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OPERATING MANUAL FOR
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VRCFP, HPCL VISAKH Page 1 of 195

OPERATING MANUAL

FOR

FCC NAPHTHA HYDROTREATING UNIT

VISAKH REFINERY CLEAN FUEL PROJECT

HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED

VISAKH

A Issued for comments

Rev No. Date Purpose Prepared by Checked by Approved by

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PREFACE

This operating manual for FCC Naphtha HydroTreater Unit (Unit No.-75) of
Visakh Refinery Clean Fuel Project for HPCL Visakh Refinery has been prepared
by M/s Engineers India Limited for M/s Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited.
The objective of FCC Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit is to process FCC
Gasoline to obtain product streams (Light gasoline and Heavy Hydrotreated
gasoline) with targeted qualities of octane number, sulphur content, benzene
content and olefins content. This manual contains process description and
operating guidelines for the unit and is based on documents supplied by the
Process Licensor (Axens). Hence the manual must be reviewed /approved
by the licensor before the start-up /operation of the unit. Operating
procedures & conditions given in this manual are indicative. These should be
treated as general guide only for routine start-up and operation of the unit. The
actual operating parameters and procedures may require minor
modifications/changes from those contained in this manual as more experience is
gained in operation of the Plant.
For detailed specifications and operating procedures of specific equipment,
corresponding Vendor's operating manuals/instructions need to be referred in
addition to Process Package and Design Basis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION- 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 9

1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 10

1.2 UNIT CAPACITY ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.3 ON-STREAM FACTOR .............................................................................................................................................. 10
1.4 TURNDOWN RATIO ................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.5 FEED CHARACTERISTICS......................................................................................................................................... 10
1.5.1 FCC Gasoline .............................................................................................................................................. 10
1.5.2 Sulfur Distribution (ppm wt)* ..................................................................................................................... 11
1.5.3 Hydrogen...................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.5.4 Lean Amine .................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.5.5 Start-up inert naphtha.................................................................................................................................. 13
1.6 PRODUCTS SPECIFICATION ..................................................................................................................................... 14
1.6.1 Light FCC gasoline: .................................................................................................................................... 14
1.6.2 Heavy desulfurized FCC gasoline ............................................................................................................... 15
1.6.3 Benzene Heartcut ......................................................................................................................................... 15
1.6.4 Splitter purge gas ......................................................................................................................................... 17
1.6.5 Selective HDS purge .................................................................................................................................... 17
1.6.6 Rich Amine ................................................................................................................................................... 17
1.6.7 Stabilizer purge ............................................................................................................................................ 18
1.7 PROPOSED TREATMENT SCHEME ................................................................................................................ 18
1.8 BATTERY LIMIT CONDITIONS OF PROCESS LINES ................................................................................................... 19
1.9 MATERIAL BALANCES ............................................................................................................................................ 20
1.9.1 SHU section overall balance ....................................................................................................................... 20
1.9.2 HDS section overall balance ....................................................................................................................... 20
1.10 SPECIFICATIONS OF CATALYSTS AND CHEMICALS ............................................................................................ 21
1.10.1 Catalyst ................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.10.2 Catalyst Bed Protections ........................................................................................................................ 22
1.10.3 Inert balls ................................................................................................................................................ 23
1.10.4 Chemicals ................................................................................................................................................ 24
1.11 UTILITY CONDITION AT UNIT BATTERY LIMIT ................................................................................... 25
1.12 UTILITY SPECIFICATION: ........................................................................................................................... 27
1.13 INTERMITTENT UTILITY CONSUMPTION ............................................................................................................. 28
1.13.1 Start-up requirement ............................................................................................................................... 28
1.13.2 Catalyst in-situ regeneration .................................................................................................................. 30
1.14 EFFLUENT SUMMARY: ....................................................................................................................................... 31

SECTION- 2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 33

2.1 UNIT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................. 34

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2.2 SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION ................................................................................................................................ 34

2.3 SPLITTER SECTION .................................................................................................................................................. 35
2.4 HDS SECTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 36
2.5 RECYCLE COMPRESSOR SECTION ........................................................................................................................... 37
2.6 STABILIZER SECTION .......................................................................................................................................... 37
2.7 CATALYST IN-SITU REGENERATION OPERATION .................................................................................................... 38

SECTION- 3 PROCESS PRINCIPLE ....................................................................................................................... 40

3.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROCESS ..................................................................................................................................... 41

3.2 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
3.3 SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION REACTOR (75-R-01)................................................................................................ 41
3.4 SPLITTER (75-C-01) ............................................................................................................................................... 42
3.5 FIRST HDS REACTOR (75-R-02) ............................................................................................................................ 43
3.6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CATALYST ................................................................................................................ 43
3.6.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.6.2 Thermodynamics and kinetics ..................................................................................................................... 44
3.6.3 Catalyst activity, selectivity AND stability .................................................................................................. 44
3.6.4 Selective hydrogenation Reactions and Catalyst ........................................................................................ 45
3.6.5 Chemical reactions ...................................................................................................................................... 45
3.6.6 Hydrogenation of diolefins .......................................................................................................................... 45
3.6.7 Isomerization of olefins ............................................................................................................................... 47
3.6.8 Hydrogenation of olefins ............................................................................................................................. 47
3.6.9 Thermal and catalytic polymerization of unstable compounds .................................................................. 47
3.6.10 Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis ..................................................................................................... 47
3.6.11 Sulfur reaction ........................................................................................................................................ 48
3.7 PROCESS VARIABLES IN SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION .............................................................................. 49
3.7.1 Reactor Temperature ................................................................................................................................... 49
3.7.2 Residence time in the reactor ...................................................................................................................... 50
3.7.3 Reactor pressure .......................................................................................................................................... 51
3.7.4 Hydrogen make-up rate ............................................................................................................................... 51
3.8 CHEMICAL: HDS REACTOR REACTIONS AND CATALYST ...................................................................................... 51
3.8.1 Chemical reactions ...................................................................................................................................... 51
3.8.2 Hydrorefining............................................................................................................................................... 52
3.8.3 Hydrogenation of olefins ............................................................................................................................. 53
3.9 RELATIVE RATES OF REACTION .............................................................................................................................. 54
3.9.1 Process variables in hds reactor ................................................................................................................. 54
3.9.2 Temperature ................................................................................................................................................. 54
3.9.3 Operating pressure and H2/HC ratio ......................................................................................................... 55
3.9.4 Space velocity .............................................................................................................................................. 56

SECTION- 4 UTILITY DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................... 57

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4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 58

4.1.1 INSTRUMENT AIR SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................... 58
4.1.2 PLANT AIR SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................... 58
4.1.3 SEA COOLING WATER SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 58
4.1.4 BEARING COOLING WATER SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 59
4.1.5 SERVIC WATER SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.6 NITROGEN .................................................................................................................................................. 60
4.1.7 LP STEAM SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.8 MP STEAM SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.9 VHP STEAM SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 61
4.1.10 FUEL GAS SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 61
4.2 EFFLUENT SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................................... 61

SECTION- 5 PREPARATION FOR START-UP .................................................................................................... 64

5.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................................................. 65
5.2 PRE-COMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................................. 65
5.2.1 Inspection / Checking .................................................................................................................................. 65
5.2.2 Inspection of equipments ............................................................................................................................. 66
5.2.3 Piping and Accessories ................................................................................................................................ 66
5.2.4 Instruments ................................................................................................................................................... 66
5.2.5 Relief Valves................................................................................................................................................. 67
5.2.6 Rotary Equipment ........................................................................................................................................ 67
5.2.7 Drainage System .......................................................................................................................................... 67
5.3 PREPARATION FOR PRE-COMMISSIONING .............................................................................................................. 67
5.4 PRE-COMMISSIONING ............................................................................................................................................. 68
5.4.1 Commissioning of Utilities .......................................................................................................................... 68
5.4.2 Final Inspection of Vessels .......................................................................................................................... 70
5.4.3 Pressure Test Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 71
5.4.4 Wash Out Lines and Equipment .................................................................................................................. 72
5.4.5 Functional Test of Rotating Equipment ...................................................................................................... 74
5.5 INSTRUMENTS CHECKING ....................................................................................................................................... 77
5.6 SAFETY DEVICES CHECK ........................................................................................................................................ 78
5.7 HEATER REFRACTORY DRY-OUT AND REACTION SECTION DRY-OUT .................................................................... 79
5.8 PURGING AND GAS BLANKETING ........................................................................................................................... 79
5.9 TIGHTNESS TEST .................................................................................................................................................... 80
5.10 CATALYST LOADING PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................................... 83

5.11 CATALYST SPECIAL PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................ 83

SECTION- 6 START-UP PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 84

6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 85

6.2 PRE-START-UP CHECKLIST FOR PRIME G+ UNIT ................................................................................................ 85

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6.3 FIRST START-UP ...................................................................................................................................................... 87

6.3.1 Chronology of start-up operations .............................................................................................................. 87
6.3.2 Purging of air............................................................................................................................................... 87
6.4 START-UP PRELIMINARY OPERATION ..................................................................................................................... 91
6.4.1 Unit status .................................................................................................................................................... 91
6.4.2 Inert naphtha circulation (Reaction sections by-passed) ........................................................................... 91
6.4.3 Start-up of Hot Naphtha circulation in splitter and stabilizer ................................................................... 94
6.5 PRESSURIZATION OF THE REACTION SECTIONS AND HYDROGEN LEAK TESTS ....................................................... 96
6.5.1 Unit status .................................................................................................................................................... 96
6.5.2 H2 inroduction in SHU section ................................................................................................................... 97
6.5.3 H2 inroduction in HDS section ................................................................................................................... 97
6.6 CATALYST SULFIDING DRY SULPHIDING ............................................................................................................ 97
6.6.1 Sulfiding of HR-845 Catalyst in the Diolefin Reactor (75-R-01) ............................................................... 98
6.6.2 Sulfiding of HR-806 Catalyst of first HDS Reactor (75-R-02) ................................................................... 98
6.6.3 Sulphiding Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 99
6.7 UNIT START-UP.................................................................................................................................................... 101
6.7.1 UNIT Status................................................................................................................................................ 101
6.7.2 Lining up of the SHU reaction section ...................................................................................................... 102
6.7.3 Lining up of the HDS reaction section ...................................................................................................... 103
6.7.4 Inert naphtha circulation ........................................................................................................................... 104
6.7.5 FCC Gasoline Feed ................................................................................................................................... 104

SECTION- 7 NORMAL OPERATING PROCEDURE ........................................................................................ 107

7.1 GUIDELINES FOR NORMAL OPERATION .................................................................................................. 108

7.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 108
7.3 OPERATING PARAMETER ............................................................................................................................. 108
7.4 ALARMS:............................................................................................................................................................ 115
7.5 OPEARATING CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT CASES OF OPERATION .................................................. 120
7.6 EQUIPMENT LIST ............................................................................................................................................. 120
7.6.1 Pumps ......................................................................................................................................................... 120
7.6.2 Vessels ........................................................................................................................................................ 121
7.6.3 Columns ..................................................................................................................................................... 122
7.6.4 Reactors ..................................................................................................................................................... 122
7.6.5 Heat Exchangers(Tubular) ........................................................................................................................ 122
7.7 LIST OF INSTRUMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 123
7.7.1 Control Valves: .......................................................................................................................................... 123
7.7.2 ON-OFF Valves ......................................................................................................................................... 126
7.7.3 Safety valves ............................................................................................................................................... 127
7.8 RELIEVE VALVE LOAD SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 128
7.9 DETAIL OF INTERLOCK LOGIC AND TRIPS .............................................................................................. 129

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7.10 EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES ON THE PROCESS ...................................................................................... 133

7.10.1 Operating parameters ........................................................................................................................... 133
7.10.2 Reactor temperature ............................................................................................................................. 133
7.10.3 other parameter .................................................................................................................................... 135
7.10.4 Make-up H2 and recycle H2 flow-rates................................................................................................. 136
7.10.5 Space velocity (feed rate)...................................................................................................................... 138
7.10.6 Feed quality........................................................................................................................................... 139

SECTION- 8 SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................... 141

8.1 NORMAL SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................... 142

8.1.1 introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 142
8.1.2 Preparations for a Planned Shutdown ...................................................................................................... 142
8.1.3 General procedure ..................................................................................................................................... 143
8.1.4 Short period shutdown ............................................................................................................................... 143
8.1.5 Long period shutdown ............................................................................................................................... 145
8.1.6 Shutdown followed by maintenance, inspection or catalyst unloading.................................................... 146
8.2 UNIT RESTART ...................................................................................................................................................... 148

SECTION- 9 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE ................................................................................ 150

9.1 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE ................................................................................................... 151

9.1.1 general ....................................................................................................................................................... 151
9.1.2 Emergency shutdown by operators ........................................................................................................... 151
9.1.3 Loss of feed ................................................................................................................................................ 153
9.1.4 Loss of cooling water ................................................................................................................................. 155
9.1.5 Lack of hydrogen make-up ........................................................................................................................ 155
9.1.6 Loss of Amine ............................................................................................................................................. 155
9.1.7 Quench pump failure ................................................................................................................................. 155
9.1.8 Fuel gas failure .......................................................................................................................................... 156
9.1.9 Steam failure .............................................................................................................................................. 156
9.1.10 Instrument air failure ............................................................................................................................ 156
9.1.11 Power failure......................................................................................................................................... 156
9.1.12 Fire or major leak ................................................................................................................................. 157
9.1.13 Automatic emergency shutdown ........................................................................................................... 158

SECTION- 10 TROUBLE SHOOTING .................................................................................................................... 160

10.1 TROUBLE SHOOTING ................................................................................................................................ 161

10.1.1 High differential pressure (P) in the reactor ..................................................................................... 161
10.1.2 Chemical H2 consumption increase ..................................................................................................... 161

10.1.3 Octane losses......................................................................................................................................... 162

SECTION- 11 SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS ................................................. 163

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11.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................................... 164

11.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................... 164

SECTION- 12 SAFETY PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 170

12.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 171

12.2 PLANT SAFETY FEATURES ............................................................................................................................... 171
12.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................................. 171
12.2.2 Emergency shutdown ............................................................................................................................ 171
12.2.3 Overpressure protection ....................................................................................................................... 171
12.2.4 Safety shower and eye wash ................................................................................................................. 172
12.2.5 Operational safety stations ................................................................................................................... 172
12.2.6 High pressure ........................................................................................................................................ 172
12.2.7 Reactor protection ................................................................................................................................ 172
12.2.8 Personnel protection ............................................................................................................................. 172
12.3 SAFETY OF PERSONNEL ........................................................................................................................... 175
12.4 WORK PERMIT PROCEDURE.................................................................................................................... 176
12.5 PREPARATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR MAINTENANCE ....................................................................... 178
12.6 PREPARATION FOR VESSEL ENTRY ...................................................................................................... 180
12.6.1 General procedure ................................................................................................................................ 180
12.6.2 Preparation of Vessel Entry Permit ..................................................................................................... 184
12.6.3 Checkout Prior to New Unit Start-up ................................................................................................... 184
12.6.4 Inspections during Turnarounds .......................................................................................................... 185
12.7 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................... 186
12.7.1 Use of life saving device ....................................................................................................................... 187

SECTION- 13 GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT.............................................. 189

13.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................................... 190

13.2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS .............................................................................................................................. 190
13.3 HEAT EXCHANGERS .................................................................................................................................. 193
13.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................................. 193
13.3.2 Air coolers ............................................................................................................................................. 193
13.3.3 Exchangers ............................................................................................................................................ 193

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SECTION- 1 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Visakh is in the process of
augmenting the capacity of the existing refinery by revamping the existing
primary units and installing additional facilities required to meet the product
specifications.
The objective of this Unit is to process FCC gasoline to produce a blend of two
streams (LCN+HCN), Maximise the octane number while meeting pool
specifications in term of sulphur content, benzene content and olefins content.
Three different feeds considered for the design of the FCC Naphtha Hydrotreater
unit: are NITCASE, AM (Arab Mix) CASE, BH (Bombay High) CASE

1.2 UNIT CAPACITY

The unit capacity is 893 330 T/yr for all three cases

1.3 ON-STREAM FACTOR

The unit is designed for a stream factor of 8000 hours/annum.

1.4 TURNDOWN RATIO

The unit is capable of a turndown of 50% of hydrocarbon flow.

1.5 FEED CHARACTERISTICS

Three operating cases, AM CASE, BH CASE and NIT CASE are selected for the
design of the unit.

1.5.1 FCC GASOLINE:

AM BH NIT
Characteristics
CASE CASE CASE
Max Available Rate, t/hr 111 666 111 666 111 666
St m3/hr 152.3 156.0 152.8
Density at 15C, g/cc 0.7334 0.716 0.731
Total Sulfur, wppm / RSH 2400/720 180/90 1133/229

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AM BH NIT
Characteristics
CASE CASE CASE
RON 93 93 91.4
MON 80.6 81.6 81.2
PONA (vol %)
Paraffins, vol % 29.5 29.2 24.35
Olefins, vol % 35.5 38.5 54.47
(Diolefins wt %) (2.0) (2.0) (2.0)
Naphthenes, vol % 10.7 10.3 7.01
Aromatics, vol % 24.3 22.0 14.17
(Benzene, vol%) (1.8) (1.9) (0.38)
Distillation (ASTM-D86), C
IBP 46.1 46.1 40
10 % vol 56.1 56.1 57.6
30 % vol 75.5 75.5 70.6
50 % vol 95.5 95.5 92
70 % vol 124.4 124.4 123.2
90 % vol 155 155 156.4
95 % vol 167.7 167.7 168.2
FBP 180 180 187

1.5.2 SULFUR DISTRIBUTION (PPM WT)*

AM case BH case NIT case

Sulphur components
(ppm wt) (ppm wt) (ppm wt)
Methyl mercaptan 0.5 0.5 0.5
Ethyl mercaptan 200 25 118
C3 mercaptan 138 17 81
C4 mercaptan 22 3 13

C5 mercaptan 263 33 12
C6+ mercaptan 97 12 5
Carbonyle disulfide 0.5 0.1 0.5
Dimethyl sulfide 2 0.2 1

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AM case BH case NIT case

Sulphur components
(ppm wt) (ppm wt) (ppm wt)
Methyl ethyl sulfide 2.0 0.2 1.0
Methyl-t-butyl sulfide 5 0.5 3
Thiophene 236 12 100
C1 thiophene 360 24 200
Tetra hydro thiophene 51 5 20.0
C2 thiophene 262 12 128
C3+ thiophene and 773 37 451
benzothiophenes
Total 2400 180 1133

(*) Assumed from Axens data bank

1.5.3 HYDROGEN
Components / Origin Hydrogen from CCR Start-up H2
H2, mol% 93.0 99.9
C1, mol% 2.3
C2, mol% 2.2
C3, mol% 1.7 balance
iC4, mol% 0.3.
nC4 0.3
C5+, mol% 0.2
Total 100 100

Origin: Normal Start-up

Impurities: H2S 5ppm vol max Nil
HCl 0.5 ppm vol max 1 ppm vol max
CO 6-10 ppm vol max 1 ppm vol max
COS 1 ppm vol max
Others: CO+CO2 25 ppm vol max 20 ppm vol max
Water: 30-35 ppm vol 50 ppm vol max
Olefins: 10 ppm wt
Nitrogen: 1 ppm wt

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1.5.4 LEAN AMINE

Properties / Case All cases

Type Di-EthanolAmine (DEA)
Rate, kg/h 10 000
Amine Content, % wt 25
Loading, mol H2S/mol amine Lean Amine : 0.03
Rich Amine: 0.33 max.

1.5.5 START-UP INERT NAPHTHA

For start-up, inert naphtha is required to perform naphtha circulation in the unit and to put
the unit at SOR temperatures. This naphtha should have the following properties.

Start-up Inert Naphtha Specification

Sulfur components Estimated Required 2 x unit volume
Volume, m3 <5
Bromine Number, gBr/100g < 0.5
Diene Value between 0.725 and 0.850
Specific Gravity between 5 and 70
D86 5%vol, C between 145 and 225
D86 95%vol, C

ASTM as close as possible to the cracked feed.

Typically, straight run naphtha coming from the crude distillation unit is used.

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1.6 PRODUCTS SPECIFICATION

1.6.1 LIGHT FCC GASOLINE:

NIT AM BH
Characteristics
CASE CASE CASE
Max Available Rate, t/hr 49027 32000 32000
ST m3/hr 73.8 49.0 49.5
Density at 15C, g/cc 664 654 647
MW, kg/kmol 74.3 74.1 73.9
Sulfur, wppm 240 270 15
RON (estimated) 94.6 94 94
MON (estimated) 81.8 81.1 82
RVP (kpa) 100 120 122
PONA (vol %)
Paraffins, vol % 34.4 52.2 50.7
Olefins, vol % 61.2 43.2 45.5
(Diene Value) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0)

Naphthenes, vol % 2.9 2.4 1.6

Aromatics, vol % 0.8 2.13 2.1
(Benzene, vol%) (0.76) (2.13) (2.1)

Distillation(ASTM D86),C simulated simulated simulated

IBP 24.5 19.0 18.8
5 % vol 39.1 33.4 33.2
10 % vol 41.2 34.6 34.4
30 % vol 45.9 37.0 36.8
50 % vol 55.3 40.4 40.1
70 % vol 61.7 46.7 44.8
90 % vol 73.3 64.4 63.8
95 % vol 77.8 69.4 68.4
FBP 84.1 77.1 75.5

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1.6.2 HEAVY DESULFURIZED FCC GASOLINE

NIT AM BH
Characteristics
CASE CASE CASE
Max Available Rate, t/hr 62468 63188 64350
St m3/hr 78./8 79.6 83.8
Density at 15C, g/cc 793.2 793.5 767.9
MW, kg/kmol 115 114.5 116.4
Sulfur, wppm 10 200 290
RON (estimated) 75.3 88.1 92.8
MON (estimated) 74.3 78.4 81.7
RVP (kpa) 6 6 6
PONA (vol %)
Paraffins, vol % 62.6 25.0 16.5
Olefins, vol % 1.0 15.3 28.7
(Diene Value) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0)

Naphthenes, vol % 9.9 16.3 16.6

Aromatics, vol % 26.5 43.4 38.2
(Benzene, vol%) (0.43) (0.47)
Distillation(ASTM D86),C simulated simulated simulated
IBP 106.0 75.2 104.7
5 % vol 112.0 111.8 110.8
10 % vol 114.9 115.0 113.6
30 % vol 125.6 125.7 124.2
50 % vol 137.2 137.3 136.2
70 % vol 149.8 149.5 148.8
90 % vol 170.7 167.2 166.9
95 % vol 178.6 173.6 173.4
FBP 182.9 178.2 178.0

1.6.3 BENZENE HEARTCUT

In order to meet the 0.9% vol benzene content in the gasoline pool in case of any
benzene upset in the feed (up to 1.9 vol %). This heart-cut is not used during normal
operation. The heart-cut properties are presented in the table hereafter.

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NIT AM BH
Characteristics
CASE CASE CASE
Max Available Rate, t/hr NA 16000 15000
St m3/hr NA 23.1 22.4
Density at 15C, g/cc NA 691.6 671.0
MW, kg/kmol NA 85.4 85.4
Sulfur, wppm NA 1116 64
PONA (vol %)
Paraffins, vol % NA 36.5 33.0
Olefins, vol % NA 46.5 51.7
(Diene Value) (0.0) (0.0)

Naphthenes, vol % NA 10.9 8.4

Aromatics, vol % NA 6.2 6.93
(Benzene, vol%) (5.8) (6.85)
Distillation(ASTM D86),C simulated simulated
IBP NA 45.7 45.2
5 % vol NA 51.8 51.6
10 % vol NA 54.3 54.3
30 % vol NA 72.3 71.6
50 % vol NA 77.3 76.2
70 % vol NA 81.5 80.0
90 % vol NA 88.2 85.4
95 % vol NA 91.9 88.7
FBP 99.1 94.6

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1.6.4 SPLITTER PURGE GAS

The splitter purge has the following estimated properties. Refer to stream 16 in material
balances for detailed composition, and other physical properties

Case NIT CASE AM CASE BH CASE

Splitter Purge SOR EOR SOR EOR SOR EOR
Rate, kg/h 648 1039 537 866 562 905
H2, %mol 46.3 53.5 47.4 54.4 46.4 53.5
C1 to C4, %mol 35.3 27.1 36.9 28.7 38.4 30.3
C5+, %mol 18.4 19.4 15.7 16.9 15.2 16.2

1.6.5 SELECTIVE HDS PURGE

The selective HDS purge has the following estimated properties. Refer to stream 37 in
material balances for detailed composition, and other physical properties. In normal
operation, this purge is closed.

Case NIT CASE AMCASE BH CASE

HP Purge SOR EOR SOR EOR SOR EOR
Rate, kg/h 216 216 56 56 NA NA
H2, %mol 88.4 88.4 91.1 91.1 NA NA
H2S, ppm mol 6510 6510 32 32 NA NA
C1 to C4, %mol 10.6 10.6 7.7 7.7 NA NA
C5+, %mol 0.35 0.35 1.2 1.2 NA NA

1.6.6 RICH AMINE

The rich amine has the following estimated properties. Refer to stream 44 in material
balances for detailed composition, and other physical properties.

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Case NIT CASE AM CASE BH CASE

Rich amine SOR EOR SOR EOR SOR EOR
Rate, kg/h NA NA 10124 10124 NA NA
DEA, % mol NA NA 5.38 5.38 NA NA
Loading, NA NA 0.25 0.25 NA NA
mol H2S / mol
DEA

1.6.7 STABILIZER PURGE

The Stabilizer purge has the following estimated properties. Refer to stream 51 in
material balances for detailed composition, and other physical properties.

Case NIT CASE AM CASE BH CASE

Stabilizer Purge SOR EOR SOR EOR SOR EOR
Rate, kg/h 855 854 428 428 NA NA
H2, % mol 23.3 23.2 30.4 30.4 NA NA
H2S, % mol 11.2 11.2 12.4 12.4 NA NA
C1 to C4, % mol 60.4 60.4 51.3 51.3 NA NA
C5+, % mol 5.1 5.2 5.9 5.9 NA NA

1.7 PROPOSED TREATMENT SCHEME

The processing block comprise following system:
The Selective Hydrogenation facilities on the FCC gasoline consist:
A FCC gasoline splitter to produce a partially de-sulfurized Light FCC gasoline
and a Heavy FCC gasoline.
The PRIME G+ Selective Hydrodesulphurization of Heavy FCC gasoline.
The desired product streams from the block are a light partially desulfurized
FCC cut and a heavy desulfurized gasoline stream, which should be of the
required quality to meet the pool specifications.
The basic design utilizes Axens Prime G+ technology. Prime G+ is a process for
hydrodesulfurization of cracked gasoline, which includes the following major unit
sections:

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Selective Hydrogenation and Splitter Section

Selective HDS and Stabilizer Section
The unit 75 produces:
A partially desulfurized and sweet light FCC cut, routed to the MS pool
A desulfurized heavy FCC cut, routed to the MS pool

1.8 BATTERY LIMIT CONDITIONS OF PROCESS LINES

Streams Pressure Temperature

kg/cmg C
Feeds: FCC gasoline 6.0 70
FCC gasoline from storage 6.0 40
Lean amine 20.4 40
H2 Make-up Normal operation 39.0 (*) 40
From CCR 22.0 (**) 40
Start-up 20.0 45
Product(s): Light FCC gasoline 7.0 40
FCC heart cut 7.0 40
Desulfurized heavy FCC gasoline 7.0 40
Rich amine 2.4 47
Gas purges
Splitter purge 4.5 40
Selective HDS HP purge
NIT Case 5.5 40
AM Case 4.5 40
Stabiliser purge 5.0 40

(*) At Isomerization H2 make-up compressor discharge on unit 73.

(**) When isomerization compressor is shut down

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1.9 MATERIAL BALANCES

1.9.1 SHU SECTION OVERALL BALANCE

Case AM CASE BH CASE MIX CASE

SOR EOR SOR EOR SOR EOR
Feeds kg/hr
FCC gasoline 111 666 111 666 111 666 111 666 111 666 111 666
H2 make-up 277 323 244 284 245 286
TOTAL 111 943 111 989 111 910 111 950 111 911 111 952
Products kg/hr
Splitter purge 648 1039 537 866 562 905
Light gasoline 49 027 49 027 32 000 32 000 32 000 32 000
Heart cut gasoline NA NA 16 000 16 000 15 000 15 000
Heavy gasoline 62 268 61 923 63 373 63 084 64 350 64 047
TOTAL 111 943 111 989 111 910 111 950 111 912 111 952

1.9.2 HDS SECTION OVERALL BALANCE

Case AM CASE BH CASE MIX CASE

SOR EOR SOR EOR SOR EOR
Feeds kg/hr
Heavy gasoline 62 268 61 923 63 373 63 084 NA NA
H2 make-up 1271 1270 470 469 NA NA
Lean Amine - - 10 000 10 000 NA NA
TOTAL 63 539 63 193 73 843 73 553 NA NA
Products kg/hr
Separator purge 216 216 56 56 NA NA
Stabilizer off-gas 855 854 428 428 NA NA
Heavy hydroteated 62 468 62 123 63 189 62 899 NA NA
gasoline

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Case AM CASE BH CASE MIX CASE

SOR EOR SOR EOR SOR EOR
Separator drum sour - - 35 35 NA NA
water
Stabilizer reflux drum - - 11 11 NA NA
sour water
Rich amine - - 10 124 10 124 NA NA
TOTAL 63 539 63 193 73 843 73 553 NA NA

1.10 SPECIFICATIONS OF CATALYSTS AND CHEMICALS

1.10.1 CATALYST

HR 845
Relevant to Selective Hydrogenation Reactor, 75-R-01
Trade mark HR 845, manufactured by :
Axens Procatalyse Catalysts & Adsorbents
Presentation Spheres, diameter 3mm (2 to 4mm)
Estimated cycle length Refer (1)
Estimated life time Refer (1)
Loaded catalyst volume 38.2 m3, Refer (2), (3)

(1) Catalyst cycle length and estimated life time is different for each case:

NIT CASE : Estimated cycle life = 3 years, Estimated life time = 5 years
AM CASE : Estimated cycle life = 1.5 years, Estimated life time = 2.5 years
BH CASE : Estimated cycle life = 3 years, Estimated life time = 5 years

These cycle length and life duration are defined at iso-capacity (111 666 kg/hr)

(2) The 75-R-01 is designed to have some provision in the reactor for a future
loading. Additional catalyst amount will 49.7 m3 allow to increase catalyst cycle life
and life time for AM CASE feed.
AM CASE : Estimated cycle life = 3 years, Estimated life time = 5 years

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(3) Sock catalyst loading method

HR 806

Relevant to First HDS reactor, 75-R-02

Trade mark HR 806, manufactured by :
Axens Procatalyse Catalysts & Adsorbents
Presentation Spheres, diameter 3mm (2 to 4mm)
Estimated cycle length Refer (1)
Estimated life time Refer (1)
Loaded catalyst volume 23.9 m3 refer (2), (3)

(1) Catalyst cycle length and estimated life time is different for each case:
NIT CASE : Estimated cycle life = 3 years, Estimated life time = 5 years
AM CASE : Estimated cycle life = 1.5 years, Estimated life time = 2.5 years
These cycle length and life duration were defined at iso-capacity (111 666 kg/hr)

(2) The 75-R-02 was designed to have some provision in the reactor for a future
loading. Additional catalyst amount will be 38.2 m3 allowing to increase catalyst
cycle life and life time for AM CASE feed.
AM CASE : Estimated cycle life = 3 years, Estimated life time = 5 years
(3) Sock loading catalyst method

1.10.2 CATALYST BED PROTECTIONS

Details Total Requirements for Reactors (75-R-01 & 75-R-02)

Material ACT-068 (Inert Alumina)
Supplier Axens Procatalyse Catalysts & Adsorbents.
Shape Penta rings extrudates
Outside Diameter 25 mm
Loading density 880 kg/m3 (1)
Loaded Volume 0.25 m3

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Details Total Requirements for Reactors (75-R-01 & 75-R-02)

Material ACT-077 (Inert Alumina)
Supplier Axens Procatalyse Catalysts & Adsorbents.
Shape Fluted ring
Outside Diameter 10 mm
Loading density 550 kg/m3 (1)
Loaded Volume 0.99 m3
Material ACT-108 (Inert Ceramic)
Supplier Axens Procatalyse Catalysts & Adsorbents.
Shape Hollow cylinder
Outside Diameter 8 mm
Loading density 900 kg/m3
Loaded Volume 1.12 m3
Material ACT-139 (Inert Alumina)
Supplier Axens Procatalyse Catalysts & Adsorbents.
Shape Sphere
Outside Diameter 5 mm
Loading density 450 kg/m3 (1)
Loaded Volume 1.38 m3

1.10.3 INERT BALLS

inch inert balls
Relevant to Selective Hydrogenation Reactor, 75-R-01
HDS Reactor ,75-R-02

Presentation Sphere, diameter 19mm (17 to 23mm)

Loading density 1350 kg/m3
Loaded catalyst volume (1) 4.72 m3

(1)
The volume specified for inert balls does not include inert balls volume
occupied by unloading catalyst nozzles.

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inch inert balls

Relevant to Selective Hydrogenation Reactor, 75-R-01
HDS Reactor, 75-R-02

Presentation Sphere, diameter 6.3mm (6.0 to 8.2mm)

Loading density 1400 kg/m3
Loaded catalyst volume 29.7 m3 (1)

(1)
This amount of inert balls is defined for catalyst future loading provision.

1.10.4 CHEMICALS

1.10.4.1 Chemical during normal operation - Corrosion inhibitor agent

The corrosion inhibitor agent is injected and diluted at 10% Wt in desulfurized
heavy naphtha. Once injected in process unit, the corrosion inhibitor is at 10 ppm
wt of process stream.
Type : CHIMEC 1044
Estimated consumption : 832 kg/year
See also enclosed CHIMEC 1044 technical datasheet.

1.10.4.2 Chemical during transient operation sulfiding agent

The sulfiding agent is injected at reactor inlets during start-up (first start-up and
after in-situ catalyst regeneration) in order to sulfurize the catalyst. It shall be
injected pure.
Type : DI-METHYL DI-SULFIDE, DMDS
DMDS shall be injected during two 12-hours (max 18-hours) period. Reactor
sulfiding is done one by one.

Estimated consumption for initial catalyst loading:

o 75-R-01 : 4620 kg
o 75-R-02 : 1290 kg
Estimated consumption for future catalyst loading:

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o 75-R-01 : 6012 kg
o 75-R-02 : 2061 kg

1.11 UTILITY CONDITION AT UNIT BATTERY LIMIT

Pressure Temperature
Stream Steam and condensate
(kg/cm2g) (deg.C)
Very High Pressure Minimum (for thermal 33 340
(From CCR unit) design):
Normal 35 360
Maximum 38 380
Mechanical design: 40 400
Medium pressure Minimum (for thermal 9 Saturated.
design):
Normal: 10 250
Maximum: 11 280
Mechanical design: 12.5 300
Low pressure Minimum (for thermal 2.5 saturated
design):
Normal: 3.0 150
Maximum: 4.0 170
Mechanical design: 5.5 190
Steam condensate (HP Normal: 5.5 100
and HP steam) Mechanical design: 10 185

Cooling water Supply Minimum: - -

Normal 5.3 33
Maximum: - -
Mechanical design: 7.6 65
Cooling water Return Minimum pressure required 3.5 44
for return:
Maximum temperature for - -
return:
Mechanical Design 7.6 65

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Pressure Temperature
Stream Steam and condensate
(kg/cm2g) (deg.C)
Boiler feed water Minimum: 47/17.5 120/120
(VHP/HP) Normal: 50/20.5 120/120
Maximum: - -
Mechanical Design: 71/29 155/155
Demineralised water Minimum: - -
Normal: 3.0 Ambient
Maximum: - -
Mechanical Design: 9.0 65
Plant air (oil-free and Minimum: 3.0
water for catalyst Normal: 4.0 Ambient
regeneration) Maximum: 5.0
Mechanical Design: 9.0 65
Instrument air Minimum: 4.0
Normal: 5.0 Ambient
Maximum: 6.0
Mechanical Design: 9.0 65
Nitrogen Minimum: 5.0
Normal: 6.0 Ambient
Maximum: 7.0
Mechanical Design: 10.5 65
Fuel gas Minimum: 2.5 30
Normal: 3.0 40-50
Maximum: 3.5 60
Mechanical design: 9.0 100
Fuel oil Minimum: 7.0 100
Normal: 8.0 130
Maximum: 11 170
Mechanical design: 17 200

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1.12 UTILITY SPECIFICATION:

1. NITROGEN QUALITY:

Nitrogen 99.99 % vol. min

Dew point at atm. pressure -100 deg C
CO traces
CO2 <3 vol ppm max
Oil content <3 vol ppm max
Oxygen <3 vol ppm max

2. FLARE HEADER PRESSURE:

Built up Back- Superimposed Total Back-

Pressure Back-pressure at pressure at PSV
(kg/cm2g) BL (kg/cm2g) outlet (kg/cm2g)
Normal Flare 0.1 1.5 1.7
Acid Gas Flare 0.1 1.5 1.7

3. BOILER FEED WATER

pH 8.5-9.5
Cation conductivity @ 25 0C (micromho/cm) - <5
Hardness (CaCo3) (mg/l) Nil
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 0.007
Copper (mg/l) Nil
Total Fe (mg/l) 0.03
Total SiO2 (mg/l) - <0.05
KMnO4 Value @ 100 0C mg/l) - <5

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4. DM WATER
pH 6.7-7.3
Cation conductivity @ 25 0C (micromho/cm) 1-2
Hardness (CaCo3) (mg/l) Nil
Turbidity (NTU) Nil
Copper (mg/l) Nil
Total Fe (mg/l) <0.03
Total SiO2 (mg/l) - <0.05
KMnO4 Value @ 100 0C mg/l) - <5

5. BEARING COOLING WATER

pH 7.5-8.0
Hardness (CaCo3) (mg/l) 140-210
Turbidity (NTU) 20-30 (max 50)
Total dissolved solids (mg/l) 875-1300
M. Alkalinity (mg/l) 100-120
Chlorides as Cl (mg/l) 225-335
Sulphates as SO4 (mg/l) 205-466
Organophospahtes as PO4 (mg/l) 8-10
Total Fe (mg/l) 1 (max)
KMnO4 Value @ 100 0C mg/l) 30-40 (Max 50)
Oil content (mg/l) 10 (max)
Zinc Sulphate as Zn (mg/l) 1-2

1.13 INTERMITTENT UTILITY CONSUMPTION

1.13.1 START-UP REQUIREMENT
The estimated consumption is based on a normal start-up sequence. Intermittent
operation can be assumed to occur once every 3 years.
V1=100 m3 is the estimated volume of the SHU reaction section
V2=260 m3 is the estimated volume of the HDS reaction section
The overall volume V is considered for utility consumption is 360 m3.

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a) Start-up instrument air

The instrument air is used for tightness test after catalyst loading:
Estimated consumption: 6 V (2160 Nm3)

b) Start-up nitrogen
Nitrogen gas is required for start-up and shutdown periods in order to free the
unit of any oxygen or hydrocarbons.

Unit pressurization: 8V

Catalyst drying: 15 V (max)

Unit purge: 3V

Total: 26 V (= 8280 Nm3)

Note: Minimum required nitrogen quality (content by volume)

O2 : 5 ppm max
H2 O : 5 ppm max
Carbon compounds : 5ppm max
H2 : 20 ppm max
CO : 20 ppm max
CO2 : 20 ppm max
Chlorine : 1 ppm max
N2 : 99.7 % vol min.
c) Start-up hydrogen
Unit pressurization: 20 V

Unit purge: 10 V

Total: 30 V

Total in Nm3: 10 800 Nm3

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Note: Minimum required quality (content by volume) :

H2 : 95 % min.
C1 : 5% max.
C2+ : 0.5% max.
CO : 20 ppm max.
CO2 : 100 ppm max.
O2 : 100 ppm max.
H2S : 1 ppm max

d) Start-up steam
LP Steam: LP Steam will also be used during start-up to inertise other equipments by
steam out.

e) Start-up inert naphtha

Estimated required volume 360 m3

1.13.2 CATALYST IN-SITU REGENERATION

a) Plant air
Oil free plant air is used during catalyst regeneration to provide oxygen for coke
combustion:
Reactor No. Burning phase Polish burning Overall
phase consumption
Kg/hr Duration Kg/hr Duration kg
(days) (hr)
75-R-01 358 7 2450 9 82 190
75-R-02 960 1 5908 1.5 31 900

b) MP steam
MP steam is used for catalyst in-situ regeneration:

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Stripping phase Burning phase Polish burning

Reactor No. Kg/hr Duration Kg/hr Duration Kg/hr Duration
(hr) (days) (hr)
75-R-01 7650 8 4473 7 2485 9
75-R-02 14730 8 11 983 1 5992 1.5

1.14 EFFLUENT SUMMARY:

a) Sour water from 75-V-03 separator drum
About 5100 kg/hr during water injection in 75-A-03 for salts removal.

75-V-03 NIT CASE AM CASE BH CASE

Flowrates, kg/hr 5100 5100 NA
HC content, wt ppm 300 300 NA
Dissolved H2S, wt ppm 600 320 NA
Temperature, C 40 40 NA

b) Sour Water from HDS Stripper Reflux Drum 75-V-05

This stream is less than 20 kg/h during normal operation.
75-V-05 NIT CASE AM CASE BH CASE
Flowrates, kg/hr 10 11 NA
HC content, wt ppm 200 200 NA
Dissolved H2S, wt ppm 2260 2100 NA
Temperature, C 40 40 NA

c) Gas purge from Splitter Reflux Drum 75-V-02

Continuous service for light ends removal: 537 to 905 kg/hr, 40C at operating
temperature
d) Gas purge from HDS reaction section
In NIT Case the Amine absorber is bypassed and the purge gas (216 kg/hr) is
routed to sour purge gas.
In AM Case the Amine absorber is in service and the purge gas (56 kg/hr) is
routed to sweet purge gas.

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e) Gas purge from HDS Stripper Reflux Drum 75-V-05

This stream exists during normal operation; it is sent to the sour purge for
treatment. This stream is sour (about 11.2 to12.4 % mol).
Continuous service for light ends and H2S removal: about 428 to 855 kg/hr, 40C
as operating temperature.
f) Regeneration gas purge to atmosphere
During PRIMEG+ reactors catalyst in situ regeneration operation, waste vapour
stream is routed to heater (75-F-01) stack at safe location under pressure control.
This waste vapour stream contains, during burning and polish burning phases:

CO2 SO2 SO3 H2O Estimated

Reactor No.
kg/hr kg/hr kg/hr kg/hr duration
75-R-01 83 599 15 4495 16 days
75-R-02 241 1206 31 12048 2.5 days

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SECTION- 2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

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2.1 UNIT DESCRIPTION

The completed unit is in accordance with the registered Prime G+
processing scheme. The purpose of this scheme is to meet an optimized
management of the gasoline pools regarding the sulfur content, olefins content
and octane number. The purpose is to achieve an olefin control in the gasoline
pools by an adjusted blending of the segregated olefin-rich (sulfur-lean) lighter
fraction of gasoline and the olefin-lean (sulfur-rich) gasoline.

2.2 SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION

Refer PFD No.: 04-2529-75-5FD-2 sheet1/4 Rev 0
The feed is directly taken to the SHU Surge Drum 75-V-01. The pressure in
the surge drum is maintained by split range control of hydrogen and venting to
fuel gas header. The feed is pumped by SHU Feed Pumps (75-P-01A/B) under
flow control in cascade with the surge drum level control.
The hydrogen make-up from Isomerisation unit, unit 73 is sent to the unit
under ratio flow control to the hydrocarbon feed flow and mixed with the fresh
feed before entering tube side of SHU feed/HDS Effluent exchanger (75-E-
01A/B).
The feed and hydrogen mixture is heated by exchanging heat with the SHU
Feed / HDS Effluent Exchanger, 75-E-01. In addition, the feed is further heated
by the SHU Feed / Effluent Exchanger 75-E-02. The final heat-up of the feed to
reach the proper reactor inlet temperature is achieved in the SHU Preheater (75-
E-03). To allow a good control of the SHU reactor inlet temperature, a minimum
temperature increase of 50C must be done in the steam preheater. For that
purpose, a bypass of the 75-E-01 and 75-E-02 exchanger is installed and
controlled by temperature difference on 75-E-03.
The heated feed / hydrocarbon mixture flows to the top of the SHU reactor.
The reactor contains two beds of HR-845 catalyst. Operating conditions and
catalyst are optimized to provide selective hydrogenation of diolefins in the feed
and convert light mercaptans into heavier boiling temperature sulfur compounds.
A bypass line of the first bed was provided in case of any pressure drop
build-up in the 75-R-01 SHU reactor. The effluent from the SHU reactor flows

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through the SHU Feed / Effluent Exchanger 75-E-02 and into the Splitter 75-C-
01, under pressure control.

2.3 SPLITTER SECTION

Refer PFD No.: 04-2529-75-5FD-2 sheet 2/4 Rev 0
The Splitter has 52 trays and the feed enters the column at tray 19
(numbering from bottom). The purpose of the Splitter is to fractionate the feed
and produce a Light Cracked Naphtha (LCN) and a Heavy Cracked Naphtha
(HCN). The LCN / Heart cut gasoline cut-point is adjusted to produce a low-sulfur
LCN while simultaneously recovering a large portion of olefins. This is possible
since the heavier boiling components contain a high disproportionate amount of
sulfur relative to low olefins content.
The Splitter overhead is almost totally condensed by air-cooling in the
Splitter Overhead Air Condenser 75-A-01. Vapour (excess hydrogen and light
ends) is separated from the reflux liquid in the Splitter Reflux Drum (75-V-02).
The Splitter Post Condenser (75-E-04) cools the vapour purge to battery limit
conditions in order to recover light ends from the purge. The splitter pressure is
controlled by the split range control of pressurizing hydrogen (normally no flow)
and venting to fuel gas header. The liquid is pumped by the Splitter Reflux
Pumps (75-P-03 A/B) and returned to the top of 75-C-01 as reflux, under flow
control in cascade with the reflux drum level control.
The LCN product is drawn from the accumulator tray number 48 of the
Splitter (numbering from bottom). It is cooled with the light gasoline Air cooler
(75-A-06) under flow control in cascade with the splitter tray 44 temperature
control of lighter sulfur compounds concentrated in the LCN.
The Splitter bottom is reboiled with 75-E-07 HP steam reboiler. The
reboiling steam rate is under flow control in cascade with the Splitter reflux flow.
Heavy naphtha from the splitter bottom (75-C-01) is sent to HDS section under
flow control in cascade with the splitter bottoms level control.
One benzene heart-cut is foreseen in order to reduce benzene content in the
gasoline pool in case of high concentration benzene in the PRIME G + feed. The
heart-cut benzene is drawn from the accumulator tray number 36. The heart-cut

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stream is cooled by light gasoline air cooler 75-A-02 and pumped by 75-P-05 A/B
to storage after final cooling in 75-E-06 A/B under flow control reset by 31st tray
temperature control.
As the selective hydrogenation reactor is operated mainly in liquid phase, a
sufficient liquid velocity shall be maintained at its inlet. Therefore, the
hydrocarbon flow rate to the reactor shall be at least of 75% of the normal flow
rate. In case of turndown (50% of feed), part of the splitter bottom shall be
recycled to the SHU feed surge drum under flow control.

2.4 HDS SECTION

Refer PFD No.: 04-2529-75-5FD-2 sheet 3/4 Rev 0
The heavy naphtha from 75-C-01 Splitter is pumped by HDS Feed Pumps
(75-P-02 A/B) under flow control in cascade with the splitter level control. The
main part of HCN feed is mixed with the recycle hydrogen before entering the
First HDS Feed / Effluent Exchanger (75-E-08 A/B/C).
The HDS reactor is divided in 3 beds of HR806 catalyst. The overall temperature
rise in the reactor is controlled by two injection of recycle liquid quench from the
separator drum 75-V-03 between the three beds.

The HDS effluent is further heated in HDS heater, 75-F-01. The heater operates in
vapor phase and the feed HDS reactor inlet temperature is controlled via fuel gas
control. The effluent from the heater is then cooled by the HDS feed / effluent
exchangers 75-E-08 A/B/C and by exchanger with the SHU reactor feed/HDS
effluent exchanger 75-E-01. Final cooling is achieved in the HDS effluent air
cooler 75-A-03 and the reactor effluent trim coolers 75-E-09 A/B.
An intermittent washing water injection point upstream the HDS effluent air
condenser 75-E-03 enables to flush these equipment from salt deposit that may
have been formed at low temperature.

The hydrocarbon liquid is partially pumped back to the HDS section through 75-P-
06 A/B quench pumps. The remaining part of the liquid is routed to the stabilizer
section under flow control reset by 75-V-03 level control.

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2.5 RECYCLE COMPRESSOR SECTION

Refer PFD No.: 04-2529-75-5FD-2 sheet 3/4 Rev 0

The vapour enters the amine KO drum (75-V-06) where it is freed from
condensed liquid hydrocarbon particles due to a wire mesh.
In the amine absorber (75-C-02) the recycle gas is contacted with a 25 % wt
lean DEA solution coming from battery limits. The lean DEA is pre-heated in the
lean amine pre-heater (75-E-10), thus maintaining a 10C temperature difference
between the gas and the amine.
The H2S enriched DEA, collected in the absorber bottoms, is then routed to
the DEA regeneration unit under amine absorber bottoms level control.
The sweetened gas is mixed with the H2 make up, then flows to the recycle
compressor K.O. drum (75-V-04) where it is freed from any liquid amine
entrainment that may have occurred.
Part of the gas is then purged to the fuel gas network under flow control to
prevent any light end concentration in the recycle loop. The remaining part of the
gas is compressed back to the 75-E-08 A/B/C inlet by the recycle compressor 75-
K-01 A/B.

2.6 STABILIZER SECTION

Refer PFD No.: 04-2529-75-5FD-2 sheet 4/4 Rev 0
The liquid from the separator is heated through the stabiliser feed/bottoms
heat exchangers (75-E-11 A/B) and enters the Stabiliser column (75-C-03). The
overhead of the stabilizer is condensed through the stabilizer overhead air
condenser (75-A-05) and additionally cooled in stabilizer overhead trim coolers
75-E-14A/B. The liquid phase, the water phase (if any) and the vapour phase
separate in the stabilizer reflux drum (75-V-05), the pressure of which is
controlled by the purge gas flow. The water collected in the boot is sent to the
sour water treatment under boot level control.
The liquid is routed back to the column as reflux by the stabilizer reflux
pumps (75-P-09 A/B) under flow control reset by reflux drum level control.

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The stabilizer overhead is protected from corrosion by corrosion inhibitor injection

from the corrosion inhibitor package (drum + metering pump) into the stabilizer
overhead line.
The stabilizer bottom is reboiled by HP steam reboiler (75-E-13), the duty of
which is adjusted by HP steam flow rate reset by stabilizer sensitive tray control.
The bottoms of the stabilizer (treated heavy gasoline) is sent to storage under
flow control reset by stabilizer bottoms level control. The cooling down of the
stabilizer is ensured first by the stabilizer feed/bottoms heat exchanger (75-E-11
A/B) and by the heavy gasoline air cooler (75-A-07) heavy gasoline trim cooler
(75-E-12 A/B).

2.7 CATALYST IN-SITU REGENERATION OPERATION

The PrimeG+ unit is equipped with catalyst in-situ facilities that involve:
An air injection line to Reactor heater 75-F-01 for burning operation
A steam injection to Reactor heater 75-F-01 for stripping and burning
operations,
A nitrogen injection to Rector heater 75-F-01 for heating operation
The regeneration steps described below are equivalent for each reactor 75-R-
01 and 75-R-02 except the duration which may vary depending on the amount of
catalyst and steam and air flow rate.
The reaction section is hydrocarbon free and put under nitrogen atmosphere.
Then feed surge drum, feed pumps, splitter and stripper sections are isolated
from the reaction section.
The regeneration procedure includes:
1. A heating phase by nitrogen with 200C catalytic bed reactor temperature.
2. A stripping phase by steam with 400C catalytic bed reactor temperature for 8
hours.
3. A coke burning phase by steam and air with 0.3 up to 3.0 vol % oxygen in the
reactor inlet gas with 460C catalytic bed reactor temperature

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4. A catalyst polish burning phase by steam and air with 3.0 up to 8.0 vol %
oxygen and 480C reactor inlet temperature. (These conditions are kept
during 4 hours).
5. A first cooling down of the reactor temperature to 200C by steam.
6. A second cooling down of the reactor temperature to 65C. Steam is replaced
by nitrogen.

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SECTION- 3 PROCESS PRINCIPLE

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3.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROCESS

3.2 GENERAL
The purpose of the Prime G+ unit is a deep hydrodesulfurization of a FCC
gasoline. The majority of sulfur in the typical refinery gasoline pool is coming from
the FCC gasoline. This product is also characterized by a high olefins content.
Deep hydrodesulfurization of high sulfur content gasoline means the
process producing gasoline meeting the toughest sulfur standards. The
conventional gasoline desulfurization technology makes difficult to preserve
octane number due to olefin contents while meeting gasoline specifications, for
low sulfur content. At high level desulfurization, olefins are converted to low
octane alkanes, causing the road octane, (RON + MON)/2, to drop by a 5 to 10
points which is unacceptable. This is the aim of Prime-G+ process to remove
sulfur while avoiding substantial octane losses.
The treatment process operates in three reactors, having the specific catalyst
and operating conditions.
In the SHU reactor (75-R-01), diolefins are hydrogenated and light sulfur
compounds are converted into heavier sulfur species. The reactors effluent is
sent to a splitter column where it is split into three fractions: Light FCC
gasoline, FCC Heart cut gasoline and heavy FCC gasoline. FCC gasoline
heart cut is foreseen for high benzene content in the feed.
In the HDS reactor (75-R-02), most of the desulphurisation of the gasoline
takes place, so that the final gasoline pool meets the sulfur specifications.
Despite the high degree of desulfurization, olefin saturation is very limited and
no aromatic hydrogenation occurs. It is followed by a stabilization column to
remove the light ends, H2S and water resulting from the reaction and from
dissolved components in hydrogen make-up and recycle gases.

3.3 SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION REACTOR (75-R-01)

The purpose of the SHU reactor is hydrogenation of diolefins in order to avoid
gum formation in HDS reactor. Moreover, it allows to convert light mercaptans
and light sulfides to heavier sulfur compounds.

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The reaction is carried out in one down flow reactor operating mainly in liquid
phase with dissolved hydrogen at low temperature.
The reactor effluent is separated into three fractions in the splitter: light gasoline,
heart cut (intermittent mode for high benzene content in the feed) and heavy
gasoline. The light stream has a very low sulfur content and does not require an
extractive sweetening to further lower the sulfur content.
The light gasoline is a final product and is blended with the stabilizer bottom
before being routed to storage tanks, while heavy gasoline is fed to the HDS
reactor for further hydrodesulfurization.

3.4 SPLITTER (75-C-01)

Before being sent to atmospheric storage, light gasoline must be blended with the
stabilizer bottoms or with an other low RVP stream due to the high RVP of the
light gasoline stream.
The FCC gasoline contains mercaptans, thiophene, alkyl thiophenes and
benzothiophene boiling in the same order, with the benzothiophenes being the
higher boiling sulfur components. As mercaptans and light sulfides are converted
into heavier sulfur species in the first reactor, thiophene becomes the first
significant sulfur component to be entrained in the light FCC gasoline product.
The TBP cut point temperature range for the thiophene boil up is about 55C to
80C. In general, olefins tend to concentrate in the lighter portion of the FCC
gasoline. Splitter operation is important to achieve a good balance between the
sulfur and olefin concentration present in the heavy FCC gasoline that is sent to
the HDS Reaction Section. The optimum amount of light gasoline depends on the
FCC feed sulfur content, feed thiophene content and on the product sulfur
specification. The exact amount of light FCC gasoline drawn should be precisely
controlled by monitoring the on-line light FCC gasoline sulfur analyzer.
The light FCC gasoline draw rate and the sulfur content is controlled indirectly by
a temperature controller located on the Splitter column a few trays below the light
FCC gasoline draw tray.
A lower light FCC gasoline withdrawal rate from the Splitter will produce an heavy
FCC gasoline with higher olefin concentrations and hence potentially higher

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octane losses in the HDS Reaction Section. Alternatively, a higher light FCC
gasoline withdrawal rate from the Splitter will produce an heavy FCC gasoline
with lower olefin concentrations which is initially favorable for octane losses in the
HDS Reaction Section but with increased sulfur levels in the light FCC gasoline.
As the light FCC gasoline rate in the Splitter is increased, the severity of the HDS
Reaction Section has to be increased to offset the amount of sulfur that has left
with the light FCC gasoline.

3.5 FIRST HDS REACTOR (75-R-02)

The purpose of the HDS reactor is to achieve the bulk of the hydrodesulfurization
of the heavy FCC gasoline, while limiting olefins saturation.
The reaction is carried out between the vaporized gasoline and an hydrogen rich
gas over a desulfurization catalyst bed.
Sulfur in cracked gasoline is distributed as follows:
Aromatic sulfur (benzothiophene).
Acidic sulfur (mercaptan type).
Disulfide type.
Sulfide type.
Thiophene and alkyl thiophenes.

3.6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CATALYST

3.6.1 OBJECTIVE
The objective is to help the operators to better understand the reasons of the
operating instructions and enable them to make wise decisions, should the
circumstances deviate from those covered in the Operating Instructions.
The different chapters of this section describe:
1. The various chemical reactions involved in the process as well as the effect of
the operating conditions.
2. The catalyst characteristics.
3. The catalysis mechanism.
4. The catalyst contaminants.
5. The process variables.

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3.6.2 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS

For any chemical reaction, the thermodynamics dictates the conditions of its
occurrence and the amount of products and unconverted reactants. In fact, some
reactions are 100% completed i.e., all the reactants are converted into products.
Others are in equilibrium i. e., part of the reactants only are converted. The
amount of products and reactants at equilibrium depends upon the operating
conditions and is dictated by the thermodynamics. Note that the thermodynamics
does not involve the time required to reach equilibrium or the completion of a
reaction.
Kinetics dictates the rate of a chemical reaction (i. e., the amount of feed that is
converted to products during defined time). Kinetics (rate of reaction) is
dependent upon the operating conditions but can also be widely modified through
the use of properly selected catalysts. One reaction (or a family of reactions) is
generally enhanced by a specific catalyst.
In other words thermodynamics dictates the ultimate equilibrium composition
assuming the time is infinite while kinetics enables the prediction of the
composition after a finite time. Since time is always limited, when reactions are
concurrent, kinetics is generally predominant.
A catalyst generally consists of a support (earth oxide, alumina, silica,
magnesia...) on which (a) finely dispersed metal(s) is (are) deposited.
The metal is responsible for the catalytic action, but very often the support has
also a catalytic action related to its chemical nature.
A catalyst is not consumed, but can be deactivated either by impurities in the
feed or by some of the products of the chemical reactions involved, resulting in
polymers or coke deposits on the catalyst.

3.6.3 CATALYST ACTIVITY, SELECTIVITY AND STABILITY

The main characteristics of a catalyst other than its physical and mechanical
properties are:
The activity which is the catalyst ability to increase the rate of the reactions
involved. It is measured by the temperature at which the catalyst must be

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operated to produce a product on-specification, for a given feed, all other

operating conditions being equal.
The selectivity expresses the catalyst ability to favour desirable reactions
rather than others. It is measured by the quantity of desired product.
The stability characterizes the change with time of the catalyst performance
(i. e., activity, selectivity) when operating conditions and feed are stable. It
is chiefly polymers or coke deposits that affect stability since they decrease
the metal contact area. Traces of some metals in the feed also adversely
affect stability.

3.6.4 SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION REACTIONS AND CATALYST

In SHU reactor, the hydrogenation of diolefins takes place in order to avoid gum
production and in the HDS reactor, hydrodesulfurization takes place. They also
convert the light mercaptans and some other light sulfur compounds to heavier
sulfur compounds, to enable producing a light naphtha fraction almost free of
mercaptans and light sulfides.
3.6.5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The FCC gasoline contains the following unsaturated components:
Diolefins (aliphatics or cyclics).
Olefins.
Aromatics.
Several chemical reactions can take place during the diolefin hydrogenation. The
most important ones are:
The hydrogenation of diolefins.
The conversion of light sulfur compounds into heavier sulfur species.
The isomerization of olefins.
The hydrogenation of olefins.
The last reaction must be avoided as much as possible.

3.6.6 HYDROGENATION OF DIOLEFINS

Diolefins are hydrogenated into corresponding olefins and some of the olefins are
hydrogenated into corresponding paraffins.

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A) Cyclodiolefins
A typical example is cyclohexadiene which is hydrogenated into cyclohexene
with no further hydrogenation with the catalyst and at the operating conditions
of the first stage.

+ H2

Cyclohexadiene Cyclohexen

B) Normal or isodiolefins
Normal diolefins:
Their hydrogenation produce several isomers, for example:
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH = CH2

CH3 CH = CH CH2 CH2 CH = CH2 + H2 1 Heptene

1 5 Heptadiene CH3 - CH = CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

2 Heptene (cis and trans)

Iso-diolefins
Isodiolefins hydrogenation produces also various isomers. Moreover double bond
migration can also occur within the newly generated isomer.
Diolefins are very unstable compounds, which polymerize easily into gums.
Therefore conversion of diolefins into olefins improves the product quality: these
reactions are highly exothermic. The difference between the diene value (DV) or
the maleic anhydride value (MAV) of the feed and the DV or MAV of product
measures the yield of these reactions and could be related to the hydrogen
consumption. Refer to chapter "Operation of the unit".

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3.6.7 ISOMERIZATION OF OLEFINS

CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH3 - CH = CH - CH2 - CH2 -
CH3
1 - Hexene 2 - Hexene
This reaction, thermodynamically enhanced by low temperatures (T < 200C),
takes place when diolefins are almost completely eliminated. It offers the
advantage of leading to internal olefins that are more stable towards
hydrogenation than external olefins. Thus the selectivity is improved. In addition,
internal olefins often have a higher octane number.

3.6.8 HYDROGENATION OF OLEFINS

These reactions are undesirable because they reduce the octane number.
The hydrogenation of diolefins is faster than the hydrogenation of olefins.
Nevertheless it is difficult to avoid totally hydrogenation of olefins, particularly if
the feed contains 1-olefins which are more reactive than 2,3-olefins.
This reaction is also exothermic.
The difference between the feed bromine number (BrN) and the product bromine
number measures the conversion rate of this reaction and could be related to the
hydrogen consumption. Refer to chapter "Operation of the unit".

3.6.9 THERMAL AND CATALYTIC POLYMERIZATION OF UNSTABLE COMPOUNDS

These reactions are undesirable because polymer deposits reduce both catalyst
activity and cycle duration.
The catalytic polymerization of olefins and even diolefins remains negligible, in
the range of the selected operating conditions, when the appropriate catalyst is
used.

3.6.10 THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC ANALYSIS

The hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons is characterized by an important
heat release (exothermic reaction) and a reduction of volume. Consequently
from a thermodynamic point of view, these reactions are favored by low

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temperature and high pressure. The typical heats of reaction (per mole of
reactant) are respectively:
Diolefins to olefins : 26 Kcal/mole
Olefins to paraffins : 30 Kcal/mole
From a kinetic viewpoint, with a proper catalyst, at temperature in the range of
160C, the rate of the diolefins hydrogenation is high enough for almost complete
hydrogenation.

3.6.11 SULFUR REACTION

In cracked naphthas (FCC gasoline and pyrolysis gasoline), the principal sulfur
compounds include mercaptans (RSH), aliphatic sulfides (RSR), aliphatic
disulfide and thiophenes. Over selective hydrogenation catalysts, light
mercaptans and light sulfides are converted to heavier sulfur species. In addition,
H2S is also converted to heavier sulfur compounds. The combination of selective
hydrogenation and FCC naphtha fractionation allows the production of a light
naphtha stream with a very low sulfur content, provided that thiophene carry-over
in this stream is controlled. The sulfur shift reactions are faster reactions than the
diolefin hydrogenation reactions.
The heavy sulfur compounds produced over the selective hydrogenation
catalysts are essentially heavy sulfides and, to a lesser extent, heavy
mercaptans. The following mechanisms are believed to take place:
Conversion of light mercaptans to heavy sulfides
1. Conversion of light mercaptans to heavy mercaptans
2. Conversion of sulfides to heavier mercaptans
3. Conversion of H2S to mercaptans
Although some of these mechanisms involve the production of some H2S, the
H2S addition reaction is a very fast reaction. Therefore, no H2S exits the reactor.
Approximately 95-98% of the light mercaptans are converted in the Selective
Hydrogenation reactor. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) will
also be converted to near extinction. Di-methyl sulfide (DMS) and ethyl-methyl
sulfide (EMS) conversion is limited at approximately 50-70%.
Following are examples of the reactions that occur:

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Conversion of Light Mercaptans to Heavier Sulfides

RSH + R' (C5 to C7 olefin) RS R'
Conversion of Light Mercaptans to Heavier Mercaptans
Step 1
RSH + H2 RH + H2S
Step 2
H2S + R' (C5 to C7 olefin) R'SH

Conversion of Sulfides to Heavier Mercaptans

CH3 S CH3 or + H2 CH4 and C2H6 + H2 S
C2H5 S CH3
H2S + R' (C5 to C7 olefin) R'SH

Conversion of H2S to Heavier Mercaptans

H2S + R' (C5 to C7 olefin) R'SH

3.7 PROCESS VARIABLES IN SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION

There are four main process variables:
Reactor temperature,
Residence time in the reactor,
Reactor pressure,
Hydrogen gas rate.

3.7.1 REACTOR TEMPERATURE

Thermodynamics for conversion of light mercaptans and selective hydrogenation
of diolefins are very favorable. The reaction will go to completion over a wide
range of operating temperature. Diolefin hydrogenation to olefins is completed
even at relatively high temperature and low H2 content.
From a kinetic perspective, the mercaptan conversion and hydrogenation rate
is increased at higher temperature.

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Hydrogenation selectivity (diolefin/olefin), however, is favored by lower

temperature.
For catalyst stability, the operation must take place at lower temperature to
prevent polymerization of gum precursor compounds. Thermal polymerization
deactivates the catalyst by coating of the active area and is accelerated at
temperatures above 200C.
Low operating temperature minimizes vaporization of the feedstock, keeping
the reactants in the liquid phase at moderate pressures.
However, as catalyst ages, polymer deposits progressively coat the selective
sites and catalyst activity decreases (i.e. at the same temperature, conversion
drops). A slight progressive increase in reactor temperature is used to
compensate for this loss of activity. The limit correspond to the end of run
temperature.
The normal inlet temperature for a feed composition as specified in the design
basis, ranges from the start of run (SOR) figure to the end of run (EOR) figure.
Refer to chapter operation of the unit/summary of operating condition.

3.7.2 RESIDENCE TIME IN THE REACTOR

In chemical catalysis, the residence time is expressed through the liquid hourly
space velocity (LHSV) which is defined as the ratio of the hourly liquid feed flow
rate (expressed in volume at 15C) to the catalyst volume.
Liquid feed volume(at 15 C) per hour
LHSV =
Volume of catalyst
Both volumes must be expressed with the same unit.
For a liquid phase reaction, taking place at 15C, the residence time of the feed
on the catalyst is then the reverse of the LHSV. A LHSV of 2 h-1 means a
residence time, at the operating temperature, close to 1/2 hour.
Increasing the residence time (i. e., decreasing the feed hourly flow) results in a
higher conversion of diolefins, and on the contrary, increasing the feed flow rate
results in a lower conversion.

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3.7.3 REACTOR PRESSURE

An important criterion for liquid phase hydrogenation is the content of dissolved
hydrogen. The content of dissolved hydrogen depends on the total pressure, the
hydrogen make-up flow and the hydrogen make-up purity. Complete diolefin
hydrogenation requires only a small amount of hydrogen in excess of the
stoechiometric requirement.
Higher operating pressure:
Improves diolefin hydrogenation.
Reduces the polymerization reactions/coke deposits and increases catalyst
cycle length.
Increases hydrogen dissolved in the liquid phase.
Improves liquid distribution in the reactor and reduces pressure drop due to
vaporization.

The reactor operating pressure is fixed at the design stage, operator will maintain
this maximum operating pressure during all normal operation.

3.7.4 HYDROGEN MAKE-UP RATE

An increase in H2 make-up rate will favor light mercaptans conversion and
diolefins hydrogenation. However, a large excess of hydrogen would lead to
partial saturation of olefins, in other words to higher octane loss.
Therefore, operation will aim at feeding unit with a small excess of H2 (25%)
calculated from a chemical consumption assuming 90 to 100% hydrogenation of
diolefins and 3% hydrogenation of olefins.
A 40% excess has also been foreseen at design stage corresponding to EOR
conditions.

3.8 CHEMICAL: HDS REACTOR REACTIONS AND CATALYST

3.8.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Sulfur removal is the major purpose of this reactor in order to prepare a
desulfurized stock of the gasoline pool. However, partial olefin saturation
reactions and partial denitrogenation (denitrification) of a small amount of

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nitrogen compounds that are present in the feed occur simultaneously with
desulfurization.
The reaction taking place in the reactor can be grouped as follows:
Hydrorefining (i.e. desulfurization, denitrification).
Hydrogenation of olefins (which are undesirable reactions).

All these reactions are exothermic.

3.8.2 HYDROREFINING
A) Desulfurization
The typical sulfur compounds in cracked gasoline are of the thiophenic and
benzothiophenic types.
The desulfurization occurs in several phases.

Thiophene Thiophane Mercaptans H2S

The desulfurization reactions are exothermic, but owing to the limited amount of
reactant involved, they do not lead to a noticeable temperature increase.
The rate of desulfurization reactions follows first-order kinetics. In the reactor, the
desulfurization reactions take place. Benzothiophenes and thiophenes are
essentially converted and the residual sulfur is essentially in the form of
thiophanes (or tetra-hydro-thiophenes) and mercaptans.

B) Denitrification (or denitrogenation)

Nitrogen is removed in catalytic hydrotreating by the breaking of the C-N bond
producing a nitrogen free aliphatic and ammonia. The breakage of the C-N bond
is much more difficult to achieve than the C-S bond in desulfurization.
Consequently denitrification occurs to a much lesser extent than desulfurization.
Nitrogen compounds typically found in cracked gasolines are methylpyrrol and
pyridine types.

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CH CH
+ 4H 2 C H + NH 3
5 12
CH C - CH 3

NH

Methylpyrrol n-pentane ammonia

+ 5 H2 C5 H12 + NH3
n- pentane ammonia

N
pyridine

The heat released by the denitrification reactions is also negligible owing to the
small amount of nitrogen compound involved.

3.8.3 HYDROGENATION OF OLEFINS

Hydrogenation or olefin saturation is the addition of a hydrogen molecule to an
unsaturated hydrocarbon to produce a saturated product. Olefinic hydrocarbons
are found in high concentrations in cracked gasolines. The olefin saturation
reaction is highly exothermic and is controlled by the process. The comparative
reactivity of olefins is the following (from more reactive to less reactive):

n - olefins > n internal olefins > branched olefins > cyclic olefins > internal branched
olefins

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Typical olefins hydrogenation reactions are:

+ H2

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 -CH2 -CH2 - CH = CH2 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2
-CH2 -CH3
1-heptene (n - olefins) n-heptane

+ H2
CH3 - CH - CH = CH CH3 CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

CH3 4 methyl 2 pentene CH3 2 methyl pentane

(internal branched olefins)

The reactions of this type are exothermic ( H = 30 kcal/mol).

3.9 RELATIVE RATES OF REACTION

Under the selected operating conditions and the choice of catalyst, these
reactions are classified hereafter in decreasing order of reaction rate:
hydrodesulfurization > olefins hydrogenation > > > aromatic hydrogenation

3.9.1 PROCESS VARIABLES IN HDS REACTOR

There are four main process variables:
Reactor temperature
Operating pressure and Hydrogen/hydrocarbon ratio
Space velocity.
For each of these variables, we have to distinguish their influence on activity and
on selectivity.

3.9.2 TEMPERATURE
Thermodynamically, as the hydrodesulfurization and olefin hydrogenation
reactions are exothermic, these reactions are favored by low temperature.

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In terms of selectivity, an increase of temperature enhances the selectivity

between hydrodesulfurization and olefin hydrogenation but the impact is very low.
Nevertheless, a control of temperature in reactors makes the process control
easier and avoids some phenomena like runaway.
Practically, temperature must be selected high enough that the naphtha is in
gaseous phase at the operating pressure but keeping a margin for temperature
increase to compensate for catalyst deactivation.
Typical operating temperatures range from 270C (inlet T, SOR) to 300C (inlet
T, EOR) for the high sulfur feed (first reactor).
In term of activity, a higher temperature increases the activity of
hydrodesulfurization and olefins hydrogenation reactions.
The target will be to operate at the minimum temperature compatible with the
level of desulfurization required.
In case a lower sulfur feed is processed in the unit, the thermal levels on the first
reactor are lowered to 245C (inlet T, SOR) and to 275C (inlet T, EOR), ex: BH
case.
3.9.3 OPERATING PRESSURE AND H2/HC RATIO

A) Hydrogen partial pressure

In terms of activity, an increase of the hydrogen partial pressure enhances the
hydrodesulfurization and olefins hydrogenation.
In addition, a high hydrogen partial pressure reduces the polymerization reactions
and coke deposit, increasing the cycle length.

B) Hydrocarbons partial pressure

This parameter has no impact on the hydrodesulfurization. Nonetheless, to
minimize hydrogenation of olefins, it is necessary to minimize olefin partial
pressure therefore hydrocarbon partial pressure. Hence, the operating pressure
is selected to optimize the HDS reaction rate and the HDS selectivity over the
olefin hydrogenation reactions.

C) H2 / HC ratio
As the operating pressure is selected during the design stage, the most important
operating variable is the H2/HC ratio. An increase of the H2/HC ratio enhances

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activity and selectivity in favor of hydrodesulfurization (higher ppH2 , lower ppHC,

lower ppH2S)
In practice, the recycle gas compressor must be operated at its maximum
capacity in order to maximize the H2/HC ratio.

D) Hydrogen sulfide partial pressure

The effect of H2S partial pressure on the hydrogenation of olefins is very slight,
but H2S affects the hydrodesulfurization. Therefore, an increase of the hydrogen
sulfide partial pressure has a negative effect on the selectivity. An amine washing
of recycle gas is provided to decrease the H2S content.

3.9.4 SPACE VELOCITY

As the reactor operates in the gaseous phase with a large amount of recycle
hydrogen, the residence time is only proportional (not equal) to the inverse of the
space velocity.
Space velocity is a parameter readily available to operators. Each time the feed
flow is changed, the space velocity changes in proportion to the flow. A decrease
of the space velocity (i.e. an increase of the residence time) enhances the activity
of reactions, yet without any enhancement of selectivity .

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SECTION- 4 UTILITY DESCRIPTION

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4.1 INTRODUCTION

The utility system consists of Nitrogen, Instrument Air (IA). Plant Air (AP), Sea
Cooling Water (WC), Service Water (SW), Boiler Feed Water (BFW), HP/MP/LP
Steam, LP Condensate, Bearing Cooling water (BCW) and Fuel Gas (FG).
Closed Blow down (CBD), Amine Blow down (ABD) Flare is also provided within
the unit.
Description related to various utility systems for Prime G+unit is given below.

4.1.1 INSTRUMENT AIR SYSTEM

A 2" Instrument Air header supplies IA to Prime G+ Unit. The header is provided
with isolation valve and a spectacle blind. Various Instrument air tapping are
taken from this header. In DCS FI-4502 with FQ and FAH/FAL, PI-4505 with
PAH/PAL and TI-4502with TAH/TAL and local TI, PI is provided on the 3 header
at B/L.

4.1.2 PLANT AIR SYSTEM

A 6" Plant Air header supplies PA to Prime G+ Unit. The header is provided with
isolation valve and a spectacle blind. Various Instrument air tapping are taken from
this header. Plant air is also used during in-situ regeneration. In DCS FI-4501 with
FQ, and local TI, PI is provided on the 6 header at B/L.

4.1.3 SEA COOLING WATER SYSTEM

The cooling water requirement for cooling purpose in the Prime G+ Unit is met
through Offsite Sea cooling water system. A 16 sea cooling water supply header
supplies cooling water to Prime G+ Unit. The header is provided with isolation
valve and a spectacle blind for positive isolation at the battery limit. PI-4602 with
PAH/PAL, TI-4602 with TAH/TAL and FI-4601 with FQ/FAH/FAL and local TI & PI
are provided on the 14 header at B/L.

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Cooling water from the supply header is taken to the following equipment in Prime
G+ Unit.
Recycle Compressor (75-K-01A/B)
FCC Heart cut cooler (75-E-06A/B)
Light Gasoline cooler (75-E-05A/B)
Splitter post condenser (75-E-04A/B)
Reactor effluent trim cooler (75-E-09A/B)
Heavy Gasoline cooler (75-E-12A/B)

The return water is collected in a 16 return header and sent to B/L. Individual return
line from cooler is provided with a Local temperature Indicator (TI) and Thermal
safety valve. The return header is provided with isolation valve and a spectacle
blind for positive isolation at the battery limit. The return header is also provided with
TI-4603, with TAH/TAL, PI-4603 with PAH/PAL and FI-4602 with FAL/FAH in DCS
and local PI & TI at B/L. A 6 Jump over between supply and return header is also
provided at B/L.

4.1.4 BEARING COOLING WATER SYSTEM

The cooling water requirement for cooling purpose of pump cooling in the Prime
G+ Unit is met through Offsite Bearing cooling water system. A 4 Bearing cooling
water supply header supplies BCW to Prime G+ Unit. The header is provided with
isolation valve and a spectacle blind for positive isolation at the battery limit. PI-4702
with PAH/PAL, TI-4702 with TAH/TAL and FI-4701 with FQ/FAH/FAL and local TI &
PI are provided on the 4 header at B/L.
BCW from the supply header is distributed to various pumps/equipment in Prime
G+ Unit.
The return water is collected in a 4 return header and sent to B/L. Individual
return line from cooler is provided with a Local temperature Indicator (TI) and
Thermal safety valve. The return header is provided with isolation valve and a
spectacle blind for positive isolation at the battery limit. The return header is also
provided with TI-4703 with TAH/TAL, PI-4703 with PAH/PAL, FI-4702 with

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FAL/FAH in DCS and local PI & TI at B/L. A 4 Jump over between supply and
return header is also provided at B/L.

4.1.5 SERVIC WATER SYSTEM

The 2 common service water header supplies service water to Prime G+

Unit. It is provided with an isolation valve and a spectacle blind at battery limit. In
DCS FI-4503 with FQ and Local PI/TI is provided at the battery limit. The service
water header supplies water to various hose stations in the units. Service water is
required mainly for cleaning and washing.

4.1.6 NITROGEN
A 8 header supplies N2 to Prime G+ Unit. N2 is used for various purposes
in equipment, line etc. for inertisation, blanketing, purging, in-situ regeneration
etc. The supply header is provided with DCS FI/FQ-4101 with FAH/FAL, PI-4102
with PAL/PAH along with local PI & TI at B/L.

4.1.7 LP STEAM SYSTEM

A 6 header supplies LP steam to Prime G+ Unit. FI/FQ-4401 with
FAL/FAH, PI-4402 and TI-4402 with Low and High alarm is provided in DCS to
monitor LP steam B/L condition. Also local PI & TI are provided. At B/L block
valve along with spectacle blind are provided for positive isolation.
Use of LP steam in the unit is mainly as follows:
Utility hose station
For Tracing Requirement
Various Process User

4.1.8 MP STEAM SYSTEM

A 10 header supplies HP steam to Prime G+ Unit. FI/FQ-4403 with
FAL/FAH, PI-4402 and TI-4402 with Low and High alarm is provided in DCS to
monitor HP steam B/L condition. Also local PI & TI are provided. At B/L block
valve along with spectacle blind are provided for positive isolation.

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Use of HP steam in the unit is mainly as follows:

Start-up ejector (75-J-01)
For in-situ regeneration burning phase.
Heater De-coking purpose
For Lancing steam

4.1.9 VHP STEAM SYSTEM

A 8 header supplies VHP steam to Prime G+ Unit. VHP PRDS (75-X-01) is
provided to reduce the steam pressure. FI/FQ-4301 with FAL/FAH, PI-4302 and
TI-4302 with Low and High alarm is provided in DCS to monitor VHP steam B/L
condition. Also local PI & TI are provided. Block valve along with spectacle blind
is provided at B/L for positive isolation.
Use of VHP steam in the unit is mainly as follows:
SHU Pre-heater (75-E-04)
Splitter Reboiler (75-E-05)
Stabiliser Reboiler (75-E-13)

4.1.10 FUEL GAS SYSTEM

Fuel Gas is received in Fuel gas Knock-out drum (75-V-16) and from KOD
FG is distributed to various users. The FG receiving header is of 3 size and it is
provided with double block valve and spectacle blind at B/L. FI/FQ-2201 with
FAH/FAL is provided in DCS to indicate FG consumption.
Fuel Gas is used in the following points of the unit:
HDS Reactor Feed Heater (75-F-01)
In Amine Blow-down Drum (75-D-18)

4.2 EFFLUENT SYSTEM

Liquid and gaseous effluents are generated in the plant. These effluents are
disposed off the plant to a safe location.

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1. Sour water from 75-V-03 separator drum

About 5100 kg/hr during water injection in 75-A-03 for salt removal.
NIT CASE AM CASE BH
75-V-03
Flow rate kg/hr 5100 5100 NA
HC content wt ppm 300 300 NA
Dissolved H2S wt 600 320 NA
ppm
Temperature, C 40 40 NA

2. Sour water from HDS stabilizer reflux drum 75-V-05

This stream is less than 20 kg/hr during normal operations.
75-V-05 NIT CASE AM CASE BH CASE
Flow rate, kg/hr 10 11 NA
HC content wt ppm 200 200 NA
Dissolved H2S wt 2260 2100 NA
ppm
Temperature, C 40 40 NA

3. Gas purge from splitter reflux drum 75-V-02

Continuous service for light ends removal: 537 to 905 kg/hr, 400C at operating
temperature.

4. Gas purge from HDS reaction section

In NIT case, the Amine absorber is bypassed and the purge gas (216 kg/hr) is
routed to sour purge gas.
In AM case, the amine absorber is in service and the purge gas (56 kg/hr) is
routed to sweet purge gas.

5. Gas purge from HDS stripper reflux drum 75-V-05

This stream exist during normal operation and is sent to the sour purge for
treatment. This stream is sour (about 11.2 to 12.4 %mol).

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Continuous sevice for light ends and H2S removal: about 428 to 855 kg/hr, 400C
at operating temperature.

6. Regeneration gas purge to atmosphere

During PRIMEG+ reactors catalyst in situ regeneration operation, waste vapour
stream is routed to 75-F-01 heater stack at safe location under pressure control.
This waste vapour stream contains, during burning and polish burning phases:
Coke burning Phase
Effluent CO2 H2O Duration
Kg/hr Kg/hr days
75-R-01 83 4495 7
75-R-02 241 12048 1

Polish burning phase

Effluent SO2 SO3 H2O Duration
Kg/hr Kg/hr Kg/hr days
75-R-01 599 15 2485 9
75-R-02 1206 31 5992 1.5

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SECTION- 5 PREPARATION FOR START-UP

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5.1 GENERAL
As the new unit nears completion, there is a large amount of preparatory
work, which should be performed by the operating crew. A planned check of the
unit will not only set the foundation of a smooth start-up, but will also provide a
firm basis for acquainting operators with the equipment. Start-up is a critical
period and the operator must know exactly the operation of each equipment.
Some of the pre-commissioning works can be carried out simultaneously
along with construction. But, care in the organisation of this work is necessary so
that it does not interfere in the construction activities. It is most important to plan
schedule and record with checklists and test schedules all the preliminary
operation and to co-ordinate the constructions programme.

5.2 PRE-COMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES

The material in this section gives general guidelines for preparing a unit for
start-up. Some sections need to be expanded to give specific directions (water
flushing procedure, inerting procedure for example); this is prepared by
commissioning personnel prior to start of the pre-commissioning/start-up.

5.2.1 INSPECTION / CHECKING

Sections of the unit should be checked out as soon as the contractor
completes work in those areas. Immediately followed by inspection of those
areas, punch lists which indicate the deviations from the design specifications
should be written and distributed to the contractor. In this manner mistakes in
construction can be found and corrected early.
Inspection of the plant can be basically divided into the following areas:
Vessels
Piping
Heaters
Exchangers
Pumps
Instrumentation

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5.2.2 INSPECTION OF EQUIPMENTS

Inspection of the interior of the vessels, columns, heaters and other
equipment normally accessible during operation should be made to ensure that
they are complete, clean and correctly installed. Tray assemblies in columns
should be checked with reference to the engineering drawings to detect any
defect in assembly or construction and to ensure cleanliness. Packing if any to be
done after internal inspection and flushing. The vessels are to be checked with
reference to engineering drawings. The demister is to be fitted after internal
cleaning and water washing.
In heaters, the burner assemblies should be checked for easy operation of
air registers, contour of the burner throat, debris material etc. The heater coils
supports to be checked for proper installation.
Checklist formats are attached as Annexure

5.2.3 PIPING AND ACCESSORIES

Piping and accessories will be checked against drawings and specifications.
Piping support and hangers will be inspected to ensure that all anchorages are
firm. Valves will be checked for proper packing and mounting direction and
accessibility for operation and maintenance. Spring supports, if any, to be
checked for the cold setting and later for hot settings while plants is in operation.

5.2.4 INSTRUMENTS
All instrument tapings for pressure, level and flow should be clear and
Thermowells should not foul with the internals. These should be checked prior to
box up of the equipment.
Instruments will be checked, starting from the controller and proceeding
logically through the control loop. Cascade control system will be checked from
the impulse point of primary loop. Operating crew should check proper mounting
of control valves. Control valves responses should be checked for controller
outputs. The shutdown systems of the equipment and machinery will be checked
by simulating the various conditions in the control circuits.

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5.2.5 RELIEF VALVES

Relief valves will be set in the shop and mounted before the system
pressure test. Block valves ahead and after relief valves will be checked for lock
open or lock close position as per P&ID. Relief valves will be checked against
specifications.

5.2.6 ROTARY EQUIPMENT

All rotary equipment such as pumps, fans etc. are to be checked for
bearings, internals and free movement. The auxiliaries, control systems on this
equipment should be thoroughly inspected.

5.2.7 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Check the OWS and blow down system against drawings. Check for free
flow.

5.3 PREPARATION FOR PRE-COMMISSIONING

Check the unit for completion of mechanical work against P&ID.

Check list points are liquidated. Any pending point will not affect pre-
commissioning operation.
Remove all construction debris lying around in the unit and clean up the area.
Install blinds as per master blind list.
Safety valves should be kept blinded during flushing and re-installed
afterwards.
These should be shop tested and set at the stipulated values.
Ensure that underground sewerage system is in working condition. Clear
plugging, if any. Check by flushing with water.
Check that communication between units, control room, offsite and utilities are
complete and in working condition.
Ensure that the required lube oil, grease and other consumable are available
in the unit.

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5.4 PRE-COMMISSIONING
Prior to the commissioning of the plant there are several pre-commissioning
operations that must be conducted to prepare the plant for the actual start-up
these are:
1. Commissioning of utilities
2. Final inspection of vessels
3. Pressure test equipment
4. Wash out lines and equipment
5. Functional test of rotating equipment
6. Instruments checking
7. Safety device checking
8. Heater Refractory dry-out
9. Purge and gas blanketing
10. Tightness test
11. Catalyst loading procedure
12. Charging of chemicals

It is important that these operations be carried out as thoroughly and as well

as possible to help achieve a smooth and trouble-free start-up and later steady
normal operation. A discussion detailing the major items to monitor in each of
these operations follows.
The above outline may be expanded somewhat as follows:

5.4.1 COMMISSIONING OF UTILITIES

The various utility lines should be tested and placed into service as soon as
the construction schedule allows. Pressure tests should be carried out on all
steam condensate, air, fuel gas, flare, and nitrogen lines as are done on all
process lines.

a) Steam Network
Network is blown through completely from battery limit with a strong steam
flow in order to clean the lines. The following steps are recommended:

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Check network, all equipment will be disconnected to avoid entry of flushed

material.
Drain all the low points. If necessary open steam trap inlet flanges.
Open slowly battery limit valve and let the temperature rise in the header,
slowly and steadily.
Check support of fixed points and expansion loops.
When line is hot, blow it through completely with a strong steam flow.
Close battery limit valves and prepare another network. When the blowing are
satisfactory, reconnect all equipment and remount steam traps. Recharge
header as above.
To gauge the effectiveness of the steam blowing (and the amount of scale left
in the lines), target plates should be installed at the blow-down points. The
lines should be repeatedly blown down until virtually unmarked target plates
are obtained. Condensate lines should be continually checked and traps
removed and cleaned if plugged.

Note: The following precautions to be taken while blowing / commissioning steam

header.
To drain the low points of the lines before and during heating period in order
to avoid water accumulation, that causes hammering.
To open drain / vent during cooling period to prevent vacuum formation
To isolate the instruments, remove orifice plates and control valves; to re-
install the orifice plates and control valves after blowing is over.

b) Sea Cooling Water and Service Water:

Network shall be cleaned from battery limit with a strong water flow. All
equipment will be disconnected at the inlet and reconnected when lines are
cleaned. Control valves and orifice plates will be removed and re-installed, after
the lines become clean. When system has been flushed, charge the lines to the
operating pressure.

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The following precautions to be taken:

To open vents at high points in order to expel air from equipment and piping
To open the battery limit valve, slowly and steadily.

c) Instrument Air and Plant Air:

Network shall be blown through completely from battery limit with strong flow
of air in order to clean and dry the lines. All joints and connections shall be
checked for tightness with soap solution. Header and branch lines will be blown
through with a high flow rate of air. During all tests, the instruments and control
valve shall be carefully isolated from the system.

d) Fuel Gas Networks:

Networks shall be blown through from battery limit with a strong airflow in
order to clean the lines. During the operations, orifice plates and control valves
shall be removed. Special care shall be taken to prevent water from entering the
furnace. The fuel oil and fuel gas headers will be commissioned before firing the
Heaters.

5.4.2 FINAL INSPECTION OF VESSELS

All vessels should be inspected before final closing and any loose scale,
dirt, etc. should be removed. Any line coming directly off of the bottom of a dirty
vessel should be removed.
It is very important that the internals of the hydro-treating reactor be
inspected very carefully. The hydro treating reactor internals should be checked
for holes and/or damage and repaired as required. The catalyst support basket
and unloading sleeve should be checked to ensure correct fit in the nozzles.
The separator should be checked carefully to be sure the cement lining is
installed well and that the mesh blanket is securely fastened to the support ring.
There should be no gaps in the mesh blanket.

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5.4.3 PRESSURE TEST EQUIPMENT

It is normally the mechanical contractors responsibility to hydrostatically
pressure test the unit during construction. The following suggestions are
generally made by Licenser to help during the stage of start up activity.
Before any vessel is filled with water, the foundation design must be checked
to see if it is rated for this load.
Screens should be placed in the lines before the unit is pressure tested so
that test water can be pumped through the lines for the purpose of washing
them.
Screens should be placed in a flange between the suction valve and the pump
so that the screen may be removed without de-pressuring any vessels. The
flow through the screen should preferably be downward or horizontal.
Precautions should be taken to place the screen in a location where the dirt
particles will not drop into an inaccessible place in the line when the flow
through the pump stops. If this should happen, it would not be possible to
remove the dirt upon removal of the screen.
An air pressure test can be placed on the sections of the unit prior to a water
test so that any open lines or flanges may be discovered and taken care of
before liquid is admitted. It would be remembered that in pressure testing
vessels, the test gauge should be placed at the bottom of the vessel so that
the liquid head will be taken into account. Before draining any liquid from a
vessel, a vent must be opened on top of the vessel to prevent a vacuum from
pulling in the vessel sides.

In pressure testing equipment, particularly in cold weather, care should be

taken that the testing of the vessels is not carried out at temperature levels so low
that the metal becomes brittle. As metal temperatures decrease, the tending for
brittleness increases. Temperatures above 17C (60F) are considered
satisfactory for testing to eliminate the possibility of cold fracturing of equipment.
Such temperatures can be attained by warming the testing medium.

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It will not be practical to test all of the equipment together. Thus, the unit will
be divided into sections as governed by the location of the various items of
equipment and the test pressures to which each item will be subjected. Suitable
blanks must be made up for insertion on nozzles and between flanges to isolate
the various sections of equipment as required. Normally, the exchangers,
receivers, etc., for the various towers will be tested together with the main
vessels. Test pressures will be determined from the pressure vessel summary
for the unit. During pressure testing, all safety valves must be blinded off since
their normal relieving pressure will be exceeded.
It may be convenient to test the heaters and reactors in one group. A field
hydrostatic test on the gas compressor after installation could result in damage to
the internals, so the compressors must be isolated from the reactor system. As
the heaters are normally tested at a higher pressure than the reactors, it would be
simplest to blind off the heaters and test them first and then test the entire system
at the reactor test pressure. Blanks can be provided with connections for
introduction of water for testing and for venting of air as the system is filled with
water. It may be necessary to use Thermowells connections and pressure taps
for additional vents in the reactor system. At the completion of the hydrostatic
test, all water should be removed from the equipment. Where necessary, flanges
may be broken to drain low points and the equipment air blown to remove as
much water as possible before flanging up.
After hydrostatic pressure testing, a tightness test must be conducted to
check all flanges and fittings, especially the ones opened during hydro testing.
This final tightness test must be witnessed by Licenser representatives and is
normally done just prior to start-up.

5.4.4 WASH OUT LINES AND EQUIPMENT

After pressure test has been completed on any vessel with its connected
piping, receivers, exchangers, etc., required blanks are pulled and water is
circulated for the purpose of removing any dirt, scale, etc. Much of the dirt is
picked up in the pump screens where it is taken from the system by removing
and cleaning the screen.

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All possible lines and pumps should be used during the washing procedure for
complete clearout of the system. Of course, no water circulation should be
carried out in the gas sections of the unit. Temporary water connections should be
provided at convenient locations in the system for carrying out water flushing. The
following points should be remembered during water flushing.
Low point drains and high point vents should be purged.
All instrument connection should be isolated, orifice plates removed, control
valves isolated and by-passed. In case there is no bypass, remove control
valve and flush the line. The valve will be installed after clean water starts
coming out and further flushing may be continued.
If there is any heat exchanger in the line, flushing should be done up to and
around the exchanger using by-pass line. It should be ensured that dirty water
from initial flushing does not get into the exchanger. Wherever bypasses are
not available, the flanged joints at the inlet of heat exchanger should be first
opened and the line flushed till clear water starts coming out. Then reconnect
flange and flush through the exchanger.
At each opening of the flanged joints, a thin metallic sheet should be inserted
to prevent dirty water from entering the equipment or piping.
The flow of water should preferably be from top to bottom for flushing of heat
exchanger coolers. The bottom flange of the equipment should be opened to
permit proper flushing.
The flushing should be carried out with maximum possible flow of water till
clear water starts coming out.
Vertical lines, which are long and rather big (say over 100-mm dia) should
preferably be flushed from top to bottom. This will ensure better flushing.
Filling the lines and releasing from bottom is also helpful. The rundown lines
can also be flushed conveniently from the unit to the respective tanks.
It should be ensured in all flushing operation that design pressure of lines and
equipment is never exceeded. After flushing of lines and equipment, water
should be thoroughly drained from all low points. Lines and equipment
containing pockets of water should not be left idle for a long time; it is
preferable to dry these lines and equipment with air after water flushing.

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Recommended air/water velocity during flushing or blowing to be

maintained for proper flushing

5.4.5 FUNCTIONAL TEST OF ROTATING EQUIPMENT

All rotary equipment (including dosing pumps) will undergo functional test to
check their performance.
a) Motors
Each motor should be checked and started to ensure that it has the correct
direction of rotation. The motor speed should be checked with tachometer to
ensure that RPM is correct. The manufacturer's lubrication schedule should be
used to ensure that all lubrication points have been serviced. After a short run
each bearing should be felt to ensure that it is free and not overheated.

b) Pumps
Prior to unit start up, all centrifugal pumps should be thoroughly checked and
run in properly (after pressure testing and water flushing) as indicated in the
following outline: The pumps will be started and operated according to the
manufacturers instructions.

CAUTION: Many high head pumps are not designed to pump water. To do
so can result in damage to the pump internals. Check the vendors
specifications before attempting to run in pumps with water.

Check to see that all necessary water piping has been made to stuffing boxes,
bearing jackets, pedestals and quench glands. Make sure that all necessary
lube oil piping is installed, and that this piping is not mistakenly connected to
the water system.
Check arrangements to vent the pump for priming if the pump is not self-
venting. See that special connections such as bleeds and drains are properly
installed.
Check strainers in pump suction lines. Strainers must be installed before
aligning pumps. A 4-mm (three to five mesh) strainer is provided for each

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pump suction line during start-up. To avoid pump damage during flushing
with water, the strainers should temporarily be lined with 1-mm (20-mesh)
screen.
Remove this screen after water flushing is completed. All strainers should be
flagged, and a list similar to the blind list should be kept, so as to prevent a
lost screen from plugging and upsetting unit operation later on.
Check that power is available for running in the pump. Check that pressure
gauges and any special instrumentation are in working order.
Water circulation on motor driven hydrocarbon pumps can result in motor
overloading if the full pumping capacity is used. In this type of equipment, the
capacity must be reduced by throttling the discharge during such periods. An
ammeter can be used to determine the required throttling.
Before lubricating oil-lubricated bearings, check bearing chamber in pumps to
see that no flushing compounds or shipping grease is left in the chamber.
Mechanical-type pumps should be flushed with water prior to pump operation
so no dirt gets into the seal and scores the seal faces.
It is extremely important that the proper type and viscosity oil and proper
grade of grease is used to lubricate the equipment. Refer to manufacturers
instructions and lubricating schedule for this information.
Motor should be checked and started to ensure that it has the correct direction
of rotation. The motor speed should be checked with tachometer to ensure
that RPM is correct. The manufacturer's lubrication schedule should be used
to ensure that all lubrication points have been serviced. After a short run each
bearing should be felt to ensure that it is free and not overheated.
See that the driver rotates the pump in the direction indicated by the arrow on
the pump casing. Rotate the pump by hand to see that it is clear before
starting.
Couple up and align the pumps, then check for cooling water availability and
start flow of cooling water to the pumps requiring external cooling, before they
are run in.
Open pump suction valve and close discharge valve (crack discharge valve
for high capacity, high head pumps). Make sure the pump is full of liquid.

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Start the pump. As the pump is motor driven, the pump will come up to
speed. Immediately check discharge pressure gauge. If no pressure is
shown, stop the pump and find the cause. If the discharge pressure is
satisfactory, slowly open the discharge valve and give the desired flow rate.
Check the amperage of the motor. Do not run the pump with the discharge
block valve closed except for a very short time. Note any unusual vibration or
operation condition.
Check bearings of pumps and drivers for signs of heating. Recheck all oil
levels.
Run the pump for approximately one hour, then shut off to make any
adjustment necessary and check parts for tightness. Since it is not possible
to run the pump at operating temperature, a final check of alignment must be
made during normal operation by switching to the spare pump.
Start the pump and run it for at least four hours.
Shut the pump down and pull the strainer. Clean the strainer and replace it in
the suction line. Remove the temporary fine mesh liner from the strainer after
water flushing is complete.
On a new unit, the screens are sometimes left in service for the first run on all
locations where spare pumps have been provided.
When water is used for pressure testing and washing, it is sometimes better
to have packing in the pumps for a seal to prevent dirt from ruining the
mechanical seal.

After the lines and equipment are judged to be clean and all the pumps have
been run in, the water should be drained from the various systems. Lines
containing low spots should be broken at the low spot if no drain is provided.
Underground lines, without drains, should be blown free of water. Before
draining any vessel, a vent must be opened on that vessel so that a vacuum will
not be created on draining. If the towers are to be left standing for a long period
of time before steam drying or before operation, an inert gas, such as nitrogen or
sweet fuel gas, must be introduced to the vessels to prevent rusting of the
internals from oxygen in the air.

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Of course, no water circulation should be carried out through the gas

compressors. It is important that the catalyst and the compressors are not
exposed to excessive moisture.

5.5 INSTRUMENTS CHECKING

Normally, instrument lead lines will be tested hydrostatically up to block
valves when the balance of the unit is tested. Hydrostatic test pressure will not be
made on instruments, which normally handle gas, and no pressure-measuring
element should be subjected to test pressures above its range. Also, never pull a
vacuum on a pressure instrument or gauge unless it is specifically designed for it.
All instrument air piping should be tested at 7kg/cm2g (100 psig) with compressed
air. Soap should be used on all joints to check for leakage. Care should be
taken to ensure that this high air pressure is not put on any instruments or control
valve diaphragms. Likewise, when pressure testing the unit, care must be taken
that the fuel gas pressure balance valves are blinded off to keep high pressure off
the diaphragm. Before starting up, all instruments should be serviced and
calibrated. This includes carefully measuring all orifice plate bores with a
micrometer.
A) Prior to unit start-up, all instruments must have been checked with regard to:
Proper tagging,
Proper location in the process,
Correctness of assembly,
Operating range consistent with the operating conditions,
Calibration,
Flow orifice size, coefficients, orientation versus flow,
Level instruments will be calibrated using the design liquid density,
Instrument wiring integrity, polarity, and grounding.

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B) The following guidelines may be adopted for checking and calibration of all
instruments.
a) Orifice Plates
Before each orifice plate is installed the orifice taps should be blown clear.
The plate should be callipered to check if the correct size orifice plate is installed.
The plate should then be installed after checking for the correct direction.
b) Differential pressure Transmitters and Receivers
Ordinarily these should be calibrated locally against a manometer. The
calibration should be checked at the receiver, which may be board or locally
mounted recorder or indicator.
c) Pressure Transmitters and Receivers
These should be checked in place. The calibration of the receiver should be
checked at the same time.
d) Alarms checking
All alarms, auto start and cut off systems should be checked by simulating the
conditions. Make sure that the field instruments actuate the corresponding light or
audible alarm in the control room or DCS printer.
e) Valves
The control valves are removed during washing operations. They should be
checked for cleanness of the seats and free movement of the plug or ball.
Check the valves motion and their response to the controller signal.
When all the single instruments have been individually checked, when all
their addresses have been verified in the DCS, then the loop checking can take
place for each loop or group of control loops.

5.6 SAFETY DEVICES CHECK

All the safety devices, Interlock(s) and Emergency shutdown devices must
be checked. These devices are designed either to protect the catalyst against
mal-operation or to fulfil safety actions.
Safety sequences (Interlocks) are sequences of actions programmed into
the DCS/PLC and designed to ensure automatically a safe sequence of operation
when selected undesirable events occur.

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5.7 HEATER REFRACTORY DRY-OUT AND REACTION SECTION DRY-OUT

The furnace refractory must be thoroughly dried out so that it does not crack
when the Heater is brought into operation. The drying should be done by gradual
heating of the refractory so that no cracking takes place due to sudden
vaporisation of moisture from the refractory.
The refractory drying out of reactor feed heater can be done simultaneously with
the drying of the reaction section. Drying out can be done under air or nitrogen,
depending on the availability, using the recycle compressor.

Detail procedure is given in Annexure-I

5.8 PURGING AND GAS BLANKETING

It must be remembered that oil or flammable gas should never be charged
into process lines or vessels indiscriminately. The unit must be purged before
admitting hydrocarbons. There are many ways to purge the unit and ambient
conditions may dictate the procedure to be followed: nitrogen or inert gas
purging, displacement of air by liquid filling followed by gas blanketing, or
steaming followed by gas blanketing.
For the remainder of the unit other than the reactor section, steam purging
followed by fuel gas blanketing can be used to air free the unit. The following
steps will briefly outline this method.Potential problems or hazards could develop
during the steam purge are as follows:
Collapse due to vacuum: some of the vessels are not designed for vacuum.
This equipment must not be allowed to stand blocked in with steam since the
condensation of the steam will develop a vacuum. Thus, the vessel must be
vented during steaming and immediately followed up with fuel gas purge at the
conclusion of the steam out.
Flange and gasket leaks: thermal expansion and stress during warm-up of
equipment along with dirty flange faces can cause small leaks at flanges and
gasket joints. These must be corrected at this time.

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Water hammering care must be taken to prevent water hammering when

steam purging the unit. Severe equipment damage can result from water
hammering. Block in the cooling water to all coolers and condensers.
Shutdown fans on fin-fan coolers and condensers. Open high point vents
and low point drains on the vessels to be steam purge.
Start introducing steam into the bottom of the columns, towers, and at low
points of the various vessels. It may be necessary to make up additional steam
connections to properly purge some piping which may be dead-ended.
Thoroughly purge all equipment and associated piping of air. Be sure to
pen sufficient drains to drain condensate, which will accumulate in low spots and
receivers.
When purging is completed, close all vents and drains. Start introducing
fuel gas into all vessels and cut back the steam flow until it is stopped completely
when the systems are pressured. Regulate the fuel gas flow and the reduction of
steam so that a vacuum due to condensing steam is not created in any vessel or
that the fuel gas system pressure is not appreciably reduced.

5.9 TIGHTNESS TEST

The guideline given below is to check the tightness of flanges, joints,
manholes etc. (except pumps and control instruments) in the unit.
The initial leak tests can be performed using air or nitrogen depending upon local
facilities. The test pressure will be the air or nitrogen system pressure or the unit (or
section of unit) design pressure, whichever is the lower. This operation can be
integrated with steam purging activity aimed at expelling air (from feed, and Product
section) prior to introducing hydrocarbon into the unit.
The unit is isolated with blinds from adjacent sections containing hydrocarbons
(liquid or gaseous), and from utilities systems where pressure is lower than air
(or nitrogen) pressure.
The pressure rise must be checked on several pressure gauges and possibly
checked on a pressure recorder. Leaks must be carefully located and
tightened. Their location must be recorded. The leak test is satisfactory
when the pressure decrease is lower than 0.05 Kg/cm2/hour over a period

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of 4 consecutive hours (at approximately constant temperature). Pumps,

compressors are to be isolated to prevent leak through seals.
The air (nitrogen) used for leak tests should be purged out of the unit using low
points drains to remove free water, if any.

In case of steam of steam purging:

Drains at low points will be opened; after draining is over, these will be closed.
Vent will be opened; pressure gauges will be installed on each circuit.
Steam is progressively admitted where connections are available. Circuits,
which do not have direct admission of steam, will be supplied through hoses.
The temperature of the whole installation is increased slowly and free expansion
of lines is checked. The condensed water is drained while the temperature of the
circuit rises.
When temperature is steady, vents are progressively closed in order to get the
desired pressure by keeping a vent slightly opened. A steam make-up is
maintained. All joints will be checked for leaks. If leaks are detected, system will
be depressurised, leaks attended and the system retested.

For the purpose of leak tests the unit will be divided into sections of
approximately the same design pressure. Air or nitrogen will be injected at
different locations depending on check valves locations.

Recommended sections for leak tests:

A) Feed section
Feed filters 75-X-01 A/B
Feed drum 75-V-01
This section will be isolated from the other sections by blinds and/or valves.
B) Selective hydrogenation reaction section
SHU feed/HDS effluent heat exchanger 75-E-01 (tube side)
SHU feed/effluent heat exchanger 75-E-02 (tube and shell sides)
SHU preheater 75-E-03
Hydrogen from isomerization make-up compressor discharge

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Feed exchangers bypass lines

Selective hydrogenation reactor 75-R-01
The selective hydrogenation reaction section is isolated from the other
sections by blinds and/or valves.

C) Splitter section
Gasoline Splitter 75-C-01
Splitter reboiler exchanger 75-E-07
Splitter overhead air condenser 75-A-01
Splitter post condenser 75-E-04
Splitter reflux drum 75-V-02
Light FCC gasoline trim cooler 75-E-05
FCC heart cut cooler 75-E-06
SHU recycle air cooler 75-A-04
D) HDS section
HDS Feed/Effluent exchangers 75-E-08 A/B/C (shell and tube sides).
HDS reactor 75-R-02
HDS reactor feed heater 75-F-01
SHU feed/HDS effluent exchanger 75-E-01 (shell side).
HDS effluent air condenser 75-A-03
HDS effluent trim condenser 75-E-09 A/B(shell side)
Separator drum 75-V-03
Amine K.O. drum 75-V-06
Amine absorber 75-C-02
Lean amine preheater 75-E-10 (shell side)
Recycle compressor K.O. drum 75-V-04
The HDS section shall be isolated from other sections by blinds or valves.
E) Stabilization section
Stabilizer feed/bottom exchanger 75-E-11 A/B (tube and shell sides)
Stabilizer column 75-C-03
Stabilizer overhead condenser 75-A-05

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Stabilizer reflux drum 75-V-05

Stabilizer reboiler 75-E-13
Heavy gasoline trim cooler 75-E-12 (shell side)

5.10 CATALYST LOADING PROCEDURE

Detailed catalyst loading procedure is given in Annexure-II

5.11 CATALYST SPECIAL PROCEDURE

Detailed procedure is given in Annexure-III

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SECTION- 6 START-UP PROCEDURE

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6.1 INTRODUCTION
Start up and Operating Procedure are described in this section. Start up
and shutdown are the most critical periods in operation. It is then that the
hazardous possibilities for fire and explosion are greatest.
The hazards encountered most frequently in start up and shut down of units
are accidental mixing of air and hydrocarbons / hydrogen and contacting of water
with hot oil. Other hazards primarily associated with start up are pressure, vacuum
and thermal and mechanical shocks. These can result in fires, explosions,
destructive pressure surges and other damages to unit as well as injury to
personnel.
Fires occur when oxygen and fuel vapour or mists are mixed in flammable
proportions and come in contact with an ignition. They may run out of control or
touch off devastating explosion. Pressure surge from unplanned mixing of water
and hot oil may cause damage of equipment and or loss of valuable production.
Extensive, costly down time on process unit may result. Fires usually follow if the
explosion bursts lines or vessels.
Preparation for start-up begins with a complete review of the start up
procedure by the operating crew. Activities of Prime G+ unit should be co-
ordinated with control room, other units, and utility section.

6.2 PRE-START-UP CHECKLIST FOR PRIME G+ UNIT

a) Pre start-up checklist
Prior to actual start-up of the plant it should be established that all preparatory
works have been successfully completed and all equipment are ready to function.
Ensure that:
Blinds are installed as per master blind list. Each removal and insertion of a blind
should be noted and installed by the operator- in-charge.
All unnecessary blind are removed.
All construction tolls, debris are removed. Plant is cleaned.
All vessels, piping, equipment are pressure tested, flushed and ready for service.
All rotating equipment such as pumps, compressors, motors etc. have
undergone functional test successfully.

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All instruments have been checked, calibrated and ready for service. Control
should be on manual.
All safety valves are in position after setting and testing. Isolating valves will be
left in lock open position. Spare valves should be kept isolated.
Necessary utility headers (cooling water, steam, air, fuel gas, fuel oil, water etc)
are charged.
Flare, closed blow down and sewer systems are in operable condition.
All related units are informed of the start-up plan.
All other pre-commissioning activities such as flushing, cleaning, purging,
tightness testing etc are completed.
Fire and safety related equipment are checked.
All safety devices and emergency sequences have been tested.
General Service system such as lighting, PA, telephone etc is in working
condition.
The proper quantity and quality of nitrogen is available.
The unit is under a slight nitrogen pressure.
The reaction section has been dried out.
The feed, splitter and stabilizer sections have been thoroughly drained of free
water.
Catalysts have been loaded into the reactors.

b) The unit is isolated with blinds:

On the feed and product lines,

On the flare and fuel gas headers,

On sour water lines to battery limits,

On the sewer lines and utilities except cooling water and nitrogen,

On pressure relief valves to flare.

On amine supply and return lines

H2 make-up lines are isolated.

Gasoline feed is available.

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c) Inert naphtha is available with the following characteristics:

Bromine number < 5 g Br/100 g.

Diene Value< 0.5

Specific gravity between 0.725 and 0.850

ASTM D86 5%vol between 5C and 70C

ASTM D86 95%vol between 145C and 225C

Sulfur < 0.3 wt %

6.3 FIRST START-UP

The following describes the first start-up of a newly built unit. Any
subsequent start-up of the same unit may or may not include all of the following
steps, depending upon the status of the unit after the shutdown. For instance,
catalyst sulfiding will not be required if the catalyst was not regenerated or
replaced.

6.3.1 CHRONOLOGY OF START-UP OPERATIONS

The chronology of the various start-up tasks is shown on the attached
schedule. The duration has shown are those required to perform the tasks. The
time gap between two consecutive operations has not been taken into
consideration.

6.3.2 PURGING OF AIR

a) General
The purpose of this step is to reduce the O2 content in all the sections below
0.2% by volume prior to the introduction of hydrogen or hydrocarbons.
The air can be eliminated by two methods:
a) By repeated filling and pressuring the system with nitrogen and then releasing
the air enriched in nitrogen to atmosphere until the oxygen content reaches
the required minimum value. This method will be used in reaction section and
in compressor section where humidity has adverse effect on equipment or

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catalyst. The vacuum ejector installed in this section is used for decreasing
the number of purging and nitrogen refilling cycles.
b) By steam out and subsequent refilling the equipment with fuel gas. This
method will be used for all equipment where humidity and steam can not
deteriorate the equipment or catalyst.
Note: During steam out operation, Reaction section and Compressor
section are isolated with blinds and filled with nitrogen. It is recommended
to start filling with nitrogen on reaction section, SHU preheating section
including.

b) Purging of air in Reaction Section

This section involves the following equipment:
1. 75-R-01 Selective Hydrogenation reactor
2. 75-R-02 First HDS reactor
3. 75-E-02 SHU feed /effluent heat exchanger
4. 75-E-03 SHU feed pre heater
5. 75-E-08 A/B/C HDS feed/effluent heat exchangers
6. 75-F-01 HDS reactor feed heater
7. 75-E-01 SHU Feed/HDS effluent exchanger (shell side)
8. 75-A-03 HDS effluent air condenser
9. 75-E-09 HDS effluent trim condenser
10. 75-V-03 Separator drum
11. 75-V-06 Amine K.O. Drum
12. 75-E-10 Lean amine preheater (shell side)
13. 75-C-02 Amine Absorber
14. 75-V-04 Recycle compressor K.O. Drum

The ejector (75-J-01) is connected to the vapor outlet line from the separator
drum. Isolate Reaction section with valves and blinds from remaining sections
of the Unit.

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Isolate selective hydrogenation reactor (75-R-01) from Splitter (75-C-01) and

from SHU feed/HDS effluent heat exchanger (75-E-1001) (tube) and
interconnected to HDS reaction section by start-up vacuum line.
Ejector evacuation, nitrogen filling and pressuring are repeated until the
required oxygen concentration is reached (0.2% volume of O2)
Usually, no more than 3 purging operations are necessary to obtain
satisfactory results.
Recycle compressor must be isolated on suction and discharge lines. Purging
of compressor is usually done by repeated pressurizing with nitrogen and
releasing to atmosphere without use of vacuum which may affect the
compressor seals.
Also pumps connected to reaction system such as the quench pumps 75-P-06
will be isolated by block valves.
After air purge, the system is filled with nitrogen and kept under positive
pressure of 0.5 to 0.8 kg/cm g until start-up and introduction of hydrogen.

c) Purging of air in Splitter and Stabiliser Sections

The purging of air by repeated pressuring with nitrogen and releasing to
atmosphere can be done but it is time consuming operation due to volume of
involved equipment and also the demand in nitrogen is very large.
The steam out operation is commonly used.

Feed and Splitter Section

This section involves the following equipment and interconnecting piping:
75-V-01 Feed surge drum
75-A-04 SHU recycle air cooler
75-C-01 Splitter
75-A-01 Splitter overhead air condenser
75-E-07 Splitter reboiler
75-V-02 Splitter reflux drum
75-A-06 Light gasoline air cooler
75-E-06 FCC heart cut cooler

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75-E-05 Light FCC gasoline cooler

75-A-02 FCC heart cut air cooler

This section is isolated from the SHU and HDS reaction section by valves
and/or blinds. Isolate Pumps from the section by the valves at suction and
discharge and purged separately by nitrogen pressurizing/ depressurizing.

Stabilizer section
This section involves the following equipment and interconnecting piping:
75-C-03 Stabilizer
75-E-13 Stabilizer Reboiler
75-A-05 Stabilizer overhead air condenser
75-E-14 Stabilizer overhead trim cooler
75-V-05 Stabilizer reflux drum
75-E-11 A/B Stabilizer feed/bottom exchangers
75-A-07 Heavy gasoline air cooler
75-E-12 Heavy gasoline trim cooler

Isolated this section from the HDS reaction section by valves and/or blinds
Isolate Pumps from the section by the valves at their suction and discharge
and purged separately by nitrogen pressurizing/ depressurizing.
Eliminate air In the splitter and stabilizer sections by steam out and
subsequent filling with sweet fuel gas.
The start-up steam hoses for LP steam should be connected to the maximum
points, usually on suction-discharge of pumps, vessel bottoms. All vents on
columns reflux drums and other high points of lines should be opened. The air
coolers should be shut-down and cooling water circulation through coolers
and condensers stopped.
Introduced steam slowly to heat up slowly all parts of equipment/lines. Drain
the condensate at low points of piping and drums. The steam out operation
can be used for tightness test. This can be done by pressurizing the system
with steam and observing the flange connections to determine possible leaks.

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The steam out operation for a period of 24 hours is usually sufficient to

eliminate air from the system. The steam out is followed by filling with fuel gas
or nitrogen. Ensure that fuel gas/Nitrogen is flowing without interruption and
positive pressure is maintained in all sections of the piping and equipment.

Note: Do not allow any part of the system to develop vacuum. This will
result in introduction of air and danger of explosion.

6.4 START-UP PRELIMINARY OPERATION

6.4.1 UNIT STATUS

The feed and splitter sections are under nitrogen or fuel gas pressure but still
isolated from the reaction section by the block valves.
The reaction sections are isolated and kept under nitrogen pressure.
The stabilizer and splitter are under nitrogen pressure or fuel gas pressure,
isolated from reaction section.
All blinds have been removed including those located on the start-up lines,
utilities, sewers, PSV's, etc.
The feed control valve is closed and blocked by inlet and outlet valves.

6.4.2 INERT NAPHTHA CIRCULATION (REACTION SECTIONS BY-PASSED)

When starting-up the SHU and the HDS section, isolate the reaction section
and establish an oil circulation loop. This allows an efficient flushing of foreign
material from the equipment and liquid lines and a thorough checking of the
pumps, including standby's and instruments. Inert naphtha would be pumped
from storage, bypassing the reaction section to feed the splitter. See attached
block diagram.
a) Cold circulation in Splitter
Put in service pressure control loop PIC-1601 on splitter reflux drum and
increase pressure in the system by introduction of nitrogen, set point as per
the Process Flow Diagram.

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Start pumping inert naphtha from storage or from the upstream units and
establish a level in the feed drum (75-V-01).
Put in operation the level control of the feed drum LIC-1102.
When the level in the feed drum reaches 40%, start the feed pumps (75-P-01
A/B) and through the start-up lines that by pass the reactors, establish a level
in the splitter bottoms (75-C-01).
When the level in the splitter reaches 40%, start the HDS feed pump 75-P-02
A/B and open the FV-1103 to recirculate the naphtha back to the feed surge
drum via SHU recycle line.
Drain lines on low points to eliminate water and remove foreign materials from
lines and equipment.
Provide cleaning of pumps strainers.
During the circulation it is good practice to switch to the standby's to check out
both pumps.

b) Cold circulation in Stabilizer

The circulation of naphtha is recommended through Stabilizer in order to
provide flushing of the system and checking of pumps operation and instruments.
The circulation circuit should be established from HDS feed pumps (75-P-02A/B)
to the stabilizer (75-C-03) through the filling line and then back to the feed drum
via the recirculation line.
Close the block valves routing the naphtha to 75-E-01 and UV-1901 with its
block valve to 75-E-08, at the same time open the startup filling line valves.
When the level is established in stabilizer reflux drum (75-V-05) at around
50% start the stabilizer reflux pump (75-P-09 A/B) and start filling the
stabilizer (75-C-03).
Let the stabilizer pressure floating at flare pressure
Admit more inert naphtha into the unit to make the level in the stabilizer
bottoms reach 40%.
When the bottoms level has reached 40%, start to recirculate the naphtha
back to the feed drum via the recirculation line.
Stop the inert naphtha feed to the feed surge drum.

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Adjust the circulation at a rate of 60% of design throughput.

Drain lines on low points to eliminate water and to remove foreign matters
from lines and equipment. Provide cleaning of pump strainers.

Note:
1. During the circulation it is good practice to switch to the standby's to
check out both pumps.
2. During the circulation minimum flow line of pumps must be kept in line.

Start-up
X-01 A V-01 a P-01A/B b V-02 c P-03A/B
Naphtha

d C-01

f
h
m P-02A/B

V-05

n
i

E-11A/B l k J P-09A/B
P-07A/B C-03
E-12A/B

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Naphtha feed :10-P-75-1101-A9A-IH

A 10-P-75-1110-A9A-IH g) 6-P-75-2414-B9A
a) 10-P-75-1104-A9A-IH h) 6-P-75-1807-B9A-IH
b) 6-P-75-1210-D9A-IS i) 4-P-75-3105-A16A
c) 10-P-75-1602-A9A j) 3-P-75-3107-A16A
d) 6-P-75-1209-B9A-IS k) 8-P-75-3002-A9A-IH
e) 8-P-75-1605-A9A l) 8-P-75-3004-B9A-IH
f) 10-P-75-1506-A9A-IH m) 6-P-75-2912-A9A
n) 6-P-75-1908-B9A

Schematic Naphtha circulation circuit is given in the attachment

6.4.3 START-UP OF HOT NAPHTHA CIRCULATION IN SPLITTER AND STABILIZER

In order to prepare the unit for start-up with fresh feed it is recommended to put in
operation splitter and stabilizer.
This operation enables to commission instruments, air condensers, coolers and
Reboiler.

a) Splitter start-up at total reflux

Commission Splitter overhead air condenser (75-A-01A~D)
Start Splitter Reboiler (75-E-07)
Do not increase the Reboiler outlet temperature too rapidly. Increase the
inventory temperature in the splitter very slowly so that trapped water, or
water that is emulsified in the start-up naphtha, has time to change state
(water to steam) in as controlled a manner as possible. It is recommended to
hold the Reboiler outlet temperature at 150C for some time.
Increase Splitters bottom temperature at a rate of 30C per hour up to 180C
to 200C, depending on distillation range of used inert naphtha and operating
pressure.
Commission temperature control loop TIC-1501.

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As soon as the level in the reflux drum is established, start the reflux pumps
(75-P-03 A/B) and commission level and flow instruments on the reflux line,
(LIC-1601 and FIC-1601 respectively). The light FCC gasoline draw off and
the FCC heart cut draw off are closed.
The splitter is left operating at total reflux for several hours as necessary to
commission all involved equipments and instruments.
The pressure in the reflux drum must be kept at constant value by injecting N2
at the reflux drum if necessary.
Shutdown the splitter Reboiler heater while keeping circulation until the
temperature decreases in the splitter column bottom to 50C. Splitter should
be kept under pressure with nitrogen.

b) Stabilizer at total reflux

Put in service pressure control loop PIC-3101 on stabilizer reflux drum.
Commission the overhead air condenser 75-A-05 and overhead trim cooler
75-E-14 with set point as per the Process Flow Diagram. Pressurize with
nitrogen.
Start stabilizer Reboiler (75-E-13)
Do not increase the Reboiler outlet temperature too rapidly. Increase the
inventory temperature in the stabilizer very slowly so that trapped water, or
water that is emulsified in the start-up naphtha, has time to change state
(water to steam) in as controlled a manner as possible. It is recommended to
hold the Reboiler outlet temperature at 150C for some time.
Increase temperature on stabilizer bottom at a rate of 30C per hour up to
150C to 180C depending on distillation range of used inert naphtha and
actual operating pressure in the column.
As soon as the level is established in Stabilizer reflux drum (75-V-05), start
the Stabilizer reflux pumps (75-P-09 A/B) and commission level and flow
instruments on the reflux line (LIC-3102 and FIC-3001).
Keep constant the pressure in the stabilizer by admission of nitrogen.
Adjust a make up of inert naphtha coming from the splitter to fill the stabilizer
bottoms and the stabilizer reflux drum at 60 % of the design throughput.

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The stabilizer (now isolated from the splitter) is left operating at total reflux for
several hours as necessary to commission all involved equipments and
instruments.
Shutdown the stabilizer heater while keeping circulation until the temperature
decreases in the stabilizer column bottom to 50C. Stabilizer should be kept
under pressure with nitrogen.

6.5 PRESSURIZATION OF THE REACTION SECTIONS AND HYDROGEN

LEAK TESTS

6.5.1 UNIT STATUS

The reaction sections are still under nitrogen pressure. Selective
hydrogenation and HDS reaction sections have to be filled with hydrogen. The
selective hydrogenation reactor (75-R-01) is isolated from naphtha circuit by
block valves on the feed valve FV-1201 and on the reactor outlet PV-1501 and
PV 1401.
HDS feed/effluent heat exchangers (75-E-08 A~C),
First HDS reactor (75-R-02),
HDS Reactor feed Heater (75-F-01),
Air condenser (75-A-03 A/B),
Trim cooler (75-E-09 A/B),
Separator drum (75-V-03),
Amine absorber (75-C-02),
Amine Preheater (75-E-10),
Recycle compressors KO drum (75-V-04) and
Recycle compressors (75-K-01 A/B)
are isolated from naphtha circuit and stabilizer by the following block valves
- Feed valve FV 1901, and UV-1901
- On UV 2401 and block valves of FV 2402
- and H2 make-up line to 75-V-04 Recycle compressor KO drum (on FV-2701 &
FV-2702).

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6.5.2 H2 INRODUCTION IN SHU SECTION

Gradually introduced H2 through the H2 makeup line to 75-E-01.
Increased the pressure up to 7 Kg/cm2/g.
Carry out the leak test at this pressure on all flange joints, couplings, valves.
The test duration is minimum 4 hours. The checking of tightness should be
checked with explosive meter. The pressure drop should not exceed 0.05
Kg/cm2/h.

6.5.3 H2 INRODUCTION IN HDS SECTION

Gradually introduced H2 through the make-up hydrogen line to Recycle
compressors KO drum (75-V-04) (by-pass of recycle compressor 75-K-01 A/B
should be opened), and then to other lines and equipment involved in the
HDS reaction section.
Increased the pressure up to 7 Kg/cm2/g at the first step.
Carry out the leak test at this pressure on all flange joints, couplings, valves.
The test duration is minimum 4 hours. The checking of tightness should be
checked with explosive meter. The pressure drop should not exceed 0.05
Kg/cm2/h.
Once all leaks have been tightened, resume hydrogen injection and
pressurize up to the normal operating pressure.
Perform a final leak test (two hours).
Commission the reaction section pressure controller PIC-2409.
Close the by-pass of 75-K-01 A/B.
Start the recycle compressor 75-K-01A/B and circulate hydrogen through the
reaction section.

6.6 CATALYST SULFIDING DRY SULPHIDING

The metals of the catalysts HR-845, HR 806, as delivered are in the oxide
form. As the active catalytic component is the metal sulfide, the catalysts must
therefore be sulfided. DMDS, which thermally decomposes into H2S, is used for
this purpose.

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It is important that sulfiding of the catalyst metal is complete. If not, the

catalyst metals convert to their reduced form (metal) which could lead to metal
sintering resulting in agglomeration and consequently poor activity due to a
decrease in metallic area. In addition, the reduced metals will act as
hydrocracking catalysts with the gasoline and could cause local overheating and
heavy coke deposits.
The sulfiding of HR-845 catalyst in the Diolefin Reactor, HDS catalyst in first
HDS reactor should be performed separately.
Ensure there is adequate supply of DMDS for each catalyst, the facilities are
operational and the pump is calibrated. Remove the blind on the injection line
but keep blocked in.
Both recycle gas compressors 75-K-01 A/B (one for SHU reactor) need to be
operated in order to get sufficient flow through catalytic bed.

6.6.1 SULFIDING OF HR-845 CATALYST IN THE DIOLEFIN REACTOR (75-R-01)

The sulfiding flow scheme for the SHU Reactor catalyst is:
Recycle compressor (75-K-01 A&B) HDS feed / effluent exchangers
shell side Heater (75-F-01) SHU reactor (75-R-01) HDS feed / effluent
exchangers tube side HDS effluent air condenser (75-A-03) HDS
effluent trim cooler (75-E-09) Separator drum (75-V-03) Recycle
compressor KO drum (75-V-04) Recycle compressor (75-K-01 A&B).
The recycle compressor is operating with Hydrogen at lower pressure than
the normal operating pressure.
HP Amine Absorber (75-C-02), is isolated and its by-pass open.

6.6.2 SULFIDING OF HR-806 CATALYST OF FIRST HDS REACTOR (75-R-02)

Unit status is:
The SHU Reactor (75-R-01) sulfiding is complete.
The recycle gas compressor is operating with Hydrogen at normal operating
pressure.
Amine Absorber, 75-C-02, is isolated and its by-pass open.

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The sulfiding flow scheme for the first HDS reactor catalyst is:
Recycle compressor 75-K-01 A&B HDS feed / effluent exchangers
shell side Heater 75-F-01 First HDS reactor 75-R-02 HDS feed /
effluent exchangers tube side HDS effluent air condenser 75-A-03
HDS effluent trim cooler Separator drum 75-V-03 Recycle compressor
K.O. drum 75-V-04 Recycle compressor 75-K-01 A&B.

6.6.3 SULPHIDING PROCEDURE

The sulphiding procedure is the same for both catalysts HR 845, HR 806 is as
described below:
Ensure that 75-E-01 has not been filled by mal-operation with SR Naphtha
during cold circulation. Open the bypass of the exchanger and isolate it.
Isolate and bypass of the Amine Absorber.
Start recycle compressor to circulate hydrogen in the reaction section at
maximum flow rate.
Fire the HDS reactor heater 75-F-01 and increase the reactor inlet
temperature up to 180C at a rate of 30C/h.
Start the sulfiding agent injection at the inlet line of reactor (outlet of sulfiding
agent pump). Adjust the injection flow rate.
Increase the reactor inlet temperature up to 220C.
Keep these conditions. After 3 hours at 220C, check every hour at least the
H2S content of the recycle gas. Normally H2S appears after 3 to 5 hours
from the beginning of sulfiding agent injection.
When the H2S breakthrough occurs (H2S > 0,2 % vol.) or after four hours at
220C, whichever is the later, continue the sulfiding agent injection and
increase the reactor inlet temperature up to 315C at a rate of 30C/h.
Hold this temperature for a minimum of 4 hours.
During sulfurization:
The reactor T must not exceed 30C. Should it happen, decrease the
sulfiding agent injection.

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From the actual recycle gas flow and the sulfiding agent injection, one can
calculate the H2S percent volume at reactor inlet which should be within 0.5%
to 1%. If required, adjust the sulfiding agent injection to match this range.
The sulfurization reactions produce water and the amount of water recovered
in the separator confirms the progress of the sulfurization. Drain the separator
when necessary.
Note: Proceed with caution, since the water is saturated with H2S.

The decomposition of sulfiding agent (DMDS), in addition to H2S, gives

butane which accumulates in the recycle gas. A purge of the reaction section
and a make-up of hydrogen could be necessary to keep the recycle gas
hydrogen purity above 50% volume.

Stop the sulfiding agent injection when the required amount is reached.
However proceed to intermittent injections if the H2S content in the recycle
gas was to fall below 0.5% volume.
Then:
Check that the H2S contents inlet and outlet of the reactor are equal.
Check that an injection of sulfiding agent results instantaneously in an
increase of the H2S content in the recycle gas.
The catalyst sulfurization is then considered as completed. Decrease the
reactor inlet temperature down to 100C at a rate of 30C/h.
At 100C, stop the HDS heater 75-F-01.

Remark: During sulfiding operation, the recycle gas is highly toxic and
flammable owing to its H2S content. It must not be vented to atmosphere.
The operators must be equipped with H2S protective masks when checking
the H2S content. Access to the unit must be forbidden to non-operating
personnel.

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6.7 UNIT START-UP

6.7.1 UNIT STATUS
The sulfiding of the all the reactors is completed.
The H2 recycle are flowing through the HDS Reactor.
Recycle gas rate is set at 100% of design value.
The Diolefin (SHU) Reactor is under hydrogen gas pressure.
The Stabilizer is under N2 atmosphere.
The Splitter is under N2 atmosphere.
Filling up of the SHU reactor

The procedure is as followed:

1. Line up from SHU feed pumps (75-P-01 A/B) to SHU reactor (75-R-01) via 75-
E-01 tube side, 75-E-02 tube side, 75-E-03 tube side.
2. Open all valves and blind from 75-R-01 bottom up to PV-1404, which is kept
closed but can be operated if needed.
3. Open slowly safety valve PSV-1401 bypass located at top of 75-R-01 reactor.
This is to allow flaring of the gas while filling up the system.
4. Crack open the globe valve located on the bypass of FV-1201 and start filling
and pressurising the SHU preheating system and reactor. Proceed slowly in
order to soak efficiently the catalyst bed. (SHU reactor pressure should be
controlled at least 2 to 3 Kg/cm2 below the normal operating pressure in
order to avoid risk of overpressure during filling up).
5. When the pressure in the reactor reaches the pressure of the system, open
completely the bypass globe valve of the PSV-1401 in order to flare hydrogen
and complete the filling.
6. When the hissing of the gas escaping through the PSV-1401 bypass stops,
the filling of the reactor is over.
7. Close the bypass of the reactor PSV-1401, but keep the filling globe valve
slightly open to maintain the pressurisation with 75- P-01 A/B.
8. Maintain these conditions for 4 hours in order to soak the catalyst. Check and
confirm that no gas remains at the top of the reactor using the PSV-1401
bypass.

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6.7.2 LINING UP OF THE SHU REACTION SECTION

Commission the pressure controller, PIC-1501, at the outlet of reactor 75-R-
01. Put on auto at a setpoint.
Pressurize the Splitter to 6 kg/cm2g using nitrogen and put PIC-1601 on auto
at a setpoint of 6.0 Kg/cm2g.
Commission the Splitter Overhead Air Condenser (75-A-01A~D), Splitter
Reboiler (75-E-07), Light FCC gasoline cooler (75-E-05A/B) and the splitter
post condenser (75-E-04A/B).
Commission the FIC-1203 ratio control loop on hydrogen make-up line. Start
to inject H2 at the nominal SOR H2/HC flowrate.
Circulate through the reactor in once through mode (no recycling) until the
sample collected at splitter bottom is found clear (no more scales or catalyst
fines). The splitter bottom is sent to stabilizer (via pumps 75-P-02 A/B) from
where it is sent to slop/off spec.
Gradually increase the operating temperature in the reactor at a rate of 20C
per hour by increasing steam flowrate to SHU Reactor heater (75-E-03) to
reach the required SOR temperature.
Re-start splitter (75-C-01).
Put in operation the pressure controller in the splitter overhead system by the
pressure control loop PIC-1601. Ensure that Hydrogen make-up gas sent to
the reaction section should be sufficient to keep pressure in the splitter, if not,
N2 can be used.
Draw-off of light cut and heart cut is closed. When SHU effluent is found clear,
start routing splitter bottoms to the feed surge drum via the hydrogenated
naphtha recycle line through SHU recycle air condenser (75-A-04).
Since SHU feed is plso preheated via 75-E-02 SHU feed/splitter bottom
exchanger, decrease 75-E-03 steam preheater duty as much as possible
while maintaining SHU inlet SOP temperature.
Wait until all temperature(s) indicators in the reactor give a steady indication
and maintain this circulation for 6 hours.

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6.7.3 LINING UP OF THE HDS REACTION SECTION

By using 75-P-02 A/B send inert naphtha to HDS reaction section.
Commission FV-1901 control valves and flow controller FIC-1901. As flow is
increased to HDS section, reduce bypass flow from splitter to stabilizer (as set
during SHU section lining up).
The inert naphtha is then routed to the HDS Feed/Effluent Exchangers (75-E-
08 A/B/C) shell side, First HDS reactor (75-R-02), HDS Reactor heater (75-F-
01), , HDS Feed/Effluent Exchangers (75-E-08 A/B/C) Tube side, SHU reactor
feed / HDS effluent exchanger (75-E-01), HDS effluent air condenser (75-A-
03A/B/C/D), Reactor effluent trim cooler (75-E-09A/B) and to the separator
drum (75-V-03).
When the level in the separator drum (75-V-03) has reached 40%,
commission the level flow control instrument FIC-2402 and LIC-2404.
Start injecting wash water upstream of the reactor effluent air cooler. When a
water interface is appeared in the separator boot, commission the interface
level controller LIC-2401 and check it operates correctly.
At this step, check the proper functioning of instrumentation, control valves
and pumps.
The recycle compressor remains in operation and hydrogen gas is recycled
through the HDS feed/effluent exchangers (75-E-08 A/B/C shell side), First
HDS reactor (75-R-02), HDS reactor heater (75-F-01), HDS feed/effluent
exchangers (75-E-08 A/B/C tube side), SHU feed / HDS effluent exchanger
(75-E-01), HDS effluent air cooler (75-A-03), Reactor effluent trim cooler (75-
E-09), Separator drum (75-V-03) and the Recycle compressor KO drum (75-
V-04). Keep the Amine KO drum (75-V-06) and Amine Absorber (75-C-02) still
bypassed.
The pressure in HDS reaction section separator should be maintained at
approximately 15 Kg/cm2g by hydrogen gas make-up. Recycle compressor is
operating at full load.
Light burners of HDS reactor heater (75-F-01) and commission control loops
on reactor

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Gradually increase the operating temperature of the HDS reactor at a rate of

30C per hour in order to reach 180 C.

6.7.4 INERT NAPHTHA CIRCULATION

After the commissioning of FIC-2402, inert naphtha is sent to Stabiliser
column (75-C-03).
Re-start to Stabiliser column (75-C-03).
An open loop circulation through the HDS reactor at 150-200 C will allow an
efficient cleaning of the reactor as the naphtha will be mainly in liquid phase.
This naphtha circulation in open loop has to be done with H2 circulation and
gradual warming of the reactor. After 4 hours of open loop, naphtha should be
circulated in close loop.
Send inert naphtha back to the SHU feed surge drum (75-V-01) from the
bottom of stabiliser via recirculation line. Commission flow controller FIC-
2901.
Commission SHU feed pumps (75-P-01 A/B) for a continuous use in the
overall inert naphtha circulation around unit in order to reach 60% of the
design unit capacity.
Line up Amine Absorber with other equipment of the HDS reaction section,
which is currently filled with hydrogen.
Open the Lean and Rich amine block valves at B.L and start circulation of
solution through the HP Amine Absorber. Allow the HP Amine Absorber to fill
until a level is established at the bottom. Commission the level control loop,
LIC-2601, as well as flow control loops on the lean amine FIC-2501. The
recycle gas is gradually circulated through the absorber by cutting back on the
bypass gas stream.

6.7.5 FCC GASOLINE FEED

After establishing smooth operating conditions with inert naphtha, the unit is
ready for introduction of FCC gasoline.
Start introduction of light gasoline from the FCC unit to SHU feed surge drum
(75-V-01) at approximately 10% of the normal flow rate through FIC-1201. At

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the same time reduce the recirculation rate from the 75-V-01 by the same
amount.
Adjust the make-up hydrogen gas as necessary to keep the pressure in the
Splitter and SHU Reactor at the normal operating values.
Ensure that the pressure difference between the reactor and the Splitter is
maintained through pressure control loop (PIC-1501).
Gradually increase the flow of raw FCC light gasoline to the feed surge drum
75-V-01, by increments of 10% of the normal flow rate. In the same
proportion, decrease the recirculation of naphtha from cooler 75-E-12 to the
feed surge drum (75-V-01). Excess naphtha is sent to off-spec storage tank.
Stabilize operating conditions after each increase of FCC light gasoline in the
feed.
Watch carefully the temperature gradient on the reactors. Decrease the inlet
temperature to the reactors if the temperature rise is too fast.
If there is no temperature rise in the reactors, increase the reactor inlet
temperature in steps of 2C maximum.
Monitor the temperature rise on each catalyst bed.
Adjust the operating conditions according to the analysis of the product
(MAV).
The Gasoline Splitter (75-C-01), light FCC gasoline draw-off, is put into
operation when the column top temperature reaches the design value and
reflux drum (75-V-02) liquid level is stabilized.
The FCC heart cut gasoline draw-off is put into operation if required (high
benzene content in FCC feed) when TIC-1502 reaches the operating value.
Gasoline should be sent to slop if it is not on-specification.
Once draw-off has started, start to add FCC gasoline to the SHU feed surge
drum (75-V-01).
The Stabilizer is operated with vapor distillate product only. The condensate is
returned to the column as reflux. The RVP of Hy. Gasoline and the H2S
stripping required to be monitored to define the proper operating pressure and
Reboiler temperature in the column.
Send off-spec Hydrotreated gasoline to slop until it is on-specification.

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When the product is on-specification slowly increase unit feed flow rates in
steps of 5% up to 100%.

System is now ready for normal operation.

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SECTION- 7 NORMAL OPERATING PROCEDURE

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7.1 GUIDELINES FOR NORMAL OPERATION

This section deals with normal operating procedures of Prime G+ Unit

7.2 INTRODUCTION
Normal operation implies that the unit is lined out at the desired capacity
and the products meet the required specifications. However it is possible, to
optimize the unit so that utility consumption is reduced. This is accomplished by
adjusting the parameter while maintaining the desired product qualities. The
reflux flow rate and the heat input to the column are directly related as discussed
in process description section.

7.3 OPERATING PARAMETER

Operating Conditions and Parameter are given in the table below.
S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
FCC Gasoline from FCC unit to SHU FEED o
1. TI-1101 C 70
SURGE DRUM.
2. SHU Feed Surge Drum PIC-1101 Kg/cm2g 3
3
3. FCC Gasoline feed to SHU feed surge drum. FI-1101 M /hr 163.5
3
4. FCC Gasoline Feed to SHU Feed Surge Drum FIC-1102 M /hr 163.5
FCC Gasoline from storage to SHU FEED o
5. TI-1103 C 40
SURGE DRUM
Recycle Heavy Gasoline from SHU recycle air
6. FIC-1103 M3/hr *
Condenser
Cold Gasoline feed from storage to SHU feed
7. FIC-1104 M3/hr 157.0
surge drum
Mixed stream of FCC Gasoline from FCC unit & o
8. TI-1105 C 40
Storage to SHU FEED SURGE DRUM
9. FCC Gasoline cold feed filters PDI-1106 Kg/cm2g 0.3
Gasoline from SHU FEED PUMP to SHU o
10. TI-1201 C 40-70
FEED/HDS Effluent Exchanger
11. Gasoline SHU Feed FIC-1201 M3/hr 163.5
3
12. Gasoline after SHU feed pumps. FIC-1202 M /hr 163.5

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S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
Gasoline mixed with H2 to SHU FEED/HDS o
13. TI-1203 C 66
Effluent Exchanger
14. H2 to SHU section FIC-1203 Nm3/hr 1513
H2 from Isomerisation Make-up Compressor o
15. TI-2701 C 40
Discharge
Gasoline & H2 stream from SHU FEED PUMPS
16. PI-1206 Kg/cm2g 66
to SHU FEED/HDS Effluent Exchanger
Gasoline bypass before SHU Feed/HDS Effluent
17. FIC-1204 M3/hr 31.3
Exchanger
Gasoline & H2 stream from SHU FEED PUMPS to
18. PI-1206 Kg/cm2g 33.4
SHU FEED/HDS Effluent Exchanger
Gasoline & H2 after SHU Feed/HDS Effluent
19. PI-1207 Kg/cm2g 32.9
Exchanger
Gasoline & H2 stream before & after 1ST SHU
20. PDI-1208 Kg/cm2g 0.4
Feed/HDS Effluent Exchanger
Gasoline & H2 at the inlet of SHU o
21. TI-1301 C 65-162
FEED/EFFLUENT EXCHANGER
22. VHP condensate from SHU Preheater FIC-1301 M3/hr 15.4
Reactor Effluent (Gasoline & H2) after passing o
23. TI-1302 C 162-189
through SHU FEED/EFFLUENT EXCHANGER
Gasoline & H2 stream before & after SHU
24. PDI-1302 Kg/cm2g 0.4
Feed/Effluent Exchanger
25. Gasoline & H2 stream before SHU Preheater PI-1303 Kg/cm2g 32.4
Reactor feed from SHU FEED/Effluent Exchanger o
26. TI-1304 C 86-189
to SHU Preheater
Reactor feed from SHU Preheater to SHU o
27. TI-1305 C 160-200
Reactor
28. VHP steam inlet to SHU Preheater PI-1306 Kg/cm2g 31.9-37.6
Reactor feed from SHU FEED/Effluent Exchanger o
29. TI-1303 C 189
to SHU Preheater
30. Gasoline & H2 stream after SHU Preheater PI-1307 Kg/cm2g 32
Gasoline & H2 stream before & after SHU
31. PDI-1308 Kg/cm2g 0.4
Preheater
o
32. Reactor feed stream before & after the Preheater TDIC-1306 C 5-74
Reactor feed stream from SHU Preheater to SHU o
33. TIC-1401 C 160-200
Reactor

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S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
34. Gasoline & H2 stream by pass to SHU Reactor PDIC-1401 Kg/cm2g 0.8
A Bypass line of reactor feed stream to SHU o
35. TIC-1402 C 160-200
reactor
Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU Reactor on the o
36. TI-1403 C 160-219
first bed of catalyst
Gasoline & H2 stream before entering SHU
37. PI-1403 Kg/cm2g 30
Reactor
Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU Reactor on the o
38. TI-1404 C 160-219
first bed of catalyst
39. Gasoline & H2 stream by pass PI-1404 Kg/cm2g 30
Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU Reactor on the o
40. TI-1405 C 160-219
first bed of catalyst
41. Gasoline & H2 stream by pass PI-1405 29
Gasoline & H2 stream after passing through the
42. PI-1407 Kg/cm2g 30
1st bed of catalyst in SHU Reactor
Gasoline & H2 stream before entering SHU
43. Reactor & after passing through the 1st bed of PDI-1408 Kg/cm2g 0.5
catalyst in SHU Reactor
44. SHU Reactor Effluent PI-1409 Kg/cm2g 28
Gasoline & H2 stream after 1st bed of catalyst in
45. PDI-1410 Kg/cm2g 0.5
SHU Reactor & Effluent from SHU reactor
46. SHU Reactor Effluent PI-1411 Kg/cm2g 28
Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU Reactor on the o
47. TI-1407 C 160-219
second bed of catalyst
Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU Reactor on the o
48. TI-1410 C 160-219
second bed of catalyst
Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU Reactor on the o
49. TI-1414 C 160-219
second bed of catalyst
o
50. Effluent from the SHU Reactor TI-1415 C 160-219
o
51. Effluent from the SHU Reactor TI-1416 C 160-219
o
52. Effluent from the SHU Reactor TI-1417 C 160-219
o
53. Gasoline & H2 stream inside the Splitter TIC-1501 C 107-117
2
54. SHU Reactor Effluent to Gasoline Splitter PKIC-1501 Kg/cm g 6.3
3
55. VHP Steam to Reboiler Splitter FIC-1501 M /hr 26.7
o
56. Gasoline & H2 stream inside the Splitter TIC-1502 C 139-142

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S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
57. SHU Reactor Effluent to Gasoline Splitter PI-1502 Kg/cm2g 6.3
58. Heavy Naphtha at the bottom of Gasoline Splitter LIC-1502 Mm *
Inert Naphtha in Start-up filling line from SHU
59. FI-1502A/B M3/hr *
Feed pump to Splitter inlet
Heavy naphtha from the splitter bottom to HDS o
60. TI-1504 C 174-181
section
61. Splitter overhead i.e. Gasoline vapour PI-1505 Kg/cm2g 6
Inside the Splitter column above the heart cut
62. PI-1507 Kg/cm2g 6.2
naphtha plate at 37th tray
o
63. Reboiler outlet to Splitter bottom TI-1507 C 218-221
Inside the Splitter column above the feed plate at
64. PI-1508 Kg/cm2g 6.5
20th tray
o
65. Splitter outlet to Reboiler inlet TI-1508 C 214-217
2
66. Inside the Splitter column below 1st tray PI-1511 Kg/cm g 6.5
Gasoline & H2 stream on the 19th tray inside the o
67. TI-1505 C 181-199
Splitter column
68. Splitter overhead & splitter underflow PDI-1506 Kg/cm2g 0.5
o
69. Gasoline & H2 stream to the Splitter Feed TI-1504 C 122-160
2
70. Light gasoline vapor in splitter reflux drum PIC-1601 Kg/cm g 5.5
o
71. Splitter overhead (vapor gasoline) TI-1602 C 93-97
Splitter overhead to Splitter Reflux drum after o
72. TI-1603 C 55
Splitter overhead air condenser
Fuel gas from Splitter Reflux Drum to Fuel gas o
73. TI-1605 C 40
header
74. Fuel gas to FCC inlet PI-1610 Kg/cm2g 4.5
75. Splitter overhead to splitter reflux drum PI-1603 Kg/cm2g 5.5
o
76. Light FCC Gasoline to MS POOL TI-1706 C 40
Light Gasoline from Accumulator tray no.48 of
77. PI-1703 Kg/cm2g 7.6
Splitter
Light Gasoline after light gasoline cooler to light
78. PI-1704 Kg/cm2g 7.7
gasoline MS POOL
o
79. FCC HEART CUT GASOLINE TI-1702 C 65
FCC Heart cut gasoline from accumulator tray
80. PI-1707 Kg/cm2g 7.6
no.36

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S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
FCC Heart cut gasoline after FCC Heart cut
81. PI-1714 Kg/cm2g 7
cooler to storage
FCC Heart cut gasoline after FCC Heart cut o
82. TI-1713 C 40
cooler to storage
Light Gasoline to storage after light gasoline
83. PI-1710 Kg/cm2g 7
cooler
Gasoline & H2 at the inlet of First HDS Feed /
84. PI-1901 Kg/cm2g 23.5-30
Effluent Exchanger
HDS feed & HDS recycle to HDS feed / effluent o
85. TI-1901 C 148-176
exchanger.
86. Vapor gasoline to HDS feed PI-1904 Kg/cm2g 22-28.5
Gasoline & H2 at the inlet of 1st HDS
87. Feed/Effluent Exchanger & at the outlet of 3rd PDI-1905 Kg/cm2g 1.2
HDS Feed/Effluent Exchanger
HDS feed from First HDS Feed/Effluent
o
88. Exchanger to second HDS Feed/Effluent TI-1902 C 210-240
Exchanger
HDS feed from second HDS Feed/Effluent o
89. TI-1903 C 242-271
Exchanger to third HDS Feed/Effluent Exchanger
Gasoline & H2 at the outlet of 2nd HDS
90. PI-1903 Kg/cm2g 22.5-29
FEED/EFFLUENT Exchanger
HDS Reactor Effluent after 3rd HDS Feed/Effluent
91. PI-1904 Kg/cm2g 22-28.5
Exchanger
HDS rector effluent from HDS feed/effluent o
92. TI-1906 C 207-227
exchanger tube side outlet.
HDS rector effluent from HDS feed/effluent
93. PI-1908 Kg/cm2g 16.3-22.8
exchanger tube side outlet.
Heavy FCC Gasoline after 3rd HDS Feed/Effluent o
94. TIC-2001 C 275-312
Exchanger to first HDS Reactor
Heavy FCC Gasoline before entering first HDS
95. PI-2001 Kg/cm2g 22.9
Reactor
Heavy FCC Gasoline after third HDS o
96. TI-2002 C 275-312
Feed/Effluent Exchanger to first HDS Reactor
Heavy FCC Gasoline before entering first HDS
97. PI-2002 Kg/cm2g 22.9
Reactor

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S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
On the First bed of catalyst inside first HDS o
98. TI-2003 C 275-355
Reactor
Liq. Gasoline on 2nd bed of catalyst in 1st HDS
99. PDI-2006 Kg/cm2g 0.5
Reactor
On the First bed of catalyst inside first HDS o
100. TI-2004 C 275-355
Reactor
Liq. Gasoline on 1st bed of catalyst in 1st HDS
101. PDI-2004 Kg/cm2g 0.5
Reactor
Gasoline after passing through first bed of catalyst
102. PI-2003 Kg/cm2g 28.4
in first HDS Reactor
103. First HDS Reactor Effluent PI-2007 Kg/cm2g 28.4
On the 2nd bed of catalyst inside first HDS o
104. TI-2010 C 275-355
Reactor
o
105. First HDS Reactor Effluent TI-2019 C 275-355
o
106. First HDS Reactor Effluent to HDS Fired Heater TI-2102A/B C 301-355
2
107. First HDS Reactor Effluent to HDS fired heater PI-2102A/B Kg/cm g 19.8-26.3
o
108. Effluent of HDS Fired Heater TI-2104A/B C 336-373
2
109. HDS fired heater outlet to second HDS Reactor PI-2103A/B Kg/cm g 17.8-24.3
HDS Reactor Effluent from SHU feed/HDS o
110. TI-2301 C 144-157
Effluent Exchanger to HDS Effluent Air Condenser
Gasoline from SHU Feed/HDS Effluent Exchanger
111. PI-2301 Kg/cm2g 16-22.5
to HDS Effluent air condenser
HDS Reactor Effluent after HDS Effluent Air o
112. TI-2303 C 65
Condenser
Gasoline after passing through HDS Effluent air
113. PI-2303 Kg/cm2g 15.6-22.0
condenser
114. Separator drum outlet PI-2409 Kg/cm2g 15-21.5
3
115. Stabilizer feed from separator drum FIC-2402 M /hr 82.3
2
116. Off gas from Separator Drum PIC-2403 Kg/cm g 15
117. separator drum boot drain LIC-2401 M3/hr *
Lean Ammine from ARU after being pre-heated in o
118. TI-2501 C 50
the lean amine pre-heater
o
119. Lean Ammine from ARU TI-2504 C 40
OFF GAS from Amine K.O. Drum to Amine o
120. TI-2502 C 40
Absorber

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S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
o
121. LP Steam to Lean Amine Preheater TDIC-2503 C 10
2
122. Off gas to Amine Absorber PI-2601 Kg/cm g 14.8
2
123. Amine & Fuel gas in Amine Absorber PDI-2602 Kg/cm g 0.3
2
124. Fuel gas from Amine Absorber PI-2603 Kg/cm g 14.7-21.5
3
125. Rich amine from amine absorber LIC-2601 M /hr *
2
126. Amine & Fuel gas inside Amine Absorber PI-2608 Kg/cm g 14.7
2
127. Rich Amine from Amine Absorber PI-2609 Kg/cm g 6
o
128. Make-up H2 to Recycle Compressor K.O. Drum TI-2701 C 40
2
129. Make up H2 to Recycle Compressor K.O. Drum PI-2701 Kg/cm g 38.9
130. make up H2 to Recycle Compressor K.O. Drum FIC-2701 Nm3/hr 6944
Recycle gas from Recycle Compressor K.O. drum
131. PI-2705 Kg/cm2g 14.4-21.4
to Recycle compressor
132. H2 from Recycle Compressor to HDS Section FI-2803 Nm3/hr 35145
133. H2 to HDS section FI-2804 Nm3/hr 35145
Gasoline from Separator to Stabilizer o
134. TI-2901 C 41
Feed/Bottom Exchangers
135. Stabilizer Feed from Separator Drum PI-2901 Kg/cm2g 9
Heavy Gasoline from Heavy Gasoline Trim Cooler
136. FI-2901 M3/hr *
to MS POOL
Gasoline after Stabilizer Feed/Bottom Exchangers
137. PI-2903 Kg/cm2g 7
to stabilizer
Heavy Gasoline from Stabilizer Bottom to o
138. TI-2903 C 225-226
Stabilizer Feed/Bottom Exchangers
o
139. Heavy Gasoline after Heavy Gasoline Trim Cooler TI-2903 C 40
Heavy Gasoline from Stabilizer Feed/Bottom o
140. TI-2905 C 106-107
Exchanger to Heavy Gasoline Trim Cooler
o
141. Heavy Gasoline to MS POOL via Storage TI-2909 C 40
142. Heavy Gasoline from Stabilizer Bottom Pumps PI-2909 Kg/cm2g 9.5
Heavy Gasoline at the bottom of Stabilizer
143. LIC-3001 mm *
Column
144. Stabiliser reflux from, stabiliser Reflux Pumps FIC-3001 M3/hr 15
o
145. Stabilizer Feed TI-3002 C 168-169
3
146. VHP Steam to Stabilizer Reboiler FIC-3002 M /hr 9.7
2
147. Vap. Gasoline from Stabilizer overhead PI-3003 Kg/cm g 6.8

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S.
Description Tag no. Unit Value
No.
From Stabilizer bottom to Stabilizer Feed/Bottom
148. FIC-3003 M3/hr 106
Exchangers
Stabilizer overhead to Stabilizer overhead o
149. TI-3004 C 134-140
Condenser
150. Vap. Gasoline below 1st tray in Stabilizer PI-3004 Kg/cm2g 7
151. VHP Condensate Pot for Stabilizer column LIC-3004 MM *
o
152. Top of Stabilizer column TI-3005 C 160-200
153. Gasoline vapour at the top of Stabilizer column PI-3005 Kg/cm2g 6.9
o
154. Inside Stabilizer column below the feed plate TI-3006 C 203-217
Treated Heavy Gasoline from the bottom of o
155. TI-3013 C 225-226
Stabilizer
Heavy Gasoline from the bottom of Stabilizer to o
156. TI-3009 C 221
VHP steam reboiler
Heavy Gasoline from VHP steam reboiler to o
157. TI-3010 C 225
Stabilizer

7.4 ALARMS:
S. No. Descriptions Tag no. Unit Value
o
1. Mixed stream of FCC Gasoline from TAHH-1105 C 77
FCC unit & Storage to SHU FEED
DRUM
o
2. Gasoline & H2 at the inlet of SHU TAL-1301 C 60
FEED/EFFLUENT EXCHANGER
o
3. Reactor feed from SHU FEED/Effluent TAL-1304 C 80
Exchanger to SHU Preheater
o
4. Reactor feed stream from SHU TAH-1401 C TAH-210
Preheater to SHU Reactor
o
5. Reactor feed stream from SHU TAL-1401 C TAL-150
Preheater to SHU Reactor
o
6. A Bypass line of reactor feed stream to TAH-1402 C TAH-210
SHU reactor
o
7. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1403 C TAH-225
Reactor on the first bed of catalyst
o
8. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1403 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the first bed of catalyst

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S. No. Descriptions Tag no. Unit Value

o
9. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1404 C TAH-225
Reactor on the first bed of catalyst
o
10. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1404 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the first bed of catalyst
o
11. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1405 C TAH-225
Reactor on the first bed of catalyst
o
12. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1405 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the first bed of catalyst
o
13. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1407 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
14. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1407 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
15. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1408 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
16. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1408 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
17. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1409 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
18. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1409 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
19. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1410 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
20. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1410 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
21. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1411 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
22. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAHH-1411 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
23. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1412 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
24. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1412 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
25. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1413 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
26. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1413 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst

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S. No. Descriptions Tag no. Unit Value

o
27. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1414 C TAH-225
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
28. Gasoline & H2 stream Inside SHU TAH-1414 C TAHH-230
Reactor on the second bed of catalyst
o
29. Effluent from the SHU Reactor TAHH-1415 C TAH-225
TAHH-230
o
30. Gasoline & H2 stream inside the Splitter TAH-1501 C 127
o
31. Gasoline & H2 stream inside the Splitter TAH-1502 C 152
o
32. Gasoline & H2 stream to the Splitter TAH-1503 C 170
o
33. Gasoline & H2 stream below the FEED TAH-1505 C 204
TRAY at the 19th tray inside the Splitter
o
34. Gasoline & H2 stream feed to splitter TAH-1504 C 170
o
35. Splitter overhead to Splitter Reflux drum TAH-1603 C 60
after Splitter overhead air condenser
o
36. Fuel gas from Splitter Reflux Drum to TAH-1605 C *
Fuel gas header
o
37. Heavy FCC Gasoline after 3rd HDS TAH-2001 C 322
Feed/Effluent Exchanger to first HDS
Reactor
o
38. On the First bed of catalyst inside first TAH-2003 C TAH-360
HDS Reactor
o
39. On the First bed of catalyst inside first TAHH-2003 C TAHH-365
HDS Reactor
o
40. On the First bed of catalyst inside first TAH-2004 C TAH-360
HDS Reactor
o
41. On the First bed of catalyst inside first TAHH-2004 C TAHH-365
HDS Reactor
o
42. On the 2nd bed of catalyst inside first TAH-2013 C TAH-360
HDS Reactor
o
43. On the 2nd bed of catalyst inside first TAHH-2013 C TAHH-365
HDS Reactor
o
44. First HDS Reactor Effluent TAH-2019 C TAH-360
TAHH-365
o
45. HDS Fired Heater Effluent TAHH- C TAHH-385
2103A/B
o
46. LP Steam to Lean Amine Preheater TDAL-2506 C TDAL-5
o
47. Stabilizer Feed TAH-3002 C TAH-179

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S. No. Descriptions Tag no. Unit Value

o
48. Stabilizer Feed TAL-3002 C TAL-163
th o
49. Above the 17 plate of Stabilizer TAH-3006 C 227
column
50. Above the 12th plate of Stabilizer TAH-3007 o
C 227
column
51. Feed Surge Drum pressure control PAH-1101 Kg/cm2g 3.5
2
52. FCC Gasoline from FCC unit to SHU PDAH-1106 Kg/cm g 0.5
Feed Surge Drum
53. Gasoline & H2 stream before & after PDAH-1208 Kg/cm2g 0.7
1ST SHU Feed/HDS Effluent
Exchanger
54. Gasoline & H2 stream before & after PDAH-1302 Kg/cm2g 0.6
SHU Feed/Effluent Exchanger
55. Gasoline & H2 stream before & after PDAH-1308 Kg/cm2g 0.6
SHU Preheater
56. Gasoline & H2 stream before entering PAL-1403 Kg/cm2g 29.2
SHU Reactor
57. Gasoline & H2 stream after passing PAL-1407 Kg/cm2g 28
through the 1st bed of catalyst in SHU
Reactor
58. Gasoline & H2 stream before entering PDAH-1408 Kg/cm2g 1.75
SHU Reactor & after passing through
the 1st bed of catalyst in SHU Reactor
59. SHU Reactor Effluent PAL-1409 Kg/cm2g 27
2
60. Gasoline & H2 stream after 1st bed of PDAH-1410 Kg/cm g 1.75
catalyst in SHU Reactor & Effluent from
SHU reactor
61. Splitter overhead & splitter underflow PDAH-1506 Kg/cm2g 1
2
62. Light gasoline vapour in splitter reflux PAH-1601 Kg/cm g PAH-6.5
drum
63. Light gasoline vapour in splitter reflux PAL-1601 Kg/cm2g PAL-5.2
drum
64. Gasoline from splitter reflux pumps to PALL-1604 Kg/cm2g 4.2
top of splitter column
65. Vapour gasoline to HDS feed PAL-1904 Kg/cm2g 21

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S. No. Descriptions Tag no. Unit Value

2
66. Gasoline & H2 at the inlet of 1st HDS PDAH-1905 Kg/cm g 1.5
Feed/Effluent Exchanger & at the outlet
of 3rd HDS Feed/Effluent Exchanger
67. Liq. Gasoline on 1st bed of catalyst in PDAH-2004 Kg/cm2g 0.75
1st HDS Reactor
68. Liq. Gasoline on 2nd bed of catalyst in PDAH-2006 Kg/cm2g 0.75
1st HDS Reactor
69. Off gas from Separator Drum PAH-2409 Kg/cm2g PAH-22.5

70. Off gas from Separator Drum PAL-2409 Kg/cm2g PAL-14.2

2
71. Part of liq. From Separator to 1st HDS PALL-2407 Kg/cm g 22
Reactor
72. Amine & Fuel gas in Amine Absorber PDAH-2602 Kg/cm2g 0.5

73. Recycle gas from Recycle Compressor PAH-2705 Kg/cm2g PAH-22

K.O. drum to Recycle compressor
2
74. Recycle gas from Recycle Compressor PAL-2705 Kg/cm g PAL-13.6
K.O. drum to Recycle compressor
75. Vap. Gasoline from Stabilizer overhead PAH-3003 Kg/cm2g PAH-7.8

2
76. Vap. Gasoline from Stabilizer overhead PAL-3003 Kg/cm g PAL-6.5
2
77. Vap. Gasoline below 1st tray in PAH-3004 Kg/cm g 7.8
Stabiliser
3
78. FCC Gasoline Feed to SHU Feed FAL-1102 M /hr 117.6
Surge Drum
79. Gasoline SHU Feed FAL-1202 M3/hr *
3
80. Gasoline SHU Feed FALL-1205 M /hr 111.7
3
81. H2 to SHU section FAL-1203 Nm /hr 1000
3
82. VHP Steam to Reboiler Splitter FAH-1501 M /hr 30.7
3
83. Separator drum boot drain FAH-2403 M /hr 5.6
3
84. Make up H2 to Recycle Compressor FAL-2701 Nm /hr 1284
K.O. Drum
85. H2 from Recycle Compressor to HDS FALL-2802 Nm3/hr 20832
FEED/EFFLUENT Exchanger
86. H2 from Recycle Compressor to HDS FAL-2803 Nm3/hr 20832
Section
87. H2 to HDS section FALL-2801 Nm3/hr 13020

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S. No. Descriptions Tag no. Unit Value

88. VHP Steam to Stabilizer Reboiler FAH-3002 M3/hr 10.7

89. Heavy Naphtha at the bottom of LAH-1502 MM LAH-3750
Gasoline Splitter
90. Heavy Naphtha at the bottom of LAL-1502 MM LAL-700
Gasoline Splitter
91. Heavy Gasoline at the bottom of LAH-3001 MM LAH-3190
Stabilizer Column
92. Heavy Gasoline at the bottom of LAL-3001 MM LAL-1630
Stabilizer Column
93. Heavy Gasoline at the bottom of LALL-3002 MM 300
Stabilizer Column

7.5 OPEARATING CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT CASES OF OPERATION

Refer to enclosed PFDs as attachment for operating conditions for different

cases.

7.6 EQUIPMENT LIST

7.6.1 PUMPS

Item No. Item Description Norma Rated Disc. Diff. NPSHA

l Cap. Cap. Press Head (m)
(m/hr) (m/hr) (Kg/cmg) (m)
75-P-01 SHU FEED PUMPS 167.1 183.8 36.5 498 >8
A/B
75-P-02 HDS FEED PUMPS 112.3 123.5 34.8 472 4
A/B
75-P-03 SPLITTER REFLUX
166.6 200 11.3 95.7 3.3
A/B PUMPS
75-P-04
LIGHT GASOLINE PUMPS 79.7 96 10.5 45.5 >8
A/B

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Item No. Item Description Norma Rated Disc. Diff. NPSHA

l Cap. Cap. Press Head (m)
(m/hr) (m/hr) (Kg/cmg) (m)

75-P-05
FCC HEART CUT PUMPS 24.7 27.2 10.1 38.6 >8
A/B

75-P-06
QUENCH PUMPS 44.3 53.1 36.2 187.4 3.7
A/B

75-P-07 STABILIZER BOTTOM

107.1 117.8 12.7 93.3 2.8
A/B PUMPS

75-P-08 CORROSION INHIBITOR

1.34 2.6 11.7 149.7 >8
A/B PUMPS

75-P-09 STABILIZER REFLUX

15 18 12 86.7 2.*9
A/B PUMP

7.6.2 VESSELS:

Tag No. Item Description Internal TL-TL Oper. Oper.

Dia. (mm) Temp Press.
(mm) C Kg/cmg
75-V-01 SHU FEED SURGE DRUM 3900 11000 70 3.0
75-V-02 SPLITTER REFLUX DRUM 2400 6800 55 5.5
75-V-03 SEPARATOR DRUM 2500 8400 40 21.5
75-V-04 RECYCLE COMP. KOD 900 2800 40 21.4
75-V-05 STABILIZER REFLUX DRUM 1100 3300 40 6.3
75-V-06 AMINE KOD 900 2500 40 21.5
CORROSION INHIBITOR
75-V-09 600 1950 AMB 1.0
DRUM
75-V-10 SULFIDING AGENT DRUM 1600 5000 AMB 1.0

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7.6.3 COLUMNS:

Tag Item No. Internal TL-TL Oper. Temp Oper Press

No. Description of Dia (mm) C Kg/cmg
tray (mm) Top Bottom Top Bottom

75-C- GASOLINE 52 3100 41550 116 199 6.03 6.47

01 SPLITTER
75-C- AMINE 20 900 14150 50 14.8
02 ABSORBER
75-T- STABILISER 30 2100 26750 177 203 7.85 8.08
1003 COLUMN (Btm);
1100
(top)

7.6.4 REACTORS:
Tag No. Item Description Internal TL-TL Oper. Temp Oper Press
Dia (mm) (mm) C Kg/cmg
75-R-01 SHU REACTOR 1800 23420 200 30
75-R-02 HDS REACTOR 2500 12950 355 28.4

7.6.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS (TUBULAR):

Sr. Tag Service Shell side Tube side Shell side Tube side
No. No. fluid fluid temp (C) temp (c)
IN OUT IN OUT
1 75-E-01 SHU Feed / HDS HDS Effluent SHU Feed 211 156 66 155
Effluent exchanger
2 75-E-02 SHU Feed / Effluent SHU Effluent SHU Feed 219 188 155 188
exchanger
3 75-E-03 SHU preheater VHP Steam SHU Feed 238 238 128 200
4 75-E-04 Splitter post condensor HC+H2 Cooling water 55 40 33 40
5 75-E-05 Light Gasoline cooler Light Gasoline Cooling water 65 40 33 40
6 75-E-06 FCC Heartcut cooler Gasoline Cooling water 65 40 33 40
7 75-E-07 Splitter reboiler VHP Steam HC 238 238 216 221
8 75-E-08 HDS Feed / Effluent HDS Feed HDS Effluent 174 312 370 207
A/B/C Exchanger
9 75-E-09 Reactor effluent trim HC Cooling water 65 40 33 40

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cooler
10 75-E-10 Lean Amine preheater Lean Amine LP steam 40 50 128 128
11 75-E-11 Stabilizer Feed/Bottom Stabilizer Feed Stabilizer 225 107 41 169
A/B exchanger Bottom
12 75-E-12 Heavy gasoline trim Heavy Cooling water 65 40 33 40
A/B cooler gasoline
13 75-E-13 Stabilizer reboiler VHP steam Stabilizer 238 238 221 225
bottom
14 75-E-14 Stabilizer overhead trim Stabilizer Cooling water 65 40 33 40
cooler overhead

7.6.6 AIR COOLERS

Sr. No. Tag Service Temp. - in Temp. - out
1 75-A-01 Splitter overhead air condenser 97 55
2 75-A-02 FCC heart cut air cooler 142 65
3 75-A-03 HDS Effluent air condenser 158 65
4 75-A-04 SHU recycle air condenser 218 65
5 75-A-05 Stabilizer overhead condenser 135 65
6 75-A-06 Light gasoline air cooler 116 65
7 75-A-07 Heavy gasoline air cooler 107 65

7.7 LIST OF INSTRUMENTS

In this section control valves, pressure safety valves, analysers etc are
listed. Information regarding indicators & controllers (temperature, pressure, flow
and level instrument) are already given in previous section.

7.7.1 CONTROL VALVES:

S. Tag No. Description Action of CV

No on Air failure
.
SHU FEED SURGE DRUM:
1. PV-1101A Gases from FSD to Flare FC
2. PV-1101B Nitrogen to FSD FC
3. LV-1101 FSD boot draining FC

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S. Tag No. Description Action of CV

No on Air failure
.
4. FV-1103 Heavy Gasoline Recycle from SHU Recycle Air FC
Condenser
5. FV-1104 Feed from storage FC
SHU FEED SECTION:
6. FV-1201 SHU feed to 75-E-01 FC
A/B
7. FV-1202 Charge pump MCF FO
8. FV-1203 Hydrogen to reaction section FC
9. FV-1204 SHU Feed/Effluent Exchanger bypass to SHU Preheater FO
A/B
SHU FEED PREHEATING SECTION:
10. FV-1301 VHP steam to SHU Preheater FC
A/B
SHU REACTOR:
11. PDV-1401 SHU Reactor first bed bypass FC
SHU SPLITTER SECTION:
12. PV-1404 Splitter feed FC
13. PV-1501 Depressurization line FO
14. FV-1501 VHP steam condensate from Splitter Reboiler FC
15. PV-1601 Splitter reflux drum pressure control FC
A/B
16. LV-1601 Reflux line FO
17. FV-1701 Light gasoline to storage FC
18. FV-1702 FCC Heart cut gasoline to storage FC
19. FV-1703 Light gasoline pump min. fliow line FO
HDS FEED SECTION:
20. FV-1801 HDS feed pump min. flow line FO
21. FV-1901 HDS feed to HDS feed/Eff. Exchanger FC
22. FV-1902 HDS Feed / Eff Exchanger bypass FC
23. FV-1904 HDS recycle FC
HDS REACTION SECTION

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S. Tag No. Description Action of CV

No on Air failure
.
24. FV-2001 Quench to reactor FO
25. FV-2002 Quench to reactor FO
26. FV-2003 Diluant line for start up FO
27. FV-2101 Plant air to HDS Reactor Feed Heater FC
HDS SEPARATOR SECTION
28. FV-2401 Quench pump min. flow line FO
29. FV-2402 Stabilizer feed line FC
30. LV-2401 Sour water boot FC
RECYCLE GAS KOD AND AMINE ABSORBER SECTION:
31. FV-2501 Lean amine to preheater FC
32. TV-2501 LP steam to preheater FC
33. LV-2501 HC liquid from Amine KOD FC
34. LV-2601 Rich amine to amine unit FC
35. FV-2601 Sweet purge gas to FG header FC
36. LV-2701 Amine from Recycle compressor K.O. drum to ARU FC
37. FV-2701 Make up H2 to Recycle Compressor K.O. Drum FC
38. FV-2702 Make up H2 to Recycle Compressor K.O. Drum FC
STABILISER COLUMN:
39. FV-3001 Reflux to Splitter FO
40. FV-3002 VHP condensate from stabilizer reboiler FC
41. FV-3003 Stabilizer bottom pump min. flow line FO
42. LV-3001 VHP Condensate from Condensate Pot FC
43. FV-2901 Heavy gasoline to stabilizer feed / bottom exchanger FC
44. PV-3101 Sour purge gas From stabilizer reflux drum FC
45. LV-3101 Sour water to sour water treater FC

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7.7.2 ON-OFF VALVES

SL TAG NO. DESCRIPTION/LOCATION ACTION ON

NO. AIR FAILURE
SHU FEED SURGE DRUM:
1. UV-1101 FCC Gasoline Feed to SHU Feed Surge Drum FC
2. UV-1102 Heavy Gasoline Recycle from SHU Recycle Air FC
Condenser
3. UV-1103 SHU Feed Surge Drum Boot Drain FC
4 UV-1104 Feed from FSD to Charge pump FC
SHU FEED SECTION:
5. UV-1201 Gasoline from SHU Feed pumps to SHU Feed/HDS FC
Effluent Exchanger
6. UV-1202 H2 from Recycle Compressors to SHU Feed/Effluent FC
Exchanger
SHU FEED PREHEATING SECTION:
7. UV-1301 VHP steam to SHU Preheater FC
SHU SPLITTER SECTION:
8. UV-1501 SHU emergency depressurisation to flare FO
9. UV-1502 Heavy Gasoline from Splitter bottom FC
10. UV-1503 Splitter Reboiler steam inlet FC
11. UV-1701 Light gasoline to storage FC
12. UV-1702 FCC Heart cut gasoline to storage FC
HDS FEED SECTION
13. UV-1901 HDS Feed to HDS Feed / Eff. Exchanger FC
HDS REACTION SECTION
14. UV-2101 Plant air to feed heater FC
15. UV-2301 BFW injection at HDS Eff. Air condenser FC
SEPARATOR DRUM:
16. UV-2401 Stabiliser Feed from Separator Drum FC
17. UV-2402 Separator Drum Boot Drain FC
18. UV-2403 Flare from Separator Drum for depressurisation FO
AMINE ABSORBER:
19. UV-2501 HC liquid from amine KOD FC

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SL TAG NO. DESCRIPTION/LOCATION ACTION ON

NO. AIR FAILURE
20. UV-2502 LP steam to Amine preheater FC
21 UV-2503 Lean amine to preheater FC
22 UV-2504 LP condensate To 75-V-19 FC
23 UV-2505 LP condensate To OWS FC
24. UV-2601 Rich Amine from Amine Absorber FC
RECYCLE COMPRESSOR SECTION:
25. UV-2701 H2 from Recycle Compressor K.O. Drum FC
26. UV-2702 Make up H2 to Recycle Compressors K.O. Drum FC
27. UV-2703 Amine as Recycle Compressors K.O. Drum Drain FC
28. UV-2801 Recycle gas comp. discharge FC
STABILISER COLUMN:
29. UV-3001 Heavy Gasoline from Stabiliser bottom to Stabiliser Bottom FC
Pumps
30. UV-3002 Stabiliser Reboiler Steam Inlet FC

7.7.3 SAFETY VALVES:

S. No. Tag No. Description/Location Set Pressure
(Kg/cm2g)
1. PSV-1101 A/B Feed Surge Drum 5.0
2. PSV-1102 A/B Cold Feed Filter 15
3. PSV-1201 A/B Feed pump discharge 37
4. PSV-1202 A/B SHU Feed to 75-E-03 37
5. PSV-1301 SHU preheater condensate pot 40
6. PSV-1401 SHU Reactor 35.1
7. PSV-1501A/B From Gasoline Splitter to Flare 8
8. PSV-1502 Splitter reboiler condensate pot 40
9. PSV-1601/1602 Sea water return from 75-E-04 7.6
10. PSV-1701/02 Sea water return from 75-E-05A/B 7.6
11. PSV-1703/04 Sea water return from 75-E-06A/B 7.6
12. PSV-2001 First HDS Reactor 36.5
13. PSV-2101 First HDS heater outlet 31
14. PSV-2201 Fuel gas KOD 9.0

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S. No. Tag No. Description/Location Set Pressure

(Kg/cm2g)
15. PSV-2301/2301 Sea water return from 75-E-09A/B 7.6
16. PSV-2401A/B Flare from Separator drum 27.5
/2402
17. PSV-2601 Flare from Amine Absorber 27.5
18. PSV-2701A/B Flare from Recycle Compressor K.O. Drum 27.5
19. PSV-2801A/B Recycle Compressor 75-K-01A Discharge 38.5
20. PSV-2802A/B Recycle Compressor 75-K-01B Discharge 38.5
21. PSV-2803 Recycle Compressor 75-K-01A Discharge 13
(Regen. Case)
22. PSV-2804 Recycle Compressor 75-K-01B Discharge 13
(Regen. Case)
23. PSV-2901/2902 Sea water return from 75-E-12 A/B 7.6
24. PSV-3001A/B Flare from Stabiliser Column 9.0
25. PSV-3002 Stabilizer reboiler condensate pot 40
26. PSV-3101/3102 Sea water return from 75-EE-14A/B 7.6
27. PSV-3201/3202 Corrosion inhibitor pump discharge 13.7
28. PSV-3203/3204 Sulfiding agent injection pump discharge 32
29. PSV-3205 Corrosion inhibitor drum 10.5

7.8 RELIEVE VALVE LOAD SUMMARY

List of safety valves is already given in the previous section. Detail of relive
load summary such as relieve valve tag, location, set pressure, capacity, failure
scenarios considered are given in Flare Load Summary.

Flare Load Summary is given in Annexure IV.

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7.9 DETAIL OF INTERLOCK LOGIC AND TRIPS

Sr.
CAUSE EFFECT
No.
ACTUATOR DESCRIPTION DEVICE ACTION DESCRIPTION
1 75-LAHH-1103 Very high level in 75-UV- Close FCC gasoline feed
SHU feed surge 1101
drum 75-UV- Close Hydrogenated
1102 gasoline recycle
2 75-PALL-1604 Very low pressure 75-P-03 stop Pump 75-P-03 A/B
at 75-P-03A/B operating protection
discharge 75-P-03 Start Spare pump auto
spare start
3 75-LALL-1701 Low level 75-P- Stop Light gasoline
04A/B pump stops
4 75-LALL-1505 C-01 chimney 75-P-05 Stop FCC heart cut
tray level low A/B pump stop
5 75-AT-2101 High O2 content 75-UV- close Air make up during
75-TAHH- Very High temp in 2101 regeneration
1403-1415 75-R-01
6 75-HS-1102A Case of fire 75-UV- Close Close SHU feed
1104 surge drum bottom
inventory valve
75-HS-1102A 75-P- Stops Stop 75-P-01 A/B
01A/B
7 75-LALL-1106 Very low level in 75-UV- Close Boot drain to OWS
SHU feed surge 1103
drum boot
8 75-PAHH-1510 Very high 75-UV- Close VHP steam to 75-
pressure at 1503 E-07 stop
splitter overhead

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9 75-TAHH-2103 Very high temp in 75-F-01 Stop Heater shutdown

75-HS- any of the pass at
2102A/B heater O/L
10 75-HS- HDS reaction 75-UV- Close LP steam to lean
2401A/B section 2502 amine preheater
depressurization 75-UV- Close Lean amine to
2503 Amine absorber
75-UV- Open HDS reaction
2403 section
depressurization
75-UV- Close Stop feed to HDS
1901 reaction section
75-UV- Close H2 make up
2702
75-F-01 Stop HDS heater burning
off
75-UV- Close HC to stabilizer
2401
75-UV- Close Rich amine to
2601 amine unit
75-UV- Close Close stabilizer
3001 bottom product
valve
75-UV- Close Recycle comp
2701 isolation
75-UV- Close Recycle comp
2801 isolation
75-P- Stop Stop 75-P-01A/B
07A/B
I-117 Actuate Recycle comp KOD
interlock

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I-122 Actuate Amine absorber

Low Low level
interlock

11 75-LALL-2403 Very low level in 75-UV- Close HC to stabilizer

separator drum 2401
12 75-LAHH-2406 Very high level in 75-UV- Close BFW feed
separator drum 2301
boot
13 75-LALL-2602 Very low level in 75-UV- Close Rich amine to
Amine absorber 2601 amine unit
14 75-LAHH-2704 Very high level in 75-K- Stop Stop Recycle comp
comp KOD 01A/B
15 75-FALL-2801 Very low flow at 75-UV- Close Stop feed to HDS
comp discharge 1901 reaction section
75-F-01 Stop Heater shutdown
16 75-LALL-3002 Very low level in 75-UV- Close Close stabilizer
stabilizer bottom 3001 bottom valve
75-P- Stop Stop 75-P-07A/B
01A/B
17 75-HS-2801A Case of fire I-117 Actuate Recycle comp
shutdown
75-HS-2801B 75-UV- Close Recycle comp
2701 isolation
75-UV- Close Recycle comp
2801 isolation
18 75-PALL-3107 Very low pressure 75-P-09 Stop Pumps 75-P-09A/B
at 75-P-09 A/B operating protection
discharge 75-P-09 Start Spare pump auto
spare start
19 75-HS-3002A Case of fire 75-UV- Close Close stabilizer
3001 bottom valve

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75-HS-3002B 75-P-07 Stop Stop 75-P-07A/B

20 75-LALL-2502 Very low level in 75-UV- Close Hydrocarbon liquid

amine KOD 2501 drain
21 75-LALL-2702 Very low level in 75-UV- Close Hydrocarbon/Amine
RGC KOD 2703 liquid drain
22 75-FALL-1903 Very low flow at 75-UV- Close Stop feed to HDS
HDS feed pump 1901 reaction section
discharge 75-UV- Close H2 make up from
75-TALL-2003- Very high temp in 2702 OSBL
2019 first HDS reactor 75-F-01 Stop Heater shutdown
23 75-AT-2101 High O2 content 75-UV- Stop Air to heater during
75-TAHH- Very high temp in 2101 regeneration
2003-2019 HDS reactor 75-
R-02
24 75-LALL-2407 Very low level in 75-UV- Close Close sour water to
separator drum 2402 SWS
boot
25 75-PALL-2407 Very low pressure 75-P- Stop Pump 75-P-06
at quench pump 06A/B protection
discharge operating
75-P-06 Start Spare pump auto
spare start
26 LAL-3301 Low level in CBD 75-P-11 Stop CBD pump
drum
LAH-3301 High level in CBD 75-P-11 Start CBD pump
drum
27 LAL-3401 Low level in Flare UV-3401 Close CBD Drain line
KOD
LAH-3401 High level in Flare UV-3401 Open CBD Drain line
KOD

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28 PAHH- High-high UV-3002 Close VHP steam supply

3012A/B/C pressure at to 75-E-13
stabilizer O/H.

7.10 EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES ON THE PROCESS

7.10.1 OPERATING PARAMETERS

The operating parameters are the variables affecting the process
performance, which the operator can actually adjust in order to improve or restore
the unit performance.
The purpose of process:
To perform the desulfurization of the gasoline. Regarding product
specifications, refer to the process book.
To limit octane losses.
The operating parameters used to meet these specifications with an optimum
catalyst life are the following:
Reactors inlet temperature
Make-up hydrogen and recycle hydrogen flowrates leading to the hydrogen
partial pressure at outlet of the reactors, the hydrocarbon partial pressure, the
hydrogen sulfide partial pressure.
The space velocity (i. E. Feed rate).

Operator action on these parameter enables the unit to match different feed
and product qualities provided they are within the basis of design of the unit.

7.10.2 REACTOR TEMPERATURE

1. Selective Hydrogenation section:

A temperature increase favors di-olefin hydrogenation but also olefin
hydrogenation and coking, which reduces the cycle length. Moreover a high
temperature can lead to excessive vaporization in the reactor which is

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theoretically in liquid phase. This may lead to problems with liquid distribution and
pressure drop.
The temperature increase in the selective hydrogenation reactor is a function
of the diolefin content and H2/HC ratio.
Moreover, reactions of oligomerisation can take place if the temperature is too
high, leading to gum formation. In practice, the operating temperature will be set
so that the exothermicity starts to be perceptible. The hydrogen make-up will be
adjusted so that the heavy FCC gasoline MAV is decreased below 2.(Diene value
< 0.5)

2. HDS reaction section:

The reactor inlet temperature is adjusted at the value required for gasoline
product sulfur specification without a great loss of olefins. However, because
fresh catalyst is very active, it is sometimes possible to operate at a lower
temperature at start-up.
A temperature increase favors all the following reactions: desulfurization,
hydrogenation of olefins and coking. The latter also reduces the cycle length.
Accordingly, the temperature at reactor inlet must be adjusted at the lowest value
which enable to meet the product specifications.
The temperature increase in the first HDS reactor (75-R-02) is a function of
the olefin content and the olefin hydrogenation level, but the T is controlled by
the quench.
The reactor weighted average bed temperature (WABT) is the main
parameter used to adjust product sulfur content. The WABT is controlled by the
first HDS reactor inlet temperature and the quench rate (adjusted to limit the HDS
reactor exotherm). Increasing WABT results in lower product sulfur (higher HDS)
and additional olefin hydrogenation. Typically, during operation, when the unit is
lined out at design capacity and the stabilizer bottom product is on-spec there are
only a few cases when the operator needs to adjust the reactor inlet temperature.
In NIT case, non selective mode, the reactor exotherm is limited at 500C
and controlled by the liquid quench between the first and second bed and
between second and third bed. Some part of the hydrogenated product from the

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separator drum 75-V-03 is recycled and mixed with the HDS feed for olefin
dilution.
In AM case; selective mode, the exotherm in the HDS rector is controlled at
200C by the liquid quench of the HDS reactor.

7.10.3 OTHER PARAMETER

1. Coke accumulation on the catalyst surface:
Coke can have 2 different origins.

Catalytic coke
During the catalyst cycle, coke may build-up on the catalyst surface within
the pores, reducing the reaction surface and consequently the activity. An
adjustment will be required on the Reactor inlet temperature to compensate for
this activity loss. This change is very gradual over the catalyst cycle and depends
upon the feed quality.
Coke formation due to coke precursors in the feed
This coke formation is due to a combined action of dissolved oxygen, rust
and temperature. Therefore, it is very important to be careful with the quality of
the feed especially to limit content of compounds containing the carbonyl bound
(C=O) and the rust content.
This formation of coke leads to a higher P in reactors and decreases the
catalyst cycle. The coke formation due to coke precursors in feed is more
important than catalytic coke.

2. Feed quality changes

a) Higher level of contaminants

If there is a higher level of contaminants in the feed, the operator must
increase the reactor inlet temperature until the efficiency of the
hydrodesulfurization reactions is restored.

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b) Higher sulfur content

If the sulfur content of the feed is higher, the operator must increase the
reactor inlet temperature to reach the same sulfur specification.
c) Higher olefin content
In order to avoid high exothermicity, the olefin content must be lower than
35% vol. The reactor inlet temperature needs not to be increased for a higher
olefin content. Quench and eventually top bed diluant shall be adjusted to control
the T through the catalytic beds.

3. Major changes in feed rate

As catalyst activity is higher with a lower space velocity, then the reactor inlet
temperature at 60% capacity should be different from the one at 100% capacity.
The operator can decrease the reactor inlet temperature at lower space velocity
and therefore preserve catalyst cycle length.

The end of a catalyst cycle is reached when the following takes place:
The catalyst deactivation is such that it is no longer possible to meet the product
specifications.
The maximum allowable temperatures have been reached.
The pressure drop in the reactor is too high.
In this case, the catalyst must be regenerated ex-situ.

7.10.4 MAKE-UP H2 AND RECYCLE H2 FLOW-RATES

1. Hydrogen partial pressure at reactors outlet.

a) First section Selective Hydrogenation Reactor 75-R-01

The H2/HC ratio increases by feeding more make-up hydrogen gas. This
enhances both the di-olefin hydrogenation and the mercaptan removal reactions
and decreases the coke formation rate. However, if the H2 excess is too high, it
could lead to excessive vaporization of naphtha creating problems in distribution
and pressure drop in the reactor. It would result in excessive loss of light FCC
gasoline at the splitter vent gas and excessive olefin saturation.

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The hydrogen rate is set to decrease the MAV in the heavy FCC gasoline
product below 2.

b) Second section - HDS reactor 75-R-02

The hydrogen partial pressure is defined by the following formula
number of H 2 moles
ppH2 = reactor outlet pressure
number of total moles
The ppH2 at reactor outlet is a function of:
The total pressure (which is fixed at the design stage and is beyond the reach
of operators).
The hydrogen excess versus the chemical consumption, which depends on
the amount of hydrogen gas make up, and the hydrogen purity (which is also
beyond the reach of operators).
The required ppH2 is achieved when the HDS section is operated at pressure
- around 15 Kg/cm2g at the separator drum (AM case, selective).
- around 21.5 Kg/cm2g at the separator drum (NIT case, nonselective)
In terms of activity, an increase of the hydrogen partial pressure enhances the
hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation of olefins. In addition, a high hydrogen
partial pressure reduces the polymerization reactions and coke deposit,
increasing the catalyst cycle length.
Actually ppH2 is not a variable that operators adjust but they have to ensure
that it is always around the design value. The design ppH2 is fixed by the system
pressure, hydrogen recycle rate and hydrogen gas purity.
If the recycle gas purity decreases due to lack of make-up gas, the hydrogen
partial pressure will decrease as well. The operator must maintain the hydrogen
recycle quality within the design range by adequate purge and hydrogen make-
up. By increasing the PPH2, the olefin and H2S partial pressures decrease and
then selectivity is improved.

2. Hydrocarbon partial pressure

number of moles of hydrocarbons
ppHC = pressure
number of total moles

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The ppHC is a function of:

The total pressure.
The hydrocarbon contents i.e. feed rate.
The hydrocarbon partial pressure has no impact on the hydrodesulfurization.
On the other hand, to minimize hydrogenation of olefins, it is necessary to
minimize olefin partial pressure therefore hydrocarbon partial pressure. For
instance, if the feed flowrate is 60% of the normal flowrate, it would be better not
to decrease the H2 flowrate. Indeed, the ratio H2/HC will increase and the
selectivity will be enhanced.

3. Hydrogen sulfide partial pressure

The ppH2S is a function of:
The total pressure.
The H2S content.
H2S has no real impact on olefin hydrogenation but affects
hydrodesulfurization. Therefore, it is necessary to have a low H2S content to
enhance selectivity; this means to maximize the performance of the amine
absorber.

7.10.5 SPACE VELOCITY (FEED RATE)

Space velocity coupled with reactor inlet temperature defines the severity of
the hydrotreatment. Severity is increased when either the space velocity is
decreased or the temperature is increased.
Space velocity as defined earlier is the amount of liquid feed (expressed in
weight or volume) which is processed per hour divided by the amount of catalyst
(in weight or volume). The inverse of the space velocity is related to the
residence time or contact time in the reactor.
As the quantity of catalyst is fixed, the space velocity will change by varying
the feed rate. Decreasing the feed rate decreases the space velocity. At constant
temperature this increases the activity as there are now more catalyst active sites
per unit of feed. This will improve the hydrotreatment efficiency. For small
changes in the feed rate, no action is required by the operator. For large

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reductions however, the operator may lower the reactor inlet temperature to
preserve the cycle length. It is recommended that, if an adjustment to a new
temperature level is considered, the reduction must be in increments no greater
than 2C until the new stable performance level is reached.
In general the following rules are valid:
In case of feed is to be increased: first increase the temperature, then
increase the feed rate.
In case of feed is to be decreased: first decrease the feed rate, then
decrease the temperature.
These measures are required to keep the safe side of the gasoline quality.
7.10.6 FEED QUALITY

1. Contaminant content
Feed quality is an indirect variable, a variable that the operator reacts to
rather than adjusts for performance control. The unit is designed for a particular
feedstock with a maximum design level of sulfur, Nitrogen, Mercury, Arsenic and
with other contaminant levels defined within the normal range of most crudes. As
the feed quality changes during processing of different crudes i.e. higher levels of
nitrogen and sulfur, the operator must raise the reactor inlet temperature to
maintain unit performances.
Prior to a crude change, the operator must be made aware of potential higher
contaminant levels than the previous crude by reviewing the crude essays. For
new crude, the raw gasoline feed to the unit must be thoroughly analyzed for all
contaminants including metals. If possible, this must be done prior to feeding the
unit but if not, as early as possible. This will avoid a higher rate of catalyst
saturation due to higher metals content. Moreover, it is important to be careful
with the content of compounds with carbonyl bound (C = O) and of rust. Indeed, a
combined action of dissolved oxygen, rust and temperature leads to a coke
formation, which increases P in reactors and decreases the catalyst cycle.

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2. Di-olefin content
Di-olefin content higher than the design means an increased exothermicity for
the Di-olefin reactor. As there is no quench or diluent on them, an increase of
diolefin content in the feed induces a higher T across the catalyst bed. This
results in a shorter cycle length. If all the di-olefins are not hydrogenated in the
Diolefin reactor, they will reduce the second reactor cycle length.

3. Olefin content
Olefin content higher than the design in the heavy FCC gasoline fraction of
the feed means an increased exothermicity for the HDS reactor. This can be
compensated, in order to keep the same WABT, either by decreasing the inlet
temperature or by higher quench and diluent flow rates.
If these conditions are not sufficient, then the feed flow rate has to be
reduced, while maximizing the diluent rate and quench.

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SECTION- 8 SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES

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8.1 NORMAL SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

8.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Normal shutdown applies to a shutdown planned in advance for preventive
maintenance or to unexpected events which are not of an emergency nature.
Before initiating any planned shutdown, review all records to determine
what inspections and repair work must be accomplished during the shutdown.
Prepare a shutdown schedule, including plans for pre-arranging feed and product
inventories during turnaround time. Notify all services and other dependent
operating units of the schedule so that all activities can be properly coordinated.
Arrange for all required parts, tools and services in advance, in particular
adequate nitrogen for purging.
While shutting down the unit due to maintenance or emergency care must
be taken not to admit air into the system until all hydrocarbon vapours have been
removed. Operators should be thoroughly familiar with shutdown procedures and
understand the reasons for each work. Good judgement must be exercised as no
written procedure can completely cover all details or problems that can arise in
an emergency. Judgement is more likely to be exact if prior thought and planning
have been made
Precautions
During shutdowns, precautions must be taken to avoid the following, whether
planned or unplanned:
Exposing personnel to toxic or noxious conditions when equipment is drained
or depressurised.
Fire possibilities when the reactors are opened, due to explosive hydrogen-
oxygen mixtures, or exposure of pyrophoric material to air.

8.1.2 PREPARATIONS FOR A PLANNED SHUTDOWN

For a planned shutdown some work can be done in advance, such as:
Prepare blind lists and blind list accounting procedures for required isolations.
Have test equipment onsite for:
Explosive Gas and Hydrogen Analyzers

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Oxygen Analyzers (If Vessel Entry is Planned)

If inert atmosphere entry into the vessels is planned, have the necessary
personnel protective equipment on hand.
Have the necessary materials onsite to complete the shutdown.
Inform all interested parties of shutdown plans.
Have temporary piping spools, blinds, gaskets, etc., onsite.
Erect staging (scaffolding).
Ensure adequate storage space is available in the off plot storage system.
Plan for any unbalanced utilities.

8.1.3 GENERAL PROCEDURE

When shutting down, steps should be taken to prevent catalyst or
equipment damage from expansion, contraction, thermal shock or unusual
pressure surges. Purge with care all vessels, using inert gas and steam until all
equipment is free of hydrocarbon liquids and gases. Purge thoroughly and check
the atmosphere in the vessels before entering or starting repairs. Rigorously
observe all safety precautions.
The general procedure to be followed for a total shutdown is the following:
Lower the capacity and if necessary the severity.
Switch the product to off-spec. or raw storage.
Shutdown the Reaction section.
Drain all hydrocarbons.
Depressurize and purge.
Several shutdown cases are considered :
Short duration shutdowns (i.e. less than 24 hours).
Long duration shutdowns.
Shutdowns to be followed by catalyst regeneration or inspection of equipment.

8.1.4 SHORT PERIOD SHUTDOWN

This shutdown is typically less than 24 hours to carry out minor repairs without
opening any major equipment.

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Reduce unit capacity to 60% of normal feed rate. It should not be necessary
to adjust the reactor inlet temperatures immediately before the shutdown.
Maintain hydrogen gas flow rate and make-up hydrogen through selective
hydrogenation reactor.
Disconnect the level cascaded controllers on the separator drum 75-V-03, and
on the Stabilizer bottom while keeping normal flow rates.
Switch the products to off-spec storage. (light cut, heart cut and heavy FCC
gasoline)
Shut down steam flow to the SHU feed steam heater 75-E-03 to decrease
inlet temperature to selective hydrogenation reactor at least down to 10C
below the normal temperature.
The make-up H2 supply to the selective hydrogenation reactor is also
stopped.
Reduce the temperature at the inlet to the first HDS reactor 75-R-02 by
decreasing firing in 75-F-01 at a rate of 40C per hour down to 180C.
Close block valves on liquid flow outlet from the separator drum 75-V-03 when
level decreases below 30%.
Shutdown DEA solution circulation through the Amine absorber and open the
bypass line of absorber.
When the selective hydrogenation reactor temperature is at least 10C below
the normal temperature, and levels in splitter and stabilizer have decreased,
shut-off level control valves. The evacuation of stabilizer column 75-C-03
depends on pressure in the column. In order to avoid sudden decrease of
pressure, the reflux flow rate must be reduced and fuel gas flow rate to
reboiler heater is controlled consequently. The splitter and stabilizer shall
operate at total reflux.
Stop the fresh feed to the selective hydrogenation reactor 75-R-01.
Close the block valves on the Splitter bottom. The SHU and HDS sections are
now isolated.
The circulation of hydrogen through the HDS reaction section is continued for
a period of two hours to strip out hydrocarbons from the catalyst.

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The unit is now considered to be on stand-by with gasoline feed stopped,

hydrogen circulating through the HDS catalyst beds at reduced temperature,
splitter and stabilizer at total reflux.

8.1.5 LONG PERIOD SHUTDOWN

This shutdown is required for major repair of some equipment or some
sections of the unit.
The procedure described above for short period shutdown is followed, but
completed to full cooling of equipment to ambient temperature.
After two hours stripping of catalysts with circulation of hydrogen and make up
hydrogen gas flow through reactor 75-R-01 the temperature is decreased
gradually to 100C at 40C/h.
At temperature of 100C at inlet to reactors 75-R-01, 75-R-02, the firing in
heater 75-F-01 stopped.
The hydrogen recycle gas compressor 75-K-01 A/B remains in operation until
temperature in HDS catalyst beds is below 50C. The hydrogen make up
remains also in operation until the 75-R-01 reactor beds temperature is below
50C.
The HDS reaction section shall be isolated from other section of the unit and
kept under pressure of hydrogen gas, provided that no repair or equipment
opening is required in this section.
Splitter and stabilizer sections are shutdown by closing steam to reboiler. The
air cooled condensers are shutdown and water flow to trim coolers closed
when pressure drops below 2 to 3 Kg/cm2g. The extended period of shutdown
requires to introduce nitrogen to the feed drum 75-V-01, and reflux drums 75-
V-02, 75-V-05 in order to keep equipment under positive pressure.

NOTE: 180oC is the maximum allowable at which hydrogen can be

circulated on the catalyst without any risk of desulfiding.
i.e. (Metal sulfide + H2 ------ H2S + bare metal).

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8.1.6 SHUTDOWN FOLLOWED BY MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION OR CATALYST

UNLOADING
Shutdown for this purpose requires the complete removal of hydrogen and
hydrocarbons from the equipment. The equipment of reaction section must be
purged with nitrogen before admission of air. The equipment involving the splitter
and the stabilizer must be steamed out. The first steps of shut down are the same
as used for long period shutdown described above.
The reaction section of selective hydrogenation reactor and reaction section
of HDS reactor with compressor should be isolated from the remaining
equipment.
a) Selective Hydrogenation Reaction section 75-R-01
The reactor section should be isolated from splitter and feed section at outlet
of SHU feed steam heater 75-E-03 and at inlet line to splitter. The system is
depressurized to the flare system. The remaining pressure should be slightly
above atmospheric pressure to avoid entry of air. The rest of the equipment is
drained and N2 purged.

b) HDS Reaction section 75-R-02

The reaction section should be isolated from the splitter and the stabilizer
section by closing valves on discharge of 75-P-02 A/B pumps, and on
stabilizer inlet line.
The system is depressurized to the flare to a pressure slightly above
atmospheric. The amine solution in 75-C-02 is displaced to the refinery
regenerator before depressurizing this section.
The recycle compressor 75-K-01 A/B is isolated depressurized and purged
with nitrogen.
The block valves on amine absorber are closed. The remaining amine
solution is drained to sewer. The absorber is filled with demineralized water.
The start-up ejector 75-J-01 is lined to the separator drum 75-V-03 outlet line
and gases are evacuated. The system is filled with nitrogen, pressurized,
released to flare and then evacuated by the ejector.

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The repeated operation allows to reach the decrease of hydrogen and

hydrocarbon concentration below the explosive limits. The explosive meter is
used to check the limit at which vessels can be opened for entry of atmospheric
air.
Care should be taken given the fact that catalyst pores retain some
hydrocarbons and some time is needed for their release. The period of time of
1-hour minimum is required to ensure that hydrocarbons are released and
tests show less than 0.5% vol of hydrocarbons.
When the catalyst remains in the reactors and only other parts of equipment
are subject of opening, close the reactor block valves and keep a positive
pressure of nitrogen in the reactors from 0.5 to 0.8 Kg/cm2g.
When catalyst is to be unloaded, the pressure is decreased to atmospheric by
opening the top flange and the catalyst is discharged by catalyst unloading
nozzles.
Before entering any vessel, the testing for explosiveness, H2S content and
oxygen content is mandatory.

c) Splitter and stabilizer sections

All vessels, exchangers and piping are free from hydrocarbons by pumping
and draining to sewer.
The content of splitter bottom sent to off spec tank via stabilizer. The
remaining hydrocarbons in the splitter, reflux drum and piping should be
drained to closed hydrocarbons collecting system.
The stabilizer bottom should be sent to off-spec storage. The remaining liquid
must be drained. Take care not to pass hydrogen.
When all the liquid is drained from the system, temporary steam hoses are
connected to pumps, columns, and drums and steam out operation started.
This operation is usual in refineries and familiar to operators.
After steam out, cooling down the equipment is ready for opening of
manways, dismounting of flange joints, etc. Before entering any vessel, the
testing for explosiveness and hydrogen sulfide presence is mandatory.

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Important notes
1. Entry of personnel to vessels needs particular safety precautions. Vessels
operating in presence of H2S may contain sulfides adhered to the surface of
metal. These sulfides are pyrophoric and may release H2S. The forced
ventilation and permanent supervision is required on vessels subject to work
of personnel inside these vessels.
2. The nitrogen purge does not mean that vessel is ready for entering of
personnel. Nitrogen is suffocating gas leading to death. The vessels must be
fully vented and tested for oxygen content before admission of personnel
entry. The "dead" spaces in vessels such as down comers, separation weirs,
etc. must be considered.

8.2 UNIT RESTART

Any unit restart procedure derives from the first start-up procedure. The unit
status after the shutdown will dictate the point where the general start-up
procedure can be resumed.
For instance during a feed pump shutdown for a short duration, the unit
would be kept on standby with the make-up hydrogen flowing at full capacity, the
heater on and the reactor temperatures slightly lowered. The columns would
have no feed but the reboilers would be on and circulating at lower temperatures.
In this case, the restart procedure would begin at the steam-in step with levels
already in the vessels.
For a long duration shutdown, the unit has been cooled down, the SHU
reaction section filled with gasoline, the HDS reaction section left under pressure
of hydrogen and the columns under a nitrogen pressure.
The restart procedure will include the following steps:
Start the columns at total reflux by admission of steam to reboiler and inert
naphtha via start-up lines.
Re-pressurize the reaction section to the operating pressure.
Start the 75-P-01 A/B pumps and feed the selective hydrogenation section at
60% of normal flow with raw gasoline.

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The 75-E-03 feed steam heater is started by admission of steam.

The gasoline from the SHU reactor is sent to the splitter 75-C-01, the light,
heart cut and heavy FCC gasoline products from the splitter are sent to the
off-spec storage.
The HDS reaction section is started with circulation of hydrogen gas through
the recycle compressor 75-K-01 A/B.
The heater 75-F-01 is put in service and temperature gradually increased up
to 180C.
The Amine absorber, filled with hydrogen, is lined up with other equipment of
the HDS reaction section, and the recycle gas circulated through the
absorber. Start circulation of amine solution.
When the products are on-spec, the splitter and the HDS section can be
connected. The heavy FCC gasoline product from the splitter is routed to the
HDS reacton section and stabilizer section.
When the product is on specification, slowly increase feed flowrate in steps of
5% up to 100%.
Catalyst sulfiding is not necessary if the catalyst has not been regenerated or
exposed to air during the long shutdown.

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SECTION- 9 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

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9.1 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

9.1.1 GENERAL
Emergencies must be recognised and acted upon immediately. The
operators and supervisory personnel should carefully study in advance, and
become thoroughly familiar with, the steps to be taken in such situations. While
some of the emergencies listed in this section may not only result in a unit
shutdown, they could cause serious trouble on the unit if not handled properly. In
addition, damage to the catalyst might occur. In general the objective of the
emergency procedures is to avoid damage to equipment and catalyst.
Hard and fast rules cannot be made to cover all situations, which might arise.
The following outline lists those situations, which might arise and suggested
means of handling the situation.
Emergency shut down by Operators
Loss of feed
Loss of cooling water
Lack of hydrogen make-up
Loss of Amine
Quench pump failure
Fuel gas failure
Steam failure
Instrument air failure
Power Failure
Automatic shut down

9.1.2 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN BY OPERATORS

General
Typically, the following measures must be taken in an emergency situation to
shutdown a reaction unit:
SHU reaction section:
Stop the feed steam heater 75-E-03.
Close the H2 make-up supply.
Shut-off the liquid feed to the reaction section.

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Fully bypass SHU preheat train exchanger 75-E-01 and 75-E-02.

Stop LCN pump 75-P-04A/B
Stop FCC heart cut pump 75-P-05 A/B.
HDS reaction section:
Shut-off the heater 75-F-01.
Stop the feed to the reactor.
If necessary, cool the reactor down through circulation of hydrogen.
When possible, the H2 circulation is maintained.
Otherwise, stop the compressor 75-K-01 A/B.
Close the H2 make-up.
Close the inlet/outlet lines on the Amine absorber.
Close the liquid outlet on the separator 75-V-03.
Close the purge gas on outlet of 75-C-02.
Close water outlet on the separator and BFW feed at upstream of 75-A-03air
cooler.
As a last resort, partial or total depressurization can be used to cool the
reactor down by opening the Emergency Shutdown Push Button on the
separator drum from control room or on site.

This unit is equipped with certain emergency shutdown controls which will
automatically place the unit in a non-hazardous status should a major failure
occur. The actions of the emergency shutdowns are aimed at protecting (a) the
personnel and (b) the catalyst and equipment from heavy coking or serious
damage.
Personnel and equipment protection also results from the following:
Personnel having a satisfactory knowledge of the safe operating and
shutdown procedures.
A compliance with the safety rules in plant construction i.e. safety distances,
adequate orientation etc.
The installation of adequate fire and gas detection devices and fire fighting
equipment.
Adequate operator safety awareness and procedures training.

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Concerning the catalyst preservation, operators must avoid :

An excessive catalyst temperature gain which can change the structure of the
alumina (> 700C). To avoid damaging the catalyst structure, bulk
temperature must never exceed 500C. Note that the design temperature of
the reactor (under design pressure) is much lower.
The presence of hydrocarbons without a sufficient hydrogen quantity which
would result in a rapid coke deposit and the possible agglomeration of catalyst
particles.
The following sections cover most situations operators may have to face
according to Axens' operating experience. All operating personnel must study
and fully understand the steps to be taken in such situations prior to the unit start-
up.
Many of these situations are handled by automatic shutdown trips. These trips
must always be operational, by-passing must be kept to a minimum e.g. during
start-up, transient periods only.
The following procedures include all the actions to be taken by the operator
assuming no action by the automatic devices. Some of the following situations
may end up in an emergency shutdown. If the right and prompt action is taken,
an orderly normal shutdown is possible.

9.1.3 LOSS OF FEED

A loss of feed may be due to feed pump failure with an unexpected delay in
starting the spare pump or, more commonly, from leaks or other difficulties in the
feed line requiring an interruption of the feed. Loss of feed at the gasoline feed
pump is instantaneous and requires immediate action.
SHU section:
If feed is still available to do this operation:
Stop the heater 75-E-03.
Close the H2 make-up supply.
Reduce the unit capacity to 60% of the feed capacity.

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Switch the products to off-spec storage.

Stop the unit feed when the reactor temperature is at least 10C below the
normal temperature.
Close the LCN line (from draw off tray) to storage and stop LCN pump 75-P-
04A/B.
Close the FCC heart cut line (from draw off tray) to storage and stop FCC
heart cut pump 75-P-05A/B.
Allow the splitter to operate on total reflux.

If interruption is to take place for several hours, short shutdown procedure

should be implemented.
When flow to the reactor is re-established, start H2 feed and return to previous
operating temperatures if the feed is shortly recovered.

HDS section:
In case of short period loss of feed to the HDS section,
Maintain H2 circulation.
Allow the stabilizer to operate on total reflux.
When the level in the stabilizer starts to fall, close the valves on the stabilizer
bottom and heavy FCC gasoline line to storage.
Maintain these conditions until feed is available again. Maintain pressure in
the HDS reaction section by hydrogen make-up.

Start-up again from former current reactor operating temperature if the feed is
recovered shortly. If not proceed with the normal shutdown as previously
explained (Refer to section Shutdown of the unit/ Normal shutdown/ Short
duration shutdowns). Do not leave catalyst under a hot hydrogen circulation for
more than 12 hours, unless the H2S content in the recycle is maintained between
100-200 ppm vol. Note also that an increased H2S content while circulating hot
hydrogen would be the sign of a catalyst desulfiding and would require the
cooling down of the catalyst bed.

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9.1.4 LOSS OF COOLING WATER

In case of partial or total cooling water failure, the splitter and stabilizer
overhead will be hotter, and the products to storage will be hotter than normal.
Also, the HDS reactor effluent will be hotter before entering the HDS
separator drum 75-V-03 and vapour phase will be larger leading to a potential
pressure increase of the HDS section.
Reduce the steam flow to the splitter and stabilizer reboiler, 75-E-07/75-E-13
and eventually stop it if the cooling water is not recovered.
Increase the air coolers to their maximum capacity if possible.
Increase vapor purge in HDS section to recover H2 recycle purity as much as
possible.
Route the products to the off-spec storage.

9.1.5 LACK OF HYDROGEN MAKE-UP

The reaction pressure will decrease quickly and if no action is taken, the
catalyst will coke due to hydrogen shortage to saturate the cracked material. The
feed rate has to be decreased rapidly to 50%.
If at 80% of the normal operating pressure, the hydrogen is not restored to
the reaction, the feed has to be cut by stopping the feed until the make-up gas is
back or the normal shutdown procedure should continue.

9.1.6 LOSS OF AMINE

Increase the reactor temperature to achieve the required HDS at a higher
octane loss. The stabilizer operation should be monitored to control the H2S in
the heavy FCC gasoline product.

9.1.7 QUENCH PUMP FAILURE

Reduce the firing of HDS reactor feed heater to maintain HDS reactor inlet
temperature and to maintain the same WABT provided the reactor T is not
excessive. Over temperature may cause the shut down of HDS feed heater 75-F-
01, stopping feed and H2 make-up.

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9.1.8 FUEL GAS FAILURE

The HDS reactor feed heater will shutdown shutdown as well as the reboiling
of the splitter and stabilizer.
Cut raw gasoline feed immediately and proceeds as per loss of feed.
Follow refinery safety practice for isolation of fuel gas system.

9.1.9 STEAM FAILURE

A lack of steam leads to SHU feed steam heater 75-E-03, splitter reboiler 75-
E-07 and stabilizer reboiler 75-E-13 failure.
Cut raw gasoline feed completely, as unstable gasoline product with H2S
cannot be sent to storage.
Follow the same procedure as per loss of feed.

9.1.10 INSTRUMENT AIR FAILURE

The valves take their safe positions according to the fail-open or fail-close
specification. The loss of instrument air pressure is generally slow and there is
time to proceed to a normal shutdown.

9.1.11 POWER FAILURE

It is assumed that all electrical equipment in the unit will shutdown including
air coolers, recycle compressor, and all pumps
The operator shall complete the shutdown procedure with the following actions:
Initiate the I-102 for stopping H2 make up and steam to steam heater 75-E-
03.
Stop heater 75-F-01. Watch the tube skin temperature in heater. If there is an
increasing trend, open the air damper and inject sufficient steam.
Isolation of the feed and make-up gases
Isolation of the product lines by closing control and block valves.
Closing of block valve downstream control valve FV-2901 on stabilizer bottom
outlet line.
Shut-off steam to the reboiler of stabilizer and splitter.

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Maintain pressure in the reaction section. If necessary, inject nitrogen in the

stabilizer to maintain pressure.
There is a potential danger for increased hydrocracking in the reactors which
are idle with no flow of hydrogen to strip the hydrocarbons. If power outage is
suspected for a long duration, depressurize the reaction section to flare.
If the critical equipment is fed by an emergency power supply, the operators
must be familiar with the list of equipment that is able to be restarted
immediately.
In addition, the general philosophy is to restart the equipment in the following
order:
- Air fin cooler
The compressor, in order to resume the hydrogen circulation and cool down
the reactors or to maintain the reactors inlet temperature after restarting the
heater.
The reflux pumps of the column, in order to bring under control the overhead
temperature and pressure.
The remaining electrical equipment is restarted as required by the start-up
procedure.

9.1.12 FIRE OR MAJOR LEAK

The following is only an overview of the steps to be taken during the discovery
of a leak resulting in a fire. This section will be defined in detail by the Unit Owner
and the Engineering Contractor according to the refinery safety philosophies and
will include any safety devices (hardware or software) which may be added
during detailed engineering. The following steps are described from a process
point of view, mainly aimed at avoiding runaway reactions and protecting the
equipment and catalyst.
Shut-off fuel to heater by activating the fuel gas emergency shutdown system
from the control room.
Shutdown the raw gasoline feed pump, close the splitter and stabilizer feed
and block-in.

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Shut-off steam to the reboiler of the splitter and stabilizer, and to the SHU
feed steam 75-E-03.
Isolate the unit: Block the feed, product and hydrogen make-up gas lines.
Isolate the reaction section from the feed, splitter and stabilizer sections.
Depending on the severity of the leak and its location, shutdown the hydrogen
recycle compressor immediately, block-in and depressurize the HDS reaction
section to the flare.
Depressurize the splitter and stabilizer sections to the flare.
Drain all the vessels to the hydrocarbon blowdown.
As the depressurized hot vessels cool down, watch the pressure and inject N2
as necessary to avoid a vacuum.
Nitrogen purging and steam out should be considered for the splitter and
stabilizer circuits.

If a fire has occurred, then all the steps above will be taken while the fire
fighting is taking place. Note, however, that the depressurizing step may be
needed sooner than described above depending upon the gravity of the situation.
If a small leak occurs in the heater, the hydrocarbons will ignite immediately in
this confined area. Open the snuffing steam and the damper (if possible) and
maximize the draft to keep the fire under control within the heater box.
In case of extreme emergency, the reaction section can be depressurized to
the flare, using the quick depressurization valve by actuating HS-2401
emergency shut down push button.

9.1.13 AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN

The actions undertaken in any emergency situation must aim at the following:
Protecting the operators.
Protecting the equipment and the catalyst.
Resulting in a safe situation compatible with an easy restart.

Process vessels, heater, compressors are fitted with switches which actuate
the corresponding devices to avoid damage of equipment in case that operating

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variable exceeds the threshold limits. Hereafter are summarized the causes and
effects for the unit shutdown interlocks. Causes and effects for the equipment
safety interlocks are summarized in the Process Book. Other interlocks have to
be specified by Engineering Contractor or Manufacturer of equipment (heater,
compressor, etc).
In several cases, a number of actions are carried out by the emergency safety
sequences. But operators must always check the satisfactory completion of the
sequence and complement it as described. In addition they must be able to
perform the safety sequence in manual mode, if needed.
A few actions through hand-switches are left to operators judgement, who can
anticipate the automatic action such as reactors depressurization.

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SECTION- 10 TROUBLE SHOOTING

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10.1 TROUBLE SHOOTING

This section offers some guidelines for trouble shooting various problems
that may be encountered over the course of normal operation of the unit and
effects on incoming / out going conditions. The information is given for the
following general subject areas of the unit:

10.1.1 HIGH DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (P) IN THE REACTOR

High pressure drop
This unit is designed for a given maximum reactor pressure drop. During
normal operation the pressure drop will be lower than indicated in the section
1.1.5 of the Process data Book. The reactor pressure drop indicator is transmitted
to the DCS and the trend data will allow the operator to predict when the unit
needs to be shutdown for catalyst skimming.
P is strongly dependent on the feed quality (precursors of coke in the
feed). That is why a special attention to the feed quality must be taken.
The pressure drop of the HDS reactor, is also dependent on the
performance of the selective hydrogenation reactor.
Leak of SHU feed in HDS effluent / HDS feed in HDS effluent / stabilizer
feed in stabilizer bottoms
Since, for these 3 equipments, the fluid with higher sulfur content is at
higher pressure, contamination of the hydrotreated gasoline is possible. When
sulfur shows up in the stabilizer bottoms and all the proper corrective actions
have been taken with no improvement, then it is highly likely that a leak exists in
either the SHU feed/HDS effluent or reactor feed effluent exchangers or stabilizer
feed bottoms exchangers. These leaks can be easily detected through sampling
upstream and downstream.

10.1.2 CHEMICAL H2 CONSUMPTION INCREASE

Hydrogen gas make up to Selective hydrogenation reactor 75-R-01
In normal operation, the H2 supply to the diolefin reactor is under flow ratio
to the feed. Increased H2 consumption may result from excessive olefin

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saturation or higher diolefins content in the feed. Monitoring of the MAV at the
splitter bottom should be used to adjust the make-up H2 rate.

Hydrogen gas make up to HDS reactor 75-R-02

This situation can occur if the olefins content of the feed is higher than
expected, and also if the unit is oversaturating the olefins. The H2 consumption
could be controlled by decreasing the reactor severity without impacting the
product quality.

10.1.3 OCTANE LOSSES

A significant octane loss means a too high olefin hydrogenation in the
reactors. This could be controlled by decreasing the reactor severity.

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SECTION- 11 SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND LABORATORY

ANALYSIS

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11.1 GENERAL
Control tests provide the information to the operating staff for making
necessary adjustments to get the maximum output and on-spec quality
products. The control tests are to be made at all steps to monitor the intermediate
and final products whether or not they are at the desired specification. Samples
are taken and analysed at regular intervals such that the operation of the plant
are monitored and any deviation (from specification will indicate some mal
operation / malfunction of the plant which can be spotted and rectified in time
without undue loss of time and product. Sometimes, samples are taken to find out
the effect of certain changes brought about in the operating conditions. The
samples are to be taken with great care so that the samples are representative
samples. The frequency of sampling, the type of analysis and points where
samples are to be taken are attached as annexure. During guarantee tests some
additional samples can be taken at higher frequencies that is also specified in the
technical procedures prior to test run. The following guidelines should be followed
while collecting samples.

11.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

a) Liquid Sampling Procedure (Non-Flashing Type)

The person taking samples should wear proper or appropriate safety clothing like
face shields, aprons, rubber gloves etc. to protect face, hands and body.
1. Whenever hot samples are taken, check cooling water flow in the sample
cooler is circulating properly.
2. Sample points usually have two valves in series. One gate valve for isolation
(tight shutoff) and other globe valve for regulating the flow. Open gate valves
first and then slowly open the globe valve after properly placing the sample
containers. After the sampling is over, close the globe valve first and then the
gate. Then again open the globe valve and drain the hold up between the
gate and globe valve in case of congealing liquid.
3. Sample valve should be slowly opened, first slightly to check for plugging. If
the plugging is released suddenly, the liquid will escape at a dangerously

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uncontrolled rate. Never tap the line to release the plugging. Call the
maintenance gang to properly unplug the line. In case of congealing type
samples, sample point should be equipped with copper coil type steam tracer.
It should be ensured that steam tracing line is functioning normally.
4. The operator taking the sample should be careful to stand in a position such
that the liquid does not splash on him and he has unobstructed way out from
the sample point in case of accident.
5. While taking dangerous toxic material for sampling, it will act as an observer
for safety. Proper gas mask is to be used. It is advisable to stand opposite to
wind direction in case of volatile toxic liquid.
6. Sample should be collected in clean, dry and stoppered bottle. In case of
congealing samples use clean dry ladle.
7. Rinsing of the bottle should be thorough before actual collection.
8. Before collecting, ensure that the line content has been drained and fresh
sample is coming.
9. Gradually warm up the sample bottle / metallic can by repeated rinsing before
collecting the sample.
10. Stopper the bottle immediately after collection of sample.
11. Attach a tag to the bottle indicating date, time, and name of the product and
tests to be carried out.
12. A few products suffer deterioration with time.

For example, the colour of the heavier distillates slowly deteriorates with time.
So these sampls should be sent to laboratory at the earliest after collection.

1. The samples after collection should be kept away from any source of ignition
to minimise fire hazard.
2. Volatile samples (e.g. naphtha) should be collected in bottles and kept in ice
particularly for some critical test like RVP.

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b) High Pressure Hydrocarbon Liquid Samples (Flashing Type)

The person who is taking sample should use personal protection appliances
like apron, gas mask and hand gloves to protect himself.

1. Ensure that sample bomb is empty, clean and dry.

2. Connect the sample bomb inlet valve to the sample point with a flexible hose.
3. Open the inlet and outlet valves of the sample bomb. Hold the sample bomb.
Hold the sample bomb outlet away from person. Keep face away from
hydrocarbon vapour and stand in such a way that prevalent wind should blow
hydrocarbon vapour away. Open the gate valve of sample point slowly till full
open. Then slowly cracks open the regulating valve. One should be careful at
the time of draining, because chance of icing is there. As a result, the
formation of solid hydrates is a continuing process that leads to the plugging
of valves.
4. When all the air in the hose and bomb are displaced as seen by the
hydrocarbon vapour rising from the outlet of sample bomb close the sample
outlet valve. Allow a little quantity of liquid to spill to make sure that the bomb
is receiving liquid. Frosting will be an indication of liquid spillage.
5. Allow liquid hydrocarbon to fill the bomb. When the bomb is full up to the
specified level, close both the valves on sample point. Close inlet valve on the
sample point.
6. Carefully disconnect the hose from the sample bomb. To allow for some
vapour space in the bomb for thermal expansion in case of overfilling, crack
open the outlet valve of bomb and discharge a small part of the liquid. Close
outlet valve.
7. Closed sampling facilities are provided at some locations where it is not
desirable to waste the costly product or if the material is toxic. For filling the
sampling bomb, pressure drop across a control valve is usually utilised or
across pump discharge & suction. Air is expelled from the bomb after it is
connected to upstream of control valve or pump discharge side. The sample
is then collected and bomb is detached after closing valves on both sides.

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8. Send sample bomb to laboratory for analysis. Protect the bomb from heat
exposure.

c) Gas Sample

For collection of gas sample that are not under high pressure and
temperature, rubber bladders are used. For the operations under vacuum or low
pressure, aspirator is used. For representative sample, purge the bladder 3 to 4
times with the gas and then take t he final sample. Use of 3 ways valve with
bladder / aspirator will facilitate purging and sampling.
Sample bombs are to be used for taking gas samples from high pressure and
high temperature source. Procedure mentioned under high pressure liquid
sampling (flashing type) is to be used.

Sampling method and schedule:

Sr. No. Stream Analyse Method Frequency/day
1 Feed from Distillation ASTM D86 1
FCC1&2 Sp. Gravity ASTM D-1298 1
Sulphur spec IFP 9416 As required
Total sulphur ASTM D-2622 1

2 Cold feed from Mercaptans ASTM D-3227 As required

storage Olefins IFP 0104 / 1
ASTM D1319
Bromine number ASTM D-1159 1
Diene (MAV) IFP 9407 2 per week
3 HDS feed Diolefin content IFP 0104 As required
Existing gum ASTM D-381 As required
Total nitrogen ASTM D4629 As required
RVP NF M 07-007 As required
RON ASTM 2699 1
MON ASTM 2700 1

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4 SHU H2 make up Gas IFP 9603 1

chromatography
5 HDS H2 make up Gas IFP 9603 1
from isom unit chromatography
6 HDS H2 make up Gas IFP 9603 As required
from CCR unit chromatography
7 Effluent 75-R-01 Olefins IFP 0104 / As required
ASTM D1319
Bromine number ASTM D-1159 As required
Diene (MAV) IFP 9407 2 per week
Diolefin content IFP 0104 As required
8 Light FCC Distillation ASTM D86 As required
gasoline Sulphur spec IFP 9416 As required
Sp gravity ASTM D-1298 As required
Total sulphur ASTM D-5453 1

9 FCC heart cut Mercaptans ASTM D-3227 As required

gasoline Olefins IFP 0104 / As required
ASTM D1319
Bromine number ASTM D-1159 1
Diene (MAV) IFP 9407 As required
Diolefin content IFP 0104 As required
RON ASTM 2699 As required
MON ASTM 2700 As required
RVP NF M 07-007 As required
10 Splitter reflux Gas IFP 9603 As required
drum off gas chromatography
11 Stabilizer feed Total sulphur ASTM D-2622 As required
after H2S
washing
Olefins IFP 0104 / As required
ASTM D1319
Bromine number ASTM D-1159 As required
Diene (MAV) IFP 9407 As required

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12 HDS purge gas Gas IFP 9603 As required

chromatography
H2S Dragger tube As required
13 Recycle gas to Gas IFP 9603 As required
amine chromatography
H2S Dragger tube As required
14 Recycle gas from Gas IFP 9603 1
amine chromatography
H2S Dragger tube 1
15 Heavy FCC Distillation ASTM D86 As required
gasoline Sulphur spec IFP 9416 As required
Sp gravity ASTM D-1298 As required
Total sulphur ASTM D-5453 1
Mercaptans ASTM D-3227 As required
Olefins IFP 0104 / As required
ASTM D1319
Bromine number ASTM D-1159 1
Diene (MAV) IFP 9407 As required
Diolefin content IFP 0104 As required
RON ASTM 2699 As required
MON ASTM 2700 As required

16 Stabilizer purge Gas IFP 9603 As required

gas chromatography
H2S Dragger tube As required
17 HDS separator PH ASTM D 1293 As required
sour water

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SECTION- 12 SAFETY PROCEDURE

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12.1 INTRODUCTION
Safety of personnel and equipment is very important. Ignorance of the
details of the unit or the techniques of safe and efficient operation reduces the
margin of safety of personnel and subjects the equipment to more hazardous
conditions. All the operating and maintenance crew therefore must be fully
familiar with the equipment and materials being handled in the unit, and
recognise the hazards involved in handling them and the measures taken to
ensure safe operations.
Since the unit handles with one of the most potential source of fire and
explosion like LPG; therefore adherence of safety rules should be given uphill
importance.

12.2 PLANT SAFETY FEATURES

12.2.1 GENERAL
Safety is the first consideration for all operations in the plant. Procedures,
practices, and rules have been established as guides to assure a safe working
environment. Safety also plays a major role in the efficient operation of the
refinery facilities.
This section is prepared to reemphasize the plant safety incorporated in the
unit and equipment design.
12.2.2 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN
The emergency shutdown is already described
These different shutdowns are completed by different trips to protect the main
equipment and to prevent any misoperation. Alarms always precede these trips,
they allow operators to have corrective actions before the automatic shutdown.
12.2.3 OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION
Over pressure of equipment occurs in many ways. The basic reason of
overpressure is imbalance in heat and material flow in one or more equipment.
Pressure relief valves have been installed after careful evaluation of conceivable
of overpressure sources.

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12.2.4 SAFETY SHOWER AND EYE WASH

Safety shower and eye wash stations are located in the chemical handling areas.
12.2.5 OPERATIONAL SAFETY STATIONS
The safety rules and instructions also emphasise safety hazards. Safe
behaviour, practices and habits are necessary for safe and efficient operation of
the unit.
12.2.6 HIGH PRESSURE
On high-pressure lines, extreme caution must be taken when opening any
sample or bleed valve. Improper opening or shut-off of some valves on
interconnecting lines may result in exceeding pressure limits on vessels,
exchangers, valves and lines.
Improper isolation of lines vessels, exchangers, pumps may result in very
high pressure due to thermal expansion of a liquid enclosed inside.

12.2.7 REACTOR PROTECTION

Manufacturer of the reactors provides the following information necessary for
the operation:
Pressure versus temperature diagram,
Rate of temperature increases and decreases,
Rate of pressurizing and depressurizing the reactor,
Risk of polythionic acids corrosion.

12.2.8 PERSONNEL PROTECTION

The refinery personnel has to be aware of the different materials involved in
the process: dangerous or toxic materials. Any chemical used in the plant should
have its toxicity recorded and the first aid labeled.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a flammable gas, which in concentrations from 4.1 to 74%
volume in air is explosive.Care must be taken to purge the air out of the unit as
required before start-up and to purge hydrogen of the unit for shutdown.Tightness
tests are to be made before all start-ups on every vessel containing or likely to
contain hydrogen.

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Operators must continually inspect each equipment and flanges for leaks.
All leaks require immediate action. The pressure reduction results in heating of
hydrogen contrary to hydrocarbons, or other gases which are cooled down
(Joule-Thomson effect). When heated above its ignition temperature by pressure
release from high pressure the hydrogen gas starts to burn in presence of air.

Hydrogen sulfide H2S

a) Physical properties
Physical state : gas
Color: : colorless
Boiling point : -79.2F (-61.8C)
Melting point : -117.2F (-82.9C)
Molecular weight : 34.08
Specific gravity/air : 1.189

b) Chemical and hazardous properties

Hydrogen sulfide is one of the most dangerous material handled in oil
industry. Two types of hazards must be taken into account: explosive nature,
extreme toxicity when mixed with air or sulfur dioxide.
The maximum safe concentration of hydrogen sulfide is about 13 ppm.
Although at first this concentration can be readily recognized by its odor,
hydrogen sulfide may partially paralyze the olfactory nerves to the point at which
the presence of the gas is no longer sensed.
Therefore, though the odor of the gas is strongly unpleasant, it is neither a
reliable safeguard nor a warning against its poisonous effects. Hydrogen sulfide
in its toxic action, attacks nerve centers. Early symptoms of poisoning are slight
headache, burning of eyes and clouded vision. A concentration of 100 ppm of
hydrogen sulfide in air causes coughing, irritation and loss of smell after 2-15
minutes and drowsiness after 15-30 minutes.

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A concentration of 1000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide in air can make person

suddenly unconscious with early cessation of respiration and death in a few
minutes.
Hydrogen sulfide is a combustible material and, when mixed with air or
sulfur dioxide, may be explosive. It is essential, therefore, to avoid such mixtures
in the processing of hydrogen sulfide. The explosive range of hydrogen sulfide in
air is from 4.5-45%. The ignition temperature of such mixtures is around 250C.
Some precautions against poisoning to be taken in working with hydrogen
sulfide are:
Closed in areas should be well ventilated preferably with forced draft.
Equipment containing hydrogen sulfide should be tightly sealed. Any leaks
should be repaired immediately.
At seals or stuffing boxes where leaks might occur during normal operation,
means should be provided for venting the escape gas to a safe location.
Vessels should be purged of hydrogen sulfide before being opened.
Masks furnishing purge air should be worn by personnel who are likely to be
exposed to the gas.
Personnel who may be exposed to even low concentrations of this gas should
frequently retire to areas of fresh air.
As a good safety measure, personnel should learn to recognize the early
symptoms of hydrogen sulfide poisoning.

c) Detection of hydrogen sulfide

A simple test with lead acetate solution on white paper will detect the
presence of hydrogen sulfide. Depending on the concentration the paper will turn
yellow or brown.
Adequate Dragger tubes can be used in the same way.

d) Personal protection
Gas mask of appropriate type or positive air mask should be used.

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e) First aid
A person unconscious in an atmosphere which may be contaminated with
hydrogen sulfide should be assumed to have hydrogen sulfide poisoning. This is
a serious medical emergency and requires immediate attention. The affected
individual should be immediately removed to a clean atmosphere, so that
rescuers are not also exposed to hydrogen sulfide. Artificial respiration should be
resorted immediately, if necessary, and the victim should be kept warm and at
rest.
DMDS
The material safety data sheet must be obtained from the
manufacturer/supplier.
Catalysts
The material safety data sheets for HR 845, HR 806, HR 841, ACT 065, ACT 077
and ceramic balls are attached in Attachment

12.3 SAFETY OF PERSONNEL

General safety rules, which shall be practised and enforces for all personnel
who enter the unit, are summarised below:
1. Safety helmets and boots shall be worn by all personnel at all times in the plant.
They may be removed when inside rooms or buildings that do not have
overhead or other hazards.
2. Smoking shall be permitted only in specified areas, which are clad as non-
hazardous and are pressurized through a ventilation system. Failure of the
ventilation system automatically cancels the smoking privilege until the system is
repaired, inspected and authorised operation.
3. Each employees assigned to work in the unit shall know where the safety and
fire suppression equipment is located and how to operate this equipment.
4. Safety glasses, goggles or face shields shall be worn while performing work,
which could result in eye or face injury.
5. Operations personnel golden rule
Do not open or close any valve without first determining the effect.
6. Maintenance personnel golden rule:

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Treat each piece of equipment or piping as if it is under pressure.

12.4 WORK PERMIT PROCEDURE

The appropriate operations group must issue a work permit system before
commencing any maintenance work affecting the operation of the unit. The work
permit is issued for Hot and Cold work. The Hot work permit must include as
a minimum, a precise description and mode of execution of Hot works, the
equipment to be used, the expected time which Hot works is scheduled to start
and expected completion, an exact location of the Hot works and precautions
to be taken.
Unit areas are generally identified as hazardous areas as far as the threat of
fire is concerned. Therefore, in order to carryout works within these areas, a
written work permit is required. The work permit, when approved, indicates that a
specific work can be carried out in safe conditions provided that all safety
precautions are observed.

a) Permit for Hot work

Permits of hot works are required for any work involving the use of or
generation of heat sufficient to ignite flammable substances.
Typical sources of ignition are:
Electric and gas welding
Any machine capable of producing a spark
Not explosion-proof electrical equipment
Internal combustion engines
Ferrous tools, both hand operated and pneumatic or other type

b) Permit for Cold-Work

Permits for cold-work are required for any work not involving the use of a local
ignition source.

Typical examples of cold work are:

Disconnecting of lines for the insertion of blinds, etc

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Opening of any equipment such as vessels, filters, etc.

c) Entry permits
Entry permits are required for entering enclosed spaces such as vessels,
sewer, pits, trenches, etc.
The use of any tool or machinery, which could provide a source of ignition, is
forbidden. Also, prior to entry it should be ensured that area is well ventilated and
the oxygen content in air is about 21% by volume. A fresh airflow to be ensured
in the enclosed space through out the duration of work. A gas test for H2S and
flammable gases should also be performed before entry. A person should also be
on alert outside the enclosed space for rescue in case of emergency. Procedure
for carrying out work and rescue plan shall be formulated before commencement
of work.

d) Guidelines for release of permits

The equipment item, on which works have to be carried out, shall be clearly
indicated. During the shutdown of any system, permits covering the whole
section with above-mentioned item shall be issued, if possible. The type of
work permitted shall be clearly indicated.
The date and the period of validity of the permit shall also be indicated. If the
work does not get over within the period of validity of the permit, the permit
can be extended provided that, at each start of the works the safety conditions
are checked again and signed by the operator in-charge and by safety officer.
Beyond this extended period, a next permit will have to be issued. The
explosiveness test and the check of toxic gases shall be performed always at
the last moment before each start of the work and subsequently every time
the work is resumed or whenever doubts arise.
The validity of the permit can be cancelled at any moment by the operator or
by safety officer in case they deem that the conditions are not safe.
The conditions to be complied with shall include special precautions, such as
the use of protective clothing, breathing apparatus, safety equipment and the
tools to be used etc.

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No one shall be allowed to enter the vessel or other enclosed spaces without
suitable protective clothing until the vessels or the enclosed spaces become
safe for entry by means of proper isolation, proper ventilation and suitable
check of the atmosphere inside and availability of rescue person outside the
enclosed equipment.
If welding or hot work is to be done ensure that
Fire fighting system is ready
Close the neighbouring surface drains with wet gunny bags
Keep water flowing in the neighbouring area to cool down any spark.
Responsible operation supervisor should be present at the place of hot work
till the first torch is lighted.

12.5 PREPARATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR MAINTENANCE

a) Process Equipment: Towers, Vessels etc.

Before opening any equipment, it should be purged to render the internal
atmosphere non-explosive and breathable. Operations to be carried out are: -
Isolation with valves and blinds.
Draining and depressurisation.
Replacement of vapours or gas by steam, water or inert gas.
Take care about instrument tapping.
Washing of towers and vessels with water.
Ventilation of equipment.
Opening of top manhole.
Testing of inside atmosphere with explosive meter.
Complete opening if inside atmosphere is satisfactory.
Analyse the atmosphere inside for O2 content and any poisonous gas.

Note:Open a vent on the upper part of the vessel to allow gases to escape during
filling and to allow air inside the vessel during draining. Ensure proper ventilation
inside the vessel by opening all manholes. For hydrocarbon or other gases,

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pressurise the vessel with N2 or gas and fill in the liquid and drain under pressure.
This is to avoid hydrocarbon going to atmosphere.

b) Precautions Before Handing Over Equipment

A responsible operating supervisor should check following items before
equipment is handed over for maintenance after it has been purged.
Assure that equipment is isolated by proper valves and blinds.
Ascertain that there is no pressure of hydrocarbons in the lines, vessels and
equipment.
Purge the system with N2 first and later by air and check for O2 content at vent
and drain to ensure that the vessel is full of air.
Check that steam injection lines and any inert line connections are
disconnected or isolated from the equipment.
Provide tags on the various blinds to avoid mistakes. Maintain a register for
blinds.
Check for pyrophoric iron and if existing, keep this wet with water.
Keep the surrounding area cleaned up.
Get explosive meter test done in vessels, lines, equipment and surrounding
areas.

If welding or hot work is to be done, also:

Keep fire-fighting devices ready for use nearby.
Close the neighbouring surface drains with wet gunny bags.
Keep water flowing in the neighbouring area to cool down any spark bits etc.
Keep stem lancers ready for use.

After the above operations have been made, a safety permit should be
issued for carrying out the work. A responsible operating supervisor should be
personally present at the place of hot work till the first torch is lighted. Hot work
should be immediately suspended if instructed by the supervisor or on detecting
any unsafe condition.

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When people have to enter a vessel for inspection or other work, one
person should stand outside near the manhole of the vessel for any help needed
by the persons working inside. The person entering the vessel should have tied
on his waist a rope to enable pulling him out in case of urgency. Detail procedure
for preparation for vessel entry is given in next sub-section.

12.6 PREPARATION FOR VESSEL ENTRY

12.6.1 GENERAL PROCEDURE
Whenever a Licenser technical advisor must enter a vessel a meeting
should be arranged between Licenser and the plant personnel who will be
involved. The meeting should include review of the Licenser vessel entry
procedures, the refiners safety requirements and facilities, preparation of a
vessel entry schedule, assignment of responsibility for the preparation of a blind
list, and assignment of responsibility for the vessel entry permits.
The most common tasks of a Licenser technical advisor that requires
potentially hazardous vessel entry are:
Unit Checkout Prior to Start-up
Turnaround Inspections
Vessel internals
The precautions apply equally to entry into all forms of vessels, including
enclosed areas, which might not normally be considered vessels.
Positive Vessel Isolation
Every line connecting to a nozzle on the vessel to be entered must be
blinded at the vessel. This includes drains connecting to a closed sewer, utility
connections and all process lines. The location of each blind should be marked
on a master piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID), each blind should be
tagged with a number and a list of all blinds and their locations should be
maintained. One person should be given responsibility for the all blinds in the
unit to avoid errors.
The area around the vessel man ways should also be surveyed for possible
sources of dangerous gases that might enter the vessel while the person is
inside. Examples include acetylene cylinders for welding and process vent or

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drain connections in the same or adjoining units. Any hazards found in the
survey should be isolated or removed.

Vessel Access
Safe access must be provided both to the exterior and interior of the vessel
to be entered. The exterior access should be a solid, permanent ladder and
platform or scaffolding strong enough to support the people and equipment that
will be involved in the work to be performed.
Access to the interior should also the strong and solid. Scaffolding is
preferred when the vessel is large enough to permit it to be sued. The
scaffolding base should rest firmly on the bottom of the vessel and be solidly
encored. If the scaffolding is tall, the scaffolding should be supported in several
places to prevent sway. The platform boards should be sturdy and capable of
supporting several people and equipment at the same time and also be firmly
fastened down. Rungs should be provided on the scaffolding spaced at a
comfortable distance for climbing on the structure.
If scaffolding will not fit in the vessel a ladder can be used. A rigid ladder is
always preferred over a rope ladder and is essential to avoid fatigue during
lengthy periods of work inside a vessel. The bottom and top of the ladder should
be solidly anchored. If additional support is available, then the ladder should also
be anchored at intermediate locations. When possible, a solid support should
pass through the ladder under a rung, thereby providing support for the entire
weight should the bottom support fail. Only one person at a time should be
allowed on the ladder.
When a rope ladder is used, the ropes should be thoroughly inspected prior
to each new job. All rungs should be tested for strength, whether they are made
of metal or wood. Each rope must be individually secured to an immovable
support. If possible, a solid support should pass through the ladder so that a
rung can help support the weight and the bottom of the ladder should be fastened
to a support to prevent the ladder from swinging. As with the rigid ladder, only
one person should climb the ladder at a time.

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Wearing of a Safety Harness

Any person entering a vessel should wear a safety harness with an
attached safety line. The harness should be strong and fastened in such a
manner that it can prevent a fall in the event the man slips and so that it can be
used to extricate the man from the vessel in the event he encounters difficulty. A
parachute type harness is preferred over a belt because it allows an unconscious
person to be lifted from the shoulders, making it easier to remove him from a tight
place such as an internal man way.
A minimum of one harness for each person entering the vessel and at least
one spare harness for the people watching the man way should be provided at
the vessel entry.
Providing a Man way Watch
Before a person enters a vessel, there should be a minimum of two people
available outside of the vessel, one of who should be specifically assigned
responsibility to observe the activity of the people inside of the vessel. The other
person must remain available in close proximity to the person watching the man
way so that he can assist or go for help, if necessary. He must also be alert for
events outside of the vessel, which might require the people inside to come out of
the vessel, for example, a nearby leak or fire. These people should not leave
their post until the people inside have safely evacuated the vessel.
A communication system should be provided for the man way watch so that
they can quickly call for help in the event that the personnel inside of the vessel
encounter difficulty. A radio, telephone, or public address system is necessary
for that purpose.

Providing Fresh Air

The vessel must be purged completely free of any noxious or poisonous
gases and inventoried with fresh air before permitting anyone to enter. The
responsible department, usually the safety department, must test the atmosphere
within the vessel for toxic gases, oxygen and explosive gases before entry. This
must be repeated every 4 hours while there are people inside the vessel. When
possible the Licenser technical advisor should personally witness the test

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procedure. Each point of entry and any dead areas inside of the vessel, such as
receiver boots or areas behind internal baffles, where there is little air circulation
should be checked.
Fresh air can be circulated through the vessel suing an air mover, a fan, or,
for the cases where moisture is ca concern, the vessel can be purged using dry
certified instrument air from a hose or hard piped connection. When an air mover
is used, make certain that the gas driver uses plant air, not nitrogen, and direct
the exhaust of the driver out of the vessel to guarantee that this gas does not
enter the vessel. When instrument air is used, the Licenser technical adviser
must confirm the checking of the supply header to ensure that it is properly lined
up. It should be confirmed that there are no connections where nitrogen can enter
the system (Sometimes nitrogen improperly used as a backup for instrument air
by some refiners). The fresh air purge should be continued throughout the time
that people are inside of the vessel. The responsible control room should be
informed that instrument air is being used for breathing so that if a change to
nitrogen is required the people are removed from the affected vessel.
A minimum of one fresh air mask for each person entering the vessel and at
least one spare mask for the Manway watcher should be provided at the vessel
entry. These masks should completely cover the face, including the eyes, and
have a second seal around the mouth and nose. When use of the mask is
required, it must first be donned outside of the vessel where it is easy to render
assistance in order to confirm that the air supply is safe. Each mask must have a
backup air supply that is completely independent of the main supply. It must also
be independent of electrical power. This supply is typically a small, certified
cylinder fastened to the safety harness and connected to the main supply line via
a special regulator that activates when the air pressure to the mask drops below
normal. The auxiliary supply should have an alarm, which alerts the user that he
is on backup supply and it should be sufficiently large to give the user 5 minutes
to escape from danger.

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12.6.2 PREPARATION OF VESSEL ENTRY PERMIT

Before entering the vessel a vessel entry permit must be obtained. A vessel
entry permit ensures that all responsible parties know that work is being
conducted inside of a vessel and establishes a safe preparation procedure to
follow in order to prevent mistakes, which could result in an accident. The permit
is typically issued by the safety engineer or by the shift supervisor. The permit
should be based on a safety checklist to be completed before it is issued. The
permit should also require the signatures of the safety engineer, the shift
supervisor, and the person that performed the oxygen toxic and explosive gas
check on the vessel atmosphere. Four copies of the permit should be provided.
One copy goes to the safety engineer, one to the shift supervisor, one to the
control room, and one copy should be posted prominently on the man way
through which the personnel will enter the vessel. The permit should be renewed
before each shift and all copies of the permit should be returned to the safety
engineer when the work is complete. The refiner may impose additional
requirements or procedures, but the foregoing is considered the minimum
acceptable for good safety practice.

12.6.3 CHECKOUT PRIOR TO NEW UNIT START-UP

The risk of exposure to hydrocarbon, toxic or poisonous gases, and catalyst
dust is low during a new unit checkout; the primary danger is nitrogen. There will
be pressure testing, line flushing, hydro testing, and possibly chemical cleaning
being conducted in the unit and nitrogen may be used during any of these
activities. Some of the equipment may have been inventoried with nitrogen to
protect the internals from corrosion. An additional hazard is imposed by
operations in other parts of the plant, which may be beyond the control of the
people entering the vessel. For these reasons vessel entry procedures must still
be rigorously followed during the checkout of a new unit.
The oxygen content of the atmosphere inside of the vessel should be
checked before every entry and the vessel should be blinded. Independent
blinds at each vessel nozzle are preferred. However, in the event that many
vessels are to be entered in a new unit, which is separate from the rest of the

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plant, the entire unit can be isolated by installing blinds at the battery limits rather
than by individually isolating every vessel nozzle.

12.6.4 INSPECTIONS DURING TURNAROUNDS

In turnaround inspections, the possibility that vessels will contain dangerous
gases is much higher. Equipment that has been in service must be thoroughly
purged before entry. The vessel should have been steamed out unless steam
presents a hazard o the internals and then fresh airs circulated through it until all
traces of hydrocarbons are gone. If liquid hydrocarbon remains or if odours
persist afterwards, repeat the purging procedure until the vessel is clean. The
service history of the vessel must also be investigated before entry so that
appropriate precautions may be taken. The service may require a neutralisation
step or a special cleaning step to make the vessel safe. Internal scale can trap
poisonous gases such as hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen fluoride that may be
released when the scale is disturbed. If this sort of danger is present, fresh air
masks and protective clothing may be required to worn while working inside of
the equipment.
In a turnaround inspection, every vessel nozzle must be blinded at the
vessel with absolutely no exceptions. There will always be process material at
the low and high points in the lines connecting to the vessel because it is not
possible to purge them completely clean. The blinds must all be in place before
the vessel is purged.
Another factor to be cautious of, especially if entering a vessel immediately
after the unit has been shut down, is heat stress. The internals of the vessels
can still be very hot from the steam-out procedure or from operations prior to the
shutdown. If that is the case, the period of time spent working inside of the
vessel should be limited and frequent breaks should be taken outside of the
vessel.

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12.7 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

The operating personnel should be fully conversant with Fire fighting system
provided in the unit. All of them should have adequate fire fighting training and
will serve as an auxiliary Fire Squad in the event of a fire breakout. It will be the
primary responsibility of unit personnel to fight the fire at the very initial stage
and, at the least, localise it.
Major Fire fighting facilities provided in the unit comprising the following:

a) Fire Water System

Water is most important fire fighting medium. Water is used to extinguish the
fire, control, equipment cooling & exposure protection of equipment/personnel
from heat radiation.
An elaborate firewater distribution network is provided around unit. Firewater
Hydrants/Monitors are provided around unit, which give coverage to most of
equipment.

b) Foam System
For containing large Hydrocarbon fires, foam systems are useful. They
have inherent blanketing ability, heat resistance and security against burn back.
Low expansion foam is used for hydrocarbon oil fire.
Foam can be applied over burning oil pool with the help of foam tenders/foam
delivery system.

c) Portable Fire Extinguishers

Fire should be killed at the incipient stage. Portable fire extinguishers are
very useful in fighting small fires. All extinguishers in the unit must be located in
specified places only. The operating crew should be acquainted with exact
location of the extinguishers. They also must know most suitable type, which,
when and how to use an extinguisher. For example, electrical fires should be put
out with CO2 or dry power extinguishers; water and foam should not be used.
The used extinguishers should be checked and restored by fire station personnel.

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d) Fire Signal
Break Glasses have been provided at strategic locations of unit to see fire
alarm in fire station. If a fire is sighted, glass of window should be smashed,
causing fire alarm switch to actuate. This is an emergency call & should be
periodically tested for proper functioning.
e) Steam Smothering
LP Steam hose connections have been provided at every convenient point
inside unit. Steam lances of standard 15M length can be fitted with these hose
stations. Wherever hydrocarbon leakage is detected which is likely to catch fire,
Steam blanketing may be done. Apart from diluting combustible Hydrocarbons,
steam prevents atmospheric oxygen from taking part in combustion & thus help in
extinguishing fire. However, steam should never be applied on large pool of
hydrocarbon fire. Direct application of steam on burning oil may result in spillage
of burning hydrocarbon & spread of fire. Similarly use of firewater on hot oil
surfaces may cause sputtering & spread of fire.

12.7.1 USE OF LIFE SAVING DEVICE

Safety of the personnel should the prime concern. Life saving device is to
be used for personnel protection. Important life saving devices which are required
to be used are given below:
Head protection:
Safety helmets shall be worn by all personnel at all times in the plant for
protection of the head. They may be removed when inside rooms or buildings
that do not have overhead or other hazards.
Eye and face protection
Safety glasses, goggles or face shields shall be worn while performing work,
which could result in eye or face injury.
Hand Protection
Proper hand protective gloves should be worn.

Foot protection
Safety shoes are to be worn for foot protection.

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Ear protection
Whenever persons are required to be work in noisy areas proper ear protection
device such as earplug etc, is to be used.

Breathing apparatus
Whenever persons are required to work or enter an area of high
toxic/aromatic/hydrocarbon vapour concentration, wear appropriate respiratory
protection, such as self-contained breathing apparatus or an air mask with an
external air supply.

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SECTION- 13 GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR

EQUIPMENT

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13.1 GENERAL
This section covers the general procedure for operation and trouble
shooting of commonly used equipment like pumps, heat exchangers and furnace
etc. For specific information and more detail refer to vendor's manuals.

13.2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Start-up
Inspect and see if all the mechanical jobs are completed.
Establish cooling water flow where there is such provision. Also open steam
for seal quenching in pumps having such facilities.
Check oil level in the bearing housing, flushing may be necessary if oil is dirty
or contains some foreign material.
Rotate the shaft by hand to ensure that it is free and coupling is secure.
Coupling guard should be in position and secured properly.
Open suction valve. Ensure that the casing is full of liquid. Bleed, if necessary,
from the bleeder valve.
Energise the motor. Start the pump and check the direction of rotation. Rectify
the direction of rotation if it is not right.
Check the discharge pressure. Bleed if necessary to avoid vapour locking.
Open the discharge valve slowly. Keep watch on the current drawn by the
motor, if ammeter is provided. In other cases check at motor control centre.

In some pumps a by-pass has been provided across the check valve and
discharge valve to keep the idle pump hot. In such pumps, the by-pass valve
should be closed before starting the pump. It should be ensured that casing of
these pumps are heated up sufficiently prior to starting of the pump to guard
against damage of the equipment and associated piping due to thermal shock.

Shutdown
Close discharge valve fully.
Stop the pump

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a) If pump is going to remain as standby and has provision for keeping the pump
hot, proceed as follows:
Open the valve in the by-pass line across the discharge valve and check
valve.
The circulation rate should not be so high to cause reverse rotation of idle
pump and also overloading of the running pump.
b) If pump is to be prepared for maintenance, proceed as follows:
Close suction and discharge valves.
Close valve on check valve by-pass line, if provided.
Close cooling water to bearing, if provided. Also shut off steam for seal
quenching, if provided.
Slowly open pump bleeder and drain liquid from pump if the liquid is very hot
allow sufficient time before draining is started. Ensure that there is no
pressure in the pump. Also drain pump casing.
Blind suction and discharge and check valve by-pass line and flare connection
if any.
Cut-off electrical supply to pump motor prior to handling over for maintenance.

Trouble Shooting
a) Pump not developing pressure
Bleed to expel vapour/air
Check the lining up in the suction side.
Check the suction strainer.
Check the liquid level from where the pump is taking the suction the suction.
Check pump coupling and rotation.
Get the pump checked by a technician.

b) Unusual Noise
Check the coupling guard if it is touching.
Check for proper fixing of fan and fan cover.
Check for pump cavitations.
Get the pump checked by a technician.

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c) Rise of Bearing Temperature

Generally the bearing oil temperature up-to 800C or 500C above ambient
whichever is lower, can be tolerated.
Arrange lubrication if bearing is running dry or oil level is low.
Adjust cooling water to the bearing housing, if there is such provision.
Stop the pump, if temperature is too high, call the pump technician.

d) Hot Gland
Adjust cooling water if facility exists.
Slightly loosen the gland nut, if possible.
Stop the pump and hand over to maintenance.
Arrange external cooling if pump has to be run for sometime.

e) Unusual Vibration
Check the foundation bolts.
Check the fan cover for looseness.
Stop the pump and hand over to maintenance.

f) Leaky Gland
Check the pump discharge pressure.
Tighten the gland nut slowly, if possible.
Prepare the pump for gland packing or adjustment/replacement of mechanical
seal as the case may be.

g) Mechanical Seal Leak

Stop and isolate the pump and hand over to maintenance.

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13.3 HEAT EXCHANGERS

13.3.1 GENERAL
The unit has a number of heat exchangers, air coolers. Suitable valves for
bypassing and isolation were provided wherever necessary to offer the required
operational flexibility.
The exchangers have been provided with draining and flushing connections.
The coolers and condensers have been provided with TSV's on the cooling
waterside to guard against possible rise of pressure due to faulty operations with
the safety release to atmosphere. Temperature gauges or Thermowells have
been provided at the inlet and outlet of exchangers. Where water is the cooling
medium, no temperature measurement is provided for water inlet temperature,
which is the same as cooling water supply header temperature.

13.3.2 AIR COOLERS

Air coolers/condensers comprise of a fin tube assembly running parallel

between the inlet and outlet headers. These are of the forced draft type. The
forced draft fans provided have auto variable speed rotors in which the fan
speeds are adjusted during rotation. This allows variation in airflow as per the
cooling requirements. A high vibration switch is provided with alarm to indicate
any mechanical damage.

13.3.3 EXCHANGERS
Shell and Tube type heat exchangers can be broadly classified into following types:
Water Coolers/condensers
Steam heaters (Reboiler)
Exchangers
Start-up/shut down procedures for each unit shall vary slightly from case to case.
However, general start-up/shut-down procedures are discussed in the following
paragraphs.

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START-UP
After the heat exchanger has been pressure tested and all blinds removed,
proceed as follows:
Open cooling medium vent valve to displace non-condensable (air, fuel gas,
inert gas etc.) from the system. Ensure the drain valves are capped. For high-
pressure system, drain valves should be flanged. This activity is not required if
gas is the medium.
Open cooling medium inlet valve. Close vent valve when liquid starts coming
out through it, then open cold medium outlet valve and fully open the inlet
valve also. Where cold medium is also hot, warming up of cold medium side
gradually is also essential.
Open hot medium side vent valve to displace non-condensable (air, fuel inert
gas etc.). Check that the drain is closed and capped. This activity is not
required if gas is the medium.
Crack open hot medium inlet valve. When liquid starts coming out from the
vent valve, close it. Open hot medium inlet valve and then open the outlet
valve fully. In case of steam heaters, initially the condensate shall be drained
to sewer till pressure in the system builds up to a level where it can be lined
up to the return condensate header.
In case by passes are provided across shells and tube side, gradually close
the bypass on the cold medium side and then the bypass across the hot
medium side.
Check for normal inlet and outlet temperatures. Check that TSVs are not
popping.
The operation of inlet and outlet valves should be done carefully ensuring that
the exchangers are not subjected to thermal shock.
In case of coolers/condensers, adjust the water flow to maintain the required
temperature at the outlet.
For avoiding fouling, velocity of water should be at least 1 m/sec in a
cooler/condenser.

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Shutdown
Shut down of an exchanger, coolers, condenser is considered when the equipment
is to be isolated for handling over to maintenance while the main plant is in
operation. The following is the suggested procedure for isolation of the piece of
equipment
Isolate the hot medium first. In case both hot and cold medium are from
process streams, exchanger shall remain in service till the hot stream has
cooled down enough.
In case of a cooler, adjust cooling water flow to the cooler, which is in line so that
product temperature is within allowable unit.
Isolate the cold medium next.
Drain out the shell and tube sides to OWS/Sewer/Closed blow down system as
applicable. In case flushing oil connection is given flush the exchanger to CBD.
Ensure that the CBD drum has sufficient usage to receive the flushing of the
exchanger
Depressurise the system to atmosphere/flare/blow down system as applicable.
Purge/flush if required. This is particularly important in congealing services.
Blind inlet and outlet lines before handing over the equipment for maintenance.

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