaan. 33. And the man, the master of the land, said
to us: By this I will know that you are trustworthy: keep one o f you with me, and
take (grain) for the hunger of your households and go. 34. And bring your youngest
brother to me, so that I may know that you are not spies,8 that you are trustworthy.
I will give you your brother, and you will take possession of the land.,A 35. And as
they were emptying their sacks, behold the money-bag of each one was in his sack.
And when they and their father saw their money-bags they were afraid. 36. And

Apparatus, Chapter 42

*In text: Do not sin follows; repeated here standing (VNL: dwelling) among them as an inter
erroneously. preter. In Nf, PVNL the Aramaic term for
^PVNL: and they did not know that Joseph under interpreter is: turgeman\ in Ps.-J.: meturgeman.
stood (lit.: was listening (VNL: was knowing in) the ^CTg E resumes here; continues to 43:7.
language of the sanctuary, because Manasseh was h CTg E: and you shall make do with it (or: him).

Notes, Chapter 42
16moved compulsively before; HT (RSV): when he sought; with N f compare Gen. R. 91,8.
l7Manasseh was standing; an addition in N f (and Ps.-J.). That Manasseh was the interpreter is in agreement with
Gen. R. 91,8. (The section within angular brackets is Diez Machos restoration, and is considered possible by B. Barry
Levy, 1, 1986, 246, as is also the version offered by Ps.-J. and the Frg. Tg.; for which see Apparatus.)
18agitated (or: was frightened); HT: it went out, i.e., sank.
19before; HT: to (one another).
20words; an addition in Nf.
21Since he went o u t. . . ; see to v. 13 above.
 Translation 193

Jacob their father said to them: ' You have bereaved me of Joseph; since I sent him
to you to Dothan I do not <know> what has been his end',22 and < n o w > you seek
to take Benjamin. And you want23 me to raise up twelve tribes."24 37. And Reuben
said to his father saying: Kill my two sons if I do not bring him to you. Put him in
my h ands/ and I will bring him back to you. 38. And he said: My son will not go
down with you, for his brother is dead, and he alone is left. And if any calamity
should befall him on the journey on which you are to go, you would bring down my
old age with sorrow to Sheol.

CHAPTER 43
1. And the famine was severe in the land. 2. And when they had finished eating
the corn which they had brought from Egypt, their father said to them: Go again;
buy us some little sustenance. 3. And Judah said to him, saying: Behold the man
warned us solemnly, saying: You shall not see my countenance if your brother is
n o ta with you. 4. If you are willing to send our brother with us, we will go down
and buy you sustenance. b 5. But if you do not send him we will not go down, be-

Apparatus, Chapter 42

1CTg E: and Jacob their father said to them: You has been the end of him. And (now) you seek to take
have bereaved me of Joseph. I do not know what has Benjamin. They (reckon on me) to raise up twelve
been his end since the hour that he went with (lit.: be tribes; P: and Jacob their father said to them: You
side) you to Dothan; and Simeonfrom the hour (= have bereaved me of Joseph. When he went down to
time) he went down with you to EgyptI do not you to Dothan, I do not know what has been the end
know what has been ( ...) the end of him and (with of him. I said concerning him: A wild beast has de
Hebrew sign o f accusative as in HT) Benjamin you voured him. And Simeon, from (lit.: in) the hour
(now) seek to take. And they (reckon) on me to raise that he went down to Egypt (lit.: Egyptian) (because
up twelve tribes; VNL: And Jacob their father said of) famine, I do not know what has been the end of
to them: You have bereaved me of Joseph. From the him. I said: The ruler of the land has imprisoned
hour that I sent him to you I do not know what has him. And (now) you want to take Benjamin and you
been the end of him; and Simeon, from the hour that reckon on me to raise up twelve tribes.
he went down with you to Egypt, I do not know what J CTg E: place him between my hands.

Notes, Chapter 42
22Since I sent him ,. . . his end; HT: Joseph is not; a similar paraphrase to that of w . 13 and 32.
23and you want. . . twelve tribes; a paraphrase not in HT, but in Pal. Tg. texts, including Ctg E and in a Targumic
Tosefta. CTg X, ed. Klein, 1986,1, 118f. Notes in Klein, 1986, II, 40. M. Klein compares the rendering here with that at
Gen 5:24 and expresses the belief that the non-literal interpretation on Joseph reflects the fact that Joseph and Enoch had
not really died but continued their existence elsewhere; see M. Klein, in Biblica 57 ( 1976) 519-521 ; and Klein, 1986, II,
40; Sperber, The Bible in Aramaic //, 1959, 355; Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 22 to Gen 42. On the text see also B. Barry Levy,
1, 1986, 246.
24raise up twelve tribes; HT (RSV): all this has come upon me.

Apparatus, Chapter 43
a CTg E: does not come. b CTg E: buy ourselves a little sustenance.
194 Translation

cause the man said to us: You will not see my countenance if your brother is not
with you. 6. And Israel said: W hyc did you do evil to me by telling* the man:
Behold, now, you have* a brother? 7. And they said: The man questioned us
carefully about ourselves and about our kindred saying: Is your father still alive?7
Have you ag brother? And we informed him according to these words. And Judah
said: Could we have known that he would say: Bring down your brother? 8. And
Judah said to Israel his father: Send the boy with me, and we will arise and go, so
that we may live and not die, neither we nor you nor our little ones. 9. I will be
surety for him ;h o f m e 1 you may require him. If I do not bring him back to you and
place him <before y o u > ,' let me be removed from your salutation2 for ever/ 10.
For if we had not been delayed, surely we would have already returned and come3
twice. 11. And Israel their father said to them: If you have so determined,4 do
this. Take some of the best5 of the land in your receptacles, and bring as a gift a lit
tle balm and a little honey, wax,k oil6 of pistachios and of almonds. 12. And take
double m the money in your hand, and bring back in your hand the money that was
returned in the mouth of your bags. Perhaps there was a mistake. 13. And take your
brother, and go, and return to the man. 14. And may the God o f the heavens7 grant
you mercy before the ruler,8 and may he send back to you your other brother and
Benjamin. And I, as I have been bereaved of Joseph my son, will not be further be
reaved of Benjamin. 9 15. And the men took this gift,and they took double the
money in their hands, and Benjamin; and they aroseand went down to Egypt and

Apparatus, Chapter 43
c CTg E: why I pray. let me (VNL: us) be removed from the salutation
d CTg E: by showing the man. of my father all the days.
e CTg E: you have yet. k CTg D: wax and gum mastich, oil of pistachios.
^Lit.: surviving; CTg E: alive (another word). mVN: double (same as Nf).
g CTg E: another. n PVNL: and I as I have not been bereaved of Joseph
h CTg E: I am the one to go surety for him; from my my son, thus I shall not again be bereaved, neither of
hand you may require him. Simeon nor of Benjamin; CTg D: (and may El
' Missing in text; is in CTg E. Shaddai) grant (you mercy before) the man (the
J Lit.: all the days; CTg E: let us (= I) be removed ruler) of the land . . . And I, as I have been bereaved
from your salutation all days (= for ever); PVNL: of Joseph my son, may I not again be bereaved either
of Simeon or of Benjamin.

Notes, Chapter 43
'of me; HT: from my hand; cf. 31:39 above.
2let me (lit.: let us) be removed . . . salutation; HT (RSV): let me bear the blame.
3and come; addition in Nf.
4you have . . . determined; addition in Nf.
5best; HT: choice fruits; cf. Vulg.: de optimis.
6oil; an addition to HT in Nf.
7God of the heavens; N fs standard rendering of HT: El Shaddai. See Introduction, p. 35.
8the ruler; HT: the man.
9as I have. . . Benjamin; HT : as I am bereaved (RSV: If I am bereaved of my children), I am bereaved. The para
phrase is essentially the same in Nf, Frg. Tgs. CTg D, Ps.-J., and in Gen. R. 92,3, but with significant differences, e.g.:
Just as I have not been bereaved . . . , in Nf. Frg. Tgs.; . . . as I have been bereaved. . . in the other texts. For details
see Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 10 to Gen 43; B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 247.
 Translation 195

stood before Joseph. 16. When Joseph < sa w > Benjamin with them, he said to
him who had been appointed administrator1*10 over his house: Bring the men into
the palaceqil and slaughter some animals and prepare (them), because the men will
eat with me at m ealtim e12 17. And the man did as Joseph said, and the man
brought the men into Josephs palace. 18. And the men were afraid because they
were brought into Joseph 's palace, and they said: (It is) because of the affair of the
money that was replaced in our bagsr at first that we have been brought in, so that
he may lord it over13 us, and seek occasionsl4 against us, and take us as slaves, and
our asses. 19. And they approached the man who had been appointed15 over
Josephs palace, 1and they spoke to him at the door o f the palace. 20. And they said:
We beseech, my lord; we came down earlier to buy provisions. 21. And it hap
pened that we went into the resting house and opened our bags, and behold the
money of each man was in the mouth of his bag, our money in its (full) weight; and
we have returned it in our hand. 22. And we brought other money down in our
hands to buy provisions. We do not know who placed the money in our bags. 23.
And he said: Peace be with you; do not fear. Your God and the God of your
fathers16 gave you hidden treasures17 in your bags.wI received your money. And he
brought Simeon to them. 24. And the man brought the men into the palace of
Joseph, and he gave them water and they washed their feet, and he gave fodder to
their asses. 25. And they prepared the present for the time that Joseph should
come" at m ealtime,18 because they had heard that they would eat there. 26. And
Joseph came into the house, and they brought* him into the palace19 the present
they had in their hands, and they salutedy him according to2 the custom o f the

Apparatus, Chapter 43
0 Missing in text. wCTg D: and they brought in the gift for the entry of
p epitropos. Joseph; CTg E: and they prepared the present for
qpalation, Greek loan word; CTg D: who had been the entry of Joseph at the hour of midday (thrh ).
appointed over his palace {palation): Bring the men x CTg E: and they brought into him the gift that they
into the palace . . . had brought (lit.: that was in their hands) to the
r CTg D: in the mouth of our bags. house; Nfmg: to the house; = CTg E; N f variants
5CTg D: and to be overbearing (or: exalted). recommence at 43:26.
*P: who had been appointed administrator y Identical minor (lexical) variant in Nfmg and CTg E.
(<epitropos) over the house of (Joseph). z In text: in; CTg E: according to.
"CTg D: in the mouth of your bags.

Notes, Chapter 43
10had been appointed administrator (epitropos); HT: steward of his house; see Gen 39:4.
1'palace; HT: house. Latin loan word through Greek: praitorion, praetorium.
12mealtime; HT: at noon.
13to lord it over or make himself lord, i.e., overpower; HT: seek occasion against.
,4seek occasion; HT: fall upon.
15had been appointed . . . ; see v. 16 and 39:4.
,6your fathers (plur.); HT: your father (sing.).
17treasure, symn (plur.); HT: treasure (sing.).
18mealtime; HT: noon.
19palace; see w . 6, 16.
196 Translation

land.20 27. And he saluted them aa and said: Is your father wellthe aged man of
whom you spoke? Is he stilF alivel 28. And they said: Your servant, our father,
is well. Behold he is alive.bb And they bowed down, and gave thanks and praise. 21
29. And he lifted up his eyes and saw Benjamin his brother, the son of his mother,
and he said: Is this your young brother of whom you spokey to me? And he said:
May pity be upon you, my son, from before the Lord."1x22 30. And Joseph made
hastedd because his emotions were movedee23 for his brother, and he wanted to cry.
And he went into his bedroom7'"24 and cried there. 31. And he washed his face and
came out. And he controlled himself, hh and said: Set food. " 32. And they set (it)
for him by himself, and for them by themselves, and for the Egyptians who ate with
him by themselves, for the Egyptians could not eat bread77 with the Hebrews,** be
cause it is an abomination for the Egyptians.25 33. And he made them lie downmm26
before him, the older according to his seniority, kk and the younger according to his
youth. And the men were amazed, one before the other.** 34. And he took** por
tions from his table and divided (them) amongst them ,27 and he made the portion
of Benjamin five times greater than the portion of all of them. ** And they drank
and became drunk** with him.

Apparatus, Chapter 43
aa Lit.: and he inquired of them about (their welfare); Greek loan word: koiton in all Pal. Tg. texts: Nf, CTg
CTg E: and he inquired of them words of peace (or: D, CTg E, and VNL.
welfare); Nfmg: words of peace (or welfare); = 88 Correcting text from sgg, to do wrong inadvertent
CTg E. ly, to szg with CTg D, CTg E, VNL, Nfmg.
bb CTg D, E, Nfmg: behold he is still alive (with hhNfmg, CTg D: and delayed; CTg E as Nf.
minor variants). " Lit.: bread; Nfmg: food; = CTg E.
cc CTg E, Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord will have pity JJCTg E, Nfmg: food.
on you. kk Identical lexical variants in Nfmg and CTg E.
M CTg E: hurried. mm Nfmg: and they sat down before him; =CTg E.
**Nfmg: his love was moved; = CTg E.

Notes, Chapter 43
20saluted . . . of the land; N fs customary translation of the HT expression; see note to 18:2.
21gave thanks and praise; HT (RSV): and made obeisance.
22may pity be upon you . . . from before the Lord; HT: may God be gracious to you.
his emotions were moved; lit. his insides unfolded; HT: his compassion warmed up.
24his bedroom; a Greek loan word: choiton; (also in Deut 32:25). HT: into the chamber.
25the Egyptians; HT: Egypt.
26he made them lie down; HT: and they sat down.
27divided amongst them, addition to HT.
 Translation 197

CHAPTER 44
1. And he commanded the one0 who had been appointed administratorbi over*
his housed saying: Fill the bags of the men with provisions, as much as they can
carry,* and put the money of each in the mouth of his bag. 2. And you shall put my
cup, the silver cup, in the mouth of the bag of the youngest, together with his pur
chase money. And he did according to the word7 which Joseph spoke. 3. And the
morning sh o n e/ and the men were sent away, they and their asses. 4. And they
went forth, and had not put the city far behind* when Joseph said to the one who
was administrator' over his house:7 Arise, and pursue after the men. And overtake
them and say to them: Why, now, have you repayed evil for* good?2 5. Is it not in
this my lord drinks, m and he surely divines " by it? You have done evil in what you
have done. 6. And when he overtook them he spoke these words with them. 7.
And they said to him: Why, now, does my lord speak these words? < F ar from your
servants to do such things. > 8. Behold, the money which we found in the mouth
of our bags, we brought it back to you earlier3 from the land of Canaan. Just how
could we have stolen silver and gold from the house of your master? 9. With whom
ever of your servants it is found, let him be put to death,4 and let us also be slaves
to my master. 10. And he said: Also now let it be according to your words. He
with whom it is found shall be my slave and you shall be innocent. 11. And every
man hurried and loweredp his bag to the ground, and each man opened his bag. 12.
And he searched, 9 beginning with the oldest and ending with the youngest; and the

Apparatus, Chapter 44
a Nfmg: the one; cf. CTg E; CTg D: the man. administrator (epitropos); Nfmg: to the one who
b In N f and CTg E, Greek loan word: epitropos. had been appointed officer (mrawy) (possibly error
c Nfmg: over the men o f; = CTg E. through dittogrophy and Nfmg text; = CTg E.
CTg D: his palace (palation ). JNfmg: (in charge) of the men. Another Nfmg adds:
e Identical lexical variant in Nfmg 10and CTg E: Nfmg the men o f to over.
2 = (they can) bear. identical lexical variant in Nfi and CTg E. CTg E
^An identical synonym in Nfmg and CTg E. ends here.
8Nfmg: in the morning (?; correcting hysprof text to mNfmgl0: drank; Nfmg2: from which my lord
bsprh, as in CTg E) in splendor; (bnwgh 0, (gloss pos drank.
sibly not for here). nNfmg VNL: he used to make auguries by it.
hN f as HT; CTg D, E: and they went forth from the 0 Missing in text.
city; CTg E continues: and had not gone far; p Nfmg: and they hastened and lowered.
Nfmg: gone far; = CTg E. q VNL: and he searched; = Nf.
1epitropos; CTg E: the one who had been appointed

Notes, Chapter 44
'appointed administrator (epitropos); HT: the steward; cf. 39:4, etc.
2evil for good; lit. bad things for good things (plur.); HT: sing. The LXX adds at the end of v. 4: Why have you
stolen my silver cup? Compare Vg; see RSV.
3earlier; addition in Nf.
4be put to death (passive); HT: he shall die.
198 Translation

cup was found in Benjamins b a g / 13. And they rent their garments, and every
m an5 placed (his load) upon his ass and they returned to the city. 14. And Judah
and his brothers came to the palace15 of Joseph, and he was (by) now there, and
they saluted him according to the custom o f the land.6 15. And Joseph said to them:
What deed is this you have done? Do you not know* that a lord and rulerxl like
me can indeed divine?y 16. And Judah said: What shall we say to my master?2
What shall we speak and how shall we justify ourselves? From before the Lord8 the
guilt9 of your servants has been found. Behold we and he are slaves to my master, aa
both we and he in whose hand the cup was found. 17. And he said: Far be it from
me to do this. The man in whose hand the cup has been found, he will be my slave.
But you, go in peace to your father. 18. And Judah approached him, raging in
words10 and contrite in tongue.bb He roared like a lion and said: I beseech, my
lord, let your servant now speak a word;cc and, my lord, let not your anger be enkin
dled against your servant. Did you not say to us from the first time that we camedd to
you: From before the Lord I fear? And now your judgments have turned to become
like to the judgments o f Pharaoh, your master." And he said: Behold now, our lord,
the first time we came, you said to us: From before the Lord I fear; and now you

Apparatus, Chapter 44
' Nfmg: in the mouth of the bag; = CTg D. bb CTg D; P: (and Judah approached) and said: I be
5Nfmg: and every man loaded. seech; VNL: and Judah approached like a lion and
pltryn; praitorion (Greek), praetorium (Latin). said: I beseech___
uNfmg: and he was still to be found (lit.: given or cc CTg D, P, VNL: in the hearing of.
giving; corr. to dwelling?) there and they pros dd CTg D, VNL: we went down.
trated themselves upon the ground before him; ee P: now, however, your judgments are like the judg
ending = CTg D (which is fragmentary). ments of Pharaoh your master. However, I am as
* Nfmg: are you not aware? honorable as you are and my father is as honorable as
x CTg D: a man like me can make auguries; P: that Pharaoh your master by whom you swear. I swear by
he makes auguries. the life of the head of Pharaoh your master. Because
vNfmg: a man like me has power to divine. were I to unsheath the sword from (its) scabbard
"CTg D: (and Judah said: What) shall we speak and [Greek loan word: thke], I would not return it to (its)
how shall we be acquitted? sheath until I had filled all the land of Egypt with
aa CTg D: servants enslaved to our master. dead and until I (same form as we) had made all

Notes, Chapter 44
5to the palace; (Latin through Greek loan word: praitorion, praetorium); HT: to the house.
6saluted. . . custom of the land; HT (RSV): fell before him to the ground; N fs paraphrase is made under the influ
ence of the similar HT expression with the verb hsthwh; here, however, the Hebrew verb is npl\ cf. note to 18:2.
7lord and ruler (rb wslyt)\ HT: a man ( ys) (like me). See notes to N f Gen 12:20; 32:7.
8from before the Lord . . . has been found; HT: God has found; paraphrase is intended to avoid the
anthropomorphism.
9the guilt in N f plur.; in HT singular.
10raging in words . . . rulers in the land of Canaan. This lengthy midrash on Judahs rage is found in the Frg. Tg.
(PVNL), in CTg D, in Targumic Tosafoth from the Cairo Genizah (CTg X, FF, Z, R) (ed. M. Klein, 1986,1, 132-143),
briefly in Ps.-J.; and in a scattered form in Gen. R. and Tanhuma (B) (texts of both in Hebrew in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note
11 to Gen 44). For a detailed discussion and literary analyses of the midrash, see G. Vermes, 1961 (Scripture and Tradi
tion) 1125; also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 248-259 (for 44:18-19). See also L. G. Pautasso, Gen. 44:18A Case for the
Textual Relevance of the Targumic Tosefta, Henoch 10(1988) 205-218; E. M. Martinez Borobio, El midras de Neofiti
Gen. 44,18. Dos versiones diferentes de una hagada, Estudios Biblicos 35 (1976) 79-86.
 Translation 199

say: O f Pharaoh I am afraid. Perhaps it has not been said to you, and perhaps it has
not been heard by you, what my two brothers Simeon and Levi did in the fortress o f
Shechem, that they entered into it and killed every male in it, because within it they
defded our sister Dinah, who is not o f the number o f the tribes and who has not por
tion and inheritance in the division o f the land. How much more for the sake o f

Apparatus, Chapter 44
the land of Egypt bereft of human beings (lit.: sons Canaan?; CTg D: And Judah drew near him and
of man). I would begin with you and would finish said: I beseech you, my master. Let your servant, I
with Pharaoh your master. Has it not been heard by pray, speak, a word in the hearing of my master, and
you, or has it not been told you what my two brothers let not your anger grow strong against your servant.
Simeon and Levi did in the city of Shechem, within Is it not (a fact) that from the first time that we went
which they entered in all safety (cf. Pal. Tg. Gen down to you, that you said to us: I fear before the
34:25) and killed in it all males at the edge of the Lord? And now your judgments (= ways) have
sword, because they had violated Dinah our sister? turned to become like the judgments of Pharaoh
How much more so (on account of) tender (dg*) your master <text broken Has it not been
Benjamin who is counted with us in the division of heard by you, and has it not been told you what my
the land with the tribes, and receives portion and in two brothers Simeon and Levi did ( ... text broken)
heritance in the division of the land? And I, in my . . . and killed every male at the edge of the sword be
strength, am harsher (i.e., stronger) than the two of cause they had defiled Dinah our sister who was not
them, (I) who have gone surety for the boy with my counted with us from the tribes, and was not to re
father saying: If I do not bring him back to you and ceive share and inheritance with us in the division of
set him before you, let me (sameform as: let us) be the land? How much more (for) Benjamin who is
guilty and banned from inquiring about the welfare counted with us from the tribes and receives share
of my father all days. Has it not been heard by you and inheritance with us in the division of the land.
and has it not been told you that we are kings and rul And I in my strength, am harsher than both of them.
ers, like you, in the land Canaan?; VNL: your If I draw my sword I shall not return it to its sheath
judgments (= ways) have turned to become like the (thke) until I have killed all the Egyptians. I begin
judgments of Pharaoh your master by whom you with you and end with Pharaoh. And again, (more
swear. For I am as honorable as you, and my father is over since) I have gone surety for the boy from my fa
an honorable as your master Pharaoh by whom you thers hands saying to him: Unless I bring him to you,
swear. Do I not swear by the life of the head of my fa and set him before you, let me (same form as: let
ther? And I do not tell a lie, that if I draw my sword us) be in sin to my father (and removed from) in
from within (its) sheath I will not return it to (its) quiring (of his welfare) all days. For just as your
sheath until I (same form as we) make all the land master Pharaoh is lord and ruler in the land of Egypt,
of Egypt bereft of inhabitants. I shall begin with you (and you) his second-in-command, so is my father
and I shall finish with Pharaoh your master I shall lord and ruler in the land of Canaan; Nfmg: And he
stop, even if it means acting against the will of my fa said: I beseech our master. Behold, the first time that
ther. Or perhaps it has not been heard by you, or we came you said to us: I fear before the Lord. But
narrated to you, what his (read: my) two brothers now you have said: Before Pharaoh I fear. Perhaps it
Simeon and Levi did, who entered the city of has not been said to you, or perhaps it has not been
Shechem, which was dwelling in tranquility, and heard by you, what Simeon and Levi, my two broth
slew every male at the edge of the sword because they ers, did in the city of Shechem, how they entered
defiled Dinah their sister who was not numbered within it and killed in it every male because they had
with us in the tribes, and who does not receive part or defiled within it our sister Dinah, who is not from the
inheritance with us in the division of the land? How number of the tribes and has neither portion nor in
much more (for) Benjamin our brother (who is) num heritance in the division of the land? How much the
bered with us in the tribes and receives part and more because of Benjamin our brother, since he is of
inheritance with us in the division of the land. And I, the number of the tribes and has portion and inheri
in my strength, am harsher than they (lit.: theirs), (I) tance in the division? And as regards me, my strength
who have gone surety for the boy from my fathers is stronger than the strength of Simeon and Levi. On
hands, and have said to him: If I do not take him back an oath, if I draw my sword from (its) sheath (thk) I
to you and set him before you, I (sameform as: we) will not put it back within it until the time I have
will be guilty to you and removed from your welfare slain every Egyptian. With you I begin and with
all days. Or perhaps it has not been here or told to Pharaoh your master I finish.
you that we are kings and rulers like you in the land of
200 Translation

Benjamin, our brother; w/zo w o f the number o f the tribes and who has portion and
inheritance in the division o f the land? As for me, my strength is greater than the
strength o f Simeon and Levi. By an oath, i f I draw my sword from the scabbard I will
not return it within it until I have killed all the E g yp tia n s/1 will begin with you and
I will finish88 with Pharaoh your master. Because I am as honorable as you, and my
father as (honorable as) Pharaoh your master. Since what you confirm byhh oath, you
swear by him. I swear to you by the life o f the head o f my father, as you swear by the
life o f the head o f Pharaoh your master, that i f I draw my sword from within the
scabbard I will not return it to its scabbard until the time all the land o f Egypt is
filled with the slain. I will not return it to its scabbard until the time that we make all
the land o f Egypt desolate o f inhabitants. With you I will begin, and with Pharaoh
your master, in whom you swear, I will end. For the sake o f doing it, I will do it de
spite the unwillingness o f my father. Has it not been heard by you, and has it not
been told to you, what my two brothers Simeon and Levi did, in the fortress o f
Shechem, which was in peace, and they entered within it and they killed every male
at the edge o f the sword because they defiled our sister Dinah, who was not reckoned
with us from the tribes and who will not receive inheritance with us? How much
more11so since I am harsher than they? And how much more so since my strength is
harsher then theirs, and since I have gone bail for the child before my father, and I
have said to him these words: I f I do not bring him to you and place him before you,
let me be far from the salutation o f my father all days? Or perhaps it has not been
heard by you, or it has not been told to you, that we are kings and rulers like you in
the land o f Canaan? As you and Pharaoh your master are rulers in the land o f Egypt,
so I and Jacob my father are rulers in the land o f Canaan.jj 19. And whenkk the be-

Apparatus, Chapter 44

^ Nfmgl: until the time we (= I) have made all the ment, at that hour Joseph nodded to Manasseh his
land of Egypt a desolation; = PVNL; Nfmg2: firstborn and stamped with his shoe, and the whole
until the time that they fill all the land of Egypt with palace (palation ) (NL +: of Joseph) trembled. At
slain, cf. PVNL; Nfmg 3: (until) we (= I) fill all that hour Judah said: If he were not a rib from my fa
the land, cf. P. thers house, he would not be fit to have done this
gg I will finish (msyym) (a verb used rarely in this (lit.: that it be done thus). Then Judah began to be
sense). Nfmg: and with Pharaoh your master I will gentle in his words and said: My master asked his ser
finish (msyym). Has it not been heard. Correct to vants, saying: Do you have a father or a brother?; P:
msyypl, Sokoloff, 1990, 374. When Joseph saw that the anger (chole, Greek loan
hh A hopelessly corrupt text; see parallel in other Pal. word) of his brother Judah had mounted, and that
Tg. texts cited. the hairs of his chest (lit.: heart) had come out, and
Nfmg: and she was not numbered with us; (was) not that they had tom his garment, at that time Joseph
in the division with us, a portion or inheritance in the nodded to Manasseh his son, and struck with his foot
division of the land. How much more so. within the palace (palation); and they (all?) trem
JJThere are a number of other minor variants to the bled. Judah thought in his heart and said: This
ending of the verse in Nfmg. The variants and the strength is from the house of my father. For this rea
text itself give evidence of the composite nature of N f son he began to grow gentle in his words and said: My
v. 18. master asked his servants, saying: Do you have a fa
kk
VNL: when the beloved and noble Joseph saw that ther or a brother?; CTg D: (incomplete) . . . this. . .
the fury (lit.: might) of his brother Judah had mount to speak words of peace before his brothers; since my
ed, and that the hairs of his chest (lit.: heart, as in master asked his servants saying: Do you have a fa
Nf) had come out, and that they had tom his gar ther or a brother?
 Translation 201

loved and noble Joseph11 saw"1"' that the fury o f his brother Judah had mounted, and
when he also saw that hairs had come forth from his chest, and that they had rent
their garments, at that hour Joseph was agitated and he tremblednn before Judah.
And Joseph beckoned to his son Manasseh. He stamped with his foot on the palace,
and all the palace was shaken.00 Judah answered and said: Here is a confirmation
that this strength is from the house o f my father, and this strength is < so> great be
cause it is from the rib o f my father. I f not, would he be able to do such a thing?
Then Judah began to be modestpp in his words and spoke modest words. My lord
asked his servants saying: Have you a father or a brother? 20. And we said to my
lord: We have our father, an aged man, and a 99 child the son of his old age, a young
lad\ and his brother is dead, and he alone remains to his mother, and his father
loves him. 21. And you said to your servants: Bring him down to me and I will set
eyes upon him. 22. And we said to my lord: The boy cannot forsake his father. I f
the boyn forsakes his father, he will die. 23. And you said to your servants: If
your youngest brother does not come down with you, you will not see < m y >
countenance13 (again). 24. And we went up to your servant my father" and related
to him the words of my lord. 25. And my father" said: Return, buy us some pro
visions. 26. And we said: We cannot go down; if our youngest brother comes
down ww with us <we will go dow n> ;xx because we will not be able to see the coun
tenance of the man if our youngest brother is not with us. 27. < A nd> ** my father
< s a id > ** to us: You know "that Rachel14 my wife bore me two sons. 28. And one
of them went away from me and I said: Surely he had been killed.15 And I as yet
have not seen him. 29. And if you take this one also from m e ,16 and if any
calam ity17 befall him, you will make my old age descend in sorrow to Sheol. 30.

Apparatus, Chapter 44
mmNfmg. when Joseph saw that___had mounted he rr VNL: the favor of my eye is on him.
beckoned to Manasseh. MCTg D + : one brief hour.
nnNfmg: before him and Joseph trembled. u Nfmg: our father.
00Nfmg: and he shook it. Joseph thought in his uu Nfmg: our lord.
heart and said: this is the strength___For this reason; ** Nfmg: is.
cf. P. ** Missing in text.
pp Nfmg: humble in words. vy Nfmg: are aware.
qq Nfmg: and he has in his old age a little one.

Notes, Chapter 44

1 'and when the beloved. . . Joseph. . . in modest words. This lengthy midrash on Josephs response to Judahs rage is
found in the Frg. Tgs., partly in CTg D, Z, and is paralleled in Gen. R. 93,8. For a detailed discussion of the midrash, see
Vermes, 1961, 18-25.
I2the boy ((//); addition in N f to HT.
I3countenance, lit. expression of (my) face; sbr pwy; HT: my face. In 31:2 the same Aramaic expression trans
lates the same Hebrew word: face of Laban. See note to 31:2.
14Rachel; an addition in N f to HT.
l5he has been killed; HT: has been tom to pieces.
16from me; HT, lit. from my face.
I7calamity (sqwt); HT: plague; See note to 42:4.
202 Translation

And, now, when I enter to your servant, my father, u and the boy is not with us,zz
since his life is as beloved18 to him as his own, 31. it will happen when he sees that
the boy is not with us he will die;a and your servants will make the old age of your
servant our father go down in sorrow to Sheol. 32. For your servant went surety for
the boy before my father saying: If I do not bring him back to you* let me be re
moved from the salutation19 of my father for ever. 33. And now, I pray, let your
servant remain in place of the boy as slave to my lord, and let the boy go up with
his brothers. 34. For how now can I go up to my father if the boy is not with me?
May I not see the evil which will overtake my father.

CHAPTER 45
1. And Joseph could not endure1 all that were standing beside him and he cried
aloud and said: Make every m an go out from beside me. And no man stood be
side him when Joseph made himself known* to his brothers. 2. And he gave forthe
his voice in weeping, and the Egyptians heard it, and it was heard in the palaced2 of
Pharaoh. 3. And Joseph said to his brothers: I am Joseph. Is my father still alive?
And his brothers could not answer him because they were confounded before him.
4. And Joseph said to his brothers: Draw near to me, I pray. And they drew near
and he said: I am Joseph, your brother, whom you sold* to Egypt. 5. And now do
not be angered,3 and let it not seem evil in your sight, that you sold me here; be-

Apparatus, Chapter 44
""Nfmg: with me since the life of the boy is so b Nfmg: and I place him before you.
dear. cForm used same as for 1st per. pi. (Let us be).
a Nfmg: with me (text: with him) that I die.

Notes, Chapter 44
l8beloved . . . as his own; HT: his life is bound up with his own.
19far from the salutation . . . ; HT (RSV): let me bear the blame. See 43:9.

Apparatus, Chapter 45
a Nfmg: (all) the men. praitorion-, Latin praetorium', Nfmg: his voice (was
b Nfmg: made him known (a different word). heard) in the palace {palation ).
c Nfmg: and he raised. e Nfi: who was sold.
dpi twryn: A Latin loan word, through Greek

Notes, Chapter 45
'endure (Imswbr*) a ll. . . ; HT: to restrain himself (before) (Ihtpq). The same Hebrew word is translated by zdrz,
controlled himself, in N f Gen 43:31.
2in the palace, loan word praitbrion/praetorium\ HT: the house.
3angered; HT: saddened.
 Translation 203

cause the Lord sent me before you to save/4 6. Because8 the famine has been in the
land these two years, and for yet five years* they will neither sow5 nor harvest. 7.
And the Lord1 sent me before you to set you a remnant6 in the land for you and
keep you alive for a great deliverance.1 8. And now, you have not sent me7 hither
but the Lord.1 And he has set (me) as father to Pharaoh and as m asterk to all the
men o f8 his house, and as rulerm in all the land of Egypt. 9. Hurry and go out9 to
my father and say to him: Thus said your son Joseph: The Lord0 has set me as
master to all the Egyptians:p' go down to him and do not delay.11 10. And you will
dwell in the land of Goshen and you will be near to me, you and your sons and your
sons sons, and your sheep and your oxen and all that is yours. 11. And I will main
tain q you there, because there still (remain) five years of famine,r lest you and the
men of your house be blotted out.12 12. And behold, your eyes have seen, and the
eyes of < m y > s brother Benjamin, that in the language o f the sanctuary13 < m y >
mouth ' speaks with you. And you shall tell my father of all my glory in Egypt and
of all that you have seen. And you shall hurry to bring my father down hither. 14.
And he threw him self14 upon the neck of his brother Benjamin and wept; and
Benjamin wept upon his neck. 15. And he kissed all his brothers and wept" before
them ;15 and after this his brothers spoke with him. 16. And the report was heard in
the palace"16 of Pharaoh saying: The brothers of Joseph have come, and it is

Apparatus, Chapter 45
1 Nfmg: so as to keep alive numerous multitudes the 0 Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
Memra of the Lord sent me. p Nfmg: Egypt.
g Nfmg +: already. q Nfmg: and I will provide for.
Nfi: another (five years) (they) will not. rNfmg +: that is in the land.
' Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. 5Text: his brother; Nfmg: of Benjamin my
Jin text: him. brother.
k P: and as a protector (loan word: Greek patron: 'Text: his mouth; Nfmg: as in the interpreter
Latin patronus) to all the men of his house; Nfmg (iturgeman ) of my mouth.
(probably to this word: as a protector {patron). Nfmg: and they embraced one another and he
mNfmg: and lord. wept.
Nfmg: hasten and go up. Mprait6rion-praetorium\ Nfmg: palace {palation).

Notes, Chapter 45
S o save; HT: to preserve life.
5sow; HT: plough.
6a remnant; lit. salvation; refuge; HT: remnant.
7great deliverance (pl. pyltn rbrbn)\ HT : sing, plyth gdlh\ cf. Gen 32:9, where plyth is rendered by l-syzbh, salvation,
remnant.
8men of; addition to HT, as regularly in Nf.
9go out; HT: go up.
I0Egyptians; HT: Egypt.
1delay; HT: stand still.
l2be blotted out; HT: become impoverished.
13in the language of the sanctuary, i.e., Hebrew; an addition to HT ; see note to 2:19, and Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 11 to
Gen 45, for midrashim on this text, e.g., Gen. R. 93,6. The use of Hebrew in this instance is natural.
14and he threw himself; lit. and he lowered himself; HT: and he fell.
15before them; HT: upon them.
I6the palace; Greek-Latin loan word as frequently before; HT: the house.
204 Translation

good* in the sight o F Pharaoh and in the sight3' of his servants.y 17. And Pharaoh
said to Joseph: Say to your brothers: Do this: Load your beasts and go, ascend to
the land of Canaan. 18. And you shall take your father and the men o f17 your
houses, and you shall come to me; and I will give you the best of the land of Egypt,
and you shall eat of the best18 of the land. 19. And youz are commanded (to say to
your brothers): This shall you do: take for yourselves from the land of Egypt wag
ons for your little ones and for your wives, and you shall put your father aboard
and come. 20. And let not your eyes take your instruments o f war19 into considera
tion, because the best of all the land of Egypt will be yours. 21. And the sons of Is
rael did thus and Joseph gave them wagons, according to the decree o f20 the
mouth aa of Pharaoh, and he gave them provisions for the journey. 22. And to all of
themto every manhe gave a robehh and a garment;21 but to Benjamin he gave
three hundred selas22 of silvercc and five robes and their garments.dd 23. And to his
father he sent as a giftee2%ten he-asses laden with the best things of Egypt, and ten
she-asses laden with grain and bread and food for his father on the road.^24. And
he sent forth his brothers, and they went, and he said to them: Do not quarrel on
the way. 25. And they went up from Egypt and came** to the land of Canaan to
Jacob their father. 26. And they related to him saying: Joseph is still living and he
is ruler in all the land of Egypt. But his heart was undecided,hh24 because he did
not believe them. 27. And they spoke with him all the words that Joseph had spo-

Apparatus, Chapter 45
x Nfmg: (and that) his words (are good). cc Nfmg: (three) hundred zuzim.
y Lit.: in the face o f; Nfmg 1: in the eyes of (Phar dd Nfmg: five garments and their robes (stole).
aoh); Nfmg 2: and in the face of all his rulers. ee Greek loan word: doron.
"Nfmg: Joseph commanded: You are commanded to ^Nfmg: provisions for the road.
say to your brothers: Take for yourselves from the 88 Nfmg: they entered.
land of Egypt traveling carriages (sidnin; possibly ad hh Lit.: was divided ( tplg)\ VNL: his heart was di
aptation of Latin essedum ) drawn by cows; cf. Ps.-J. vided ( pig)- In Nfmg same variant; pig.
aa Nfmg: the command (memar); cf. Ps.-J.
bb Greek loan word: stole; Nfmg: a garment and
robes.

Notes, Chapter 45
l7the men of; addition to HT; see v. 8, etc.
I8the best; HT: the fat of.
19instruments of war; HT: vessels, instruments.
20the decree of; addition to HTs: the mouth of.
2'a robe and a garment; robe, Greek-Latin loan word: stole/stola\ HT: changes of clothing.
22selas (=shekels) of silver; HT: silver, identified as shekels in accord with the principle given in note to 37:28;
see also 20:16; 23:16.
23as a gift (Greek loan word: doron); an addition to HT in Nf.
24undecided (was divided); HT: went numb.
 Translation 205

ken with them, and he saw the wagons that Joseph had sent to transport " him, and
the spirit of Jacob, their father, was set to rest.jj2i 28. And Israel said:kk Many good
things and consolations have I expected to see, but thismm I did not expect:26 that
Joseph my son should still live. I will go" now and see him before I die. ""

CHAPTER 46
1. And Israel set out on his journey with all that was his, and came to Beersheba,
and offered sacrifices to the God of his father Isaac. 2. And the Lord said to Israel
in a vision of the night" and said: Jacob, Jacob. And he said:* HERE I AM. cl
3. And he said: I am the God of your father; do not be afraid to go down into
Egypt, because I will make you a large people there. 4. I will go down with you into
Egypt and I, in my M emra,2 will also bring you up; and Joseph will place his hand
upon your eyes. d 5. And Jacob arose from Beersheba;e and the sons of Israel car-
ried^ Jacob their father and their little ones and their wives on the wagons that
Pharaoh had sent to carry him.* 6. And they took their possessions/ and their

Apparatus, Chapter 45
Nfmg: to carry. hoped to see (again), and since my son Joseph still
JJNfmg: was set at rest. lives I will go.
kk
PVNL with identical texts, almost verbatim as Nf, mm Lit.: and for this; Nfi: and this, as in PVNL.
but with I go see having a as 1st per. pi. im- nn Nfmg: I will go, I will see, I die, with same form as
perf.; Nfmg: good things and many consolations 1st per. pl., as in PVNL.
have I expected to see, but this consolation I had not

Notes, Chapter 45

25was set to rest; HT: and it lived.

26(many) good things . . . expect. An expansive paraphrase of many of the HT.

Apparatus, Chapter 46
a Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (said) to Israel in a vi e Nfmg: the well of Sheba (or of swearing).
sion of the night. ^Nfmg: the sons of Israel took.
hNfmg: Jacob answered in the language of the sanc 8 Nfmg: to bear.
tuary and said. hNfmg: their property.
f Here I am is in Hebrew.
d Nfmg: the favor of your eyes or your gracious
eyes; cf. Gen 44 Appar. rr in N f above.

Notes, Chapter 46
lHere I a m left in Hebrew, untranslated.
2In my Memra; inserted as usual in N f and the Pal. Tg.
206 Translation

wealth which they had acquired' in the land of Canaan, and came to Egypt, Jacob
and all his sons with him, 7. his sons and all his sons < s o n s> with him, his
daughters and the daughters of his daughters, 3 and all his issue they brought downJ4
to Egypt with him. 8. And these are the names of the sons of Israel, who entered
into Egypt:k Jacob and his sons. The firstborn of Jacob, Reuben. 9. And the sons of
Reuben: Hanoch, Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. 10. And the sons of Simeon: Jemuel,
Jamin, Ohad, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul, the son of the Canaanite woman. 11. And
the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. 12. And the sons of Judah: Er,
Onan, Shelah, Perez, and Zerah. <A nd Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan.
And the sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul. 13. And the sons of Issachar:
Tola, Puvah, lob, and Shimron. 14. And the sons of Zebulun: Sered, Elon, and
Jahleel. 15. These are the sons of Leah, which she bore to Jacob in Paddan-aram to
gether with his daughter Dinah; all the persons between sons and daughters: thirty-
three. 16. And the sons of Gad: Ziphion, Haggi, Shuni, Ezboh, Eri, Arodi, and
Areli. 17. And the sons of Asher: Imnah, Ishvah, Ishvi, Beriah, with Serah their sis
ter. And the sons of Beriah: Heber and Malchiel. 18. These are the sons of Zilpah,
whom Laban gave to his daughter Leah and she bore to Jacob: sixteen persons. 19.
The sons of Rachel, Jacobs wife: Joseph and Benjamin. 20. And to Joseph were
born in the land of Egypt Manasseh and Ephraim, whom Asenath, the daughter of
Potiphera, master of On," bore him. 21. And the sons of Benjamin: Bela, Becher,
Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, and Ard. 22. These are the sons of
Rachel whom she bore05 to Jacob: all the persons fourteen. 23. And the sons of
Dan: Hushim. 24. And the sons of Naphtali: Jahzeel, Guni, Jezer, and Shellem. 25.
These are the sons of Bilhah, whom Laban gave to his daughter Rachel; she bore
these to Jacob; all the persons: seven persons. 6 26. All the persons that entered with
Jacob into Egypt, who had gone forth from his loinsnot including the wives of
the sons of Jacoball the persons: sixty-six. 27. And the sons of Joseph, who were
bornp to him in Egypt: two persons. All the persons o f the men of the house7 of

Apparatus, Chapter 46
1Nfmg: the good they had amassed. "Nfmg: Tanis; cf. Ps.-J.
JNfi: they went down; Nfmg: he brought in. 0 Nfmg: these are the sons of Rachel which were
k Nfmg: and those who entered Egypt. bom; cf. HT.
mOmitted in text. p Nfmg: who were bom; cf. HT.

Notes, Chapter 46
3they brought down; HT: he brought.
4of his daughters; HT: of his sons.
5whom she bore; HT: who were bom.
6all the person seven persons; HT: every person! seven.
7all the persons (lit. souls) of the men of the house; HT: every person of the house; the addition of men is regu
lar in Nf.
 Translation 207

Jacob who entered Egypt: seventy. 28. And he sent Judah before him to ? Joseph, to
prepare for him a site for his dwelling-place8 in Goshenah: ' 9 and they entered5 into
the land of Goshen. 29. And Joseph harnessed his chariots and went out to m eet'
his father Israel to Goshen; and he saw h im 10 and fell upon his neck and wept upon
his neck again. " 30. And Israel said to Joseph:w Even if I die,* this tim e 111 would
not die after I have seen your countenance,12 because nowy you are alive. 31. And
Joseph said to his brothers and to the men o f13 his fathers house: I will go up now
and tell Pharaoh, and I will say to him: My brothers and the men o fn my fathers
house, who were in the land of Canaan, have come to me. 32. And the men tend
flocks because they are owners14 of cattle, and they have brought their sheepz and
their oxen and all that belongs to them. 33. And when Pharaoh calls you and says:
What is your occupation? 34. you shall say: Your servants are owners of cattleaa
from their youth** until now, both we and < o u r fathers>, so that you may dwell
in the land of Goshen; because all that tend flocks are an abomination to the
Egyptians.

Apparatus, Chapter 46
"Nfmg: with this gift (doron) to. * Nfmg: (if) I were to die this time, it would be for me
rNfmg: to prepare for him a school house in as if I did not die after I have seen; cf. P.
Goshen; PVNL in v. 28a = Nf, but with: to vNfmg: (you are) still (alive); = P.
Goshen. z Nfmg: they are men, owners of herds, and sheep.
5Nfmg: to Goshen and they came to the land. aa Nfmg: they were men, owners of herds.
1 Nfmg: his chariots and went up to meet. bb Nfmg: your youth (corr. to: our youth; cf. HT).
uNfmg: a second time. cc Missing in text.
wP: and Israel said to Joseph: Were I to die this time,
(it would be) as if I did not die after I have seen your
countenance, because you are still alive.

Notes, Chapter 46
8to prepare for him a site for his dwelling-place; HT : to show (the way). The Frg. Tgs., CTg D, and Ps.-J. paraphrase
as Nf. Here the additional paraphrase is apparently intended to provide an object for the HTs to show. See also
Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 7 on Gen 46:28. In Gen. R. 95,3 to show of HT is understood as to prepare (a place to teach
the Law). A text nearer still to N f is in the Vatican Codex of Gen. R.: to prepare a dwelling-place for him (text in
Grossfeld, loc. cit.). The expression occurs also elsewhere in Nf; Deut 1:33; Num 10:33; Exod 33:14. See McNamara,
To prepare a place for you. A Targumic Expression and John 14:2f, Milltown Studies 3 (1979) 100-108; also
McNamara, 1983A, 239-241.
9Goshenah, retaining the he locale of the HT.
,0and he saw him; HT (RSV): he presented him to him..
1 'even if I die this time (Grossfeld: I wish not to die), I would not die; HT: let me die this time. There is a similar
paraphrase in Tg. Onq. and Ps.-J.
l2your countenance, sbr pylq HT: your face; N f renders as elsewhere (31:2; 44:23). See note to 31:2.
l3the men of; added in Nf.
,4owners (of cattle); HT: men o f; N f intends to bring out the meaning of the HT.
 208 Translation

CHAPTER 47
1. And Joseph went and told Pharaoh and said: My father and my brothers, and
their sheep and their oxen and all that belongs to them, have come from the land of
Canaan; and behold, they are1 in the land of Goshen. 2. And he took some < o f
his brothers>, five men, and set them before Pharaoh. 3. And Pharaoh said to his
brothers: What is your occupation? And they said to Pharaoh: Tenders of flocks
are they your servantsboth they2 and our fathers. 4. And they said to Phar
aoh: We have come in to sojourn in the land; for there is no pasture for the flocks
belonging to your servants, because the famine is very3 severe* and they
languished4 in the land of Canaan; and now, we pray, let your servants dwell in the
land of Goshen. 5. And Pharaoh said to Joseph: Your father and your brothers
have come to you. 6. The land of Egypt lies before you. Settle your father and your
brothers in the best place5 of the la n d / Let them dwell in the land of Goshen. And
if you know that there be among them warriors, valiant men, you shall place them
as masters of our6 flo ck s/ over all6 that belongs to me. 7. And Joseph brought*
Jacob his father and placed him before Pharaoh, and Jacob blessed Pharaoh. 8.
And Pharaoh said to Jacob: How many are the days of the years of your life? 9.
And Jacob said to Pharaoh: The days of the years of my sojourn are one hundred
and thirty years; few and evil have the days of the years of my life been, and I have
not overtaken the days of the years of the lives of my fathers in the days of their
sojournings. 10. And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went out from before P h arao h /
11. And Joseph settled his father and his brothers, and all the men of his house;
< a n d he gave them an inheritance in the land of Egypt, in the best place85 of the
land, in the land of Pelusiumhl according as Pharaoh had commanded him. 12.

Apparatus, Chapter 47
a I.e., we; cf. HT. and let them irrigate all the land of Egypt; and may
b Nfmg: (because) there is a famine. the hunger pass away in your day(s). And Jacob went
c Nfmg: in the best choice place of the land. out from Pharaoh.
d Nfmg: herds. 8 Nfmg: in the best choice place.
e Nfmg: brought it. h Nfmg, VNL: of Pelusium.
^Nfmg: and he said: Let the good pleasure before the
Lord be that the waters of the Nile (Nilus ) be raised

Notes, Chapter 47
'they are (yhybyn), lit. are given; not in HT, a feature of the language of Nf.
2both they; HT: we.
3very; an addition in Nf; not in HT.
4languished; an addition in Nf; from influence of v. 13.
5the best place (bbyt spr); HT: in the best of.
6our . . . all; additions to HT in Nf.
7Pelusium; HT: Rameses; N fs usual identification (also in Exod 12:37; Num 33:3; also in N f Num 33:5, possibly
by scribal error.
 Translation 209

<A nd Joseph provided ' his father and his brothers and all the men o f8 his fathers
house> 7 with bread* according to their dependents. 13. And there was no bread
in all the land; because the famine was very severe and the inhabitants9 in the land
of Egypt and in the land of Canaan languished before the famine. 14. And Joseph
gathered " together all the money that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the
land of Canaan, in exchange for the wheat0 which they < b o u g h t> / and Joseph
brought the money into the palace910 of Pharaoh. 15. And the money of the land of
Egypt and of the land of Canaan was spent,r" and all the Egyptians came to Joseph
saying: Give us bread,s for why should we die before you, for the money is spent?
16. And Joseph said: Bring your cattle' and I will give you according to your
cattle if the money is spent. 17. And all the Egyptians brought (them) to Joseph
saying: Give us bread.12 And Joseph gave them provisions in exchange for horses,
for the sheep, for (their) possessions in herds of oxen, w and for the he-asses, and he
led them with breadx in exchange for all their cattle that year. 18. And that year
endedy and they came to him the second year and said to him: We will not lie 13 to
my master, b u tz the money is spent; and the sheep14 and the cattle belong to my
master, and there does not remain back from my master except alone our bodies
and our land. 19. Why should we die before you,6* both we and our land?
Purchasecc us and our land for bread dd and we and our land will be slaves to Phar-

Apparatus, Chapter 47
1Nfmg: sustained. x Nfmg: and Joseph sustained them with bread and
JMissing in text; added in Nfmg. with (= and in exchange for) all their herds.
k Nfmg: of his father with food according to. -vNfmg: and (that year) went by.
mNfmg: food. z Aramaic rwm Ihn, (here rendering MT bilti im)
nNfmg: and (Joseph) collected. generally to be rendered except, but rather.
0Nfmg: for the purchases. aa Nfmg: and the holdings of cattle are with our master
p Missing in text. and nothing is left before our master except their (=
qpraitorion, praetorium; Nfmg: palace (palation). our) bodies and our land.
rNfmg, VNL: was exhausted. 66 Nfi: in your sight (lit.: eyes); Nfmg: in your
5Nfmg: give us food, for why should we die. presence.
{Nfmg: give your herds. cc Nfi: buy.
uNfmg: your herds. ^Nfmg: for food.
wNfmg: and for property in sheep and for property in
oxen.

Notes, Chapter 47

8the men of; the addition is usual in N f in such contexts.

9the inhabitants; an addition in keeping with N fs translation technique.
the palace; Latin-Greek loan word: praetorion, praetorium; HT: the house.
1 'is spent, slm; HT : (has ceased) ( ps); the same translation by N f in 47:16; the only other occurrence of the word in
the Pentateuch.
all the Egyptians. . . bread; HT in v. 17a has: they brought their cattle to Joseph, which was not translated in Nf.
N fs text may have been intended as an introduction to v. 17b, but is more probably an erroneous text due to the influ
ence of v. 15.
,3. .. not lie to; HT: not hide from.
I4sheep and cattle; no and in HT (RSV): herds of cattle.
210 Translation

aoh; and give us seed that we may live and not die and our land will not perish.
20. And Joseph bought for Pharaoh all the land of the Egyptians;** because the
Egyptians, each one sold his field because the famine was severe upon them. And
the land became Pharaohs. 21. And, as for the people^ that slandered with evil
tongue, Joseph displaced them and exiled them, 15 and changed them from one city
to another and from one end of the territories o f the Egyptians to the other. And the
people who were in the city he settled in the provinces; and the people o f the provinces
he settled in the cities, from one end o f Egypt to the other, so that the Egyptians
would not taunt the brothers o f Joseph and say to them: Homeless strangers.gs 22.
Only the land of the priests he did not buy, because the priests had a portion from
Pharaoh and they ate their portion which Pharaoh gave them. Because of this they
did not sell their land. 23. <A nd Joseph said to the people: Behold I have bought
you this day, (you) and your land for Pharaoh. Take seed and sow the la n d > .AA24.
And at the time o f16 the harvest you will bring one fifth to Pharaoh, and the four
parts will be" for yourselves, to sow your territories,17 and as your provisions, and
the sustenance o f >'18 your houses, and as provisions for your young ones. 25. And
they said: You have sustained our life. We shall find grace and favor19 in the sight
of my master** and we shall be slaves of Pharaoh. 26. And Joseph set as
statutemm20 until this day over the land of the Egyptians: For Pharaoh one fifth.
Only the land of the priests, theirs alone, did not become Pharaohs. 27. And Israel
dwelt in the land of Egypt, in the land of Goshen, and they acquired an inheritance
in it and grew strong and increased"" greatly. 28. And Jacob lived in the land of

Apparatus, Chapter 47

Nfmg: the land of Egypt. strangers (Greek: xenos) and castabouts. Nfmg 2
' Nfmg 1: and as for the people, he moved them = VNL verbatim.
from one city to another so that they would not call 88 Greek loan word: xenos.
his brothers displaced persons, and castabouts (read hh Missing in text; supplied from Nfmg.
ing gylwlyof N f as gtwly of VNL). Wherefore from Nfmg: for you to sow in the field (reading baraiov
one end of the territory of Egypt to the other; Nfmg b ira \
2: and the people who dwelt in the provinces he re JJNfmg: as provision.
kk
moved to the cities, and the people who dwelt in the Nfmg: in the sight of our master.
cities he removed to the provinces, so that they mmN f text: as a sign; Nfmg: as a statute.
should not taunt the sons of Jacob and say to them: nn Nfmg: and they increased and were multiplied.

Notes, Chapter 47
l5The midrashic paraphrase is intended to explain Josephs mass transportation of population, i.e., so that the Egyp-
tians would not call his brothers homeless strangers. The midrash exists also in rabbinic sources; texts in Hebrew in
Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 15 to Gen 47. There is an analysis of N fs text in B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 262-264.
16the time o f; an addition to HT in Nf.
17territories; HT: field (sdh); in keeping with N fs translation principle noted at 32:4 for other translations of sdh
by Nf, see note to 2:5 and 32:4 (translation by p y b r \ and 23:9 (translation by hql).
18sustenance of; an addition in Nf.
I9grace and favor, hn whsd; HT: hn; N fs general translation of the HT word; see note to 6:8 and 32:6.
20or a statute (l-symn); HT : law (hq); N fs translation of hq here is unique; it is not paralleled in N f elsewhere or in
other Tg. texts.
 Translation 211

Egypt seventeen years; and the days of the life o f2i Jacob, 00 the years of his life,
were a hundred and forty-seven years. 29. And the days drew near for Israel to die
and he called his son Joseph and said to him: If, I pray, I have found grace and
favor19 in your sight, put, I pray, your hand under the sign o f my covenant,pp22 and
you shall do with me grace and goodness.qq Do not, I pray, bury me in Egypt. 30.
When I am gathered23 to my fathers, you shall take me from Egypt and bury me in
their graves. And he said: Behold, 24 I will do according to your words. 31. And
he said: Swear to me.rr And he swore to him. And Israel praised and glorified25
upon the head of the bed.

CHAPTER 48
1. And it happened after these things that it was said to Joseph: Behold, your fa
ther is ill. And he took with him his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim. 2. And it
was told to Jacob and he said: Behold, your son Joseph comes to you. And Israel
summoned his strength* and sat up on the head1 of his bed. 3. And Jacob said to
Joseph: The God o f the heavens2 was revealed to me at Luz in the land of Canaan
and blessed me. 4. And he said to me: <Behold, I will make you powerful and will

Apparatus, Chapter 47
00 Nfmg: the days of Jacob. the Glory of the Shekinah of the Lord was revealed,
pp Also in CTg D; see note. Israel bowed down; VN: and Israel glorified (the
w Nfmg: and truth. Lord) upon the head of his bed.
" Nfmg: swear to me by an oath. And he swore to him
by an oath. And he praised (the Lord) and as soon as

Notes, Chapter 47

2'the life of; an addition in Nf.

22sign of my covenant, lit. my covenant, qyymy, as in 24:9. HT: thigh. The (sign of the) covenant was
circumcision.
23I am gathered to; HT : I lie down with, i.e., die; the same rendering in N f Deut 31:16; cf. Gen 49:33, where HT has
to be gathered, and where N f retains the HT.
J4behold; an addition to HT.
25and praised and glorified; HT: and bowed down (wysthw).

Apparatus, Chapter 48
a Nfmg: is ill. And he brought. b Nfmg: and (Israel) made an effort.

Notes, Chapter 48
on the head o f . . . ; HT: in bed.
2God of the heaven; as elsewhere, this is N fs translation of HT: El Shaddai.
212 Translation

multiplyc you; and you will become an assembly of a congregation o f holy nations;3
and I will give this land to your sons'* after you as an eternal inheritance. 5. And,
now, your two sons that were born to you in the land of Egypt before my comingc
to you, they shall be (called) by m y name; Ephraim and Manasseh, like Reuben and
Simeon, will be (called) by my name.4 6. And your offspring that you begot after
them shall be (called) by your name;4 and they shall be called according to the
name of their brothers in their possessions/ 7. And when I came from Paddan of
Aram, Rachel died in my presence8 in the land of Canaan on the way, at the time o f
the harvest1,5 of (the) land, at the entrance to Ephrath. And I buried her there on
the road of Ephrath, that is, Bethlehem. ' 8. And Israel saw the sons of Joseph and
said: Who are these?7 9. And Joseph said to his father: They are my sons whom
the Lordk gave me here. And he said: Bring them, m I pray, to me that I may bless
them. 10. And the eyes of Israel were d im 6 with age and he was n o t able to see;
and he brought them near to him, and he embraced them and kissed0 them. 11.
And Israel said to Jo sep h / Your countenance1 1 did not expect to see, and behold
the Lord9 has made me see your sons also. 12. And Joseph brought them out after
he had blessed th e m /8 and they9 prostrated themselves before h im 10 on the

Apparatus, Chapter 48
c Nfmg: and I will multiply you and make you an 1Nfmg: of Judah.
assembly. JNfmg: from where have these been begotten?
d Nfmg: the descendants of your sons. k Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord.
e Nfmg: our coming in. mNfmg: bring them near.
^Nfmg: the name of their brother they will take in nNfmg: hardened with old age (and he was) not.
inheritance. Nfmg: and he embraced.
g Nfmg: from Paddan-aram Rachel (died) beside p CTg D: and Israel said to Joseph: I had not hoped to
me. see (text: to be seen) your countenance and behold,
hNf: time of the harvest ( swn lit7), taking HT W the Memra of the Lord has shown me also the descen
(still) as meaning time, and the obscure Hebrew dants of your sons.
kibrah (= stretch?; a good stretch?) as harvest. q Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (has shown me) also
Same understanding in N f Gen 35:16. Nfmg in both the descendants of your sons; = CTg D.
cases restores obscure Hebrew word. Nfmg: at the r CTg D: Joseph brought them out from his knees and
time, the exact time (reading swn as swn ) a kibrah of they prostrated----
the land to enter Ephrath; cf. Nfmg Gen 36:16.

Notes, Chapter 48
3assembly . . . holy nations; HT: qhl mym\ an assembly of nations. A favorite phrase in N f in the translation of
these and some related Hebrew words; cf. Gen 17:4; 28:3; 35:11 and note to 17:4.
4by (my/your) name (b-smyAa); HT: for me, for you.
5at the time of the harvest; HT : bwd kbrt rs. The same Hebrew phrase and N f translation as in Gen 35:16. See note
there.
6were dim (khwn); HT: become heavy; N f uses the same verb as for Isaac in 27:1 (where HT also has khn).
7your countenance, sbr pyk; N fs regular rendering of HT pnym, face, especially with the verb to see. See note to
31:2.
8after he had blessed them (mn dbrk); HT: from his knees (m m brkyw). N f either misunderstands the Hebrew or
wishes to avoid a misunderstanding (indecent exposure); cf. Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 13 to Gen 48. See also B. Barry Levy,
1, 1986, 265.
9they (prostrated); HT: he (prostrated).
10before him; HT: to his face.
 Translation 213

ground/ 13. And Joseph took the two of them, Ephraim on his right to the left of
Israel, and Manasseh on his left to the right of Israel, and he drew near to him. 14.
And Israel stretched out his right hand, and stretched (it) ou t11 and placed it" on
the head of Ephraim, who was the younger, and the left hand upon the head of
Manasseh, crossing12 his hands,' because Manasseh was the firstborn. 15. And he
blessed Joseph and said: The Lord,x before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac
walked in truth, 13 the Lordy who has led m e 14 from my youth15 until this day, 16.
the angel who has redeemed m e2 from all tribulation,aal6 may he bless the boys and
let my name be called in them and the names of my fathers, Abraham and Isaac.
And may they multiplybbl7 in the land like the fishes multiply in the waters."cc 17.
And Joseph saw that his father had placed his right hand upon the head of Ephraim
and this did not appear good in his sight,ddis and he raised the hand of his father to
change'* it from upon the head of Ephraim to the head of Manasseh. 18. And
Joseph said to his father: Not thus, my father, because this is the firstborn; place
your right hand upon his head. 19. And his father refused and said: I know, my
son, I know; he also^ will become a nation and he also (/ will be powerful, but his
younger brother will be more powerful then he and his sonsgg will rule nations. hh 19
20. And he blessed them that day, saying: By your m erit20 shall Israel" be blessed
saying: May the Lord make you like Ephraim and like Manasseh. And he gave

Apparatus, Chapter 48
s Nfmg: from his knees and they saluted according to Nfmg: like fishes multiply in the sea.
the custom of the land. dd CTg D: and it was displeasing before him; Nfmg:
1Nfmg: and he brought them near to him. displeasing.
CTg D: stretched out his right hand and put it___ CTg D + Nfmg: to alter.
* VN: he interchanged his hands; CTg D = Nf. # CTg D: he too.
* Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord (before whom my fa 88 CTg D: the descendants of his sons.
thers) walked. hhNfmg: and of his sons seventy sages will sit in the
vNfmg: the Memra of the Lord who led. Grand Sanhdrin according to the number of the
2 CTg D: the angel ( ... letters missing) that rescued worlds (or: of the young men?).
me from all evil. " CTg D: by you let each man bless his neighbor in Is
aa Nfmg: evil; = CTg D. rael, saying.
bb CTg D: may they grow strong and multiply within
the land.

Notes, Chapter 48
uand stretched (it) out; repetition not in HT.
,2crossing; lit. changing, slhp\ see also Aruk. HT ski (only here, with this sense in HT). VN, Ps.-J. render by Arama
ic prq. The medieval Jewish commentators R. Hananel, R. Alfasi and Rashbam cite as from the Palestinian Targum the
word found in Nf. This is a further indication of the use of a Neofiti-type Pal. Tg. in the Middle Ages. On this see D. J.
Martin (art. cit., note to 37:7) Tradition 13-14 (1973) 203; also Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 16 to Gen 48.
13in truth; addition to HT.
14(from) my youth; HT: m wdy\ RSV: all my life long.
I5led me; HT: shepherded me; pastured me.
16tribulation; HT: evil.
17may they multiply. . . in the waters; HT: and may they multiply in the midst of the earth; a paraphrase also re
flected in some rabbinic texts (given in Hebrew in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 20 to Gen 48).
18this did not appear good in his sight; HT: was evil in his eyes.
19his son will rule nations; HT: and his seed will become a multitude of nations.
20by your merit; HT: by (in) you.
214 Translation

< h im > the blessing21 o /M an asseh / 21. And Israel said to Joseph: Behold, I die;
but the Lord will be with you and make you return to the land of your fathers.kk 22.
And l mm give you a portion more than your brothers:22 the garment o f the first00
Adam , which Abraham, my father's father; took from the hands o f evil Nimrod and
gave to Isaac, my father; and Isaac, my father; it to Esau, my brother; and I
took it from the hands o f Esau, not with my sword and my bow, 23 but by my merits
and by my good works, which are better for me than my sword and my bow. And
now, I give you a part more than your brothers: Shechem, which I took from the
hands o f the Amorites, by my merits and my good works, which are better for me
than my sword and my bow.

Apparatus, Chapter 48

31CTg D: and he placed the order of Ephraims bless with my sword or my bow, but rather by my right
ing before Manasseh. eousness and my good works.
kk
CTg D: and Israel said to Joseph: Behold I am now nn you, sing, in text; Nfmg 1: to you (plur.) a portion
dying (lit.: being gathered) and may the Memra of more than your brothers, which I took by my right
the Lord be at your aid and make (you) return. (CTg eousness and my good works from the hands of the
D breaks off here.) Amorites, since these (or: which) were better to me
mm P: and I give you a portion more than your brothers: than my sword and my bow; Nfmg 2: to you
the garment of the first man (or: first Adam) that was (sing.) < . . .> your brothers < . . .> (2 separate
given to Abraham, and he gave it to Isaac my father, glosses) from the hands of the Amorites by my right
and Isaac my father gave it to Esau, and I have not eousness and my good works since they (or: and they)
taken it from him either with my sword or with my were better.
bow but rather by my righteousness and my good 00 In N f text: lit.: the first Adam; Abraham took it;
works; VNL: and I have given you a portion more Nfmg: the first, that Abraham took from the hands
than your brothers: the garment of Adam the First of Nimrod and gave them to Isaac, and Isaac gave
(or: the first man). Abraham your fathers father took them to Esau who walked in the way (Greek loan
it from the hands of the wicked Nimrod and gave it word: nomos) of the Amorites (ending o f lines illegi
to my father Isaac, and my father Isaac gave it to ble) by my strength. . . (great) deeds that are pure. . .
Esau. And I took it from the hands of Esau, neither between swords and more than my bow.

Notes, Chapter 48

2'he gave (lit. set) (him) the blessing o f . . . ; HT: he put (set) Ephraim before (=ahead of) Manasseh.
22a portion more. . . better for me than. This is an elaborate paraphrase of the HT: And I give to you one shechem
(RSV: one mountain slope; lit. shoulder) rather than to your brothers, which I took from the hand of the Amorite with
my sword and bow. The interpretative paraphrase is also in Gen. R. 97,6 under the name of R. Judah. R. Judah main
tained: the portion (shechem) means the birthright and the raiment of Adam which I took. . . of the Amorite, viz. Esau,
with my sword and. . . bowwith pious and noble deeds. According to various midrashic texts, the garments of Adam
were made by God himself (Gen 3:21), were indestructible and possessed miraculous powers, such as success at the hunt;
Nimrod (Gen 10:9, and PRE 241, Esau [Gen 25:27; 27:15]). Summary in Klein, 1986, II, 51 ; also Ginzberg, Legends. See
B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 266-268, for an analysis of the text of Nf.
23not by my sword or bow; an example of converse translation; see Introduction, p. 31. J. Heinemann, Aggadah and
Its Development (Jerusalem, 1974) 154; M. L. Klein, Biblica 57 (1976) 525-527.
 Translation 215

CHAPTER 49
1. And Jacob called his sons and said to them :1 Gather together2 and I will
tellb you the concealed secrets, the hidden ends, the giving o f the rewards o f the just,
and the punishment o f the wicked, and what the happiness o f Eden is." The twelve
tribes gathered togetherc and surrounded the bed o f gold on which our father Jacob

Apparatus, Chapter 49
a P (v. 1): and Jacob called his sons and said to them: wicked and what the delights of Eden are. The twelve
Gather together and I will show you what is to come tribes of Jacob were gathered together surrounding
upon you: the giving of reward to the righteous, the the bed of gold within which our father Jacob lay, re
retribution that is to come to the wicked, at the time questing that he relate to them the determined end of
they are gathered together at the end of the days. the blessing and the consolation. As soon as the se
<They were hoping> that he would reveal to them cret was revealed to him, it was hidden from him (or:
all that was destined to come at the final end (i.e., in as soon as it was revealed to him, the secret was hid
the days) of the Messiah (lit.: in the end of the heels of den from him); as soon as the door was opened to
the Messiah = the Footsteps of the Messiah). As him, it was closed from him. Our father Jacob turned
soon as it was revealed to him, it was hidden from and blessed his sons, each in accord with his good
him. And Jacob arose and blessed them, each accord works he blessed them.
ing to the measure of his blessing he blessed them; b Nfmg: and I will relate to you the hidden signs (or:
VNL: and Jacob called his sons and said to them: miraculous events), the guarded mysteries, the giv
Gather together and I will relate to you the hidden ing of (reward).
determined ends, the concealed secrets, the giving of c Nfmg: the twelve tribes gathered together surround
the reward of the righteous and the retribution of the ing the bed of (gold).

Notes, Chapter 49
'This lengthy paraphrase of Jacobs blessing on the tribes, together with the introduction to it, is found in the various
Pal. Tg. texts: Nf, Frg. Tg., CTg Z, Ps.-J.; and in the Targumic Tosefta from the Cairo Genizah, CTg FF, for w . 1 and 18.
A long history of composition seems to lie behind the present Pal. Tg. paraphrase; some of it is apparently very old and
underlying Tg. Onq. The bulk of the paraphrase, however, as it now stands, seems to be no earlier than the Pal. Tgs. in
general. The interpretative tradition enshrined in Pal. Tg. for Gen 49 should be studied in connection with the Jewish un
derstanding of this very important text in other Jewish works such as the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs and
Qumran texts on the patriarchal blessings. The closest parallels, however, seem to be with the Jewish tradition transmit
ted in rabbinic sources. These at times are extremely close, occasionally to the extent of almost verbal identity. It is not
easy, however, to determine where the dependence really lieswhether the Pal. Tg. draws on rabbinic tradition or vice
versa. It may well be that both are but different formulations of the same interpretative tradition. For a detailed study of
these chapters, see R. Syrn, The Blessings in the Targums. A Study o f the Targumic Interpretation o f Genesis 49 and Deu
teronomy 33 (Abo, 1986), with special treatment of the theological ideas in the paraphrase: Memra and Shekinta;
messianic expectations; eschatology; ethical teaching; relationship to rabbinic doctrine; parallels to the Targumic exposi
tions; Y. Komlosh, Ha-Aggadah betargum birkat yaakob, Annual of Bar -Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the
Humanities I, Pinkhos Churgin Memorial Volume, ed. H. Z. Hirschberg and P. Artzl (Jerusalem, 1963) 198ff. For the
text of Onqelos, in these chapters closer than usual to the Pal. Tg. tradition, see Grossfeld, 1988,158-173; Grossfeld and
Aberbach, 1982,280- 311. There is a detailed analysis, mainly textual, of N f Gen 49 in B. Barry Levy, 1,1986,268-306.
Gather together. . . the concealed secrets. . . he blessed them. HT: Gather together that I may tell you what shall
befall you in the days to come. The long paraphrase is almost identical in N f and N. The opening section (Gather to
gether . . . he blessed them) shows dependence on apocalyptic texts, e.g., Dan 2:18, 28, 30, 47f.; also 2 Baruch 81:4;
compare also Tg. Isa 24:16. This is seen in such terms and expressions as: hidden mysteries (rzyy'), determined ends
{qsyyy, the rewards of the righteous; the punishment of the wicked; the happiness (slwwth, or: securitySyrn, 120;
tranquilityKlein, 1986, I, 162); revealed to him, concealed from him.
216 Translation

was lying daftere the end was revealed3 to him and thatf the determined end o f the
blessing and the consolation4 might be communicated to them. As soon as the end
was revealed to him, the mystery was hidden from him .d They hopeds that he would
relate to them the determined end o f the redemption and the consolation. As soon as
the mystery was revealed to him, it was hidden from him and as soon as the door was
opened to him, it was closed from him . 5 Our father Jacob answered and blessed
them; each according to his good works he blessed them. 2. After the twelve tribeshe

Apparatus, Chapter 49

d'd This section (after the end . . . from him) in N f 8 Nfmg: upon him. They were hoping that he would
seems interpolated. relate to them all that would occur, that would hap
* or: as soon as. pen to them at the end of the days. As soon as (or:
^Nfmg: he (they) asked that he relate to them the de since) it was revealed to him, the mystery was hidden
termined end of the blessing and the consolation, from him. He turned and blessed them, each accord
and it was hidden from him, and as soon as (or: since) ing to the interpretation (? mptr) of his blessing he
it was hidden from him he blessed, them in accord blessed them.
with (their) good works. h In PVN v. 2 as in N f with variants as noted here.

Notes, Chapter 49
3the golden bed. . . after the end was revealed. It is to be borne in mind that parts of the paraphrase of 49:1 in N f are
very obscure, possibly corrupt, and almost defy punctuation and translation. The obscurity may be due to the combina
tion of diverse traditions, especially concerning the revelation and non-revelation to Jacob. Syrn (p. 120) translates the
section rendered the golden bed. . . was lying___was revealed, as follows: . . . was lying. After the end had been re
vealed to him, so that he would tell them about the end with bliss and consolationafter the end was revealed to him, the
secret was concealed from him. They expected him to tell them about the end with redemption and consolation, (but)
after the secret had been revealed to him, it was concealed from him___ The fact that the mystery of messianic redemp
tion, expressed in different ways (consolation, redemption), was withheld from Jacob is stated more than once in the
Targumic paraphrase. That Jacob was prevented by God from carrying out his desire of revealing the messianic message
is also noted in rabbinic sources, e.g., Gen. R. 98(99),3: He (i.e., Jacob) was going to reveal the end (hqs), but it was con
cealed from him; also in b. Pes 56a.
4the determined end (qs) of the blessing and the consolation. On the eschatology of this section, see Syren, 119-121.
Le Daut, 163,274, followed by Syrn, 122, and Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 1, has remarked that the eschatological teaching
on the determined end (qs) being hidden is to be compared with that of the Qumran pesher of Habakkuk ( 1QpHab VII on
Hab 2:3; For still the vision awaits its time and hastens to the end (qs), it will not lie. The explanation is that this deter
mined fixed end (qs) will be of long duration, and it will exceed all that the prophets have said; for the mysteries of God
(rzy 7) will be marvelous. If it delays wait for it; for it will surely come and not delay (Hab 2:3b). The explanation of this
refers to the men of truth. . . when the final end is delayed for them; for all the times arrive in their due season in accord
and with what he has decreed about them and in the mysteries of his prudence.
5as soon as (or: after) the door was opened to (or: for) him, it was closed trd) from him. Thus also Syrn, 120.
Grossfeld renders: and as the gate opened to him, he was banished from it (Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 1 to Gen 49), taking
'trd as if from trd I, banish, instead of from trd 11, close, as Jastrow and others do, and as the present context seems to
require. See also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 270f.
6After the twelve tribes. . . one Lord; HT: Assemble and hear, O sons of Jacob, and hearken to Israel your father.
Practically nothing of the HT is translated in N fs paraphrase (or in the Pal. Tgs.), which is really a continuation, or part
repetition, of the paraphrase on v. 1. This is probably due to the similarity of the opening words in the biblical text of w .
1 and 2. In N f and the Pal. Tgs., Jacobs blessing on the tribes proper is introduced by an examination on his part of his
sons fidelity to the God of Israel. The response to this examination by Jacob is the recitation of the Shema\ Israels pro
fession of faith, by the tribes. (The same midrash occurs in N f Deut 6:4 as an introduction to the Shema\ which is again
represented as Israels response to Israel [= Jacobs] inquiry.) Ishmael, the sons of Keturah and Esau are presented as ex
amples of infidelity. In N f (and the Pal. Tgs.) Gen 50:1 these are presented as present at the burial of Jacob. In N f (and the
Pal. Tg.) the Shema is given in Aramaic. Jacob responds by reciting the later rabbinic counterpart of the confessional
(Grossfeld), Neofiti, note 2 to Gen 49), given also in Aramaic in N f but containing the Hebrew loan word kbwdh, the
glory of his___ However, this particular Hebrew word is probably an interpolation in Nf. It is absent from P and from
VNL, the text of which is otherwise here very close to that of Nf. In the paraphrase the Shema(Hear, O Israel) is made
to fit in nicely, Israel in this context being the dying Jacob.
 Translation 217

o f Jacob had gathered together and surrounded1 the bed o f gold on which our father
Jacob lay; they were hoping that he would reveal to themj the order o f the blessings,
but it was hidden from him. Our father Jacob answered and said to them: From
Abraham, my father's father; arose the blemishedk Ishmael and allm the sons o f
Keturah. And from Isaac, my father, arose the blemishedn Esau, my brother. And I
fear lest there should be among you one whose heart is divided6a against his broth
ers to go and worship before foreign idols The twelve sons o f Jacob answeredp to
gether and said: Hear us, O Israel, our father; the Lord our God is one Lord.,,q
Jacob answered and said: Blessed be his name; may the glory o f his kingdom be for
ever and ever. 3. Reuben,7 my firstborn are you; my strength and the beginning of
my sorrow. You were destinedr to take three portions more than your brothers. The
birthright was yours;8 and the kingdom and the high priesthood were destined for
you. Because you have sinned,1 Reuben, my son, the birthright has been given to
Joseph, my son, and the kingdom to Judah, and the high priesthood to the tribe o f
Levi. 4. I will compare you, 8 my son Reuben, to a small garden into which entered

Apparatus, Chapter 49
In P (erroneously): and it was revealed. tribes of Jacob answered with one heart: Hear, O Is
JP: reveal to them the determined end of this re rael, the Lord our God is one Lord.
demption and it was hidden___ q VN: is one Lord. Let his name be blessed for ever
k Lit.: Nf, VN: the blemish of Ishmael; P: the blem and ever.
ish in Ishmael. r Nfmg: It was destined for you, Reuben, my son to
mP: and the sons of. take; VN.
n Lit.: the blemish Esau. 5PVN: your brothers; the birthright and the king
P: one who adheres to the sons of his brother to dom; almost identical with Nfmg.
worship. 1P: because you incurred debt (= sinned).
p VN: all of them answered together; P: the twelve

Notes, Chapter 49
6aheart divided; see already in N f Gen 22:14; perfect heart in N f Gen 22:8 (see note to verse); cf. SifreDeut. 32, on
Deut 6:5: with all your heart: that means with all the heart in you, lest your heart be divided regarding the Lord. N fs
paraphrase agrees with Gen. R. 98,3 on 49:2: Eleazar b. Ahaway said: From here Israel received the privilege of reciting
the Shema. When the patriarch Jacob was departing from the world, he called his twelve sons and said to them: Is the
God of Israel in heaven your father? Maybe in your hearts you wish to break away from the Holy One blessed be He?
Hear, O Israel (Deut 6:4), our father, they replied. He too (i.e., Jacob) thereupon made utterance with his lips saying:
Blessed be the name of his glorious kingdom for ever and ever. See also N f Deut 6:4.
7Reuben. . . of Levi; HT: Reuben, you are my first-born; my might and the first fruits of my strength, pre-eminent
in pride and pre-eminent in power. The paraphrase of N f (and Pal. Tgs.) is here almost identical with the understanding
of the verse in Gen. R. 98,4 (presented as one of the opinions of Rabbi): The birthright should have been yours, priest
hood yours, and royalty yours. Now that you have sinned, however, the birthright has been given to Joseph, and the
royalty to Judah.
8I will compare you. . . remitted you; HT (RSV): Unstable {phz) as water, you shall not have pre-eminence, because
you went up to your fathers bed; then you defiled it, when you went up to my couch. In the Tg., while Reuben is regard
ed as having sinned in the affair of Bilhah, his fathers secondary wife or concubine (Gen 35:22), pardon is promised if he
repents. He is excused on the grounds of human frailty and lack of premeditation. This particular paraphrase found in N f
and the Pal. Tgs. is not attested in rabbinic sources. Yet, also among the rabbis the need to exculpate Reuben was strongly
felt, both by reason of his being one of the patriarchs and because of his role at Mount Ebel (Deut 27:20) on precisely his
own sinful action. One way of exculpating him was by reading phz (unstable) of the HT backward and as an abbrevia
tion (notarikon) for three Hebrew verbs: z: you shuddered; h: you trembled; p: the sin has flown from your head.
Thus R. Eleazar of Modiim in Gen. R. 98,4a text to be compared with the N f paraphrase. See further Syrn, 129f., and
Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 5 to Gen 49. In N f the second part of the verse is left in Hebrew, untranslated, in keeping with cer
tain rabbinic rules; see McNamara, 1966A, 46f.; M. L. Klein, art. cit. (note to Gen 35:19), JJS 29 (1988) 80-91, esp.
82-84.
218 Translation

overflowing streams o f water which you were not able to endure, and you were
crushed before them, my son; so have you been crushed, Reuben, my son, by your wis
dom and from your good works. " The sin you have committed, do not commit any
more, my son, and what you sinned will be forgiven and remitted you. BECAUSEx
YOU W ENT UP TO YOUR FATHERS BED; THEN YOU DEFILED GOING UP
ON M Y BED. 5. Simeon and Levi9 are twin brothers, mastersy o f sharp arms, wag
ing war10from their youth. In the land o f their enemies they have wrought the victor
ies o f their combats. 6. In their assemblies,z in their counsels, my soul11 has not de
lighted, when they assembled, against the fortress o f Shechem, to destroy it they did
not have consideration for my honor, because in their anger they killed kings12
and according to their desires they broke down the walls o f their enem ies.13 7.
Accursed14 was the city of*b Shechem when Simeon and Levi went within itcc to de
stroy it, in their anger, because their anger is strongM and the fear of th em 15 is

Apparatus, Chapter 49
uVN: overflowing streams. they sold Joseph their brother who was comparable
* VN: Reuben my son by your good works; Nfmg: to an ox; Nfmg: they sold Joseph their brother who
by your good works, you shall not return (to sin was like an ox.
again). or: fortress; P = city; Nfmg: accursed were the
*The words BECAUSE . . . MY BED left un masters of Shechem.
translated, in Hebrew; likewise in VN; cf. Gen 35:22. cc P: when they rose up against it.
vVN: men, masters___ Nfmg, VN: in their anger because it was strong and
"VN lacks in the assemblies. in their passion because it was harsh.
aa VN: they killed kings with rulers and in their desire

Notes, Chapter 49

9Simeon and Levi. . . twin (tlymyn) brothers; HT (RSV): Simeon and Levi are brothers. All Pal. Tg. texts describe
the brothers as tlymyn (rendered here as twin), the exact meaning of which is uncertain: (1) bold (J. Levy,
Chaldisches Wrterbuch, II, 540, deriving it from the Greek tolros; cf. Aruk)\ (2) twins (M. Jastrow, Dictionary, II,
1672a.s.v.//m', with reference to Akkadian talmu, and note: alike in character for Tg. Gen 49:5; likewise Sokoloff,
1990, 582); (3) like furrows (D. Rieder, Sinai 30,1965,11); see Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 6 to Gen 49. The HT word for
twins, i.e., t wmym (Gen 38:27) is rendered in the Pal. Tg. texts by cognate Aramaic twmyyn (Nf) or tywmyn (Ps.-J.).
10waging war. . . victories of their combats, paraphrasing the very difficult HT word mkrtyhm. For rabbinic parallels
to Nf, see Syren, 130; Grossfeld, op. cit., note 7.
1*. . . my soul. . . of their enemies; HT (RSV): O my soul, come not into their council; O my spirit (kbdy; my glory:,
my honor?) be not joined to their company. In their council has a double translation: in their assemblies and in
their councils. N f links the latter part of the HT text with the destruction of Shechem, an understanding also found in
rabbinic texts, e.g., Gen. R. 98,5.
I2they killed kings; HT: they killed men (lit. man, collective). N fs paraphrase is in accord with a view found in
rabbinic texts that in Shechem they slew Shechem and Hamor, the royalty of the city; cf. Gen 34:2: Shechem ben
Hamor, the prince of the land.
l3they broke down the walls of their enemies; HT: they uprooted (RSV: hamstrung) oxen (lit. an ox, swr, col
lective). Since Gen 34:28 makes no mention of Simeon and Levi injuring oxen, all the Tgs. (Onq., Ps.-J., Pal. Tg.) and
most ancient versions (Vulg., Pesh., Sym.) read as sr, wall(s). Gen. R. 98,6 understands likewise.
14accursed. . . in their anger; HT: cursed be their anger. The Pal. Tg. transfers the curse from the anger of Simeon
and Levi to the city of Shechem, apparently out of respect for the elders of the nation. So too does Gen. R. 98,5. The HT
also has: (cursed be) their wrath, which N f avoids translating.
I5the fear of them; HT: their wrath. N fs rendering is unique, found in no other Pal. Tg. text where we have
hymt(hwn), (their) anger.
 Translation 2 19

harsh, said our father Jacob. I f Simeon and Levi dwell together, there is no nation
nor king that can stand against them. I will divide16 the inheritanceee o f Simeon in
the midst o f the house o f Jacob and I will multiply the inheritance o f Levi in the
midst o f the tribe(s) o f the sons o f Israel. 8. Judah, yo\iff will your brothers 88 praise,
and by your name shall all the Jews17 be called Jews.hh Your hands will avenge you
of your enemies; all the sons of your father shall advance to salute you. 9. I shall
compare you, Judah," to a lions whelp; you saved my son Joseph from his
murderers. 18 From the judgmentjj o f Tamar,19 my son, you are innocent;kk you will
rest and dwell in the midst o f battle,20 like the lion and like the lioness, and there is
no nation nor kingdom21 that shall stand against you. 10. Kingsmm shall not cease
from among those o f the house o f Judah 22 and neither (shall) scribes1" teaching the

Apparatus, Chapter 49
ee Nfmg, PVN: (I will distribute) the (P + : sons of the) JJP: in the matter of the judgment of Tamar (of)
tribe of Simeon as scholars teaching the Law (P: as whom you said: (She is) more innocent than I am.
scribes and teachers of the Law) in the congregation You will repose and rest in the midst of battle like the
of Jacob and I will scatter the (P + : sons of the) tribe lioness; there is no kingdom to stand up before you.
of Levi in the schoolhouses of the sons of Israel. kk Nfmg: rescued.
^Nfmg, P: Judah, all your brothers will praise (or: mm \n v. 10 VN verbatim as N f save scholars for
confess) you, according to your name. scribes; Nfmg: there shall (not) cease either kings
gg PVN: all your brothers or rulers from; cf. P.
hh Text: all Yehudim called Yehudain; P: all Jews nn VN: scholars; P: until the time that King Messiah
( Yehudae) will be called Jews ( Yehudain ); VN: all (lit.: the king of the Messiah; or: who is the Messi
will be called Jews {Yehudae). ah) comes who is destined to arise from those of the
VN +: my son. house of Judah.

Notes, Chapter 49

l6I will divide. . . sons of Israel; HT: I will divide them in Jacob and scatter them in Israel. N fs paraphrase adds a
reason for this, in keeping with an understanding we find in rabbinic tradition; texts given in Grossfeld, op. cit., note 16.
l7Judah . . . called Jews. This addition to the HT is in accord with the Jewish interpretative tradition preserved in
rabbinic sources, e.g., Gen. R. 98,6: R. Simeon ben Yohai said: All your brethren will be called by your name. A man does
not say: I am a Reubenite or a Simeonite, but I am a Yehudi (Jew).
18you saved my son from his murderers, a paraphrase of HT : From the prey, my son, you have gone up. The refer
ence is to Judahs position in the sale of Joseph (Gen 37:26f.).
19From the judgment of Tamar. . . ; probably a second interpretation of prey of the HT. There is a similar double
interpretation in Gen. R. 98,7: From the tearing (or: prey) my son, you are gone up, you went up from the tearing of my
son, and were thereby exalted; you went up from the tearing (=destruction) of Tamar and were thereby exalted. On dou
ble translations in Tg. Gen 49, see Syren, 17-19.
20you will rest and dwell in the midst of battle; HT (RSV): he stooped down and couched as a lion. Gen. R. 98,7 also
interprets the text of defeat of enemies.
21 and there is no nation or kingdom. . . ; HT : and like a lioness; who dares rouse him up? N f translates Num 24:9 in
an identical manner.
22kings shall not cease. . . of Judah; HT: the sceptre shall not depart from Judah. N fs interpretation of sceptre is
the natural one, found also in Gen. R. 98,8: The sceptre. This refers to the throne of kingship. As usual, N f paraphrase
the more abstract Judah, house of Judah by explicit mention of the people involved: those of. For studies of this
important section of Tg. Gen 49:8-12, esp. 10-12, see Syrn, esp. 102-112;B. Grossfeld, 1988, notes to w . 8-12,pp. 161
166; Aberbach and Grossfeld, 1982, 284-292; Aberbach and Grossfeld, 1976, notes 13-34, pp. 10-30.
220 Translation

Law from his son sons23 until the time King Messiah shall come,24 to whom the
kingship belongs; to him shall all the kingdoms00 be subject. 11. How beautifulpp is
King Messiah25 who is to arise from among those o f the house o f Judah. He girds his
loins and goes forth to battle against9q those that hate him; and he kills kings with
rulers, 26 and makes the mountains red21from the blood o f their slain and makes the
valleys white from the fa t o f their warriors.rr His garments are rolledss in blood; he is
like a presser o f grapes. 12. How beautiful are the eyes of King Messiah; more than
pure wine, lest he see with them the revealing o f nakedness or the shedding o f inno
cent blood. 28 His teeth are purer than milk, lest he eat with them things that are

Apparatus, Chapter 49
00Nfmg: the nations. u V: how beautiful to behold; otherwise V in v. 12 =
pp In v. 11 VN = N f with few variants as noted below; Nf; Nfmg: (How) beautiful is King Messiah who is
likewise P, which begins: He girds. to arise from those of the house of Judah. His eyes are
qq A different Aramaic word in PVN, Nfmg. more tender (read: purer) than pure wine lest the re
rr In text: men; warriors in PVN. vealing of nakedness be seen by them, and lest they
55P: made clear; probably erroneously. see the shedding of (innocent) blood by them.

Notes, Chapter 49

23scribes teaching the law from his sons; HT: nor the mace (or: staff; mhqq) from between his feet. The Hebrew
mhqq is understood in the paraphrase through the root hq, statute, law, as meaning an instructor in (or: teacher of)
the Law, i.e., scribe in the richer sense. Nf, and all Tgs., translate mhqq in the same way in the other occurrence of the
word in Deut 33:21 (Moses the scribe of Israel) and in Num 21:18. We have a similar interpretation in rabbinic sourc
es, e.g., Sanh 5a: mhqq, the descendant of Hillel who teaches the Torah in public; see further the observations and
references of Syrn, Grossfeld, Aberbach and Grossfeld in works indicated in preceding note. This interpretation of
mhqq is a very old one, found already in the Qumran Damascus Document (CD VI, 7). See further, G. Vermes, 1961,49-
55. Syrn (55) notes that the Targums in Gen 49:10 do not identify the scribes with any specific persons; rather, the
institution of the scribes and teachers is indicated by them.
24until the time king Messiah comes. . . the Kingship; HT \ d k y y b sylh; which could be understood at its face value
in later Judaism in different ways, e.g., until Shiloh comes, or: until he comes to Shilo, or: until he comes to whom it
belongs (shelo). The original reading and meaning of the text are quite uncertain. In the paraphrase Shilo is first inter
preted as a person, i.e., King Messiah, and then through later Hebrew shelo, whose it is, i.e., the Messiah to whom
kingship belongs. The direct messianic interpretation is found in all the Tgs. (Onq., Pal. Tgs., Ps.-J.), and already in
4Qpatr: until the Messiah of justice, the sprout of David, comes; for to him and to his seed has been given the covenant
of kingship. See further Syrn, 56-58; Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 27 to Gen 49; also the works referred to in previous note.
The messianic interpretation of Shiloh has also been constant in rabbinic Judaism, e.g., Gen. R. 98,8: Shilo. This alludes
to the Royal Messiah. Further texts in Syrn, 131; Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 47; etc.
25On w . 11-12 and the theology they contain, their relationship to the text of the Bible, to Jewish pseudepigraphical
and apocryphal literature, and the Qumran Genesis Apocryphon, see Syrn, 102-111. The paraphrase of these verses is
practically identical in all Pal. Tg. texts and in Ps.-J. See also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 283-287.
26H ow beautiful. . . kings with rulers; HT: binding his foal to the vine, and his asss colt to the choice vine.
27He makes the mountains red. . . presser of grapes; HT (RSV): He washes his garments in wine and his vesture in
the blood of grapes. The Pal. Tg. paraphrase is but loosely connected with the biblical text. It presents a picture of a war
ring Messiah, in a paraphrase linking Gen 49:1 lb and Isa 63 and found also in the NT Apoc 19:11-16. See further
McNamara, 1966A, 23-33; Syrn, 105. There are no known texts in rabbinic literature reflecting the Pal. Tg. paraphrase
of v. 11. This particular paraphrase is believed to be very old and probably pre-Christian; see Syrn, 107.
28H ow beautiful. . . innocent blood; HT (RSV): His eyes shall be red with wine. This paraphrase is in all Pal. Tg.
texts and in Ps.-J. but appears to have no parallel in the midrash and Talmud (Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 32 to Gen 49).
 Translation 221

stolen or robbed.uu The mountains will become red from his vines and the vats from
wine; and the hills will become white from the abundance o f grain and flocks o f
sheep. 13. And Zebulun will dwell by the coasts of the Great Sea,29 and he shall rule
over the ports30 o f ships; and his territory shall reach as far as Sidon. 14. Issachar
(is) a strong tribe,31 lying between two territories. ww 15. And he saw from the
beginningxxn that it was good, and the land o f Israel that its fruits were rich; and he
bends his shoulders for the study o f the Law, and his brothers bring him up tribute.>v
16. From those o f the house o / D a n 33 shall redemptionzz arise, and a judge.
Together," all the tribes6 of the sons o f Israel shall obey him. 17. Thisc shall be the
redeemer who is to arise from the house o f Dan; he will be strong, exalted above all
nations.d He will be compared to the serpent that lies on the ground,e and to a ven
omous serpent that lies in wait at the crossroads, that bites the horses in the heels
and out o f fear o f it the rider turns around and falls backward. He is Samson bar
Manoah, the dread o f whom is upon his enemies and the fear o f whom is upon those

Apparatus, Chapter 49
uu Nfmg: so that he might not eat by them either what hCTg Z: all the heads of the tribes___
is stolen or robbed. c Or: Dan shall be the redeemer; VN: This shall be
Nfmg, PVN: (P: Issachar a strong tribe) and his the redeemer.
territory passes between (PVN + : the two d VN: above all kingdoms.
boundaries). e VN: that lies in the way; P, Nfmg: Dan was (P:
** PVN, Nfmg; PVN: and he saw the sanctuary which will be) like a serpent, a venemous serpent (hrmny)
is called the House of Repose that (PVN: contained) that lies in wait at the cross roads, (that bites the
it is good and the land [P + of Israel] that its fruits horses) in the heels and makes him sick and from fear
are fat; and he bent his shoulders to labor in the Law of him his rider turns about and falls backward. (He
and all his brothers brought (him) tribute. is Samson bar Manoah, the dread of whom is upon
vyNfmg: bring up a redeemer (prwq). his enemies. He goes out to war against those who
zz P: a redeemer. hate him and kills kings together with rulers). (Text
a P: together the whole assembly of the tribes of the within parentheses not in Nfmg. )
sons of Israel.

Notes, Chapter 49
29The Great Sea, i.e., the Mediterranean. HT: the Sea.
30he shall rule over ports; HT: he shall be a haven for ships. According to Josh 19:11, Zebuluns territory did not
reach the sea. This geographical reference may represent a later situation, e.g., the conquests of Alexander Jannaeus. See
note 35 to Gen 49 in Grossfeld, Neofiti; Grossfeld, 1988,166; also Aberbach and Grossfeld, 1982, 292f.; Aberbach and
Grossfeld, 1976, 13, note 2.
31(Issachar) a strong tribe; HT: a bony (or: strong) ass, lit. an ass of bone, i.e., of substance. The Pal. Tg. probably
considers this particular animal reference pejorative and omits it out of reverence for the ancestors.
32(He saw) from the beginning (mn syrwy0 . . . tribute; HT : He saw that a resting place (mnhh) was good and that the
land was pleasant. N f here renders mnhh of the HT as from the beginning (mn syrwy \ from root sr\ to begin), a
phrase used rather frequently in Nf. However, since Nf, the Pal. Tgs., and the Tgs. in general render HT mnhh and the
root nwh through the root s r \ rest, to dwell, (msrwy, resting place, dwelling place) and since the translation of N f
as given in the text leaves the important word mnhh of the HT untranslated, we should probably regard mn (from) as
an intrusion and render as: (He saw) a (or: the) resting place____ Thus Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 37 to Gen 49. Issachars
zeal for the Torah is also a feature of rabbinic tradition; see Syrn, 132f.
33From those of the house of D an. . . with rulers; HT: Dan shall judge his people as one of the tribes of Israel. The
Pal. Tg. paraphrase of these verses concentrates on the judge, Samson, the expected redeemer from the tribe of Dan. The
tradition found in Gen. R. 98, 14 does likewise: Dan shall be a serpent on the way (49:17)... so was Samson.
222 Translation

who hate h im / He goes out to war against those that hate him and kills kings to
gether with rulers 18. Our father Jacob8 said: Not to the redemption o f Gideonh34
bar Joash does my soul look, which is the redemption o f an hour; and not to the re
demption o f Samson bar Manoah does my soul look, which is a transient1
redemptionJ Rather to the redemption o f h im k does my soul look that you have said
to bring your people, the house o f Isra elm To you, to your redemption, n do I look, O
L ord.0 19. From those o f the house o f G adp35 there shall come forth campsq
equipped and armed. They shall make the people of Israelr pass over the Jordan, and
they shall subdue the land before them. And afterward they shall return to their place

Apparatus, Chapter 49

1VN: the fear of him is upon those who hate him and mCTg FF (Tosefta) (a fragmentary text): their father
he slays kings together with rulers. said to them: Not for the redemption of Gideon bar
8 Nfmg: (our father Jacob said) when he saw Gideon Joash do I wait, for it is a transient redemption (lit.:
bar Joash and Samson bar Manoah: < . . .> I do not the redemption of an hour) and not for the re
look for, since his redemption is a transient redemp demption of Samson bar Manoah, which is a
tion (lit.: the redemption of an hour) and I do not transient redemption (lit.: r. of an hour), but for
yearn for (mwdy[q]) since the redemption is the re the redemption of the King Messiah, which is the
demption of a moment; for your redemption have I eternal redemption which you have promised (lit.:
looked and yearned, Lord of all ages, since your re said) in your Memra to br(ing).
demption is an eternal redemption. " Nfmg: to him, to his redemption; P: to him to the
h Nfi: of Samson. redemption; VN: to him, to your redemption does
' Correcting bwr of text to byr, see CTg X. my soul look.
7 CTg X (a Tosefta): for your redemption I await (O Nfmg: who is (dhw) the Lord.
Lord). Our father Jacob said: Not for the redemption p PVN: from those of the house of Gad there shall
of Gideon bar Joash, which is a passing ( br ) redemp come forth camps, equipped, armed. And they shall
tion, and not for the redemption of Samson bar make Israel cross the Jordan and bring them into
Manoah, which is a transient redemption (lit.: the possession of the land of Canaan, and after this they
redemption of an hour); but rather for the redemp shall return in peace to their tents.
tion of the Messiah son (bn) of David who is q Nfi: seeds (or: descendants) equipped armed;
eventually to come (?; ly th\ or: which he will even Nfmg: armed equipped.
tually bring) to the children of Israelto his r or: they shall pass over the Jordan with Israel.
redemption does my soil look.
k P: to the redemption which you have said (VN + :
in your Memra).

Notes, Chapter 49
34Not to the redemption of Gideon. . . O Lord; HT: I wait for your redemption, O Lord. N fs paraphrase is very
close to the understanding of the verse in Gen. R. 98, 14: Our ancestor Jacob saw him (i.e., Samson prophetically) and
thought that he was the Messiah. But when he saw him dead he exclaimed: He too is dead. As noted earlier, the nature of
the relationship between the Pal. Tg. and rabbinic tradition in the interpretation of the Patriarchal Blessings is uncertain.
The tradition of Gen. R. may well depend on the Pal. Tg. For other rabbinic parallels of N f Gen 49:18, see notes 45,46 to
the chapter in Grossfeld, Neofiti.
35From those of the house of Gad. . . plentiful wealth; HT (RSV): Raiders shall raid Gad, but he shall raid at their
heels. Nf, like the Pal. Tgs., interprets the entire verse of the role played by Gad in the conquest of the land (cf. Num
32:16-32; Deut 3:18ff.; Josh l:22ff.; 4:12f.). We find this same reference in the interpretation of the verse in Gen. R.
98,15.
 Translation 223

with plentiful wealth.s 20. Blessed are you o f the house o f Asher!'36 How fa t are the
fruits o f your land!And behold, it will bring forth producew (which will be) the deli
cacies of the kings o f the sons o f Israel. 21. Naphtali is a swift runner, 37 announcing
good tidings. It was he who announced to our father Jacob from the beginning that
Joseph was still alive. And he girded him self and went downx to Egypt in a short time
and brought the title deed o f possession o f the fieldy from the palace o f Joseph. And
when his mouth used to bear (good) tidings in the assemblies o f Israel, milk and
honey went forth from his lips. 22. M y son Joseph, how you have grown! M y son, you
who have grown and become mighty!38 and again you are destined to become
mighty. I compare you, 39 my son Joseph, to a vine planted by springs o f water that
sends its roots into the ground,z and breaks the teeth o f allaa the rocks, and sends its
branches high and overshadows all the trees. Thus did you, Joseph my son, conquerbb
in your wisdom all the magicianscc o f the Egyptians and all their wise m en,M when
they mounted you on the second chariot o f Pharaohee and acclaimed before you:
Long live the father o f the king, who is a master in wisdom and youngff in years.

Apparatus, Chapter 49
s Nfmg: the Jordan and they shall bring them into of Israel) his tongue was sweet as honey (P: his
possession.. . , etc., as in PVN. lips flowed milk and honey; = Nf).
/ PVN: Blessed is Asher. How rich is his land. His "PVN: to the abyss and splits.
land will supply the delicacies of kings of the children aa Nfmg: and splits the teeth of all; = PVN.
of Israel; Nfmg: Blessed is Asher; how; = PVN. bb Nfmg: you teach.
uNfi: the fruits (of your land are) fat. cc P: all the wise men of the Egyptians and all their
wNfmg: and the land will supply; cf. PVN. magicians.
* PVN: that Joseph was still alive; he went down to dd Nfmg: and all their magicians; P.
Egypt. ee Nfmg: which Pharaoh has; = P; VN: which Phar
y PVN, Nfmg: (of) the field of Kephela; (and) when he aoh had.
opened his mouth in the congregation of Jacob (P: ^Nfmg: and tender.

Notes, Chapter 49
36. .. house of Asher . . . sons of Israel; HT: Ashers food shall be rich, and he shall yield royal dainties.
37Naphtali is a swift runner. . . from his lips; HT: Naphtali is a hind let loose, that bears comely fawns. The He
brew 'mryspr, rendered above as comely fawns, is interpreted in the Pal. Tg. paraphrase as words of beauty. The end
of the paraphrase gives examples of Naphtalis good tidings. The midrash on the bearing of the good tidings that Joseph
was still alive is also found in an anonymous midrash cited by M. Kasher, Torah Shelemah VI, note 289, p. 1838 (cf.
Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 50 to Gen 49). The midrash on the fetching of the deed of possession is found in a number of rab
binic texts (noted by Grossfeld, loc. cit.), e.g., Gen. R. 98,17: you find that when they went up to inter our ancestor Jacob,
the children of Heth came to dispute their right to bury him (in the cave of Machpelah). Whereupon Naphtali ran like a
hind and brought the title deeds from Egypt and confirmed (spr) their rights. The concluding sentence of the blessing is
also paralleled in rabbinic texts, e.g., Gen. R. 97 (supplement) and 71,8 (on Gen 30:8, citing Ps 19:11).
38My son Joseph . . . to become mighty; HT (RSV): Joseph is a fruitful (prt) bough, a fruitful (prt) bough by a
spring. The Pal. Tg. paraphrase interprets prt as grow (up). So also does Gen. R. 98,18 (on Gen 49:22) and 78,10 (on
Gen 33:5): You have waxed great; likewise the Vulgate: filius accrescensIoseph, filius accrescens. On the Pal. Tg. para
phrase of Gen 49:22-24 and its relationship to Jewish tradition, see Syrn, 141-144.
39I compare you. . . in years. This paraphrase is built on the HT (RSV): a fruitful bough by a spring. The bough is
understood as vine, spring is taken literally, and the image of the growing vine developed: it put down roots and sent
up branches. The text goes on to spell out from the biblical record and some non-biblical sources how Joseph prospered
in Egypt, conquering its magicians and wise men, honored by the second chariot (Gen 41:37-45), the salutation Abrek
(compare with N f paraphrase as in 41:43).
224 Translation

And the daughters o f the kings40 and the rulers88 gazed at you by the windows, hh and
listened to you from the lattices, and cast before you chains, rings and necklaces11
and breast pendants and all kinds o f gold, hoping you would raise your eyes and look
at one o f them. Far from you, Joseph, my son! You did not raise your eyes nor lookjj
at one o f them.kk And the daughters o f the kings and o f the rulers said one to the
other: This is Joseph, the pious man, who has not gone after the appearances o f his
eyes nor the imaginations o f his heart. mm Those are they that destroy the son o f man
from the world.nn Because o f this there will arise from him two tribes: Manasseh and
Ephraim who will receive a portion and an inheritance with his brothers in the divi
sion o f the land. 23. They spoke against him, 0041 but all the magicians o f Egypt and
their wise menpp were no match for him. They spoke evil before their master, and
they informed against him before Pharaoh, the king o f Egypt, in order to bring him
down from his dignityqq and to remove him from his royal throne.rr They spoke ca
lumnious language against him in the palace o f Pharaoh, which was more

Apparatus, Chapter 49
gg VN: the daughters of rulers gazed; P: the daugh ance of the eyes and the imaginations of the heart
ters of kings and of rulers. destroy the son of man (VN: of men) from the
hh Nfmg + P: and from the windows they looked on midst of the world.
you from the beginning and cast upon you chains, (P 00 P: They spoke to him and rose up against him and
+ : rings), necklaces (catella; Greek or Latin loan informed against him before Pharaoh the king of
word), and breast pendants (correcting P) to see if Egypt in order to bring him down from his royal
you would raise your countenance and look at one of throne; and they spoke evil against (or: concerning)
them. him in calumnious language (lit.: third or three
" catella; Greek or Latin (catena) loan word. fold, tongue) in the palace (palation, Greek loan
JJNfmg: you did not raise your face and did not look; word) of Pharaoh, which was harsher on him than ar
cf. P. rows; Nfmg: and they spoke to him and rose
kk Nfmg: (one) of them, so that you would not be a against him and they ate before; cf. P. VN in v. 23 as
partner, a partner with her in Gehenna in the world Nf, with variants as below.
to come and the daughters o f; cf. P: one of them, pp Nfi: and all the wise men.
lest you be a partner with her in Gehenna, and the qq Nfmg: to bring him down from his dignity (they
daughters o f.. . . spoke); VN: from his glory, they spoke.
mmtext lit.: his hearts. rr Nfmg: his royal throne, and they spoke evil against
nn Nfmg 1: since these cast out man from this world; (or: concerning) him in a third tongue; =P.
hence; Nfmg 2: these destroy the son of man from
the midst of the world; cf. PVN: since the appear

Notes, Chapter 49
40. .. daughters of kings. . . imaginations of the heart. The paraphrase is based on the HT: bnwts'dh lyswr, lit. the
daughters (=the branches) have run (=grown) over the wall. The paraphrase of N f (and Pal. Tg.) is found also in Jewish
sources, e.g., Gen. R. 98,18: The daughters run over the wall. You find that when Joseph went forth to rule over Egypt,
daughters of kings used to look at him over the lattices and throw bracelets, necklets, ear-rings, and finger-rings to him, so
that he might lift up his eyes and look at them. Said the Holy One, blessed be He, to him: You did not lift up your eyes and
look at them. By your life, I will give your daughters an ornament in the Torah. Other texts in Hebrew in Grossfeld, op.
cit., note 55.
4'They spoke against him . . . arrows: HT (RSV): The archers fiercely attacked him, shot at him and harassed him
sorely. Archers with their arrows are understood as slanderers with their slanderous tongues. There is a similar under
standing of the text in rabbinic sources, e.g., Gen. R. 98,19, where slander is compared to an arrow: both kill from afar.
Slander is spoken in Rome and kills in Syria. In N f (and Pal. Tg.) Josephs enemies are again identified as the Egyptian
magicians and wise men. The same identification in the Jewish midrash Sekh Tob, in loc. (p. 318). Text in Grossfeld,
Neofiti, note 56.
 Translation 225

harassingss for him than arrows. 24. But he placed" his confidence in the Strong
O ne.42 He stretched out his hand43 and his arms to beseech mercy from the Strong
One of his father Jacob, with the strength o f whose arm uu all the tribes of Israel are
sustained. 44 25. May the Memra o f the God of your father be at your aid, 45 and may
the God o f the heavens46 bless you with the best o f the dew47 and the rain that de
scend from the heavens from above and with the blessing o f the springs48 of the
abyss that come up from the earth, from beneath. Blessed are the breasts49 from
which you sucked and the womb within which you lay.xx 26. May the blessings of
your father50 be added for you,yy to the blessings with which my fathers Abraham

Apparatus, Chapter 49
ss Nfmg: (more) cutting. yy PVN: May the blessings of your father be added to
u P: and he put. the blessings with which (VN + : my fathers)
uu VN: under whose strong arm the tribes of Israel are Abraham and Isaac blessed me (P: you) who are com
guided and come; P: since it is from under whose parable to the mountains, and to (PVN: from) the
strong arm, since it is from there, that all the tribes of blessings of the four mothers Sarah, Rebekah,
the sons of Israel sing (corr. to are guided). Rachel, and Leah, who are comparable to the hills.
wvvP: that gush forth and come up from the earth May all these blessings come, and let them become a
below, and by the blessings of your father and your crown of majesty on the head of Joseph, and on the
mother; Nfmg: that gush forth and come up; = P. brow of the (P + pious) man who was king (VN: lord)
Also in VN: Blessed are the breasts from which you and ruler over the land of Egypt, and who was con
sucked and the womb in which you lay; cf. Luke cerned about the glory of his father, (P + : and did
11:27. not change the crown of majesty of his brothers).

Notes, Chapter 49

42He placed in the Strong One his confidence; HT: But his bow remained firm (lit. in strength). The paraphrase
understands Jacobs bow of HT as his confidence, and strength of HT as God, the Strong One. In Gen. R. 98,20 the
HT is understood of Josephs sexual passion. In Gen. R. 89, 2 (on Gen 41:5, with an exposition of Ps 40:5), however,
Joseph is praised for having placed his trust in the Lord.
43He stretched out his hand . . . Jacob; HT (RSV): his arms were made agile, by the hands of the mighty One of
Jacob.
44with the strength of whose arm. . . sustained; HT (RSV): by the name of (msm\ or: from there) the Shepherd, the
Rock of Israel. N f takes m-sm to refer to the preceding Strong One (i.e., God) and to the arm of God (v. 24a). It also
paraphrases Shepherd as the One who sustains (cf. Tg. Ps 80:2).
45Memra. . . at your aid; HT (RSV): by the God of your father, may he help you. At your aid is a good Targumic
expression, often rendering God (the Lord) is (or: be) with you (though less so in Nf; cf. N f28:20; 31:5; 35:3; see Intro
duction, p. 28).
46God of the heavens; N fs invariable translation of HT: El Shaddai; see Introduction, p. 35.
47the best of the dew . . . from above; HT: with the blessings of the heavens above. For N fs paraphrase see Deut
33:13; Gen 27:28, 39.
48blessings of the springs . . . from beneath; HT: blessings of the deep that couches beneath.
49Blessed are the breasts from which you sucked and the womb within which you lay; HT: blessings of the breasts
and of the womb. An almost identical Aramaic paraphrase of the HT is found in Gen. R. 98,20: Blessings ofthe breasts
and o f the womb, which means: Blessed be the breasts that suckled such a one and the womb which brought forth such a
one. This is almost identical with Luke 11:27. On the possible relationship between the two see R. Le Daut, 1962, 51 ;
idem, Targumic Literature and New Testament Interpretation (Rome, 1974) 246; McNamara, 1966A, 131; Syrn, 15 If.
50This verse is a paraphrase of HT: The blessings of your fathers are mighty beyond the blessings of my progenitors,
hwry d, generally corrected to hrry d, (eternal) mountains. In the Pal. Tg. paraphrase HT hwry (whatever of the possi
ble corruption of the primitive text) is understood as designating Jacobs progenitors, Abraham and Isaac, to which the
Pal. Tg. of the marginal gloss (see Apparatus) adds the four rfiatriarchs Sarah, Rebekah, Rachel and Leah. A similar inter
pretation is found in rabbinic sources; texts in Syrn, 135f.; and Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 66 to Gen 49.
226 Translation

and Isaac22 blessed me, which the lords o f the world Ishmael and Esau longed for
from the beginning. 51 Let all these blessings come; let them become a crown o f dig
nity on the head52 of Joseph, and on the brow of the pious man who was master and
ruler over the land o f Egypt, and paid attention to the honor o f his father and the
honor o f his brothers. a 27. Benjaminb is a strong tribe. 53 In his territory will the
sanctuary be built and in his possessions will the Glory o f the Shekinah o f the Lord
dwell. In the morning the priests will offer the perpetual lamb with the minhah, and
in the eveningc they will divide what remains o f the offerings o f the sons o f Israel.
28. All these are twelve tribes of Israel and this is the blessing with which he blessed
them; each d according to his own blessing he blessed them. 29. And he commanded
them and said to them: Behold, I am being gathered to my people. Bury me with
my fathers in the cave which is in the field of Ephron, the Hittite, 30. in the cave
that is in the field of Kephela which is opposite Mamre of Canaan, the field which
Abraham bought from Ephron the Hittite as a burial-possession. 31. There they
buried Abraham and Sarah his wife. There they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife,
and there I buried Leah. 32. The purchase of the field and the cave in it was from
the sons of Heth. 33. And Israel completed giving command to his sons and gath
ered his feet within the bed and ended (his days) and died and was gathered to his
people.

Apparatus, Chapter 49
Nfmg: who are comparable to mountains and to dwell in his possessions.. . , etc., as in Nf, with some
(text: from) the blessings of the four mothers, Sarah, variants; Nfmg: likened to a violent bear and in
Rebekah, Rachel, and Leah, who are comparable to (his) territory; cf. PVN.
hills: let them all come; = PVN. c P: (and at twilight they shall offer the lamb of the
a Nfmg: and did not change any of this majesty of his whole burnt offering and (its) libations and in the
brothers; cf. P., in note yy above. evening . . . Nfmg: (the lamb) of the whole burnt
PVN: (P: Benjamin is a) strong (tribe), likened to a and its libations and between.
violent bear. In his territory the sanctuary will be d Nfmg: (which) their father spoke with them and he
built and the Glory of the Shekinah of the Lord will blessed them each.

Notes, Chapter 49
5which the Lord of the world. . . from the beginning, probably reading the HT as to the (utmost) longing ( d t wt) of
the everlasting hills. In N f the everlasting hills are identified with Ishmael and Esau. In rabbinic literature this same bib
lical text is interpreted with reference to the yearning of the patriarchs (fathers of the world), e.g., Gen. R. 98,20. See
further Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 68 to Gen 49.
52On the head . . . of his brothers. N f is a paraphrase of the HT (RSV): May they be on the head of Joseph, on the
brow of him who was separate from his brothers.
53Benjamin. . . sons of Israel. The N f (and Pal. Tg.) paraphrase is on HT : Benjamin is a ravenous wolf, in the morn
ing devouring the prey and at even dividing the spoils. Gen. R. 99,1 records a discussion between R. Jose the Galilean
and R. Akiba on the meaning of this verse. For the former it referred to the mountains; for the latter to the tribes, with
explicit mention of the Temple being in the territory of Benjamin. The same belief on the location of the Temple, or at
least part of it, in Benjamin is found in other rabbinic texts (e.g., Gen. R. 93,12) and already in the Testament o f Benjamin
9,2 (in the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs: the Temple of God shall be your portion). In the Targumic paraphrase
all the pejorative references to Benjamin are removed (ravenous wolf, war references). The Pal. Tg. paraphrase concen
trates on just one point: the Temple and its daily sacrifices. The HT terms prey and spoils are understood as the daily
sacrifices, as they also are in some rabbinic sources, e.g., Gen. R. 99,3: R. Phinehas applied the verse to the altar. As a
wolf seizes, so does the altar seize the sacrifices. In the morning, etc. The one lamb you shall offer in the morning (Num
28:4), And at the even, etc. And the other you shall offer at dusk (Num 28:4). For some reason which is not quite clear, the
Temple altar was also compared in Jewish tradition to a ravenous wolf (cf. 1 Kgs 8:5; Josephus, Ant. 15,11,6, 421 ; other
texts noted in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 71 to Gen 49). See also B. Barry Levy, 1, 1986, 304f.
 Translation 227

CHAPTER 50
1. And Joseph fell upon the face of his father and wept over him and kissed him.
And Joseph laid his father1 on a bed o f ivory; overlaid with gold,a inlaid with pearls,
filled and reinforced with precious (?) stone,b linen and purple. Precious wines and
precious aromatic spices were poured out there. Precious perfumesc were burnt there.
Kingdoms and rulers from the sons o f Ishmael stood there. Rulers from the sons o f
Esau stood there. Rulers from the sons o f Keturah stood there. There stood Judah,
the lion, the warrior o f his brothers.c bls Judah answered and said to his brothers:
Come, let us plantdfor our father a tall cedar, 2 its top reaching to the heavens and
its rootse reaching to the generations o f the world. For from him there have gone
forth the twelve tribes o f the sons o f Israel. For from him have gone forth priests with
their trumpets and Levites with their harps. Then Joseph bent downf over the neck
of his father and Joseph wept over him and kissed him. 2. And Joseph commanded

Apparatus, Chapter 50
a VN for entire v. 1 almost verbatim as Nf; variants of tbyn, good) aromas; there stood those of the house
VN and P given below. Both begin: and Joseph laid of Esau; there stood warriors from those of the house
his father on an ivory bed. of Jacob; from those of the house of Ishmael they
b PVN : strengthened with byssus ( = linen) material. were standing (there); the lion.
c PVN: there stood there men from the sons of Esau; cbis ^ text. gwfoyyn men of his brothers; correct
there stood there rulers from the sons of Ishmael; to (?): gbrhwn, warrior of (his brothers); cf. VN
there stood there Judah the lion . . . ; P continues: gw(?)bryhwn d hwy; CTg FF (Tosefta), [gyb]ryhwn.
and he said to his brothers: Come, let us weep . . . ; ^Nfmg 1: and they built upon (or: to) our father;
Nfmg 1: fine (gold), and set with precious stones Nfmg 2: and let us build upon (or: to); PVN: let
and jewels and reinforced with stones (bbn\yn]y, cor us weep to (or: or) our father, the tall cedar.
rect to: material bmnyrtf', or to b tny, cords) of e Nfmg: (let) its branches reach to all the dwellers of
linen and purple. There were poured out, poured out, the earth and its roots reach the lower part of the
wines (correcting text) perfumes. There stood warri abyss. From him there arose in Israel twelve tribes.
ors from those of the house of Esau; there stood From him, <priests> to offer sacrifice, and from
rulers from those of the house of Jacob, there stood him there arose Levites in their divisions to make
the lion; Nfmg 2: there were poured out heated music. Behold, therefore, he bowed down.
dates (tmryn\ corr. to hmryn, wines), there were ^Nfi: and then he trembled; or probably to be read
burned < . . .> and there stood thick { byn\ corr. to: as: and then be bowed down.

Notes, Chapter 50
And Joseph laid his father. . . and kissed him. This long midrash on the events surrounding Jacobs death is found
in the various Pal. Tg. texts (Nf, PVN), in Ps.-J. and the Targumic Tosefta CTg X, but has no apparent parallel in rab
binic literatureGrossfeld, Neofiti, note 1 to Gen 50. Note that the Aramaic text of N f rendered filled . . . precious
perfumes has a number of rare words and is probably in part corrupt. Thus: precious (?) stones linen, b bnbw'h bws.
The term bwh (unclearSokoloff, 1990, 87) does not occur elsewhere. VNL has bm'ny b w s\with linen material, of
which N f may be a corruption. Likewise the term rendered precious wines, hmdnyn (=? desirous thingsSokoloff,
1990, 204), also a hapax legomenon, is possibly a corruption of hmryn, wines, found in PVNL. CTg FF (a Tosefta),
however, has hmrnyyn (winesKlein, 1986, I, 170).
2Come let us plant (nbn lit. build) for our father a tall cedar ( >zV Since the use of nbny (generally used in the sense
of build) for planting a tree is quite unusual, B. Barry Levy (1, 1986, 309f.) is of the opinion that it seems that Judah
wanted to build an rz\ i.e., a chest for collecting bones, a sarcophagus, possibly a pyramid. Thus, at least, with regard
to the original form of the paraphrase, which would have been elaborated later when >z'was believed to have denoted to
a cedar.
 228 Translation

his servants, the physicians, to embalmg his father. And the physicians embalmed
Israel. 3. And forty days were completed for him, for thus are completed the days of
embalming.* And the Egyptians wept for him seventy days. 4. And the days of
weeping passed, and Joseph spoke with the men o f3 the house of Pharaoh, saying:
If' I have found grace and favor4 in your sight, speak, I pray, in the hearing of7
Pharaoh saying: 5. My father made me swear saying: Behold I am dying. In my
grave that I dug* for myself in the land Canaan, there youmwill bury me. And now,
I will go up, I pray, to bury my father and return. 6. And Pharaoh said: Go up
and bury your father as he has made you swear. 7. And Joseph went up to bury his
father. And there went up with him all the rulers"5 of Pharaoh and all the adminis
trators6 o f the land of Egypt, 8. and all the men o f3 the house of Joseph, his broth
ers and the house of his father. Only their little ones and their sheep and their oxen
they left in the land of Goshen. 9. And there went up with him both chariots and
horsemen and the host was very great.0 10. And they arrivedp at the threshing-place
of Atadah, which is beyond the Jordan, and they made there a very big and bitter
lamentation. And he observed97 for his father a mourning of seven days. 11. And
the inhabitants of the land o f Canaanr saw8 the mourning in the threshing-place of
Atadah and they said: This is a bitter mourning for the Egyptians. Because of
this its name was called Ebel-misraim, which is beyond the Jordan. 12. And his
sons did for him according as he had commanded them. 13. And his sons carried
him to the land of Canaan and buried him in the cave of the field o f Kephela, which
field Abraham bought as a burial-possession from Ephron the Hittite, in front of
M am re/ 14. And after he had buried his father, Joseph returned to Egypt, he and
his brothers and all that came up with him, to bury his father. 15. And the brothers
of Joseph saw that their father was dead and said: Perchance Joseph will bear a

Apparatus, Chapter 50

s Nfmg: the physicians to embalm (different word nNfmg: sages.

and forms). Nfmg: strong.
hNfmg: embalming (different word). p Nfmg: they came.
' Nfmg +: I pray. q Nfmg: and he made for his father.
JNfmg: before him. rNfmg: the land of the Canaanites.
k Nfmg: was acquired. 5Nfmg: which is opposite Mamre.
mIn text you sing.; Nfmg: you (plur.) shall bury.

Notes, Chapter 50

3the men of; an addition to the usual style of Nf.

4grace and favor; hn whsd; HT: hn\ usual N f paraphrase of HT hn\ see note to 6:8 and 32:6.
5rulers (of Pharaoh); HT: servants.
6administrators of Pharaoh, epitropos, Greek loan word; HT: the elders of his house and all the elders of the land of
Egypt. N f leaves portion of the HT untranslated.
he observed; HT: he made.
8the inhabitants of the land of Canaan saw; HT: the Canaanite inhabitants of the land saw.
 Translation 229

grudge against us and repay' us all the evil that we have heaped on him. 16. And
the tribes'1 commanded Bilhah, Josephs foster-mother,9 to say to him: Your
father" commanded before he died* saying: 17. Thus shall you say to Joseph: We
beseech, forgive now, and pardon the offenses10 of your brothers^ and their sins be
cause they have heaped evil on you. And now forgive, we pray, and pardon the
rebelliousness of the servants of the G odz of your father. And Joseph wept as he
spokeaa with her.11 18. And his brothers also went and fell before him and said:
Behold, we are your servants. 19. And Joseph said to them:** Do not be afraid,
because far from me to repay you the evil that you did to m e.cc Are not the thoughts
o f the sons o f man manifest before the Lord?12 20. And you planned evil against me;
before the Lord it was reckoned13 as gooddd so as to preserve alive14 this day a nu
merous people/* 21. And now do not fear:^I will provide** for you and your little
ones. Joseph answered and said to them:hH Ten stars15 tried to destroy one star,

Apparatus, Chapter 50
1 Nfmg 1: hates us and he repays; Nfmg 2: that Nfmg: because from me the evil you have done is
(Joseph) retains for us. over; cf. PVB.
u PVB (Bomberg 1517): and the tribes commanded dd Nfmg: evil, the Memra of the Lord beckoned it as
Bilhah, Rachels maid, to say to Joseph: Your father from before.
commanded before he died (lit.: was gathered) ee Nfmg: to preserve alive as the time of this day an as
saying. sembly of many multitudes (Greek loan word:
wNfmg 1: Rachels maid to say to Joseph: Your fa ochlos).
ther; = VB; Nfmg 2: to Bilhah to say to Joseph: ffP: Now do not fear. I will sustain you and your little
Your father. ones, and comfort them. And he said to them: Eleven
*Nfmg: was gathered (= PVB). stars sought to destroy one star and were not able;
y Nfmg: pardon the sins (lit.: debts) of the ser and one starhow could it destroy eleven stars? For
vants of. this reason he spoke consolations to their heart.
z Nfmg: the sins (lit.: debts) of the servants of the ^Nfmg: Joseph answered < . . .> I will sustain;
God. cf. P.
aa Nfmg: as they spoke. hh Nfmg: Joseph said to them: Ten stars < . . .> and
bb PVB: And Joseph said to them: Fear not, because how could one star be able to destroy.
for me the evil you have done me is over. Are not the
thoughts of the sons of man (manifest) before the
Lord?

Notes, Chapter 50
9the tribes. . . commanded Bilhah, Josephs foster-mother. The same insertions into HT: they commanded Joseph
saying also in Frg. Tgs. and Ps.-J. This haggadic addition is also found in rabbinic literature, e.g., Tanh. B. sw, X; Leq.
Tob, ad loc. Sekh. Tob, ad loc. (texts in Grossfeld, Neofiti, note 8 to Gen 50).
10forgive now and pardon the offenses; HT: forgive the transgression.
11with her; HT: to him; change due to introduction of Josephs foster-mother into the paraphrase.
12far from me . . . before the Lord; HT: am I in the place of God?
13before the Lord it was reckoned; HT: God reckoned it.
14in order to preserve alive; HT: in order to do . . . , etc.; N f omits translation of to do, possibly by error, as it is
found in Ps.-J. and Pesh.
l5Joseph answered and said . . . ten stars. This midrash, found also in P, is likewise attested in rabbinic texts, e.g.,
Gen. R. 100,9: . . . you have been likened to the stars. Ten stars wished to destroy one star, but could not prevail against
it. Can I then change the natural order of the world (that one star should destroy) twelve stars?
230 Translation

and they were not able to destroy it. And how will it be possible that one star could
destroy ten stars? And he consoled them and spoke to" their hearts words o f
peace.16 22. And Joseph dwelt in Egypt, he and the men o f his fathers house. And
Joseph lived a hundred and ten years. 23. And Joseph saw the sons of Ephraim, the
third generation; 17 also the sons of Machir, the son of Manasseh; they were born
upon the knees of Joseph. 24. And Joseph said to his brothers: Behold, I am about
to die/7 but the Lordkk will remember you in his good mercies18 and bring you up
from this land to the land he swore to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob. 25. And
Joseph adjured the sons of Israel, saying: When the Lord shall remember you in his
good mercies,18 you will bring u p mm my bones from here. 26. And Joseph died at
the age of a hundred and ten years; and they embalmed h im ,19 and put him in the
coffin in Egypt."

Apparatus, Chapter 50
11Nfmg: with. nn VB: and they embalmed him and put him in a sar
jJ Nfmg: be gathered (i.e., die). cophagus (Greek loan word: glossokomos or
kk Nfmg: the Memra of the Lord. glossokomon, casket) in the land of Egypt; Nfmg
mmNfmg + : with you. P: in a casket (glossokomon).

Notes, Chapter 50

16words of peace; an addition to HT.

17generation; addition in HT.
18. .. remember in his good mercies; HT: God will surely visit you. N fs paraphrase here is in keeping with the
translations overall principle on the rendering of HT texts with reference to Gods remembering or visiting: on which see
note to 8:1 (with remember in HT) and 21:1 (visit).
l9him: in addition in N f to HT.
 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Manuscripts of the Palestinian Targums

Neofiti
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codex Neofiti 1.

Fragment Targums
Paris, Bibliothque Nationale, MS Hbr. 110, fol. 1-16 (=P);
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ebr. 440, fol. 198-227 (=V);
Nrnberg, Stadtbibliothek Solger 2.2, fol. 119-147 (=N);
Leipzig, Universittsbibliothek B.H., fol. 1 (=L);
New York, Jewish Theological Seminary (Lutzki) 605, (E.N. Adler 2587), fol. 6, 7 (=J);
London, British Library Oriental 10794, fol. 8 (=Br.);
Moscow, Giinzberg 3 (copied from MS Nrnberg);
Sassoon Private Collection 264, fol. 225-267 (copied from 2nd Biblia Rabbinica).

Cairo Genizah Manuscripts o f the Palestinian Targums

Principally in libraries in:
Cambridge, University Library (Taylor-Schechter Collection);
Oxford, Bodleian Library;
Leningrad, Saltykov-Schedrin Library (Antonin Collection);
New York, Jewish Theological Seminary (Adler Collection).

Pseudo-Jonathan
London, British Library, Additional 27031.

EDITIONS OF TEXTS

Neofiti I
Diez Macho, A. Neophyti I. Targum Palestinense. MS de la Biblioteca Vaticana. Vols.
1-5. Madrid-Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas;
1 Genesis, 1968; 2 Exodo\ 3 Levitico, 1971; 4 Numeros, 1974; 5 Deuteronomio,
1978.
231
232 Select Bibliography

Genizah Fragments
Kahle, P. Masoreten des Westens II. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1930.
Klein, M. L. Genizah Manuscripts o f Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch. 2 vols.
Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986.

Fragment Targums
Ginsburger, M. Das Fragmententhargum. Berlin: Calvary, 1899; reprint, Jerusalem:
Makor, 1969.
Klein, M. L. The Fragment-Targums o f the Pentateuch According to Their Extant
Sources. 2 vols. Analecta Biblica 76. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1980.

Pseudo-Jonathan
Clarke, E. G., with Aufrecht, W. E.; Hurd, J. C.; Spitzer, F. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan o f
the Pentateuch: Text and Concordance. Hoboken, N.J.: Ktav, 1984.
Diez Macho, A. Biblia Polyglotta Matritensia. Series IV. Targum Palaestinense in
Pentateuchum. Additur Targum Pseudojonathan ejusque hispanica versio. Editio
critica curante A. Diez Macho, adjuvantibus L. Diez Merino, E. Martinez
Borobio, T. Martinez Saiz. Pseudojonathan hispanica versio: T. Martinez Saiz.
Targum Palaestinensis testimonia ex variis fontibus: R. Grino., Madrid: Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. L. 2, Exodus, 1980; L. 3, Leviticus,
1980; L. 4, Numeri, 1977; L. 5, Deuteronomium, 1980; L. 1, Genesis, 1989.
Ginsburger, M. Pseudo-Jonathan. (Thargum-Jonathan ben Usil zum Pentateuch).
Nach der Londoner Handschrift (Brit. Mus. Add. 27031). Berlin: Calvary, 1903.
Rieder, D. Pseudo-Jonathan: Targum Jonathan ben Uziel on the Pentateuch copied
from the London MS. (British Museum Add. 27031). Jerusalem: Salomons,
1974. Reprinted with Hebrew translation and notes; 2 vols. Jerusalem, 1984-85.

Onqelos
Berliner, A. Targum Onkelos. Herausgegeben und erlutert von A. Berliner. Berlin:
Gorzelanczyk, 1884.
Sperber, A. The Bible in Aramaic. Vol. 1, The Pentateuch according to Targum Onkelos.
Leiden: Brill, 1959.

Other Targum Texts

Diez Macho, A. Nueva Fuente para el Targum Palestino del dia sptimo de Pascua y
Primero de Pentecosts, in Escritos de Biblia y Oriente. Miscelanea conmem-
orativa del 25 aniversario del Instituto Espanol Biblico y Arqueolgico (Casa de
Santiago) de Jerusaln. Bibliotheca Salmanticensis, Estudios 38; ed., R. Aguirre,
F. Garcia Lopez. Salamanca-Jerusalem: Universidad Pontificia, 1981, 233-257.
idem: Nuevos Fragmentos de Tosefta Targumica, Sefarad 16 (1956) 313-324.
 Select Bibliography 233

idem: Deux nouveaux fragments du Targum Palestinien New York, in Studi sull
Oriente e la Bibbia offerti a P. G. Rinaldi. Genoa: Studio e Vita, 1967, 175-178.
Hurwitz, S. Machsor Vitry, nach der Handschrift im British Museum (Cod. Add. No.
27200 u. 27201). Leipzig, 1899; 2nd edition Nrnberg: Bulka, 1923; reprint
Jerusalem: Aleph, 1963, 305-344.
Kasher, R. A Targumic Tosefta to Genesis 2:1-3, Sinay 78 (1976-77) 9-17.
Klein, M. The Targumic Tosefta to Exodus 15:2, JJS 26 (1975) 61-67.
Komlosh, Y. The Targum Version of the Crossing of the Red Sea, Sinay 45 (1959)
223-238.

Translations of the Palestinian Targums of the Pentateuch

Etheridge, J. W., The Targums o f Onkelos and Jonathan ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch,
with Fragments o f the Jerusalem Targum from the Chaldee. 2 vols. London:
Longman, Green, Longman, 1862, 1865. Reprint in one volume, New York:
Ktav, 1968.
Le Daut, R. with J. Robert. Targum du Pentateuque. Traduction des deux Recensions
Palestiniennes compltes. 4 vols. Trans. R. Le Daut with J. Robert. Sources
Chrtiennes 245, 256, 261, 271. Paris: Cerf. Vol. 1, Gense, 1978; vol. 2, Exode
et Lvitique, 1979; vol. 3, Nombres, 1979; vol. 4, Deutronome, 1980.
Codex Neofiti 1: Spanish translation by A. Diez Macho; French translation by R. Le
Daut; English translation by M. McNamara and M. Maher in the editio
princeps, ed. A. Diez Macho.
Pseudo-Jonathan: Spanish translation by T. Martinez Saiz in the Diez Macho edition in
Biblia Polyglotta Matritensia. See above. French translation in Le Daut-Robert;
see above. Hebrew translation in Rieder, 1984-85; see above.

Rabbinic Sources
Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael. 3 vols.; edited and translated by J. Z. Lauterbach. Philadel
phia: JPS, 1933-35; reprint 1949.
Mekilta de-Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai, eds. J. N. Epstein and E. Z. Melamed. Jerusalem:
Hillel Press, (no date).
Midrash Bereshit Rabbah. Critical edition with notes and commentary. 3 vols., eds. J.
Theodor and Ch. Albeck. Jerusalem: Wahrmann, 1965.
Midrash Tanhuma. Wilna, 1833; reprint Israel, no date. (Referred to as Tanh. A).
Midrash Tanhuma. 2 vols., ed. S. Buber. Wilna, 1885; reprint Jerusalem, 1964. (Re
ferred to as Tanh. B.).
Pesikta de Rab Kahana. 2 vols., ed. B. Mandelbaum. New York: Jewish Theological
Seminary, 1962.
Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer, ed. D. Luria. Warsaw, 1852.
234 Select Bibliography

Sifre on Deuteronomy, ed. L. Finkeistein. Berlin, 1939; reprint New York: JPS, 1969.
Sifre on Numbers, ed. H. S. Horovitz. Leipzig: Fock, 1917; reprint Jerusalem:
Wahrmann, 1966.
Talmud Yerushalmi. Krotoschin, 1866; reprint Jerusalem, 1960.
Tosefta, ed. M. S. Zuckermandel. Jerusalem: Wahrmann, 1963.

Translations of Rabbinic Works

The Babylonian Talmud. Translated into English with notes, glossary and indices. Ed. I.
Epstein. 18-vol. edition. London: Soncino, 1978.
Los Captulos de Rabbi Eliezer. Version critica, introduction y notas por M. Prez
Fernandez. Biblioteca Midrsica 1. Valencia: Institucion S. Jeronimo para la
Investigation Biblica, 1984.
The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan. Trans. J. Goldin. Yale Judaica Series 10. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. (Referred to as ARN A).
The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan (Abot de Rabbi Nathan), Version B. Trans. A. J.
Saldarini. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity 11. Leiden: Brill, 1957. (Re
ferred to as ARN B).
The Midrash on Psalms. Translated from the Hebrew and Aramaic by W. G. Braude. 2
vols. Yale Judaica Series XIII. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958-59.
The Midrash Rabbah. Ed. H. Freedman and M. Simon. New Compact Edition in 5
vols. London: Soncino, 1977. (Referred to as Gen. R., Exod. R., etc.).
The Mishnah. Trans. H. Danby. Oxford: University Press, 1939.
Pesikta de-Rab Kahana. Trans. W. G. Braude and I. J. Kapstein. Philadelphia: JPS,
1975.
Pesikta Rabbati. 2 vols. Trans. W. G. Braude. Yale Judaica Series XVIII. New Haven-
London, 1968.
Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer. The Chapters o f Rabbi Elizier the Great. Translated and Anno
tated by G. Friedlander. New York: Sepher-Hermon, 4th ed. 1981.
Sefer ha-Yashar, or The Book ofYasher. Referred to in Joshua and Samuel. Trans. M. M.
Noah. New York: Noah and Gould, 1840.
Tanna debe EliyyahuThe Lore of the School of Elijah. Translated from the Hebrew
by W. G. Braude and I. J. Kapstein. Philadelphia: JPS, 1981.

General
Aberbach, M.: 1969, Patriotic Tendencies in Targum Onkelos, The Journal o f Hebraic
Studies 1, 13-24.
Aberbach, M., and Grossfeld, B.: 1976, Targum Onkelos on Genesis 49. SBL Aramaic
Studies 1. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press.
 Select Bibliography 235

Aberbach, M., and Grossfeld, B.: 1982, Targum Onkelos to Genesis. New York: Ktav.
Alexander, P. S.: 1972, The Targumim and Early Exegesis o f Sons of God in Genesis
6, JJS 23, 60-71.
idem: 1974, The Toponomy o f the Targumim with Special Reference to the Table o f Na
tions and the Boundaries o f the Holy Land. Dissertation, Oxford University.
idem: 1976, The Rabbinic Lists of Forbidden Targumim, JJS 27, 178-191.
idem: 1985, The Targumim and the Rabbinic Rules for the Delivery of the Targum,
VTSupp 36, 14-28.
Allony, N.: 1975, The Jerusalem Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. Rieders edition (in He
brew), Beth Miqra 62, 423-425.
Aptowitzer, A.: 1930-31, The Heavenly Temple According to the Haggadah (He
brew), Tarbiz 2, 137-153, 251- H I .
Aptowitzer, V.: 1924, Asenath, the Wife of Joseph. A Haggadic Literary-Historical
Study, HUCA 1, 239-306.
Aruch Completum sive Lexicon vocabula et res quae in Libris Targumicis, Talmudicis,
et Midraschicis continentur, explicans. N. b. Jechielis. Ed. A. Kohut. Vienna:
Brg, 1878-92.
Bacher, W.: 1874, Das gegenseitige Verhltniss der pentateuchischen Targumim,
ZDMG 28, 59-72.
idem: 1884, 1890, Die Agada der Tannaiten. 2 vols. Strasbourg: Tbner.
idem: 1899, 1905, 1965, Die exegetische Terminologie der jdischen Traditionsliteratur.
2 vols. Leipzig, 1899, 1905. 2 vols, in one. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche
Buchgesellschaft, 1965.
idem: 1906, Targum, JE 12, 57-63.
Bamberger, B. J.: 1975, Halakic Elements in the Neofiti Targum: A Preliminary State
ment, JQR 66, 27-38.
Barnstein, H.: 1899, A Noteworthy Targum MS. in the British Museum, JQR 11,
167-171.
Barry Levy, B.: see under Levy, Barry B.
Bascom, R.: 1985, The Targums: Ancient Readers Helps? The Bible Translator 36,
301-316.
Beer, B.: 1859, Leben Abraham s nach Auffassung der jdischen Sage. Leipzig: Leeiner.
Bernstein, M. J.: 1986, A New Manuscript of Tosefta Targum, Proceedings o f the
Ninth World Congress o f Jewish Studies. Jerusalem, August 4-12, 1985.
Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 151-157. The toseftas dealt with are
located at Gen 44:18 and 45:4.
Beyer, K.: 1983, Die aramischen Texte vom Toten Meer. Gttingen: Vandenhoeck und
Ruprecht.
236 Select Bibliography

Black, M.: 1967, An Aramaic Approach to the Gospel and Acts, 3rd ed. Oxford:
Clarendon, 1967.
Bloch, R.: 1955A, 1978, Note mthodologique pour ltude de la littrature
Rabbinique, Recherches de Science Religieuse 43, 194-227. Also published in
English as Methodological Note for the Study of Rabbinic Literature, trans. W.
S. Green and W. J. Sullivan, in Approaches to Ancient Judaism: Theory and Prac
tice. Ed. W. S. Green. Brown Judaic Studies I. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press,
1978, 51-75.
idem: 1955B, Note sur lutilisation des fragments de la Geniza du Caire pour ltude
du Targum Palestinien, REJ n.s. 14, 5-35.
idem: 1957, Juda engendra Phares et Zarah de Thamar (Mt 1:3), in Mlanges
bibliques rdig en lhonneur de Andr Robert. Travaux de LInstitut Catholique
de Paris, no. 4. Paris, pp. 381-389.
Bhl, F.: Die Metaphorisierung (Metila) in den Targumim zum Pentateuch, Frank
furter Judaistische Beitrge 15 (1987) 111-149.
Bowker, J.: 1969, The Targums and Rabbinic Literature. Cambridge: University Press.
Bowker, J. W.: 1967, Haggadah in the Targum Onqelos, JSS 12, 51-65.
Brayer, M. M.: 1950, Studies in the Pseudo Jonathan o f the Bible. Book o f Genesis. Un
published doctoral dissertation. New York: Yeshiva University.
idem: 1963, The Aramaic Pentateuch Targums and the Question of Avoiding Anthro
pomorphisms (in Hebrew), Talpiyot 8, 513-525.
idem: 1964, The Pentateuchal Targum Attributed to Jonathan ben UzzielA Source
for Unknown Midrashim (in Hebrew), in The Abraham Weiss Jubilee Volume.
Ed. M. S. Feldbaum. New York, 201-231.
idem: 1971, The Debate Between a Sadducee and a Pharisee in the Mouths of Cain
and Abel (in Hebrew), Beth Miqra 44, 583-585.
Brock, S.: 1979, Jewish Traditions in Syriac Sources, JJS 30, 212-232.
Burchard, C.: 1970, Zum Text von Joseph und Aseneth JStJud 1, 3-34.
Caquot, A.: 1976, La parole sur Juda dans le testament lyrique de Jacob (Gen 49,
8-12), Semitica 26, 5-32. '
Cashdan, E.: 1967, Names and the Interpretation of Names in the Pseudo-Jonathan
Targum to the Book of Genesis, in Essays Presented to Chief Rabbi Israel
Brodie on the Occasion o f His Seventieth Birthday. Ed. H.J. Zimmels, J.
Rabbinowitz, and L. Finestein. London: Soncino, pp. 31-39.
Cathcart, K.J., and Gordon, R.P.: The Targum o f the Minor Prophets. The Aramaic
Bible 14. Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1989.
Charlesworth, J. H., ed.: 1983, 1985, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Lon
don: Darton, Longman and Todd.
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Chester, A.: 1986, Divine Revelation and Divine Titles in the Pentateuchal Targumim.
Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 14. Tbingen: Mohr (Siebeck).
Chiesa, B.: 1977, Contrasti ideologici del tempo degli Asmonei nella Aggdh e nelle
versioni di Genesi 49, 3, Annali del Istituto Orientale di Napoli 37, 417-440.
Churgin, P.: 1933-34, The Targum and the Septuagint, AJSL 50, 40-65.
idem: 1943, On the Origin of Targumic Formulas (in Hebrew), Horeb 7, 103-109.
idem: 1946, The Halakah in Targum Onkelos (in Hebrew), Horeb 9, 79-93.
Clarke, E.G.: 1974-75, Jacobs Dream at Bethel as Interpreted in the Targums and the
New Testament, SR 4, 367-377.
idem: 1984, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan o f the Pentateuch: Text and Concordance. See
above under Editions of Texts: Pseudo-Jonathan.
idem: 1986, Noah: gbr sdyq or gbr zkyV in Salvacion en la Palabra, 337-345. See
under Munoz Leon.
Cook, E.M.: 1986, Rewriting the Bible: The Text and Language o f the Pseudo-Jonathan
Targum. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Cook, J.: 1983, Anti-Heretical Traditions in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, JNSL 11,
47-57.
Cowling, G. J.: 1968, The Palestinian Targum: Textual and Linguistic Investigations in
Codex Neofiti I and Allied Manuscripts. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Aberdeen.
Dalman, G.H.: 1897, Die Handschrift zum Jonathantargum des Pentateuch, Add.
27031 des Britischen Museum, MGWJ 41, 454-456.
idem: 1927, 1960, Grammatik des Jdisch-Palstinischen Aramisch. Aramische
Dialektproben. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1927; reprint, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche
Buchgesellschaft, 1960.
Delcor, M.: 1970, La porte chronologique de quelques interprtations du Targoum
Nophyti contenues dans le cycle dAbraham, JStJ 1, 105-119.
Dez Macho, A.: 1956, Nuevos Fragmentos de Tosefta Targumica, Sefarad 15,
313-324.
idem: The Recently Discovered Palestinian Targum: Its Antiquity and Relationship
with the Other Targums, VTSupp 7, 222-245.
idem: 1963, El Logos y el Espiritu Santo, Atlntida 1, 381-396.
idem: 1972, El Targum Introduction a las Traducciones Aramaicas de la Biblia.
Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.
idem: Neophyti 1. Targum Palestinense. MS de la Biblioteca Vaticana. Vols. 1-5.
Madrid-Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas:
1 Genesis, 1968;
2 Exodo\ 3 Levitico, 1971;
4 Numeros, 1974;
5 Deuteronomio, 1978.
238 Select Bibliography

idem: 1981, LUsage de la troisime personne au lieu de la premire dans le Targum,

in Mlanges Dominique Barthlmy. Etudes Bibliques offertes loccasion de
son 60e Anniversaire. Ed. P. Casetti, O. Kiel, and A. Schenker. Orbis Biblicus et
Orientalis 38. Fribourg: Editions Universitaires; Gttingen: Vandenhoeck und
Ruprecht, 61-89.
idem: 1986, (In memoriam), Salvacion en la Palabra; see under Munoz Leon.
Diez Merino, L.: 1976, El Suplicio de la Cruz en la Literatura Judia Interestamental,
Liber Annuus Studi Biblici Franciscani 26, 31-120.
idem: 1984, El Sintagma ns y nym en la tradition aramea, Aula Orientalis 2 (1984)
23-41.
Doubles, M.C.: 1968, Indications of Antiquity in the Orthography and Morphology of
the Fragment Targum, in In Memoriam Paul Kahle. Ed. M. Black and G.
Fohrer. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 103.
Berlin: Tpelmann, 79-89.
Elbogen, L.: 1931, Der jdische Gottesdienst in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung. 3rd
ed. Frankfurt am Main, 1931; reprint Hildesheim: Olms, 1962.
Epstein, A.: 1892, Les Chamites de la Table Ethnographique selon le Pseudo-
Jonathan, REJ 24, 82-98.
idem: 1895, Tosefta du Targoum Yerouschalmi, REJ 30, 44-51.
Eskhult, M.: 1981, Hebrew and Aramaic lqim, Orientalia Suecana 30, 137-139.
Esterlich, P.: 1967, El Targum Pseudojonathn o Jerosolimitano, in Studi sulV
Oriente e la Bibbia offerti a P.G. Rinaldi. Genoa: Studio e vita, 191-195.
Faur, J.: 1975, The Targumim and Halakha, JQR 66, 19-26.
Finkeistein, L., see above (under Rabbinic Sources) Sifre on Deuteronomy.
Fitzmyer, J. A.: 1971, The Genesis Apocryphon o f Qumran Cave 1. A Commentary. 2nd,
rev. ed. Biblica et Orientalia 18a. Rome: Biblical Institute.
Foster, J. A.: 1969, The Language and Text o f Codex Neofiti in the Light o f Other Pales
tinian Sources. Ph.D. dissertation. Boston University Graduate School.
Geiger, A.: 1928, Urschrift und bersetzungen der Bibel. 2nd ed. Frankfurt am Main:
Madda.
Ginzberg, L.: 1900, Die Haggada bei den Kirchenvtern und in der apokryphischen
Literatur, Berlin: Calvary.
idem: 1909-46, The Legends o f the Jews. 1 vols. Philadelphia: JPS (referred to as
Legends).
Ginsburger, M.: 1900, Verbotene Thargumim, MGWJ 44, 1-7.
idem: 1903, Pseudo-Jonathan. (See above under Pseudo-Jonathan).
Goldberg, A. M.: 1963, Die spezifische Verwendung des Terminus Schekhinah im
Targum Onkelos als Kriterium einer relativen Datierung, Judaica 19, 43-61.
 Select Bibliography 239

idem: 1969, Untersuchungen ber die Vorstellung von der Schekhinah in der frhen
rabbinischen Literatur. Studia Judaica V. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Golomb, D. M.: 1983, Nominal Syntax in the Language of Codex Neofiti I: Sentences
Containing a Predicate Adjective, JNES 42, 181-194.
Gordon, R.P.: See above, Cathcart, K.J., and Gordon, R.P.
idem: 1985, A Grammar o f Targum Neofiti. Harvard Semitic Monographs 34. Chico,
Calif.: Scholars Press.
Gottlieb, W.: 1944, Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel to the Torah (in Hebrew), Melilah
1, 26-34.
Grelot, P.: 1959, Les Targum du Pentateuque. tude comparative daprs Gense IV,
3-16, Semitica 9, 59-88.
idem: 1963, Lexgse messianique dIsae LXIII, 1-6, RB 70, 371-380.
idem: 1972, Review of R. Le Daut-J. Robert, Targum des Chroniques, in Biblica 53,
132-137.
Gronemann, S.: 1879, Die Jonathansehe Pentateuch-Uebersetzung in ihrem Verhltnisse
zur Halacha. Leipzig: Friese.
Grossfeld, B.: 1973, Targum Onkelos and Rabbinic Interpretation to Genesis 2:1, 2,
JJS 24, 176-178.
idem: 1979, The Relationship Between Biblical Hebrew brh and nws and Their Corre
sponding Aramaic Equivalents in the Targum 'rq, pk, zl: A Preliminary Study
in Aramaic-Hebrew Lexicography, ZAW 91, 107-123.
idem: 1988, The Targum Onqelos to Genesis. The Aramaic Bible 6. Wilmington, Del.:
Michael Glazier.
idem: 1992, An Analytic Commentary o f the Targum Neofiti to Genesis: Including Full
Rabbinic Parallels. New York: Ktav. Cited as Grossfeld, Neofiti.
Grossfeld, B., and Aberbach, M.: 1976, Targum Onqelos on Genesis 49. SBL Aramaic
Studies I. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press.
Grossfeld, B., and Aberbach, M.: 1982, Targum Onqelos to Genesis. New York: Ktav.
Havazelet, M.: 1976, Parallel References to the Haggadah in the Targum Jonathan Ben
Uziel and Neofiti: Genesis, Exodus and Leviticus, JJS 27, 412-418.
Hayward, C.T.R.: 1974, The Memra of YHWH and the Development of its use in
Targum Neofiti I, JJS 25, 412-418.
idem: 1980, Memra and Shekhina: A Short Note, JJS 31, 210-213.
idem: 1981, Divine Name and Presence: The Memra. Totowa, N.J.: Allanheld, Osmun.
idem: 1987, The Targum o f Jeremiah. The Aramaic Bible 12. Wilmington, Del.:
Michael Glazier.
idem: 1989, The Date of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Some Comments, JJS 40, 7-30.
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Heinemann, J., Aggadah and Its Development (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keter, 1974.
Heller, B., Muhammedanisches und Antimuhammedanisches in den Pirke Rabbi
Eliezer, MGWJ 69 (1925) 47-54.
Herr, M.D., Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer, EJ 13, 558-560.
Isenberg, S.: 1970, An Anti-Sadducee Polemic in the Palestinian Targum Tradition,
Harvard Theological Review 63, 433-444.
Isenberg, S. R.: 1968, Studies in the Jewish Aramaic Translations o f the Pentateuch. Un
published Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University.
idem: 1971, On the Jewish-Palestinian Origins of the Peshitta to the Pentateuch, JBL
90, 69-81.
Itzchaky, E.: 1982, The Halakah in Targum Jerushalmi I. Pseudo-Jonathan b. Uzziel
and Its Exegetic Methods (in Hebrew). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Ramat-
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idem: 1985, Targum Yerushalmi I and the School of R. Ishmael (in Hebrew). Sidra 1,
45-57.
Jastrow, M.: 1950 (etc.; reprints; preface 1903), A Dictionary o f the Targumim, the Tal
mud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. 2 vols. New York:
Pardes.
Jaubert, A.: 1963, Limage de la colonne (1 Timothe 3, 15), in Studiorum Paulinorum
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Jerome, Hebraicae quaestiones in Libro Geneseos. Ed. P. De Lagarde (in CCL 72, 1-56,
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Kadari, M.Z.: 1963, The Use of ^-clauses in the language of Targum Onkelos, Textus
3, 36-59.
Kahle, P.: 1930, Masoreten des Westens II. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
idem: 1959, The Cairo Geniza. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kasher, M.: 1974, Torah Shelemah. Vol. 24. Targumey ha-Torah. Aramaic Versions of
the Bible. A Comprehensive Study o f Onkelos, Jonathan, Jerusalem Targums and
the Full Jerusalem Targum o f Vatican Neofiti 1. Jerusalem.
Kasher, R.: 1976-77, A Targumic Tosephta to Gen 2:1-3 (in Hebrew), Sinay 78, 9-17.
idem: 1986, Targumic Conflations in the MS Neofiti I (in Hebrew). HUCA 57, He
brew section 1-19.
Kasowski, Ch.J: 1940, Osar Leshon ha-Onkelos. Concordance to Targum Onkelos. 2
vols. Jerusalem.
Kaufman, S. A.: 1973, review of J.P.M. van der Ploeg et al., The Job Targum from
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 Select Bibliography 241

idem: 1976 review of G. J. Kuiper, The Pseudo-Jonathan Targum and Its Relationship
to Targum Onkelos, JNES 35, 61-62.
Klein, M. L.: 1974, Notes on the Printed Edition of MS Neofiti I, JSS 19, 216-230.
idem: 1975, A New Edition of Pseudo-Jonathan, JBL 94, 277-279.
idem: 1976, Converse Translation: A Targumic Technique, Biblica 57, 515-537.
idem: 1979, The Preposition qdm (before), a Pseudo-Anti-Anthropomorphism in the
Targum, JTS n.s. 30, 502-507.
idem: 1980, The Fragment-Targums o f the Pentateuch. 2 vols. Rome: Biblical Institute
Press.
idem: 1981, The Translation of Anthropomorphisms and Anthropopathisms in the
Targumim, VTSupp 32, 162-177.
idem: 1982, Anthropomorphisms and Anthropopathisms in the Targumim o f the Penta
teuch, with parallel citations from the Septuagint (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Makor.
idem, 1982A, Associative and Complementary Translation in the Targumim, Eretz-
israel, 16 (H. M. Orlinsky volume), 134*-140*.
idem: 1986, Genizah Manuscripts o f Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch. Cincinnati:
Hebrew Union College Press.
idem: 1988, Not to be Translated in PublicI mtrgm bsybwr JJS 39, 80-91.
Komlosh, Y.: 1963, The Aggadah in the Targums of Jacobs Blessing (in Hebrew), Bar
Ilan 1, (= P. Churgin memorial volume), 195-206.
idem: 1968, Characteristic Tendencies in Targum Onqelos (in Hebrew), Bar Ilan 6,
181-190.
idem: 1973, The Bible in the Light o f the Aramaic Translations (in Hebrew). Bar-Ilan
University: Dvir.
idem: 1977, Characteristics of Targum Neophyti of Exodus (in Hebrew), in Proceed
ings o f the Sixth World Congress o f Jewish Studies. Jerusalem: Academic Press,
1, 183-189.
Kosmala, H.: 1979, 1963, At the End of Days, in Messianism in the Talmudic Era.
Ed. L. Landman. New York: Ktav, 1979, 302-312. This essay was originally pub
lished in the Annual o f the Swedish Theological Institute 2 (1963) 23-37.
Krauss, S., Die biblische Vlkertafel im Talmud, Midrasch und Targum, MGWJ 39
(1895), 1-11; 49-63.
Kuiper, G. J.: 1968, A Study of the Relationship Between A Genesis Apocryphon and
the Pentateuchal Targumim in Genesis 14, 1-12, in In Memoriam Paul Kahle.
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 103. Eds. M.
Black and G. Fohrer, Berlin: Tpelmann.
idem: 1972, The Pseudo-Jonathan Targum and Its Relationship to Targum Onkelos.
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Kutscher, E. Y.: 1957, 1965, The Language of Genesis Apocryphon, in Scripta

Hierosolymitana IV. Eds. Ch. Rabin and Y. Yadin. 2nd ed. Jerusalem: Magnes,
1965, 1-35.
idem: 1976, Studies in Galilean Aramaic. Bar Ilan Studies in Near Eastern Languages
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Sokoloff. Jerusalem: Ahva.
Lazry, G.: 1968, Some Remarks on the Jewish Dialectical Aramaic of Palestine During
the First Centuries of the Christian Era, Augustinianum 8, 468-476.
Le Daut, R.: 1963, La Nuit pascale. Essai sur la signification de la Paque juive a partir
du Targum dExode XII, 42. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.
idem: 1966, Introduction la littrature Targumique. Premire partie. Rome: Pontifical
Biblical Institute.
idem: 1968, Lvitique 22:26-23:34 dans le Targum Palestinien. De limportance des
gloses du Codex Neofiti I, VT 18, 458-471.
idem: 1970, Aspects de lintercession dans le Judasme ancien, JStJ 1, 35-57.
idem: 1974, The Current State of Targumic Studies, Biblical Theology Bulletin 4,
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idem: with J. Robert: 1978, 1979, 1980, Targum du Pentateuque. Traduction des deux
recensions Palestiniennes completes. 4 vols. Trans. R. Le Daut with J. Robert.
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idem: 1987, Quelques usages de la racine ZM N das les Targums du Pentateuque, in
La vie de la Parole. De lAncien au Nouveau Testament. Etudes . . . offertes P.
Grelot. Paris: Descle, 1987, 71-78.
Le Daut, R., and Robert, J.: 1971, Targum des Chroniques. 2 vols. Analecta Biblica 51.
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the Targum. Monographs of the Hebrew Union College 2. Cincinnati/New York:
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Levine, E.: 1968, Contradictory Sources in Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel (in Hebrew).
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idem: 1970, The Aggadah in Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel and Neofiti 1 to Genesis:
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idem: 197IB, A Study of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan to Exodus, Sefarad 31, 27-48.

idem: 1972, British Museum Aramaic Additional MS 27031, Manuscripta 16, 3-13.
Levine, E. B.: 1969, Internal Contradictions in Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel to Gene
sis, Augustinianum 9, 118-119.
Levy, Barry B.: 1986, 1987, Targum Neophyti 1. A Textual Study. Vol. 1, Introduction,
Genesis, Exodus; vol. 2, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. Lanham, New York,
London: University Press of America.
Levy, J., 1881, 1966, Chaldisches Wrterbuch ber die Targumim und einen grossen
Theil des rabbinischen Schriftthums. Leipzig; reprint Kln: Melzer, 1966.
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Seminary, 2nd ed.
Loader, J. A.: 1978, Onqelos Genesis 1 and the Structure of the Hebrew Text, JStJ 9,
198-204.
Lund, S., and Foster, J.: 1977, Variant Versions o f Targumic Traditions Within Codex
Neofiti I. SBL, Aramaic Studies 2. Missoula: Scholars Press.
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Analecta Biblica 54. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.
McCarthy, C.: 1981, The Tiqqune Sopherim and other Theological Corrections in the
Masoretic Text o f the Old Testament. Freiburg (Schweiz) and Gttingen.
idem: 1989, The Treatment of Biblical Anthropomorphisms in the Pentateuchal
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Dermot Ryan. Ed. K. Cathcart and J. F. Healey. Dublin, 1989.
McNamara, M.: 1966A, The New Testament and the Palestinian Targum to the Penta
teuch. Analecta Biblica 27. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1966; reprint
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idem: 1966B, Some Early Rabbinic Citations and the Palestinian Targum to the Penta
teuch, Rivista degli studi orientali 41, 1-15.
idem: 1972, Targum and Testament. Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A Light
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idem: 1977, The Spoken Aramaic of First Century Palestine, in Church Ministry. Ed.
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idem: 1983A, Palestinian Judaism and the New Testament. Wilmington, Del.: Michael
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idem: 1983B, Intertestamental Literature. Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier.
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Maher, M.: 1971, Some Aspects of Torah in Judaism, Irish Theological Quarterly 38,
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tinian Triennial Cycle: Genesis and Exodus. Cincinnati, 1940. Reprint with
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versidad Complutense.
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idem: 1968, On the Ginsburger Edition of the Pseudo-Jonathan Targum of the
Torah (in Hebrew), Leshnenu 32, 298-303.
idem: 1974, 1984-1985, Pseudo-Jonathan', see above under Editions of Texts, p. 232.
idem: 1975, Comments on the Aggadot in Targum Jonathan b. Uzziel to the Torah
(in Hebrew), Beth Miqra 20, 428-431.
Rodriguez Carmona, A.: 1978, Targum y resurreccin. Estudio de los textos del Targum
Palestinense sobre la resurreccin. Granada.
idem: 1980, Nota sobre el vocabulario sacerdotal en el Targum Palestinense,
Cuadernos Biblicos 4, 71-74.
Sandmel, S.: 1955, Philos Place in Judaism: A Study of Conceptions of Abraham in
Jewish Literature, II, HVCA 26, 151-332.
Schfer, J. P.: 1970, Die Termini Heiliger Geist und Geist der Prophetie in den
Targumim und das Verhltnis der Targumim zueinander, VT 20, 304-314.
Schfer, P.: 1971, Beresit Bara Elohim. Zur Interpretation von Genesis 1,1 in der
rabbinischen Literatur, JStJ 2, 161-166.
idem: 1971-72, Der Grundtext von Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. Eine synoptische
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Ksel.
idem: 1975, Rivalitt zwischen Engeln und Menschen. Untersuchungen zur
rabbinischen Engelvorstellung. Berlin-New York: de Gruyter.
Schmerler, B.: 1932, Sefer Ahavat Yehonathan. Genesis (in Hebrew). Bilgary.
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Seligsohn, H., and Traub, J.: 1857, Ueber den Geist der Uebersetzung des Jonathan
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Uebersetzung beigedruckten Targum jeruschalmi, MGWJ 6, 96-114, 138-149.
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INDEXES
 BIBLICAL
Genesis 16:14 135 32:14 18
1:4 35 17:1 35, 138 32:16 19, 185
1:10, 12, 18, 17:1, 9-14 166 32:19, 21 18
21, 25 53 17:5 113 33:10 18
1:16 36 17:19 28 33:18 20
1:17 36 17:22 37 34:2 218
1:27 18, 37 18:1 92, 166 34:3 27
1:28 166 18:3 34, 37 34:4 27
1:30, 32 37 18:33 37 34:12 21
1:31 53 19:1, 31 20 34:15, 22, 23 163
2:2, 3 37 19:5, 8 64, 142 35:3 28
2:4 26 20:1 99 35:8 86
2:11 20:4 37 35:9 18, 166
2:19 33 20:12-13 32 35:11 35, 138
3:15 30 21:5 35 35:13 37
3:20 18 21:8 113 35:22 217
3:24 37 21:17 35 35:29 25
4:1, 17, 25 64, 142 21:22 28 36:1, 9 26
4:3 18 22:18 26 36:6 (7) 20
4:7 30 23:4 96 37:2 26
4:8 35 23:9, 17, 19 121 37:3 20
4:10 20, 35 23:15 37 37:3, 23, 32 171
4:18 113 24:10 18 37:10 20
5:1 26 24:14 27 37:23 20
5:25-28 75 24:16 27, 64 37:25 23
6:9 26 24:22 33 37:26 219
6:12 35 24:50 20 37:31, 32, 33 20
6:14 19 24:53 18 37:36 21
6:17 25 24:57 27 38:25 17, 20
7:11 75 24:61 27 38:26 64, 142
7:17, 21 25 24:62 135 39:1 21, 25
7:21 37 25:3 18 39:2 25
8:6 43, 45 25:6 18 39:3 28
9:3 37 25:8, 17 96 39:4 18
9:23 21 25:11 135 39:13 19
9:27 37 25:13, 19 26 40:1 21
9:29 75 25:18 22, 99 40:12 20
10:1 26 25:25 21 40:20 18
10:2, 4 18 25:27 214 41:10, 12 21
10:9 24 26:16 20 41:31 27
10:11 20 26:28 28 41:34 18
10:18 18 27:15 35 41:37-45 223
10:32 26 28:3 138, 214 41:40 18
11:5 37 28:10 38 41:44 18
11:10 26 28:12 18 41:93 19
11:10-26 92 28:17 19 42:1 190
12:2 86 28:20 28 42:21 28
12:6 92 29:17 32 43:11 18
12:15 20 29:31, 33 32 43:14 35, 138
12:19 32 29:34 145 43:15, 25, 26 18
13:18 92 30:22 148 43:16 18, 20
14:9 23 31:3, 6, 18 37 43:17, 18 20
14:14 22 31:5 28 43:26 20
14:18, 19, 20, 31:12 35 43:30 19
22 35 31:29 20 44:1, 4 18
15:1 19 31:38-39 144 44:14 20
15:13 96 31:42, 53 35 44:18 18
16:7 99 32:9 203 44:19 20

253
254 Indexes

45:21 34 Joshua 3:14-27 177

45:23 18 1:22fr. 222 12:7 79
46:29 21 4:12f. 222
47:11 22 23:14 167
Nehemiah
47:21 20
8:8 30
48:12, 22 20
Judges 13:22-27 31
49:10 39
14:12 145
49:11b 220
49:21 20, 21 2 Chronicles
49:22 19 2 Samuel 3:4 117
49:23 20 13:18 171 20:2 91
49:24 35 14:17, 20 40
49:25 35, 138 Wisdom of Solomon
49:27 37 1 Kings 9:9 52
49:30 121 8:5 226
49:33 25, 96, 21:19 138
50:1 20 Baruch
50:7 18 3:9-4:4 63
50:13 121 2 Kings
6:18 108
Gospel of Matthew
17:24 83
6:5 82
Exodus
12:19 82
1:8 142
Ezekiel 14:16 184
6:3 35, 138
17:16, 18 169 16:19 66
9:3 34
37:12 148 18:18 66
15:22 99
43:9 36 26:53 94
16:3 34
27:27 87
20:8 31
24:10 36 Habakkuk
25:8 36 2:3 216 Gospel of Mark
29:46 36 2:3b 216 5:9 94
6:21 184
Leviticus Psalms
12:1 31 19:11 223 Gospel of Luke
19:9 31 40:5 225 8:53 94
23:2 31 104:24 52
25:35, 47 96 110:4 92
Gospel of John
145:16 148
11:51 136
18:28, 33 87
Numbers Job 19:9 87
5:3 36 10:22 108 20:23 66
24:4, 16 35, 138 36:27 57
28:4 226
31:17, 18, 35 142 Acts of the Apostles
32:3 44 Proverbs 5:15 82
32:16-32 222 3:1, 2 63 23:34 81
3:18 63 23:35 87
3:19 52
Deuteronomy chap 8 63
Galatians
2:6 31 8:22 40, 52
4:29-30 113
3:18ff. 222 11:30 63
4:7 31 12:28 63
4:8 31 30:15 63 Philippians
5:12 31 32:47 63 1:13 87
5:23 (26) 31
11:30 92
22:15, 16, 19, Ruth 1 Thessalonians
27 3:9 99 5:19 133
20, 26, 28
27:20 99, 217
28: Iff. 41 Ecclesiastes Revelation of John
28:12 148 3:11 79 2:7 63
30:15-18 41 11:8 82
32:8 35 19:11-16 220
Daniel
32:50 96 21:21 82
34:6 142
1:6 177
22:2, 14 63
2:18, 28, 30,
47f. 215
 Indexes 255

SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH
Genesis
2:4 56
14:4 90
17:24-25 102
38:3 174

TARGUMIM
Targum Onqelos
Genesis 18:23, 24 106 41:45 189
2:6 57 23:3 120 46:30 207
3:5 40 26:26 132 49:1 215,
4:4 64 26:28 133
7:13 76 30:8 147
10:14 83 Leviticus
31:33 154
12:3 86 16:20 58
36:20 169
14:6 91 37:2 171
14:7 91 39:8 180 Deuteronomy
16:7 99 41:43 188 2:12, 22 169

Pseudo-Jonathan
Genesis 25:8 70 49:1 93, 215
2:6 57 25:18 99 49:5, 6 218
3:5 40 26:28 28, 133 49:10, 11, 12 220
3:16 62 28:10 93 49:25 28
3:19 62 28:20 28 50:1 227
4:4 64 31:5 28 50:16, 20 229
4:7 62 31:33 154
4:8 66 34:31 164
6:6 72 35:3 28 Exodus
7:13 76 35:9 166 1:19 36
10:2 22, 81 35:16 167 15:2 99
10:7 82 36:39 170 20:1 93
10:14 83 38:3, 5 174 20:8 31
12:6 97 38:9 175
13:7 89 38:25, 26 176
Leviticus
14:3, 4, 5 90 39:3 28
1:1 93
14:6, 7 91 40:16, 18 183
22:26 93
15:1 93 40:23 184
27:28 36
16:7 99 41:38, 43 188
17:19 28 41:45 189
18:10 104 42:4 190 Numbers
18:17 105 42:13 191 12:1 31
18:23, 24 106 42:21 28
20:1 99 42:23 192
21:22 28 43:14 194 Deuteronomy
21:33 36 44:18 198 5:23 (26) 31
22:1 93, 116 46:28, 38 207 28:15 39
22:23 118 48:14 213 28:32 36
256 Indexes

estinian Targui
Genesis 38:25 41 Numbers
1:4 35 43:14 35 2:15 40
3:14 61 49:8-12 219 2:24 40
3:15 30, 39 49:22-24 223 3:15 40
3:16 62 49:24 41 3:24 40
3:19 43 49:25 35 3:47, 50 32
3:22, 24 41 50:1 216 7:13, 85, 86 32
4:1, 7 62 11:26 39
4:8 35, 41 12:1 31
4:14 31 Exodus 18:60 32
4:18 35 2:24 35 21:3 41
6:4 25 4:31 35 21:18 220
6:12 35 6:3 35 22:6 61
14:10 115 12:42 39 24:4, 16 35
15:1 41, 93 17:11 41 24:8 40
16:5-7 99 19:8 117 27:40 40
17:11 35 21:31 32 31:52 32
17:20 41 30:13, 15, 24 32
21:5, 17 35 33:15 40
22:1 93 38:24, 25, 27,
23:15 32 Deuteronomy
29 32
27:40 61 3:26 41
28:3 35 6:4 117
29:17 32 9:19 41
29:34 145 Leviticus 10:10 41
31:12 35 5:15 32 26:7 41
31:42 35 26:14 40 32:14, 29, 30 40
34:28 218 27:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 33:21 220
35:11 35 16, 25 32 33:29 61

Neofiti 1
Genesis 2:21 96 6:9 73, 161
1:2 77 2:23 59 6:11 84
1:7 56, 59 3:1 184 6:14 184
1:10, 12, 18, 3:1, 14, 18 57 7:1 165
21, 25, 31 53 3:12 79 7:3 114
1:14 57 3:14 86 7:21 128
1:16, 25, 26 53 3:15 137 8:1 77, 109
1:17 79 3:16 122 8:6 45
1:17, 20, 29 54 3:24 57 8:17 54, 138
1:18 122 4:1, 17, 25 64, 142 9:1 138
1:22 54, 138, 149 4:7 62, 122 9:1, 7 54
1:26 55 4:8 57 9:6 55
1:26-27 55 4:11 86 9:29 70, 96
1:27 55 4:18 113 10:1, 32 56
1:29 184 4:24 137 10:2 22, 23
2:1 56 5:1 55, 56 10:3 22
2:2 53, 56 5:3 55 10:4 22, 23
2:2 56 5:4, 8, 11, 14, 10:10 22, 84
2:3 54 17, 20, 23, 27 69 10:18 22
2:4 56, 168, 169, 171 5:5 96 10:25 84
2:5 114, 189, 210, 5:5, 8, 11, 14, 11:1 156, 168
161, 170 17, 20, 27, 31 70 11:8 189
2:5, 19 57 5:24 70 11:9 84
2:8 54 5:29 72 11:10 56
2:11 129 6:6 72 11:11 140
2:16, 17 184 6:8 74, 80, 160, 175, 11:13, 15, 17,
2:18-20 55 179, 183, 210, 19, 21, 23, 25 85
2:19 58, 156, 168 228 11:27 56
 Indexes 251

11:28 116 20:4 125 28:3 54, 138, 212

11:31 116 20:9 162 28:10 93, 153
12:3 87, 131, 149 20:16 204 28:14 131
12:3, 13 179 21:5 113 28:17 140
12:5 131 21:8 113 28:20 151, 165, 225
12:6 92, 103, 167 21:15 56 29:15 149
12:8 41 21:17 53, 102 29:17 41
12:13 87, 149 21:23 115 29:18, 20, 22 98
12:17 165 21:24 115 29:30 58
12:20 157, 198 21:31 115 30:8 41
13:4 87 21:33 86, 87 30:15 162, 180
13:18 87, 92, 167 22:1 156, 168 30:17, 22 102
14:2 90 22:5 103, 120, 124, 30:22 77
14:7 110, 157 126 30:26, 29 149
14:9 84 22:7, 9, 17 184 30:27 73, 87, 157
14:13 87, 103, 167 22:9 133 30:35, 40 79
14:18 127, 129 22:10 39, 137 31:2 201, 207
14:24 186 22:14 117, 217 31:2, 5 151
15:1 166 22:16 115 31:5 225
15:2 104, 110, 125 23:4 96 31:6, 41 149
15:6 161 23:9, 13, 17, 19 57 31:15 152
15:10 79 23:9, 17, 19 121 31:22 139
15:12 59 23:12 117 31:23 161
15:13 120 23:16 204 31:26 130
15:16 73 23:17 121 31:29, 42 155
15:18 58, 133 24:2, 9 122 31:30 114
16:4 128 24:3, 9, 37 115 31:33 158, 160
16:5 116 24:7 115 31:39 194
16:7 99, 129 24:9 211 31:44 133
16:13 87 24:13 125 31:47 58, 172
16:14 127, 135 24:15, 19, 45 56 31:50 53
16:17 110 24:16 64 32:4 157, 210
17:1 73, 138, 161 24:22 111 32:5 57
17:4 212 24:26 129 32:6 73, 157, 160,
17:7 139 24:26, 48 117, 120 179, 183, 210,
17:12 92 24:26, 48, 52 103 228
17:13 76 24:42 110 32:7 198
17:16, 20 54 24:43 123 32:17 79
17:18 141 24:52 117 32:21 151
17:20 102, 114 24:62 135 32:23 160
17:22 56 24:63 41 32:25, 27 159
17:23, 26 76 24:67 72 33:3 103
17:25 113 25:8 70 33:5 53, 114
18:1 87, 92, 167 25:9 121 33:8, 10, 15 73, 157
18:2 104, 117, 160, 25:9, 10, 27 57 33:10 151
190, 196, 198, 25:11 127, 135, 139 33:13 157
171, 172 25:12, 13, 19 56 33:17 130, 153, 165
18:3 73, 125, 126, 157 25:17 128 33:18 73, 161, 163
18:4, 8 184 25:18 99 33:19 57, 170
18:8 79 25:23 149 33:20 87
18:11 189 25:27 73, 161 34:11 73
18:13 110 26:1 131, 153, 161 34:15 163
18:14 143 26:1, 2 165, 172 34:15, 22, 23 163
18:19 165 26:2 130 34:19 165
18:25 84 26:3 115 34:21 73, 161
18:33 56 26:25 87 34:26 142
19:1 103 26:28 133 34:28 218
19:3 104 27:1 134 35:2 165
19:5, 8 64, 142 27:12 86 35:5 225
19:15 159 27:29 103, 137 35:6 130, 161
19:19 73, 157 27:33 39 35:8 87
19:29 77 27:35 163 35:9 55
19:34 155 27:36 86 35:11 138, 212
20:1 99 27:40 61, 149 35:18 58
20:3 154 28:2 84 35:29 128
258 Indexes

36:1, 9 56 49:6 139 19:3 38

36:35 157 49:13 70 19:4 37
36:35 57, 189 49:22 54 19:8 41
37:2 56 49:25 138 19:11, 18, 20 37
37:6 153, 179 49:29, 30, 32 57 19:17 37
37:7, 15 57 49:30 121 19:21 20
37:8 122 49:33 56,129,211 20:1 93
37:10 103 50:1 216 20:2 19, 38
37:25 130 50:4 73, 157 20:8 31
37:25, 27 172 50:4, 22 165 20:11 56
37:28 204 50:21 72 20:20 17, 37
37:36 181 50:24 115 20:21 37
38:12 72 21:2 98
38:25 39 21:22, 23 190
38:26 54, 120 Exodus 22:7 71
38:27 136 1:7 54 22:9 57
39:1 172 1:8 142 22:15 21
39:3 53, 114 1:11 22 23:3 38
39:4 157, 195 1:14 57 23:10 98
39:4, 21 73 1:19 36 23:30 54
39:5 87 2:4 35 23:32 133
39:20 79 2:24 77 24:1 41
40:3, 13, 21 79 3:1 33, 37 24:8 133
40:18, 19 184 3:6 37 24:10 21
40:19 184, 186 3:13 33 24:13 37
41:1 98 3:16 112 24:17 37
41:10 79 3:21 73, 157 25:8 37
41:38 38 3:22 152 25:39 33
41:43 223 4:31 35, 112 27:4 19
41:44 186 6:3 138 27:9, 14, 15 18
41:48 57, 157 6:7 141 27:10, 12 17
41:51 165 6:16, 19 26, 56 28:10 26, 56
41:57 84 7:5 34 28:19 18, 19, 21
42:1 38, 190 8:5 21 28:20 20, 21
42:4 201 8:9 57 28:28 21
42:6 103 9:3 34, 57 28:32 18
42:30 79 11:3 157 28:42 18
42:38 190 12:5 73 28:43 58
43:2 56 12:17 76 29:1 73
43:3 151 12:23 37 29:45 37, 141
43:14 138 12:36 152, 157 29:46 37
43:26 103 12:37 208 30:32 18
43:28 103 12:41, 51 76 31:3 38
43:31 202 13:2, 12, 15 112 31:9 18
44:18 93 13:3, 9, 14, 16 34 31:17 56
44:23, 26 151 13:5, 11 115 32:5 73, 157
44:29 190 13:17 72 32:6 133
45:2 79 13:19 112 32:8 18
45:8 165 14:6 21 32:10 41
45:8, 26 122 14:15 40 32:12, 14 72
45:12 156 14:24 20 32:13 77, 115
46:27 165 14:25 20, 21 32:30 41
46:28 131 14:27 127 33:1 26, 115
47:12 165 15:13 37 33:3, 5 37
47:13 84 15:22 99 33:12, 13, 16,
47:16 209 15:39 19 17 73, 157
47:24 57, 157 16:3 34 33:14 207
47:25, 29 73, 157 16:7 37 33:16 37
47:27 54, 138 16:10 37 33:22 37
47:29 122 16:28 131 33:23 37, 38
47:31 103 17:7 37 34:5 37, 87
48:4 54, 139 17:9 123 34:6 37
48:8 129 17:15 87 34:9 73, 157
48:11 151 17:17 34, 37 34:10, 27 133
49:1 93 18:5 37 34:19 112
 Indexes 259

34:33 21 Numbers 21:18 220

35:11 20 1:20, 22 26 21:29 19
35:19 58 1:20, 22, 24, 22:31 123
35:31 38 26, 28, 30, 32, 23:9 20
36:38 17 34, 36, 40 56 23:10 21
37:24 19, 33 1:24, 26, 28, 24:1 21
38:10, 17, 19, 30, 32, 34, 24:2 21, 38
20 17 36, 40 26 24:4 138
38:12 17, 18 1:52 21 24:6 37
38:14 18 2:2, 3, 10, 17, 24:16 35, 138
38:24, 25, 27, 25, 31, 34 21 24:18 22
29 33 3:1 26, 56 24:24 19, 22
38:26 33, 124 3:10 21 25:13 26
39:1 58 3:12 112 27:18 38
39:12 18 3:26 18 30:9, 13, 14, 16 101
39:21 21 3:47 33 31:10 18
39:25, 27 18 4:7 21 31:17, 18, 35 142
39:41 58 5:7,.8 131 31:22 19
39:43 37 5:19 115 31:50 19
40:13 18 7:3 55 32:10, 11 115
40:34 37 7:13 21 32:52 18
40:35 37 7:14, 26, 32, 38, 33:3 22
44, 50, 56, 33:5 22, 208
62, 68, 74, 34:6 20, 22
Leviticus 80 124 34:7 22
1:1 38, 93 7:84, 86 124 34:8 22
4:2, 13, 22, 27 162 7:89 38 34:9 23
4:6 58 8:4 18 34:11 22
5:15 58 8:16 112 34:15 18, 22, 23
5:17 162 10:14 21 35:22 58
8:9 58 10:30, 34 37 35:34 37
8:11 18 10:33 207
9:6, 23 37 11:11, 15 73
9:12 115 11:12 115 Deuteronomy
11:11 157 11:15 157 1:30, 32 37
11:46 141 11:17, 25, 26, 1:33 207
14:5, 16 132 28, 29 38 1:44 22
15:13 132 11:20 20, 37 2:6 31
15:31 37 11:23 34 2:7 28
16:16 37 11:25 37 2:8 22
16:32 58 12:5 37 2:12, 22 169
16:33 58 12:12 112 2:23 22
18:3 20 12:13 41 3:4 22, 23
19:9 20 12:16 19 3:11 18
19:23 98 13:22 189 3:14 18, 22, 23
20:4 26 14:9, 14, 21, 42 37 3:23 41
20:23 20 14:10 37 3:24 37
21:3 27 14:16 115 3:26 102
21:8 122 14:24 38 4:7 41
22:26 93 15:31 101 4:17 17
22:27 17, 27 15:41 141 4:19 54
22:33 141 16:3 37 4:23 133
23:43 37 16:19 37 4:39 37
25:3, 21 98 17:3 21 5:2 133
25:21, 28, 30 76 17:7 (42) 37 5:7 17
25:34 20 17:27, 28 25, 128 5:15 34
25:35, 47 120 18:5 26 5:21 38
25:38 141 18:15 112 5:23 (26) 31
26:9 54 18:16 33 5:26 40
26:11 37, 141 19:17 132 6:3 31
26:15 101 20:3 25 6:4 217
26:30 18 20:6 37 6:5 40
26:42 77 20:29 25, 128 6:13 37, 115
27:25 33 21:1 33 6:16 37
33:3 31 21:6 39 6:21 34
260 Indexes

7:2 133 20:4 37 31:16 165, 211

7:13 146 21:22, 23 184 31:16, 20 101
7:19, 26 34 22:15, 16, 19, 31:17 37
7:21 37 20, 28 27 31:19, 21 26
8:11 40 23:12 127 31:20 31
9:3 37 23:15 37 32:4 18, 20, 55, 73
9:9 133 24:1 73, 157 32:8 35
9:14 41 24:17, 57 27 32:10 21, 37
9:19 102 26:2, 15 37 32:12 165
9:27 77 26:7 102 32:13 18
10:10 102 26:8 34 32:14 22
11:2 34, 114 26:9 31 32:24 36
11:9 31 26:17 141 32:25 19, 196
11:12 53 28:4, 11, 18, 32:36 72
11:15 57 53 146 32:42 20
11:30 92 28:13, 44 19 32:43 19
12:5, 11, 21 37 28:15 39 32:48 76
13:7 87 28:34 79 33:10 21
14:22 57 28:59 105 33:12, 16, 26,
14:23, 24 37 28:69 19, 133 27 37
14:28 98 29:9 123 33:19 21
15:1, 12, 18 98 29:11 141 33:21 20 , 220
15:6 122 29:13, 14 133 33:22 22
15:10 87 29:17 54 33:23 22
16:2, 6, 11 37 29:17 (18) 26 33:29 19, 61
16:16 41 30:6 26 34:1 22
17:8 105 30:9 146 34:4 26
18:12 87 30:11 105 34:6 142
18:13 73, 161 31:3, 6, 18 37 34:12 26
19:5 21 31:10 98

Neofiti Margins
Genesis Exodus Numbers
3:7 21 2:12 38 3:26 18
4:12 21 12:17 76 7:89 38
5:2 18 14:5 17 11:5 20
7:13, 23, 26 76 15:25 21 12:7 19
10:2 22 16:5 18 13:23 18
19:1 21 19:3 38 16:15 18
19:2 20 22:6 18 20:3, 29 25
21:33 21 22:16 27 20:17 21
22:10 21 26:32 17 21:6 20
22:14 17 27:5 19 21:22 21
24:10 18 33:23 38 21:28 19
25:8, 9 168 35:33 18 24:24 20
25:8, 17 25 39:28 18 34:6, 7, 8 22
25:16 19 35:2, 4 20
27:45 21
29:31, 33 32 Deuteronomy
31:11 58 Leviticus 1:1 21
31:21 38 1:1 38 18
15:18
34:4 27 6:3 18 20:11 21
35:29 25 10:20 19 22:3 21
39:41 58 14:53 18 22:19 27
40:16 19 19:4 20 21
24:13
45:8 20 22:27 20, 27 31
27:3
48:12 103 23:14, 21, 29 76 20
27:18
50:26 18 26:42 77 76
32:48
 Indexes 261

Fragment Targums (General)

Genesis 46:28 207 Numbers
1:27 69 20:21 36
5:2 69 Exodus
21:9 133 1:19 36 Deuteronomy
42:23 192 32:6 36
44:18 198

Manuscript P
Genesis 49:19 21 6:3 18
17 18, 55 49:21 21 10:20 19
3 21 49:22 19 19:4, 9 20
4 62 49:23 20 22:27 27
4 2 21 50:1 20 23:29 76
5 18, 55 25:34 20
6 73
Exodus
6 19 Numbers
1:9 36
1 22, 23
1:19 20 4:7 21
1 10 22, 23
2:12 38 7:13 21, 32
1 22 23
8:5 21 11:5, 12 20
1 15 20
12:1 18, 20, 21, 23 11:18 19
1 1 19
12:2 17, 19 12:7, 16 19
2 33 21 16:1 20
13:17 18
2 10 21, 39 17:3 21
14:6 21
2 14 17 21:6 20, 39
14:25 20, 21
2 10 18 21:29 19
14:30 19
2 12 56
15:2 64 22:22 21
2 16 20 23:9 20
15:9 18
2 40 61 24:18 22
15:18 23, 39
2 10 38
15:39 19 24:19 23
2 12 18
17:11 36 24:24 19, 22, 23
2 17 19 31:50 19
19:3 38
3 16 19 33:3 33
19:21 20
3 18 20 34:6, 8 22
20:2 19, 38
3 9 18, 55
20:20 17
3 6(7) 20
21:25 18
3 33 21 Deuteronomy
24:10 21
3 3, 33 20 1:1 21
25:29 21
3 25 23 3:11 18
25:39 33
3 25 17, 20, 39 5:23 (26) 31
27:5 19
3 26 21 7:10 18, 19, 20
32:6 36
3 13 19 20:11 21
32:18 19 27
3 19 18 22:20
34:33 21
40 12 20 27:18 20
37:24 33 21
4 43 19 32:10
38:12 18
42 1 38 32:29 19
4 18 18, 21 32:42 20
44 19 20 Leviticus 33:2 22
45 8 20 1:1 38 33:21, 29 20
262 Indexes

Manuscript Y
Genesis 43:30 19 11:18 19
1:27 18 44:18 18 12:7 19
3:7 21 44:19 20 12:16 19
3:20 18 47:11 22 17:3 21
4:7 62 47:21 20 20:17 21
4:10 20 49:19 21 21:6 20,
6:8 73 49:21 20, 21 21:29 19
6:14 19 49:22 19 23:9 20
10:2 18, 22, 23 50:1 20 24:19 23
10:3 22 24:24 19,
10:4 18, 22 24:29 19
Exodus
10:10 22 31:22, 50 19
1:1 23
10:11 20 32:52 18
1:8 20
10:13 22 33:3 22
1:11 22
10:14 22 34:5 22
2:12 38
10:17 22, 23 34:6 20,
8:5 21
10:18 18, 20 , 22 34:7, 8 22
12:42 23
11:22 23 34:9 23
14:24, 25 20
12:15 20 34:11 22
17:11 36
14:9 23 34:15 22,
19:3 38
14:14 22 35:2, 4 20
19:21 20
15:1 19 22:15 21
19:1 21, 103 24:10 21 Deuteronomy
19:2 20 26:32 17 1:1 21
19:31 20 27:4 19 1:44 22
21:13 21
27:9 18 2:8 22
22:10 21, 39 28:18 19 3:11 18
22:14 17 3:14 22
28:19 21
24:2 122
6:3 31
28:20 20, 21
24:10 18 28:42 18 17:8 105
25:16 19 19:5 21
32:5, 18 19
25:19 56 20:11 21
32:6 36
25:25 21
34:33 21 22:3 21
26:16 20 22:20, 21 27
35:11 20
27:40 61 24:13 21
27:45 21
25:15 31
28:10 38 Leviticus
27:3 31
28:12 18 1:1 38
27:18 20
31:29 20 5:15 32
28:68 19
32:16 19 10:20 19
32:4 20
34:12 21 19:9 20
32:10 21
35:9 18 22:27 27
32:14 22
37:3, 33 20 23:29 76
32:29 19
37:25 23 24:20 27
32:42 20
37:36 21 25:34 20
32:43 19
38:25 17, 20, 39 33:2 22
38:26 64 Numbers 33:10 21
39:4 18 4:7 21 33:21 20
39:13 19 7:13 21, 32 33:23 22
40:12 20 11:12 20 33:29 20
40:16 19 34:1 22
41:43 19

Manuscript N
Genesis 19:1 103 36:6 (7) 20
4:7 62 22:10 39 38:25 39
6:8 73 24:2 122 38:26 64
10:2, 3, 14 22 25:19 56 39:4 18
10:18 18 27:40 61 40:16 19
12:15 20 28:10 38 49:22 19
 Indexes 263

Exodus 23:29 76 6:3 31

14:25 21 24:20 27 17:8 105
17:11 36 22:20 27
19:3 38 22:21 27
Numbers
20:8 31 32 25:15 31
7:13
32:6 36 27:3 31
12:7 19
39 32:13 18
21:6
34:6 20 32:25 19
Leviticus 32:48 76
1:1 38 33:10, 19 21
5:15 32 Deuteronomy 33:22 22
22:27 20, 27 3:14 23

Manuscript L
Genesis 39:4 18 Numbers
4:7 62 43:12 18 11:18 19
6:8 73 12:7 19
12:15 20
103 Exodus
19:1 Deuteronomy
19:3 38
22:10 39
32:5 19 3:14 23
24:2 122
32:6 36 6:3 31
25:18 22
17:8 105
25:19 56 22:20 27
28:10 38 Leviticus 27:3 31
38:25 39 1:1 38
38:26 64 24:20 27

Cairo Genizah Pal. Tg. Fragments

CTg A
CTg B
Genesis 35:9 18, 166
22:3 18 Genesis 35:11 20
2:17-20 58 47:29 122
2:18 18
Exodus 2:20 18
21:7 20 2:21, 24, 25 59 CTg D
21:20, 21, 22 19 2:24 59 Genesis
21:32 32 3:1 59 38:25-26 176
22:6, 18 18 4:3 18 41:2 185
22:15 (16) 21 4:4 64 43:14 194
28:8, 26 21 4:8 66 43:15 18
4:10 20 43:18 20
CTg AA 4:15 21 43:25 18
7:21 25 43:30 19, 25
Exodus
44:18 93, 198
12:13 21
CTg Br 46:28 207
12:21 27
46:29 21
12:33 27 Deuteronomy
17:11 31, 36 1:1 21
Exodus
37:23 20
Numbers CTgC 38:25 20
20:3 25
Genesis 38:26 20
32:14 18 39:33 20
Deuteronomy 32:16 19 40:11 18
26:9 31 32:19 18 43:16 2C
27:3 31 34:12 21, 27 44:1 2C
264 Indexes

Deuteronomy 20:2 19 CTg R

5:21 38 20:3 38 Genesis
20:8 31 44:18 198
CTgE
Genesis Leviticus CTg T
4:12 21 22:27 20, 27
6:9 18 23:22 20 Exodus
7:2 74 14:30 19, 38
7:2, 3, 9 18
7:2, 3, 16 69
CTg FF Deuteronomy
9:9 26
9:10 79 Genesis chap. 34 19, 21
9:12 79 4:8 66
9:12, 13, 17 21 38:25, 26 39, 178
9:23 21 43:40 20 CTg W
29:29 145 44:18 198 Numbers
29:31, 33 32 49:1, 18 215 12:7 21
31:2, 5 41 50:1 20
31:5 28
31:29 20 CTg W
33:30 20 CTg G
Exodus
37:23 20 Exodus 15:8 20
37:31 20 15:13 20
38:25 17, 20
38:25-26 176 CTg X
38:26 64, 178 CTg H
39:1 21 Genesis
39:3 28 Genesis 4:8 66
39:4 18 15:1 19, 93 4:15 67
39:5 18 38:25 39
40:12 20 42:36 193
41:10 21 CTg I 44:18 198
41:12 21 Genesis 50:1 227
41:43 19 4:8 66
41:44 18
42:36 193 Exodus
43:26 18, 20 13:17 19, 20
CTg JJ
43:30 19, 25 14:30 19
Exodus
43:31 27 12:2 18, 19
44:1, 4 18 CTg Z
Genesis
CTg F CTg KK 44:18 198
Exodus Exodus 48:4 20
19:20 38 12:2 17, 18, 19, 20, 49:1 215
19:21 20 21 , 22 49:15 17

Targum Nebiim
Isaiah
4:21 53 Jeremiah
5:11 174 13:1 174
24:16 215
58:11 174

Targum Ketubim
Psalms Canticles
80:2 225 8:6 64
 Indexes 265

ANCIENT VERSIONS

SYRIAC PESHITTA TRANSLATION GREEK SEPTUAGINT TRANSLA1

Genesis Genesis
14:7 91 6:13 73
38:5 174 10:14 83
49:6 219 14:5 90
50:20 229 14:6 91
34:12 162

Exodus Job Esther

28:20 18 36:27 57 3:12 22

GREEK TRANSLATION OF SYMMACHUS LATIN VULGATE TRANSLATION

Genesis Genesis
2:8 57 12:6 87
10:14 83 14:8 91
14:8 91 23:9 121
49:6 218 26:26 133
29:27 145
38:5 174
38:14 175
43:11 194
49:6 218

RABBINIC

I. Tosefta, Mishnah, Talmud

TOSEFTA Pesahim TALMUD BABLI
Sanhdrin 4:4 64 Berakhoth
13:8 89 45a 44
TALMUD YERUSHALMI
Megiilah Yoma
Sotah I, 11, 71b 83 10a 81
10:3 79 IV, 1, 74d 44

Qiddushin Nedarim
I, 59b 32 37b 149
MISHNAH
Megiilah
3:6 53 Niddah Baba Bathra
4:10 168 I, 49a 164 4a 188
266 Indexes

II. Midrash
Deut. Rab. 45,7 99 92,3 194
VIII, 1 67 45,9 100 94,4 189
48,10 104 97,6 214
48,16 104 97,supp. 223
Gen. Rab.
52 49,2 105 98(99),3 216
1,1.4
54 49,6 105 98,3 217
6,1
56, 57 49,8 106 98,4 217
13,2
87 49,9 172 98,5 218
15,1
57 50,2 103 98,6 219
15,3
58 51,1 111 98,7 219
16,3
58 51,6 109 98,8 219, 220
16,5*
58 54,6 115 98,14 221
18,4
56,4 117 98,15 222
19,6 60
58,4 120 98,17 223
19,8 60
58,6 120 98,18 224
20,5 61
58,7 121 98,20 225
20,7 62
59,11 122, 123 99,1 226
20,11 62
62 60,13 126 99,3 226
20,12
62 60,14 127 100,9 229
20,19
64 61,5 128
21,9
62 63,6 129
22,2 Leq. Tob
67 64,9 132
22,4 Genesis
68 65,23 135
23,5 50:16 229
66,4 135, 136
23,7 69, 82
64 67,3 136
25,5
67,7 137 Lev. Rab.
26,5 71, 72
67,8 138 IX,3 64
26,7 90
68,9 140 X,5 67
31,8 73
68,10 139, 140 XXVII, 11 137
32,7 75
68,12.13 140 XXXV,6 64
36,8 80
70,19 144
37 81
37,2 82 71,8 223 Sekhel Tob
82 71,9 147 Genesis 50:16 229
37,4
83 73,4 148
37,6
83 73,9 151
37,8 Sifre Deut.
84 74,6 153
38,7 XXXII 217
75,12 157
39,12 86 XXXVIII 89
86 78,2 159
39,14 XL (end) 64
89 78,9 160
40,5
78,14 161
40,7 89
90 79,7 161 Tanhuma A
41,5
82,7 167
41,6 90
91 83,4 170
41,7 Bereshit XI 67
87 84,14 172
41,8
95 85,4 174
43,2
93, 97 85,14 178 Tanhuma B
44
95 87,6 180
44,9
95 88,5 182
44,14 Bereshit XXXIII
95 88,6 183
44,16 X (Gen 50:16) 229
88,7 185
44,17 96
89,2 225
44,21 97
89,3 184 Bereshit XXXV 67
 Indexes 267

POST-BIBLICAL
Qumran
CD (Damascus 4QtgLev (16:20) 58
Rule) VI,7 220 1 lQPsaplea
(line 15) 66
lQGenAp XXI 90 1 lQtgJob
lQpHab VII XXVII,9 38
(Hab 2:3) 216 XXVIII,5
4Qpatr 220 (36:27) 57
XXXIII,7 38

Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Life of Adam and Eve 2(4) Ezra
(Apocalypse 6:9 52
of Moses) 6:38, 43 52
41 62 6:45 54

Apocalypse of Adam Pseudo-Philo

20 62 LAB
6:16 85

Early Jewish Writers

Josephus Philo
Ant De Abr.
1,1,3, par. 38 57 XXIII, no. 110 103
1,11,2, par. 197 103
XV, 11,6, par.
421 226

Early Christian Writers

Jerome in Gen 14:8 91
Hebr. quaest. in in Gen 14:18 92
Gen in Gen 23:2 120
in Gen 1:1 52 in Gen 25:1-6 128
in Gen 2:8 57 in Gen 26:12 132
in Gen 2:11 57 in Gen 26:26 133
in Gen 8:6 43 (n. 149), 45, 77 in Gen 38:5 174
in Gen 11:28 85 in Gen 38:14 175
in Gen 14:2 90
 AUTHORS

Aberbach, M. 147, 215, 219, 220, Egidio (Giles) of Viterbo, 8, 9

221 Elias Levita; see Levita
Albeck, Ch. 42, 177 Epstein, A. 10
Alexander, P.S. 29, 32
Allen, M.G. 24, 25 Falk, Z.W. 66
Arndt, W.F. 17 Fassberg, S.E. 15, 25
Artzl, P. 215 Faur, J. 42
Fernandez, M. Perez; see under
Barber, E.A. 17, 24 Perez
Barry Levy, B. Fitzmyer, J. 3, 13, 14
See under Levy, B. Barry Foster, J.A. 5, 14, 15, 25, 26, 27, 37
Bassfreund, 62 Fraade, S. 69
Bassler, J.M. 66 Funk, R.W. 17
Bauer, W. 17
Beit-Arie, M. 7, 45 Geiger, A. 42, 95
Ben-Hayyim, Z. 13 Giles (Egidio) of Viterbo 8
Berliner, A. 1, 2 Gingrich, E.W. 17
Bevan, A.A. 188 Ginsburger, M. 2, 3, 10
Beyer, K. 13 Ginzberg, L. 62, 158, 162, 214
Bezold, C. 188 Goldberg, A.M. 36
Billerbeck, P. 37, 66 Golomb, D.M. 15, 25, 34, 41, 52,
Blass, F. 17 99, 103, 104, 108, 112, 113, 130,
Bloch, R. 176 178
Bonner, J. 17 Gooding, D. 32
Borobio, E. Martinez 14, 198 Grelot, P. 64
Braver, A.J. 66 Grino, R. 11, 12
Brockington, L.H. 23 Grossfeld, B. 29, 39, 42, 53, 54, 56,
Brown, J. Pairman 23 58, 60, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75,
Buber, S. 12 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92,
95, 97, 99, 103, 105, 113, 116,
Caquot, A. 11 123, 124, 127, 130, 135, 136,
Carmona, A. Rodriguez 62, 109 137, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148,
Charlesworth, J. 43 154, 158, 164, 166, 171, 172,
Chilton, B.D. 66 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 183,
Churgin, P. 23 185, 193, 194, 198, 207, 210,
Clarke, E.G. 4, 140 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219,
Cowling, G.J. 25 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226,
227, 229
Dalman, G. 1, 2, 17, 62
Daris, S. 17, 24 Hahn, L. 17
Debrunner, A. 17 Hamp, V. 37
De Coninck, L. 23, 24 Harkavy, 2
Delcor, M. 87 Hayward, R. 37, 43, 52, 90, 91, 92
De Rossi, A. 4 Healey, J.F. 13
Diaz, J. Ramon 66 Heinemann, J. 214
Diez Macho, A. 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, Hirschberg, H.Z. 215
16, 17, 19, 24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 37, Hornik, M.P. 8
38, 42, 45, 53, 56, 58, 60, 76, 77, Husson, G. 24
93, 133, 154, 176, 183, 192
Diez Merino, L. 16, 17, 19 Isenberg, S. 66, 174

269
 270 Indexes

Jastrow, M. 218 Martin, D.J. 191, 213

Johnson, M.D. 43 Martin, F.X. 8
Jones, H. Stuart 17, 18 Mason, H.J. 17, 23, 24
Jouon, P. 23 Mass, P. 17
Meehan, C. 15, 26, 27, 61, 67
Kahle, P. 3, 6, 7, 14, 37, 42, 45 Millar, F. 184
Kasher, M. 11, 12, 42, 60, 76, 92, Millas Vallicrosa, J.M. 3
98, 223 Miller, J.R. 15
Kaufman, S.A. 14 Monsarrat, V. 171
Kiessling, E. 17, 23, 24 Moore, G.F. 37
Klein, M.L. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 17, Mordekai ha-kohen, R. 12
21,25, 29, 30,31,32, 33, 35, 38, Munoz Leon, D.; see Leon, D.M.
40, 42, 45, 47, 50, 56, 68, 72,
133, 166, 168, 176, 177, 180,
Nathan, R. N. ben Yehiel 10, 11, 12,
188, 193, 198, 214, 215, 217,
28
227
Niehoff, M. 171
Klein, S. 90
Kohut, A. 2, 11
Komlosh, Y. 45, 77, 215 Ohana, M. 42
Krauss, S. 2 Okamoto, A.O.H. 93
Krauss, S. 16, 32 Opelt, L. 43
Kubitschek, W. 24 Oppermann, 24
Kuiper, G.T. 66 Orlinsky, H.M. 29

Lafoscade, L. 17 Pautasso, L.G. 198

Lambdin, O. 15, 104 Perez-Fernandez, M. 39
Lampe, G.W.H. 17, 19, 24 Peters, C. 84
Le Daut, R. 8, 9, 29, 33, 62, 66, 92, Presiigke, F. 17, 23, 24
93, 99, 113, 116, 164, 184, 216, Psichari, J. 17
225
Lentzen-Deis, F. 39 Qimhi, D. 12
Leon, D. Munoz 33, 38, 52, 54, 56
Levey, S. 39 Radak 12
Levine, B. 29 Ramban 12
Levita, Elias 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 123 Rashbam 12
Levy, B. Barry 14, 16, 34, 40, 52, 61, Recanati, M. 2
62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 73, 81, 86, 93, Ribera, J. 35
95, 96, 97, 99,103,112,114,116, Rieder, D. 218
118, 120,123,124,133, 135,137, Rosenthal, F. 13
139, 140, 146, 148, 149 154, 156,
162, 164,166,170,176,182,184,
186,188,192,193,194,198,210, Sabourin, L. 37
212,214,215,216,220,226,227 Schafer, J.P. 38
Levy, J. 61, 218 Schafer, P. 38
Liddel, H.G. 17, 18, 24 Scheller, M. 17
Lieberman, S. 16, 164 Schmitt, R. 17
Luciani, F. 70 Schuppe, 24
Luke, K. 70 Schrer, E. 184
Lund, J.A. 159 Scott, R. 17, 18, 24
Lund, S. 15, 26, 27 Sevenster, J.N. 16
Luzarraga, J. 29, 57 Shinan, A. 116, 147
Shofet, D. 42
Signorelli, G. 8
McCarthy, C. 33, 34, 35 Sokoloff, M. 13, 16, 17, 56, 62, 133,
McNamara, M. 2, 7, 11, 14, 25, 28, 149, 183, 188, 227
29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, Sophocles, E.A. 17
39, 43, 52, 54, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, Speier, S. 11, 184
73, 91, 99, 117, 123, 143, 157, Sperber, A. 10, 193
161, 167, 168, 169, 172, 176, Sperber, D. 16
184, 191, 207, 217, 225 Steinhuser, M.D. 99
Maher, M. 4, 40, 63, 64 Stemberger, G. 11, 29
Malamat, A. 29 Strack, H.L. 11, 29, 66
Marmorstein, A. 66 Stummer, F. 43, 87
 Indexes

Syrn, R. 35, 215, 216, 217, 218, West, M.L. 17

219, 220, 221, 223, 225 Woal, S. 62
Wouters, A. 23
Tal (Rosenthal), A. 15
Theodor, J. 177 York, A.D. 44

Vermes, G. 64, 66, 164, 184, 220 Zakovitch, Y. 147

Viscidi, P. 17, 23, 24 Zimels, A. 12
Vitruvius, 24