WATER TREATMENT
JAVA
MARTEJA
RESURRECCION
WAYONG
WHAT IS RAW WATER?
Natural water found in the environment and has not been
treated
Examples:
RAIN GROUNDWATER LAKES
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
1. Turbidity
2. Particles
3. Color
4. Taste and odor
5. Temperature
1. TURBIDITY
Is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid
Caused by particles suspended or dissolved in water
Measured in terms of nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)
Type of water Turbidity (NTU)
Ground water <1
Lakes and reservoirs 1 20
Rivers <10 up to > 4000
2. PARTICLES
Can be measured in terms of their numbers and size
Generally ranges from 1.0 - 60m
Type of Particles Size
Suspended Solids >1m
Colloidal Particles 0.001 - 1m
Dissolved Particles < 0.001 m
3. COLOR
Imparted to water by dissolved organic matter, natural
metallic ions such as iron and manganese, and turbidity
Categorized as apparent or true color
Apparent color - color imparted by turbidity
True color - color imparted by dissolved constituents
4. TASTE AND ODOR
Guidelines for determining when constituents
can be detected
Examples:
Groundwater that have a low redox
potential may contain a dissolved gas
such hydrogen sulfide, which smells like
rotten eggs
Waters containing dissolved inorganic
compounds such as iron, manganese, and
copper may have metallic taste
5. TEMPERATURE
Type of Water Temperature ()
Surface water 23 27
Groundwater 2 25
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
1. COAGULATION
AND FLOCCULATION
Coagulation
is a charge neutralization step involves the
conditioning of the suspended, colloidal, and
dissolved matter by adding coagulants
Coagulant the chemical that is added to
destabilize particles
Flocculation
involves the aggregation of destabilized
particles and formation of larger particles
known as floc
Jar Testing widely used Alum (Aluminum
for screening the type of Sulfate) most
a coagulant and the widely used
proper coagulant dosage coagulant
1. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
Determination of optimum pH Determination of optimum dosage
Adjust pH of the jars at optimum
Adjust the pH of the jars
Add different doses of the coagulant
Add same dose of the coagulant
Plot residual turbidity against coagulant
Plot residual turbidity against pH dose
Optimum coagulant dose: 12.5 mg/L
Coagulant Dose (mg/L)
2. SEDIMENTATION
Process in which the majority
of the particles will settle by
gravity within a reasonable
time and be removed
3. FILTRATION
Widely used for removing small flocs or
precipitated particles
It may be used as the primary turbidity
removal process such as direct filtration
of raw water with low turbidity
Also used for removal of pathogens such
as giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium
4. DISINFECTION
Primary disinfection the inactivation of
microorganisms in the water
Secondary disinfection maintaining a disinfectant
residual in the treated-water distribution system
(also called as residual maintenance)
Disinfectants can be classified as oxidizing agents
(chlorine & ozone), cations of heavy metal (silver or
copper) and physical agents (heat or UV radiation)
Free chlorine most commonly used disinfectant
BIOLOGICAL
WASTE WATER
SYSTEM
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Removal of waste water constituents such as
rags, sticks, floatable grit, and grease that may
cause maintenance or operational problem with
the treatment operations, processes, and
ancil1ary systems
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Preliminary treatment consists of the following units:
Screening for removal of floating matter.
Grit chamber for removal of sand and grits.
Comminutor for grinding large size suspended solids
Floatation units for removal of oil and grease
Skimming tanks
Flow measuring units such as partial flume
Pumps
Pre-aeration units
PRIMARY TREATMENT
Removal of a portion of the suspended solids
and organic matter from
The wastewater.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
Enhanced removal of suspended solids and
organic matter from the wastewater.
Typically accomplished by chemical
addition or filtration known as
Coagulation and flocculation.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
Primary treatment consists of following
processes/units:
Sedimentation Primary Settling Tanks
Coagulation Secondary Settling Tank
Flocculation
SECONDARY TREATMENT
Removal of biodegradable organic
matter (insoluble or suspension state)
and suspended solids.
Disinfection is also typically included
in the
Definition of conventional secondary
treatment
SECONDARY TREATMENT WITH
NUTRIENT REMOVAL
Removal of biodegradable organics,
suspended solids, and nutrients (nitrogen
phosphorus, or both nitrogen and
phosphorus)
TERTIARY TREATMENT
Removal of residual suspended solids (after secondary
treatment), usually by granular medium filtration or
micro screens. Disinfection is also typically a part of
tertiary treatment. Nutrient removal is often
Included in this definition
TERTIARY TREATMENT
Tertiary treatment consists of following processes and units:
Membrane filtration and separation
Dechlorination and disinfection systems
Reverse osmosis (RO) systems
Ion exchange
Activated carbon adsorption
Physical/chemical treatment
FUNCTIONS OF WATER TREATMENT
PROCESS
SOURCE OF DOMESTIC
WASTEWATER
PRIMARY TREATMENT PROCESS
Sedimentation is primary treatment process.
Sedimentation is a physical water
treatment process used to settle out suspended
solids in water under the influence of gravity.
SEDIMENTATION
TANKS
SECONDARY TREATMENT PROCESS
Stabilization ponds & lagoons:
The stabilization ponds are open flow through basins specifically
designed and constructed to treat sewage and biodegradable industrial
wastes.
They provide long detention periods extending from a few to several
days.
Pond systems, in which oxygen is provided through mechanical aeration
rather than algal photosynthesis are called aerated lagoons.
Lightly loaded ponds used as tertiary step in waste treatment for
polishing of secondary effluents and removal of bacteria are called
maturation ponds.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS
In activated sludge process wastewater
containing organic matter is aerated in an aeration
basin in which micro-organisms metabolize the
suspended and soluble organic matter.
TERTIARY TREATMENT PROCESS
Tertiary treatment process consists of following process.
Filtration process (Trickling Filter)
Disinfection process
Trickling Filter is an attached growth process i.e. process in which
microorganisms responsible for treatment are attached to an inert packing
material.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
CHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
1. Chemical Precipitation
2. Chemical Coagulation
3. Chemical Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation
4. Ion Exchange
5. Chemical Stabilization
1. CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
To enhance the removal of
suspended solids, phosphorous,
heavy metals and hardness
Precipitation is assisted through
the use of a coagulants
2. CHEMICAL COAGULATION
The coagulation-flocculation process can be used as a preliminary
or intermediary step between other water or wastewater treatment
processes like filtration and sedimentation.
Iron and aluminum salts are the most widely used coagulants but
salts of other metals such as titanium and zirconium have been found
to be highly effective as well.
2. CHEMICAL COAGULATION
Factor affecting coagulation:
Type of coagulant used, its dose and mass;
pH
Initial turbidity of the water that is being
treated;
Properties of the pollutants present
Affected by pretreatments like oxidation
3. CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND ADVANCED OXIDATION
Chemical Oxidation to remove grease, ammonia,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand
and for odor control.
*Biochemical/biological Oxygen Demand organic matter
oxidized by microorganisms
*Chemical Oxygen Demand organic matter oxidized by a
chemical oxidizing agent
3. CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND ADVANCED OXIDATION
Advanced oxidation processes ( AOPs), are a set of chemical treatment
procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials
in water and wastewater by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl
radicals (OH).
AOPs, usually refers specifically to a chemical processes that employ ozone
(3 ), hydrogen peroxide (2 2 ) and/or UV light. One such type of process is
called in situ chemical oxidation.
3. CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND ADVANCED OXIDATION
In situ chemical oxidation is an advanced oxidation processes and technology
that serves as an environmental remediation technique for soil and/or
groundwater to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental
contaminants to acceptable levels.
ISCO is accomplished by injecting or introducing strong chemical oxidizers
directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical
contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic
compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation.
4. ION EXCHANGE
Is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte
solution and a complex.
Is a water treatment method where one or more undesirable ionic
contaminants are removed from water by exchange less ionic substance.
Typical ion exchangers are ion exchange resins (functionalized porous or gel
polymer), zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and soil humus, which are either
cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions (cations) or anion
exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions (anions).
4. ION EXCHANGE
Water Softening a typical example
of ion exchange aiming to reduce
calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium
(Mg2+) ions.
The process of ion exchange takes
place where in the sodium ions (Na+)
are exchange for calcium and
magnesium ions resulting in the
formation of soft water.
4. ION EXCHANGE
Recharge Process :
After softening a large quantity of hard
water, the beads become saturated with
calcium and magnesium ions.
Ion exchange resin is flushed with a
brine solution.
The sodium ions in the brine solution are
exchanged with the ions, which are
flushed out with wastewater.
5. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
1. Removal of ions and other dissolved substances
Ultrafiltration membranes use polymer membranes to filter out
dissolved substances without use of coagulants.
Ion exchange: use ion exchange resin- or zeolite-packed
columns to replace unwanted ions. e.g. removal
of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions replacing them with benign (soap
friendly) Na+ or K+ ions.
Ion exchange resins are also used to remove toxic ions such
as nitrite, lead, mercury, arsenic and many others.
5. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
2. Precipitative softening
Hard water rich in Calcium and Magnesium ions is treated with lime, Calcium oxide
and/or soda ash, sodium carbonate, to precipitate calcium carbonate out of solution
utilizing the common ion effect
3. Electrodeionization
Water is passed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
Ion exchange membranes allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water
toward the negative electrode and only negative ions toward the positive
electrode.
Complete removal of ions from water is possible if the water is pre-treated with
a reverse osmosis unit to remove non-ionic organic contaminants, and with gas
transfer membranes to remove carbon dioxide.
5. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
4. Disinfection
accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and also
by adding disinfectant chemicals.
Chlorine disinfection
involves the use of some form of chlorine or its compounds such
as chloramine or chlorine dioxide.
Chlorine is a strong oxidant that rapidly kills many harmful micro-
organisms except protozoa that form cysts in water (Giardia
lamblia and Cryptosporidium.)
COMMON TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN
EFFLUENT
TREATMENT
PLANT (ETP)
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PRETREATMENT
Mainly physical separation of heterogeneous
mixture. Removes all materials that can be easily
collected from the raw sewage before they
damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of
primary treatment
Grit removal
Flow equalization
Fat and grease removal
SECONDARY TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
TERTIARY TREATMENT
TERTIARY TREATMENT
FILTRATION
BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL
NITROGEN REMOVAL
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
DISINFECTION
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
The sludge accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must
be treated and disposed of in a safe and effective manner. The
purpose of digestion is to reduce the amount of organic matter
and the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in the
solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic
digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting. Incineration is also
used
DOMESTIC
TREATMENT
PLANT
DOMESTIC WATERWASTES
SEPTIC TANK
Settle the solids out of the sewage
The traditional method of sewage disposal in rural areas
Only allowable to a household with the maximum population of
15
The capacity of septic tank depends on number of users and
interval of sludge removal. Normally sludge should be removed
every 2 years
The tank shall have an inside depth of at least 5feet
(1.524 m), with a liquid depth of at least four feet.
The length of the tank shall not exceed three times the width, and shall have a liquid
capacity of not less than 960 gallons (4,364.2464 l).
The tank shall have at least two compartments, and a manhole of adequate size shall be
installed in each compartment.
The inlet and outlet of the tank shall have a vertical 4 inch tee (0.1016 m) extending 2 feet
(0.6096 m) below and 6 inches (0.1524 m) above the liquid level of the tank.
The tank shall be watertight, and shall be constructed of concrete, concrete block, brick or
tile.
The top of the tank shall be constructed of reinforced concrete, at least 4inches (0.1016 m)
thick.
When the tank is constructed of concrete, the walls and bottom shall be at least 6 inches
(0.1524 m) thick and shall be adequately reinforced with steel or other approved material.
The concrete used for the tanks shall contain one part cement, two parts sharp sand and
four parts crushed rock or gravel.
Where brick, concrete block or tile is used in the construction of the tank, the inside shall be
plastered with portland cement mortar, composed of one part cement and three parts sand.
The side walls of the tank shall be adequately reinforced with steel or other approved
material so as to withstand any inside or outside pressure.
WHY DO WE NEED TO
TREAT WASTEWATER?
REPUBLIC ACT 9275
What are the prohibited acts under R.A. 9275?
SECTION 27. PROHIBITED ACTS.
Discharging or depositing any water pollutant to the
water body, or such which will impede natural flow in the
water body
Discharging, injecting or allowing to enter into the soil,
anything that would pollute groundwater
Operating facilities that discharge regulated water
pollutants without the valid required permits
Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea by
vessels
Unauthorized transport or dumping into waters of sewage
sludge or solid waste.
Transport, dumping or discharge of prohibited chemicals,
substances or pollutants listed under toxic chemicals,
hazardous and nuclear (under RA 6969)
Discharging regulated water pollutants without the valid required
discharge permit pursuant to this act
Noncompliance of the LGU with the water quality framework and
management area action plan
Refusal to allow entry, inspection and monitoring as well as access
to reports and records by the DENR in accordance with this act
Refusal or failure to submit reports and/or designate pollution
control officers whenever required by the DENR in accordance with
this act
Directly using booster pumps in the distribution system or tampering with
the water supply in such a way to alter or impair the water quality
Operate facilities that discharge or allow to seep, willfully or through
grave negligence, prohibited chemicals, substances, or pollutants listed
(under RA 6969 ), into water bodies.
Undertake activities or development and expansion of projects, or
operating wastewater treatment/sewerage facilities in violation of
P.D.1586 and its IRR
(Implementing Rules and Regulations).
Article 1
Section 5. Water quality management area
Section 7. National sewerage and septage management
program
Section 8. Domestic sewage collection, treatment and
disposal
ARTICLE 2 : WATER POLLUTION PERMITS AND CHARGES
SECTION 13. Wastewater Charge System
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE
No.1586?!
ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT SYSTEM INCLUDING OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RELATED MEASURES
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
REFERRENCES
Mihelcic, James R & Zimmerman, Julie Beth. (2014). Environment Engineering: Fundamentals,
Sustainability, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons.
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~arunku/files/cvl100_y16/lecture%201%20etp%20textile_verii.pdf
http://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/pd-1586.pdf
http://www.bvsde.paho.org/enwww/fulltext/resipeli/preven/web/filespdf/vol1/sec5.pdf
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-09/documents/lagoon-pond-treatment-2011.pdf
http://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ra-9275.pdf
https://theconstructor.org/construction/septic-tank-components-design/13127/
