Polysulfone Membrane

SPECIFICATION SHEET
IDENTIFICATION
Name of Equipment Ultrafilter
Equipment Code S1
Number of Elements 3
Number of tubes per element 139
Function To reject the insoluble solids (proteins) and
polysaccharides from the glucose solution
Operation Continuous
Type Tubular Ultrafiltration Membrane
Material Handled Glucose, Maltose, Dextrin, Soluble Solids
Insoluble Solids, Water, Alpha-amylase
HCl, Glucoamylase, Pullulanase
DESIGN DATA
Operating Pressure 9.869 atm
Temperature 60C
Filtrate Flow 3.936 m3/h
Permeate Flux 107.7515 L/m2-hr
Permeability 137.473 L/ m2-hr-atm
MEMBRANE DESIGN
Filter Membrane Used Hydrophilic Polyethersulfone
Total element Area 36.526 m2
Area of membrane/per module 0.2628 m2
Pore Size 0.02 micron
Diameter 0.0765 mm
Length 1.903 m
Operating Mode Crossflow Filtration
HOUSING DESIGN
Type 2-port style
Materials of Construction Stainless steel 316
Length 1.2 m
PUMP DESIGN
Pump Type Centrifugal Pump
Actual Power Supplied 2 KW

11
DIAGRAM FOR ULTRAFILTER (S-1):

1.2 m

0.0765 m

12
ASSUMPTIONS:

1. The ultrafiltration is operated at constant pressure filtration.

2. Type of Ultrafiltration Membrane Tubular Membrane

- pg.16, Membrane Filtration Handbook

3. Pressure Drop, 26.052 bar = 25.71 atm

- Table 13,14,15 Pressure Drop per Element, pg.23, Membrane Filtration
Handbook

4. Membrane Material: Polyethersulfone (PES)

- Table 4, pg.12 Membrane Filtration Handbook

5. Theoretical Internal Diameter of permeate tube 1 in = 0.0254 m

- Table 8 Types and Variables of Tubular Membranes, pg.18, Membrane
Filtration Handbook

6. Viscosity () of the filtrate, since it is composed mostly of water has a value of = 0.95
cP or 0.0095 kg/m-s, Unit Operation, of Chemical Engineering Appendix)

7. The velocity is assumed to be 5 m/s that gives a turbulent flow and good mass transfer,
pg.1036, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition

8. Size range of proteins: 0.0013 -0.0065 microns (GRAS notification for proteins, US Food
and Drug Administration

Size range of maltose and dextrin (oligosaccharide): 0.0008 0.0005 microns (GRAS
notification for maltose, US Food and Drug Administration)

9. Length of tube: 1.903 m

- Superior Ultrafiltration Membrane Treatment Technology, Hydracarp from
www.membranes.com

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DETAILED DESIGN COMPUTATION
MEMBRANE PROCESS SELECTION

According to Table 2 from Membrane Filtration Handbook, among the four membrane

processes: reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration; it is best to use

ultrafiltration with its primary purpose in the process is to reject polysaccharides such as dextrin

and maltose, and proteins which is the insoluble solids or impurities present in the feed. Thickness

should be in range of 150-250 m with thin film of 1 m. The pore size will be in range of 0.2-

0.02 m with membrane module allowed is tubular, hollow fiber, spiral wound and plate-and -

frame. Membrane materials allowed must be ceramic PSO (polysulfone), PVDF

(polyvinylidenedifluoride) and CA (cellulose acetate) thin film. The operating pressure will be 1-

10 bar (Wagner, 2001).

14
MEMBRANE MATERIAL SELECTION

Means high resistance

Means low resistance
Means either that the information is based on theory of that practical results have
proved to be dubious

According to Table 4 in Membrane Filtration Handbook as shown, it is suitable to use

polysulfone (PSO) because it has high resistance with polysaccharides and proteins as shown.

The operating temperature of the process based on Chapter 3 which is 60C. There is also no

limitation in ph as it also has high resistance in all ph ranges.

15
MEMBRANE ELEMENT AND SYSTEM SELECTION

Based from Membrane Filtration Handbook, Higher priced tubular systems with a

supported membrane, for instance a stainless steel support arrangement, can tolerate >80C which

is within the operating temperature of the process.

OVERALL MATERIAL BALANCE DATA SHEET

Molecular Mass flow Mass Density Volumetric Xi

Feed weight rate fraction () flow rate
(kg/day) (m3/day) (kg/m3)
(g/mol) (Xi) (kg/m3)
Glucose 180.1559 31,211.62 0.3107 1013.9087 30.7835 314.9997
Maltose 342.3 650.33 0.0065 1498 0.4341 9.6971
Dextrins 504.4371 650.24 0.0065 175 3.7157 1.1327
Soluble solids 105.6 0.0011 1000 0.1056 1.0511
Insoluble 6000
solids 457.6 0.0046 1000 0.4576 4.5549
(proteins)
Water 18.0153 66657.94 0.6635 983.24 67.7942 652.3887
alpha- 55400
19.79 0.0002 1250 0.0158 0.2462
amylase
HCl 36.4609 688.16 0.0068 966.9 0.7117 6.6232
Glucoamylase 60000 11.55 0.0001 1200 0.0096 0.1380
200000 9.8544E-
Pullulanase 9.9 1250 0.0079 0.1232
05
Total 100,462.73 104.0357 990.9548
Feed/Entering Stream Data:

16
Permeate/Filtrate Stream Data:

Mass flow Mass Volumetric Xi

Density
Permeate rate Fraction flow rate (kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(kg/day) (Xi) (m3/day)
Glucose 29651.03 0.3162 1013.9087 29.2443 320.6106
Soluble Solids 100.32 0.0011 1000 0.1003 1.0697
H2O 63325.05 0.6753 983.24 64.4045 664.0095
-amylase 18.8 0.0002 1250 0.0150 0.2506
HCl 653.75 0.0070 966.9 0.6761 6.7411
Glucoamylase 10.97 0.0001 1200 0.0091 0.1404
Pullulanase 9.4 0.0001 1250 0.0075 0.1253
Total
93769.32 94.4569 992.9474

Volume of Filtrate/Permeate = 94.4569 m3/day= 3.936 m3/h

Retentate/Residue Stream Data:

Mass flow Mass Volumetric
Density Xi
Retentate rate Fraction flow rate
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
(kg/day) (Xi) (m3/day)
Dextrin 650.24 0.097147604 175 3.715657143 17.00083
Maltose 650.33 0.09716105 1498 0.434132176 145.5473
Insoluble
457.6 0.06836667 1000 0.4576 68.36667
Solids
Adsorbed
Materials:
Glucose 1560.58 0.233154847 1013.9087 1.539172117 236.3977
Soluble
5.28 0.000788846 1000 0.00528 0.788846
Solids
H2O 3332.9 0.497944219 983.24 3.389711566 489.5987
-amylase 0.9 0.000134462 1250 0.00072 0.168078
HCl 34.41 0.005140946 966.9 0.035587962 4.970781
Glucoamylase 0.58 8.66536E-05 1200 0.000483333 0.103984
Pullulanase 0.5 7.47013E-05 1250 0.0004 0.093377
Total 6693.32 9.578744297 963.0362

17
MEMBRANE AREA CALCULATION

Diffusivity (Dv):
Unit Operations of ChE McCabe and Smith, Equation 30.55, p. 1041, 7th Edition

7.32 1016
Dv=

Where:
Dv = diffusivity (cm2/s)
T= operating temperature (K)
r o = radius of particles (cm)
Size range of proteins: 0.0013 -0.0065 microns (GRAS notification for proteins, US Food and
Drug Administration)
Size range of maltose and dextrin (oligosaccharide): 0.0008 0.0005 microns (GRAS
notification for maltose, US Food and Drug Administration)
0.0013+0.0065 106 100
Dave of protein = = 3.9 x 10-7 cm
2 1 1

0.0008+0.0005 106 100

Dave of dextrin = = 6.5 x 10-8 cm
2 1 1

3.9 107 +6.5 108

r o ave = = = 2.275 x 10-7 cm
2
= viscosity (cP)
Assume that the bulk concentration comprises major component of the solution which is
composed of water with viscosity of 0.95 cP or 0.0095 kg/m-s.

7.32 1016 (60+273.15)

Dv =
(2.275 107 ) (0.95 )

= 1.1284 x 10-6 cm2 /s

18
Schmidts Number (NSc):
Unit Operations of ChE McCabe and Smith Equation 3.10 p. 53, 7th Edition

NSc =

Where:
= viscosity of major component in solution fed as assumed (cP)
= average density of feed (g/cm3) = Xi = 990.9548 kg/m3 = 0.9910 g/cm3
Dv = diffusivity (cm2 /s)

0.095

NSc =
0.9910 /3 (1.1284 x 106 cm2 /s)

= 84,954.5949

Reynolds Number (NRe):

Unit Operations of ChE McCabe and Smith Equation 3.8 p.59, 5th Edition

NRe =

Where:
D= diameter of tube (cm)
Table 8 p.18 Types and Variables of Tubular Membranes, Membrane Filtration
Handbook

D= 1 in 2.54 cm
V= velocity of fluid (cm/s)
Assume V=5m/s that gives turbulent flow and good mass transfer from pg. 1036 of Unit
Operations of Chemical Engineering, McCabe Smith, 5th Edition.
= average density of the feed (g/cm3 )

19
 = viscosity of major component in solution fed as assumed (g/cm-s)

2.54 (500 )
NRe =
0.095

= 13,248.1053

Sherwood Number NSh (for high Schmidt Number 430 to 100,000):

Unit Operations of ChE McCabe and Smith Equation 17.71 p.52 7th EditionNSh = 0.0096
0.913
NRe NSc 0.346
Where:
Nsh= Sherwood Number
NSc= Schmidt Number
= 0.0096 (13,248.1053)0.913 (84,954.5949)0.346
= 2826.8078

Mass Transfer Coefficient (Kc):

Unit Operations of ChE McCabe and Smith Equation 17.71 p.545 7th Edition

Kc =

Where:
NSh = Sherwood Number
D= diameter of tube (cm)
Dv = diffusivity (cm2/s)
2826.8078(1.1284 x 106 cm2 /s)
Kc = =1.2558 x 10-3 cm/s
2.54

Permeate flux ():

Unit Operations McCabe and Smith Equation 30.53, pg.1038 5th Edition
2
= Kc ln 12

where:

20
 = permeate flux (L/m2-h)
Kc = Mass Transfer Coefficient
Cs = maltose, dextrin and insoluble solid concentration in the retentate (kg/m3)
C1 = maltose, dextrin and insoluble solid concentration in the feed (slurry) (kg/m3)
C2 = maltose, dextrin and insoluble solid concentration in (kg/m3)

According to Overall Material balance sheet, since there will be no component of

maltose, dextrin and insoluble solid in filtrate/permeate, therefore C2 =0.
Permeate flux equation will be:

= Kc ln
1

For Cs and C1 calculation:

Based on Overall Material Balance Data Sheet:

(++ )
Cs =

(650.24+650.33+457.6)/
=
9.579 3/

= 183.5442 kg/m3

(++ )
C1 =

(650.33+650.24+457.6)/
=
104.04 3/
= 16.90 kg/m3

Since C2 =0

= Kc ln 1

183.5442 /3
= 1.2558 x 10-3 cm/s ln
16.90 /3

21
= 2.995 x 10-3 cm/s = 2.995 x 10-5 m/s
From Table 30.4 Conversion Factors for Permeate Flux in Unit Operations McCabe Smith

2.78 107
1 =
2
2.78 107
= 2.995 x 10-5 m/s x 1
2

= 107.7515 L/m2- h (within 59-145 L/m2-h range of filtrate flux from brochure)

Permeability (Qm):
Unit Operations of ChE, McCabe and Smith, Equation 30.49, pg.1037, 5th Edition

Qm =
()

Where:

= permeate flux
Qm= membrane permeability
P= pressure drop
= osmotic pressure difference
= average viscosity of water as assumed major component in feed
water= viscosity of water (0.95cP)
Osmotic Pressure Difference ():

= (Cs -C1)

22
Where:
R= 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K
MWave = average molecular weight of maltose, dextrin and insoluble solids
Cs = maltose, dextrin and insoluble solid concentration in the retentate (kg/m3)
C1 = maltose, dextrin and insoluble solid concentration in the feed (slurry) (kg/m3)

342.3+504.4371+6000
Mwave = = 2282.2457 g/mol
3
Cs = 183.5442 kg/m3 = 183.5442 g/L
C1 = 16.90 kg/m3 = 16.90 g/L

(0.08206 )(60+273.15)
= (183.5442-16.90) g/L
2281.5442 /

= 2.177 atm

Pressure Drop (P):

For Ultrafiltration (Process Liquid) from Membrane Filtration Handbook pg.24 Table 15

Typical Number of Elements = 3 (Table 15 from Membrane Filtration Handbook pg. 23)
Maximum allowed pressure drop = 1.0 bar per element (Table 14 from Membrane Filtration
Handbook)

1
P= 1 bar (3 elements) = 3 bar ( ) = 2.9608 atm
1.01325
P = 2.9608 atm = 300 kPa

23
Permeability (Qm):
()
Qm=
()

107.7515 2 (0.95 )
=
(2.9608 2.177 )(0.95)

Qm = 137.473 L/m2-hr-atm

Actual Area of Membrane:

Membrane Filtration Handbook, Table 37 Necessary Steps for Designing a System, pg.117

( )
=

( )
2
Where:
A= area of membrane (m2)

v = Permeate flux ( )
2

94.45693 1 1 000
Permeate Volume = = 3935.704 L/hr
24 1 3

3935.704 /
= = 36.526 m2
107.7515 2

Number of tubes per element required:

No. of ultrafilter unit =
/

24

=
( ) ( )

Table 8 p.18 Types and Variables of Tubular Membranes, Membrane Filtration Handbook
D= 1 in 2.54 cm
Typical Length of tube =3.3 m
36.526 2
No. of tubes = = 138.71 tubes = approx. 139 tubes
(3.3)(0.0254)

36.526 2
Computed area / tube = = 0.2628 m2
139

ACTUAL FILTER MEDIA SELECTION

HydraCap 40 Nitto Capillary Ultrafiltration Module

Trade name: HYDRAcap40

Membrane material: Polyethersulfone (PSO)

2 r =W

L= 1.093 m

Filter area = L x W

25
0.2628 m2 = 1.093 x W
W = 0.2404 m

1.093
= = 4.545
0.2404

0.2628 m2 = L x W
But W = L/ 0.0398
0.2628 = L x L/4.545
L actual = 1.093 m
D actual =2(D/2)=W=0.2404 m
D actual =0.0765 m

HOUSING DESIGN
Membrane Housing material is Stainless Steel, SS 316 for Tubular Membranes, from

Table 8, Types and Variables of tubular membrane pg. 18 and also based from Unit Operations

from McCabe Smith pg.1038

POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR ULTRAFILTRAFILTER

From ChE Handbook 7th Edition, pg.10-23 Equation 10-50

P=
3.559 10^6
Where:
H= total dynamic head (Pa)
H= 9.87 atm = 898,675 Pa
Q= capacity = 94.4569 m3/day
Assume = 1day= 24 hour operation

26
Q= 3.936 m3/hr

898,675 3.936 3/
Ptheo = = 0.994 KW
3.559 10^6

2.98
Pactual = = = 1.420 KW
0.70
Pactual = 2 KW

TYPE OF PUMP USED: CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

From Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook 7th Edition, pg. 10-24

Centrifugal pump is used due to its capacity ranging from 0.5 m3/hr to 2 x 104 m3/h (2

gal/min to 105 gal/min (2 gal/min to 105 gal/min, this type of pump is widely used in the

chemical industry for transferring liquids of all types.

27