Chapter Conics CHALLENGE 7 7.1 Geometric locus 7.20 Circle 7.3 Ellipse 7.4 Hyperbola 7.5) Parabota 7.6 Problems on conics EVALUATION 7CHALLENGE 7 @ 4. Name the of points M in the plane Circle a) located at the same distance from a fixed point b) such that the sum of the distances to two fixed points is constant. EWipse is constant, Hyperbola - — 6) such that the absolute value of the difference of the distances to two fixed points | d) located at the same distance to a fixed point and a fixed line, _Parabola__ Determine the equation of the geometric locus defined by the set of points M(x, v) 25 a) located 5 units from the origin 0(0, 0). 7 + ¥ = oe bb) such that the sum of the distances from point M to points (-4, 0) and (4, 0) is equal to 10 eae a such that the absolute value of the difference between the distances from point Mo points (10, 0) and (10, 0) is equal to 12, Zoey ie" oa ) located at thi: same distance from the point (-2, 3) and the line with equation x= 4 be Dw -12(y~ 3 a) Draw, in the Cartesian plane, the curve whose equa- tion is x 1 and the curve whose equation is vextl b) Find algebraically the intersection points of these two curves, AO, 1); BIO, -1); CCL, ~¥2 ); DEL, V2) 4. Represent, in the Cartesian plane, the set of points M(x, yi such that © Guéri, éditewr hee Challenge 7 324— i 1 Geometric locus aAeny TY ‘] Geometric locus a) Given two distinct points A and B in a plane, what do we call the set of points whose distances from points A and B are equal? The perpendicular bisector of the line segment AB, b) The set of points having a common metric property is called a geometric locus. Give examples of geometric loci The perpendicular bisector of a line segment, the line passing through two given points, the_ ©) In the Cartesian plane, a locus is defined by an equation called locus equation. Given points A(-1, 2) and B(3, 4), find the locus equation of the points whose distances from points A and B are equal M(I, 3) midpoint of AB; m = 2(stope of Al). Locus equation (perpendicular bisector of AB) GEOMETRIC LOCUS ~ The set of points having a common characteristic is called a geometric locus. In a Cartesian plane, the common property of the points (x,y) of 2 locus is translated by a two- variable equation called locus equation. we set of points in the Ist quadrant of the Cartesian plane whose distances from the x-axis and the Y-axis are equal is a geometric locus corresponding to the bisector of the Ist quadrant. Bicoctor ‘The equation of the locus is: y = x (x. > 0). 4. In cach of the following cases, describe the geometric locus and give its equation if it is the set of points in the Cartesian plane a) located 2 units from the x-axis and having a positive y-coordinate. zontal ine passing through b) located 3 units from the y-axis and having a negative x-coordinete. Vertical tine passing through (-3, O)_ ©) whose distances from the x-axis and the y-axis are equal The line with equation y = x and the line ith equation p = =x. 322 Chapter 7 Conics © Guerin, aditeor bee7 2 as ACiVITY 1] Circle centred at the origin a) What is the definition of a circle of radius r centred at the origin? __The set of all points located at a distancé b) Justify the steps allowing us to find the equation of a circle © of radius r C centred at 0(0, 0). I Steps Mx, y) €% = d(0,M) = fa? + ites | Definition of circle &. Formula for the distance between 0 and M. e ety When a and b are positive, we have the equivalence: ae bes a? = b?, = CIRCLE CENTRED AT THE ORIGIN * A circle centred at the origin is the set of points M in the plane located at constant distance from the origin. ~ The constant distance is the radius r of the circle. ~ The origin is the contre of the circle: © The standard form of the equation of a cirele of centred at 0(0, 0} is: 2iyar F. Find the equation of the circle centred at the origin with radius a) r=2_x+y=4 b) r= y3 + =3 2. Find the equation of the circle centred at the origin passing through A(~2,3)._22 +9? = 13 B. Consider the circle with equation: x2 + y? = 5. Indicate if the following points belong to the circle. a) A(-2,1) Yes __b)_ B(1,-2) _Yes_ Q C2, Consider the circle with equation: x? + y? = 25. Find the points M(x,.y) of the circle that have a) an x-coordinate equal to 4. _™4f4. 3 b) ay-coordinate equal to -2,__Mal-¥2H,~2) and ond My, 2) © Guésin, editeue tee 7.2 Circle 323ACTIVITY 2 circle not centred at the origin circle on the right, centred at 0(0, 0) y= 4, The image of circle @ under the (e-+4,y +3) is circle © ntre w of circle G"? a) The equation of the with radius 2, is: x2 translation ¢: (x,y) 1, What are the coordinate of the (4, 3) 2. What is the radius of circle €"?_ 3, What is the equation of circle sg ea b) A circle © of radius r centred at w(h, &) is represented on the right. 1. What is the property which characterizes every point M on this circle? aint Mon t Leentre. Me Godly, M) = 2. Justify the steps allowing us to find the equation of the circle in the standard form: ‘Steps: Justificatiens LI M@,y) 6 = du, M) Definition of the circle. 2. 3 Wet 1 | Formula for the distance between 2 points. 3. = (x— hy? + (y—k)? =r? | When a and b are positive, we have the Be equivalence: a =b¢ a = EQUATION OF A CIRCLE: STANDARD FORM ‘The set of points M in the plane located at the same distance r from the centre w, written G(s, 7), is called circle € of radius r centred at w, bs 9 Mew, & dlu,M) =r ‘The standard form of the equation of a circle of radius r centred at woth, k) is: hs keaP Ex: The equation, in standard form, of the circle of radius r= 5 centred at w(-3, 2) is (+3) + y-2P = 25, 324 Chapter 7 Conics © Guerin, éditeur kee5. Consider the circle of radius 3 units centred at 0{0, 0) and the translation ty) + (x — Ly +2) a) Find the equation of circle @, _»? + ¥* b) We draw circle ©’, image of circle ©, under translation t, 1. Determine the coordinates of the centre of circle ©’ and its radies, radius 3 2. Find the equation of circle G'. (+? +@-2F 9 Determine the centre w and the radius r of the following circles, a) (x-3P + -4P =16 arnt b) (x+ 2)? + (y~ 1) 9 @ +3) + y42=17 gy GAP 7! yy 3 3 ul2, Zi 22 6 7. Find the equation of the circle, in the standard form, knowing the centre w and a point M on the circle. a) (1,3) and M1, 7} b) (4, 5) and M(2,-3) _@ + @? +(y-5)? = 10 (c= UF + (y-3P 9 16 B. The points ACI, 2) and B(-3, ~4) are the endpoints of a diameter AB of a circle. Find the equation, in the standard form, of this circle, (e+ 2P s(y +1? = 10 B. The equation of a circle centred at the origin is yale, Describe the translation which associates, with this circle, the circle of equation a) (x— 1)? + (y+ 4 = 16: _6 b) a? + y— 3)? = 16 ) (e+ 22 +9? =16 d) +1 + +3? A@ethy-@ ACTIVITY. Equation of cle: general form a) Consider the circle of radius r= 4 centred at .o(-1, 2) 1. Find the equation of the circle in the standard form. (+1? + 2. Expand the standard equation in order to write the equation in the form 2? +97 + ax + by +6 =0, called general form of the equation of a circle. (et 1? + (y- 2P = 16 x2 +2 + Bx dy- 11 =0 b) Each of the following expressions is a perfect square trinomial. Complete it and then factor it Vat + Qe ene _ 2G _ 9 = eo i Bt syst 4. — 8y+_16_ 25 SoxP Bxb 6 yr Sy+_4 = eee © Guerin editeur tee 7.2 Circle 325©). The general form of the equation of a circle is: 22 + y? — 6x + dy ~ 12 =0. 1. Justify the steps allowing us to write the equation in the standard form, steps if Jstifcatons 2 + y? — 6x + dy—12=0 Yb. +P tdyt. = 12 x —6x+94+y2 + 4y +4 = 1249+ 4] - We complete in order to obtain perfect square trinomials. ~ General equation of the cirele. ~ We add 12 to each side. ~ We factor the perfect square trinomials to} obtain the standard form. EQUATION OF A CIRCLE — GENERAL FORM +” Expanding the standard form of the equation of a circle (x — h)? + (y ~ k}? = 2, we obtain the general form xe ax+by+c=0 Pee ea ee Glee Ex: (x43) 4 (~2)%=25 (Standard form) oP + Ox $9 + 9? = dy + 25 ot +y?+ Gx~ 4y—12=0 (General form) ‘The curve with equation: x? + y? + ax + by +c = 0 is represented by a circle in the Cartesian plane if and only if a? + b? > 4e. From the general form of the equation of a circle, we can find the standard form of the circle equation (See activity 3c). 9. In each of the following cases, find the equation of circle in the standard form and then in the general form, a) Centre (-1, 3); radius 2 b) Centre (0, ~3); radius 2 ©) Centre (2,-1); MGI, 3) € %. a) AB isa diameter, A(-2, 1) and B(4, -3). 2F y= 25 2, sft 4e + 2y- 2020 2, tp +2x-6yt6=0 2 - 94. For each of the following circles, 1. write the equation of the circle in the standard form. 2. find the centre and the radius of the circle. b) 2+? + 8x4 4y+19=0 e+ aR + y+ OF le a) 24+ y?— 2x dy—4 326 Chapter F Conics © Guerin, editeur ge0 d) P4y—x4+3y-15 wof2, 3); = SIT 42. Explain why each of the following equations is not that of a circle. a) x2 Ly? —4e + Gy-4 14 — 06 2F (0+ 9 =~ 1. The sum of 2 squares cannot be negative. pda eye tear sayy ficient of v¥ cannot be negative. 1B. Determine, if they exist, the intersection points of circle € with line | a) C(x- TP ++ 2P=9 b) Cet 14 (—2P=2 Q Cet 2+ + 1P=1 ky=-—-«+2 Lx-y+l=0 Lx-y-1=0 (4, tnd (4,-2) (0, 1) iz d) €:2+y?~2x+4y+1=0 e) © 9 f) C+? — 2x + 4y-20=0 ix-y-1=0 kxty [3x4 4y—20=0 _(1,0)and(-1,-2) __———_No interseetion point. (4.2) i 44. Represent the solution set of the following inequalities in the Cartesian plane. a) e+y2s9 b) (x-2P + -1P 24 “yp 45. For following regions, determine the inequality that defines it. a) b) © Guerin, editeur ee 7.2 Circle 327yr. 7 Line tangent to a circle Consider on the right the circle with equation: (x:— 2)? + (y ~ 1) and point A(1, 3) on this circle, a) Find the coordinates of the centre w of this circle, “(2 b) Draw the line [passing through point A and perpendicular to the radius wA, This line f intersects circle © in only one point. Line Lis called tangent to the circle at point A. 9 Find the equation of line L LINE TANGENT TO A CIRCLE. ‘A line is tangent to a circle if it intersects the circle in only one point called point of tangeacy. Ex.: Given the circle on the right, ~ line Vis tangent to the circle at point A. ~ Ais the point of tangency. Properties of the tangent: ~ The tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency. LOA ~ The distance between the centre w and the tangent Lis equal to the radius r Ae, D ~ Given a point A on a circle, there exists only one line tangent to the circle at point A + 9G. Consider the circle with equation: (x + 1)? + (y — 2)? = 28, a) Verify that point A(2, 6) is a point on this circle. (2 + IF + (6 - 2p = 25 b) What are the coordinates of the centre w of the circle? _ ©) Explain the procedure to find the equation of the line [ tangent to the circle at point A, __L. We calculate the slope of the radius “A duc lope of the tanger 3. We find the equation of the line Lpassing through Jowing tha ) Find the equation of the tangent at point A. 6-24 15 3 yews IS Zany Sdeyaderd Lage 328 Chapter 7 Conics © Guerin, éehvenr eae17. Use the data from exercise 16. Justify the steps allowing us to find the equation of the tangent lat point A using the scalar product, ae Mle 93 steps ustifications Mx,y) €d AMLAG Property of the tangent. Property of the scalar product. Equation of line | (general form). Equation of line | (functional form) FB. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle with equation: x2 + y? — 2x + 4y — 35 =Oat point A(3, 4). at 6: i w+ we af 0; uf, -2) 4. Find the equation of the circle with centre w{-2, 3) if the circle is tangent to a) the a-axis @+2%+W-3P "9 bb) the y-axis, _& + 2F +- 2G. Consider the line I: 2x + y — 4 = 0 and a point w(1, -3). a) Find the equation of the circle @ centred at w and tangent to line L Radius = ds, = YB: (x- 1 +(y +3 b) Find the coordinates of the point of tangency A. xfs 2) aera eee 21. Consider the circle © with equation: x? + y? = 18. a) Find the coordinates of points A, and A; on the circle which have an x-coordinate equal to 3. Ail3. $) and A, (3, -3) b) Find the equation of the lines l, and L, tangent to circle % at points A, and A, respectively, lyiy x4 6 and iyiy =x-6 ie Show that lines J; and /, meet at a point P located on the The system |= **6 has solution P(6, 0) d) Show that the quadrilateral 0A, PA, is a square. m0A, ~ mA,P = mPA, = m0A, = AB = 0A,PA, is «rhombus, COA,P is aright angle Pron a orl ecb aa laid tee eS © Guérin, éditeur hee 7.2 circle 329eee 7,3 ctipse ACTIVITY “] Ellipse centred at the origin Consider two points F,(-4, 0) and F,(4, 0) located on the axis, ‘The set of points M in the plane such that the sum of the distances d(M, F,) + d(M, F,) = 10 is an ellipse with foci at points F, and E, The four points A (-5, 0), A,(5, 0), B,(0,-3) and B,(0, 3) represent the vertices of the ellipse. a) Verify that 1. dlAy, Fy) + dlAy, Fy) 2. d(A,,F,) + dA, F,) 3. d(B,,F,) + dB, 4, d(By,F,) + d(B,, Fy 10 aly = Bs ty, Fd = 9 10 HA, Fy) = 9; dA, F,) = 1 b) Justify the steps allowing us to find the equation of this ellips aL hao 6 N Justifications jo feta ry =10- eae Jeo (x44)? +97 = 100 + (x ~ 4)? + y? - 20,4 Jot Be 16 + y= 100 ¥x2 Be + Wy? = 20g ae + 16x ~ 100 = 20 fe —4P J (16x — 100)? = 400 [x —4P + ¥2] Je 256x? — 3200x + 10 000 = 400(x? ~ Sx-+ 16 + y2) 3200x + 10 000 = 400x2 ~ 32004-6400 + 4002 14x? +4007 = 3600 25602 Definition of ellipse é. Formula for the distance between 2 points. Property of the equality relation. squc Expansion of the squares. both sides. Reduction. [Squaring both sides. [Expansion of the squares. Distributiviey. Reduction, We divide both sides by 3600. ¢}_ The equation of the ellipse in b) is in the form 42+ =1 (a > 0, b >0) called standard form 1, Identify parameters a and b, __a= Sand b =3 abe s 7 2. Verify that the major axis A,A, containing the foci has a length of 2a. _# = 5: 4(A,A,) = 10 3. Verify that the minor axis BB, has a length of 2b, — (B85) 4, IF 2cis the distance between the foci, identify c and verify that &? + 2 = eee Stee ee eed patecececieea eaEeae 330 Chapter ¥ Conics © Guerin, éditeur leeELLIPSE CENTRED AT THE ORIGIN * The ellipse with foci F, and F, is the set of all points M of the plane for which the sum of the distances to-the foci is constant. + We distinguish two cases according to the position of the major axis containing the foci Horizontal major axis Vertical major axis 810.8) 5y Feat a] eth Jae [ | | | Ara oh | ae L © For every point M on the ellipse we have: d(M, F,) + d(M, F. ‘© The four vertices of the ellipse are: A,, A,, B, and By, ‘© The major axis is the line segment A\, with length 2a. (a > 0) The foci, and F; are located on the major axis, + The minor axis is the line segment B,B, with length 2b. (b > 0} ‘The focal distance is the length 2c between the foci F, and F,, (6 = 0} The-axes of the ellipse are axes of symmetry The centte 0 of the ellipse is a centre of symmetry. ‘The parameters a, b and:¢ of the ellipse verify Pythagoras’ relation: Rie x. ye. EB Ex. otS t We have a=5,b=3,c=4 A\(-5,0),A,(0, 5) A,(0,-5), A,(0, 5) B,(0,-3), B,(0, 3) B,(-3, 0), B,(3, 0) F,(-4, 0), (4, 0) F, (0, -4), F,(0, 4) © Guerin, éditeur tee 7.3 Ellipse 334°F + Consider the ellipse with equation: 4+ 2 =1 a) Draw the ellipse in the Cartesian plane on the right. b) Is the major axis horizontal or vertical? ¢) Find the coordinates of the vertices d) Find the coordinates of the foci F, and F, and locate the foci in the Cartesian plane. Fie¥3, 01, F015, 0) + Consider the ellipse with equation; %+% a) Draw the ellipse in the Cartesian plane on the right. Vertical 0), ( b) Is the major axis horizontal or vertical? __ ©) Find the coordinates of the vertices. d) Find the coordinates of the foci F, and F, and locate the foci in the Cartesian plane. Fi-¥3,.0). F,(0, 48) €) If Misa point on the ellipse, determine d(M, F,) + d(M, F,). 4 a) Explain the steps allowing us to write the standard form of the equation of an ellipse centred at the origin in the general form ax? -+ by? + ¢ = 0. 2 ¥ 242 974 1 (standard form) L344 ]=36 2 4x2 + Qy? 3. dx? + 9y? — 36 b)_ Write the equations of the following ellipses in the general form. 1 S+Ba1 _We multiply both sides by the common denominator. 6 _We apply distributivity. _We subtract 36 from both sides. ofthe vertices Horizontat | (12, 0), (13, 0), (0, ~5), (0, 5)] 12, 0), (12, 0) 10 Vertical | 6, 0), (6, 0), (0, -10), (0, 10)| 0, -8), (0, 8) 2 Horizontal | 2, 0), (2, 0), (0. -1), (0.1) | c4=8..0). 3.0) 2 25x + 4y?— 100= 0 | Verticat | 2, 0), (2. 0). (0, -5). (0. 5) | (0.~ A2H).(0, VZI) 4 332 Chapter 7 conics © Guerin, éditeur bsea) *te Te Focus aye a‘ 2o7? G6. Determine the coordinates of the foci of an ellipse centred at the origin whose vertices are the points a) (6,0) and (0, 4) 9 (-10, 0) and (0, ¢£20.0) and (0, 40) b) (6,0) and (0,7) €8, O and (8 0) gy (4, 0} and (0, -6) @ ,~ 113) ana (0, 473) 0. - 120) and (0, 120) F. In cach of the following cases, find the equation of the ellipse in the standard form. a) The major axis of length 20 units is horizontal and the minor axis measures 12 ui Byway 00 * 36 b) ‘The major axis of length 16 units is vertical and the minor axis measures 10 units, =yee 25 oa"! He zee _ ©) The major axis of length 10 units is horizontal and the focal distance measures 6 units &. Represent the following inequalities in the Cartesian plane. a) Spel b) 9x2 + 4y?~ 16 = 0 gy 244-40 yy ey © Gusrin, ediveur hee 7.3 Ellipse 3389. Describe each of the following regions using an inequality. b) 10. Represent the following systems in the Cartesian plane. a) fox? + 25y?-225<0 b) [r+ y2—-9=0 3x+5y-15>0 9x? + dy? 36 = 0 ef jetyect a6" > Bx 4y+12>0 334 Clraespter 7 Conics © Guerin, éditeur tee42. Determine the coordinates of the intersection points of the ellipse with equation x2 + 4? — 25 =0 and the line with equation x + 2y — Points (3, 2) and |4 1B. An art exhibit is presented in a r00m whose ceiling has the shape of a half-ellipse as shown on the figure on the sight. Spotlights are installed on the ceiling at a horizontal distance of 5 m from the edges of the ceiling. = == What is the height of the spotlights, as measured from the floor? <"——_—*" 94. The circle with equation: x2 + y? = 9 and the ellipse with equation ¥ 4x2 + Oy? — 36 =O are represented on the right. Calculate the area of the shaded region. Note: The area of an ellipse with-major axis measuring 2a and minor axis measuring 2b is equal 6. 98. A race track has an elliptical shape. The length of the major axis is 80 m and the focal distance is 64m, What is the length of the minor axis? 48 m__ 16. The measure of the chord perpendicular to the- major axis. and passing yh through one of the foci of an ellipse is called latas rectum. P Calculate the measure of the latus rectum of an ellips equation 9x? + 25y? — 225 » a 97. A rectangular garden has a perimeter of 72 m and an area of 320 m?. A landscape architect wants to create a flowerbed shaped as an ellipse in this garden. Using a sketch, give the dimensions of the ellipse and locate the foci so that the flowerbed has maximum area © Gutrin, éditeur tee 7.3 Ellipse 335penren earns 7 ri 4 1 jerbola centred at the origin 0) and Fy : a Acrivinry 1 ty Consider two points F)( the x-axis. The set of poit value of the difference |d(M, F,) — a(M, F,)| hyperbola whose foci are the points F, and F,, The two points A,(-4, 0) and A,(4, 0} represent the vertices of the hyperbola. 5, 0} located on 's M of the plane such that the absolute Sisa a) Verify that 1. |d(Ay, F,) ~ d(A,, F,) “AA, Fy) = 45 d(Ay, Fy) = 95 [E~ 9} 8 2. |d(A,,F,) — d{A,, F,)| = 8 Ay Fy) = 9: day Fy) 1s 19-11 = 8 8 b) Justify the steps allowing us to find the equation of the hyperbola %. tapes M(x, y) € ¢ IdM, F)} — aM, F3)] = 8 Definition of hyperbola H. Formula for the distance between 2 point ‘Two opposite numbers have the same absolute value. Property of the equality relation. jer (n+ 5) + 2 = (x5) +9? + 64416 yx 5) ‘Squaring both sides. Jo x24 10K + 25-4 2 = 22 10x + 254 92 +6416 yx —5) 4 9? | Expansion of the squares. 4 20x ~ 64 = 416 ylx 5) + y? Reduction. (20x ~ 64) = 256|(x -3) + y'] Squaring both sides. x + 4096 = 256x? — 2560x + 6400 + 256)? Expansion of the squares. je 14x? — 256)? Reduction. ey We divide both sides by bas 16 2304, ‘The equation of the hyperbola obtained in b) is in the form 22 1 called standard form. ef Pr ©) 1. Identify the parameters a and b.@=4b=3 2. If the focal distance (distance between the foci) is 2c, identify ¢ and verify that aya, 2 nd a? + Be = c2, E 3. Draw the rectangle having vertices: (a, b), (-a, b), (a, -b), and (a, -b) then verify that the diagonals of this rectangle are supported by the asymptotes of the hyperbola 336 «Chapter F Conics © Guerin, eteur keeHYPERBOLA CENTRED AT THE ORIGIN * The hyperbola with foci F, and F, is the set of all points M of the plane such that the absolute value of the difference of the distances to the foci is constant © We distinguish two cases according to the position of the transverse axis containing the foci Horizontal transverse axis Vertical transverse axis © The vertices are: A, (-a, 0) and A,(a, 0). |* ‘The vertices are: B, (0, -b) and B,(0, b) © The foci are: F,(-¢, 0) and F,(¢, 0) * The foci are: 0 F,(0,~c) and F,(0, ¢}. * The transverse axis AA; has length 2a. | The transverse axis B,B, has length 2b. (a> 0) (b> 0) * The conjugate axis BB, has length 2b. |* The conjugate axis A,A, has length 2a (b> 0) (a>0) * For every point on the hyperbola, we have: |* For every point on the hyperbola, we have: \d(M, F,) ~ d(M, F,)| = 22 [d(M, ,) — d(M, F,)| = 2b = The focal distance is the distance 2c between the foci (¢ > 0) ~ The axes of the hyperbola are axes of syminetzy and the origin O is a centre of symmetry, Ss ~ The hypesbola has two asymptotes passing through the origin: ys y= &x and : — Thi rameters 2, b anc’ c of the hyperhola verify the relation: 2 Ex: B-Z=1 1, [Ex ‘We have: ‘We have: a=4,b=3,c=5 : Vertices: A, (4, 0); A,(4,0) Vertices: B,(0, -3), B,(0, 3) Foci: F,(-5, 0); F,(5, 0) Foci: F,(0,-5), F,(0, 5) For every point M on the hyperbola, we have:| For every point M on the hyperbola, we have: |d(M, F,) ~ d(M, F,)) = 2a = 8 \d(M, P,} — d(M, F,}| = 2b = 6 aihiy= a=4,b=3, Asymptotes: [,: = Asymptotes: hs y deil y= © Guerin, éditeur hee 7.4 hyperbola 337DRAWING THE HYPERBOLA Let us use the following procedure to draw the hyperbola with equation: © : centred at the ork © identify the position of the | Horizontal tran transverse axis according to the | axis equation model apie — We identify the parameters a and b — We deduce the parameter c knowing | ¢ = 13 ~ We locate the vertices A,, Ay and | Av-3:0), Ax, 0) the foci F,, F, on the transverse axis. | F, (-¥i3, 0), F, (V3, 0) We draw the asymptotes 1, and L supporting the diagonals of the rectangle centred at 0 with vertices {a,b}, (-a, b), (-a, -b), and (a, ~b). We draw the hyperbola using a table of values | | | Weded ese é We draw one branch of the hyperbola approaching the asymptotes, Weededuce the other branch by symmeuy, Consider the hyperbola = 7 e a) What is the position of the transverse axis? Identify the parameters a, b and c, @= Determine the coordinates of the vertices and the foci B,(0, ~2), BO, 2): F,{0,~ 3) Determine 1. the length of the transverse axis, 4 2. the length of the conjugate axis, 6 3. the focal distance, ave ) Draw the asymptotes of the hyperbola and determine their | * 34] 45 | 52 eeneges o equation, bi ¥= 3xileey fee Ey 3 | via] 4 Draw the hyperbola 9) h) Verify that the circle of radius ¢ centred at 0 passes through If Misa point on the hyperbola, complete: |d{M, F,) — d(M, F,) the foci of the hyperbola and Ghrough the vertices (a, b}, (-a,B), (-a,-b) and (a, -b) of the rectangle. 338 Chapter 7 Conics © Guerin, éditeur Kee2. Consider the hyperbola © — =} a) b) 9 d) e 9 h) What is the position of the transverse axis? Identify the parameters a, b and c.4= 3.6" 46" 5_ Determine the coordinates of the vertices and the foci Ay(-B, 0), AglS, 0): FCS, 0), Fx{5, 0) mine 1. the length of the transverse axis, 6.4 _ 2. the length of the conjugate axis, _@ u_ 3. the focal distance. — Draw the asymptotes of the hyperbola and determine « ae their equation, 4797 3*ils'¥ Draw the hyperbola x IfM isa point on the hyperbola, complete: |d(M, F,) ~ d(M, F,}| yl 0] 35) 53 Verify that the circle of radius c centred at 0 passes through the foci of the hyperbola and through the vertices (a, b), (a, b), (-a,—b) and (a, ~b) of the rectangle. 3B. When the parameters a and b of the equation of the hy; pperbola pa equal, the hyperbola is called equilateral, & a) 1, Determine the equations of the asymptotes of an vi equilateral hyperbola. wand y =x i 2. Are the asymptotes of an equilateral hyperbola Hy perpendicular? Yes NLA b) Draw, in the same Cartesian plane, +f} 1. the equilateral hyperbola with equation: x? ~ y? = 4. ! 2. the equilateral hyperbola with equation: x2 ~ y2 = ~4 As @. Write the equation of the following hyperbolas in the general form ax? te=0. 2) b) uae ) ) z 400%! ~ 144¢y2 ~ 225 92 - 16y2 - 144-0 © Guerin, editeur tee 7.4 Hyperbola 3395. Complete the following table. Equation Position of | Coordinates of Coordinates Length of | Length of | Equations of the hyperbola ‘the trans- ‘the vertices of the fod transverse | conjugate of the verse ais aris | ats} asim Hortonat |(-3, 0} and |(-5, 0} and (5, 0) 6 5 0) Vertical |(0,-tand | (0, -5) and (0, 5) 5 6 0.4) 36y* ~ 2304 = 0 [Horizontal |1-6, 0) and —|¢-10, Oana t0.0) | 12 16 pede 6.0) 4 vaste 2-2 42=0 jo,-tyand 10, 4B) ana 2 BE | yo Be oD (0.8) 1 d) ¥ e) Cal] ANA) * Faye weet 7. Determine the coordinates of thé foci of & hyperbola centred at the origin in each case a) The hyperbola has equation: 4° — Y= 1, _ fi (0.-W73): Flo. 73) (25.0) b) The hyperbole has equation: 2 — z ©) The focal distance is equal to 12 and the transverse axis is vertical. _Fi(@,-6) and F,(0, 6) ) (8,0) isa vertex of the hyperbola and one of the asymptotes has equation: 0, 0) a 340 «© Chapter F Conics © Guerin, éditeur hve7 B. Determine the coordinates of the vertices/of a hyperbola centred at he origin in each of the following cases. : a) The hyperbola has equation (0.4) and (0, 4) (8. 0) ana(¥5.0) ) The hyperbola hes equation: ¢ 4d) The conjugate axis is horizontal and has length 6 units and the focal distance is equal to 10 units, « ) The transverse axis is horizontal and measures 6 units. . 0) and (3, 0) id (0, 4) 9. In each of the following cases, determine the equation of the hyperbola centred at the origin. a) F,(-4, 0) and F,(4, 0) are the foci and A,{-3, 0) and A,(3, 0) are the vertices 577) _ b) F,(0,~3) and F,(0, 3) are the foci and B, (0, -2) and B,(0, 2) are the vertices. 57777! ©) The transverse axis is vertical and measures 8 units and the focal distance is equal to 10 units 9. Represent the following inequalities in the Cartesian plane. a) ey <1 by Z_yte-l 11. Describe each of the following regions using a) b) © Guérin, éditeur hee 7.4 Hyperbola 34142. Represent the following systems. a) fxe-y? <1 b) ta yr 0), ‘The set of points M of the plane whose distances from line land point F are equal is a parabola whose focus is point F and whose directrix is line L °. a) Verify that the vertex V(0, 0) of the parabola is at the same distance from the focus F and the directrix / bb) Justify the steps allowing us to find the equation of perabola steps | ustifcations M(x,v) © P @diM,P) = dM, | Definition of parabola P. Jenx2 + ly te? Squaring both sides. Jeo yt 2ey +e ay + 2ey +2} Expansion of the squares. Jeo? = dey Reduction. je VP FOF =y te Formula for the distance between 2 points and formula for} the distance between a point and a line, Show thatthe parabola whose foots is the point F (0. Bie (e> 0) and whose directrix is the line I: y = chas equation: x? = —4cy. Mix, yc P 2 FOP se-y ex? +(y +o =(c- yh ae + yo Dey + | ce that ae a Py ane focus is the point Fie, 0), ¢ > 0 and. whose directrix is the line f:x = ~c has equation: y? = doe M(x, oP 2 [R= TT wx see wt on Vi Flor | 344 Chapter 7 Conics © Guerin, éiteur hee: oF A Acriyr Parabota with verter V(0, 0) open to the left Mino! Show that the parabola SP whose focus is the point F(-c, 0), (¢> 0) and | whose directrix is the line I: x — ¢ has equation: y? = ~dex, Freed Jv Mix ye) [ESTE wenees bere? ty? = (cnx? | xt fev oye een tx yo =tes. : 8 | asee | ~ PARABOLA WITH VERTEX W(0; 0) ° We dis + The parabola with focus F and directrix (line not passing through the focus) isthe set of all points M of the plane whose distances from the focus and the directrix are equal. inguish four cases according to the concavity of the parabola with vertex V(0, 0}, Concave upwards Concave downwards y y Fle 0) ® en ce) | = dey \ WET = Wday 2 to the right | Concave to the left oh i The x-axis s of symmetry when the parabola is concave to the ri © ivall cases, we have = dV, By = dV, I= cle > 0) © The y-axis is an axis of symmetry when the parabola is concave apwards or downwards ght or to the ~ The axis of symmetry:passes through the vertex V, the focus F and is pexpendicular to the directrix L Ex.: The parabola with eq is open to the right i i © Guerin, edsteur ee 7.5 Parabola Bas1. For each of the following parabolas with vertex V(0, 0), determine 1. the concavity. 2. the coordinates of the focus. 3. the equation of the directrix. a) x =6y 12x d) P=8x 1. Upwards Fo the left 2, FO; 1.5). F(-3, 0) 3 A parabola with vertex V(0, 0), open to the equation? 3. A parabola with vertex V(0, 0), passes through point A(4, 4), What is its equation if the parabola is a) open upwards? b) open to the right? _ = Complete the following table knowing that each parabola has vertex V(0, 0) Equation of Fats Equation of Equation ofthe ‘point on the parabola the divectrix ais of symmetry the parabola FE-15. 0) yas xn 0 ACG, -6) F(2, 0) xan? y=0 A(z, -4) ody F(o,2) x20 AC, 8) vianw Alt, 1) Consider the parabola P with equation: y = 4x and the line with [~™ equation: 2x +y — 4 = 0. Ke a) Determine algebraically the intersection points of parabola ® | 4 and line l Ax (2x + ay! = dx; dx? ~ 200416 -0 ot x seer 0,2): Ba - b) Represent the parabola and line { in the verify the answers found in a) ty ee UE re RE RTE 1 5. Parabola with vertex WH, 2) Consider the parabola & with vertex 0(0,0), equation F(O, 1) and directrix f:y = -1 a) We apply to parabola %, its focus F and its directrix I, the translation t defined by 1: (x, y) — (x + 2,9 +3). y, focus Draw the parabola 2, image of parabola ®, the image F' of the focus F and the image I of the directrix [ b) What is, for parabola 1. its focus? Fl 2. its directrix? ___f 346 Chapter 7 Conics © Guerin, éditeur hee