Reprinted from Geotechnique, 1954, 4, 143-147

THE PORE-PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS A AND B

by
A. W. SKEMPTON, D . S C , A.M.I.C.E.

SYNOPSIS
In a number of problems involving the undrained Pour un certain nombre de problemes compor-
shear strength of soils (especially in the design of tant la resistance au cisaillement a teneur en eau
constante des sols (en particulier, pour le calcul des
earth dams) the change in pore pressure Au occurring barrages en terre), il est necessaire de connaitre les
under changes in total stresses must be known. changements dans la pression interstitielle Au qui se
The equation Au = B[Aa3 -f- A(Ao1 Aa3)~\ is produisent lors des changements dans les contraintes
derived, and some typical values of the experi- totales. L'equation Au = B[Aa3 + A(AG1 Aa3)] est
mentally determined pore-pressure coefficients A derivee et certaines valeurs typiques des coefficients
A et B de pression interstitielle obtenues experi-
and B are given. Some practical applications of mentalement sont donnees dans cet article. Certaines
these coefficients have been outlined by Bishop applications pratiques de ces coefficients ont ete
(1954). exposees par Bishop (1954).
INTRODUCTION
In problems concerning the undrained shear strength of soils, it has been found convenient
to express the pore-pressure change Au, which occurs under changes in the principal stresses
Aa1 and AaS) by the following equation:
Au = B[ACT3 + A{AG1-AG^)})
where A and B are " pore-pressure coefficients." These coefficients are measured experi-
mentally in the undrained triaxial test, and the values of Aa and Aa2 are, in general, chosen
to represent the changes in principal stress occurring in the practical problem under
consideration.
If the sample in the test, or if an element of soil in the ground or in an earth dam, is
originally in equilibrium under an all-round * effective pressure p (which may in certain cases
be close to zero), then the application of
the stresses Aux and Aaz can be considered
as taking place in two stages (see Fig. 1).
f t
Jo-, -Ac

=
Firstly, the element is subjected to an *p

equal all-round increment Aa3 and, sec-

Undrained
ondly, it is subjected to a de viator stress test Aua JM = Aua -f JM
{Aa1 AOS). Corresponding to each of Drained
these stages there will be pore-pressure test AVd
changes Aua and Aud, where: Fig. 1
Au = Aua + Au^

THE COEFFICIENT B
The relation between Aua and J a 3 for a typical test on a partially saturated soil is shown
in Fig. 2 (a). The increase in effective stress in the test is :
Aa' = Aa3 Aua
and, if Cc is the compressibility of the soil structure, then the volume change is :
AVc=-Cc.V(Aas-Aua),
where V is the original volume of the sample. And, if Cv is the compressibility of the fluid
(air and water) in the voids and if n is the porosity of the soil, then the change in volume in
the void space is :
= -Cv.nV.Aua.
* The all-round pressure condition is assumed for simplicity of presentation. The case of an element
consolidated under p and Kp can also be treated by the pore-pressure coefficients.
66 SELECTED PAPERS ON SOIL MECHANICS

50 Ib /sq.in.
1 PJer
PI , 2
LLJ7
/
Prc
>Ct
r { y d = 136 Ib/cu.ft /
C

F -*
Opt

20 40 60 80 100 120 U0
0
6S 70 75 30 85
I 90 9S 100
CELL PRESSURE Aa (lb/sq.m) DEGREE OF SATURATION (per cent)

Fig. 2
But these two changes in volume are identical and, hence,

Now, in saturated soils (zero air voids), CvjCc is approximately equal to zero, since the
compressibility of water is negligible compared with that of the soil structure. Consequently,
for such soils,
B = 1, when the degree of saturation 1.
An experimental confirmation of this result, for a saturated clay, is given below in Table 1.
Table 1

A** Aua B

0 0
15 lb/sq. in. 14-7 lb/sq. in. 0-980
30 ,, ,, 29-5 ,, 0-984
45 ,, 45-0 ,, ,, 1-000
60 59-8 0-996

If, in contrast, the soil is dry, then CvjCc approaches infinity, since the compressibility of air
is far greater than that of the soil structure. Hence, for dry soils,
B = 0, when the degree of saturation = 0.
For partially saturated soils, 0 < B < 1 and, at the Proctor optimum water content and
density, the values of B range typically from about 0-1 to 0-5. The relation between B and
the degree of saturation, for a clay gravel, is shown in Fi'g. 2 (b).
THE COEFFICIENT A
The changes in pore pressure during the application of a deviator stress are shown, for
two compacted clay soils, in Fig. 3. At any time when the increment of de viator stress is
(AG1 ACTS), the pore pressure due to this increment is Aua and the corresponding changes in
the principal effective stresses are :

and = Aud.
PORE-PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS A AND B 67

If, for the moment, it is assumed that the soil behaves in accordance with elastic theory, the
volume change of the soil structure under the increment of deviator stress is :

or AVC= -CC.V. \[{AG1 - Aa3) - 3Aud].

And the volume change in the void space is :
AVV = -Cv.nV.Aud.
But, as before, these two volume changes are identical and, hence,

or Aud = B. J(JCTI Acrs).

In general, however, the behaviour of soils is by no means in accordance with elastic theory
and the above expression must be written in the form :
Aud = B. A{Aa1 Aas),
where A is a coefficient to be determined experimentally.
Combining the expressions for the two components of pore pressure, we have :
Au = B[Aas + A{AG1 Aas)]}
which is the equation given at the beginning of the Paper. It may be noted that for the
important particular case of fully saturated soils, where B = 1, the equation becomes :
Au = Aars + A(Aor1 Aas).
This expression was given by the author in 1948. Test results for a saturated clay are
plotted in Fig. 4.

Dae
= 17 PI =

b~ 60

ur , 7 8
7d . 136 Ib/cuft

AXIAL STRAIN (per cent) AXIAL STRAIN (per cent)

.70lb/sqin

z__
[

AXIAL STRAIN (per cent)

r A
A -, +0

AXIAL STRAIN (per cent)

IS
-0 20

Fig. 3. Undrained triaxial tests on two compacted clay-gravels

68 SELECTED PAPERS ON SOIL MECHANICS

For any given soil, the coefficient A varies with the stresses and strains. Its value may
be quoted at failure (maximum deviator stress), at maximum effective principal stress ratio,
or at any other required point. At failure, the values of A for various clay soils, with positive
total, stress increments, may be summarized approximately as in Table 2. With decreasing
total stresses, A will have different values in general, but the data for this case are scanty.
Table 2

Type of Clay A

Clays of high sensitivity + 1 to +1*

Normally consolidated clays + J to +1
Compacted sandy clays + i to + -J
Lightly over-consolidated clays 0 to + J
Compacted clay-gravels -i to + i
Heavily over-consolidated clays
-to 0

ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF THE PORE-PRESSURE EQUATION

The pore-pressure equation :
Au = B[Aa3 + A{Au1 Au3)]
may be written in several alternative forms, each of which has some particular advantages-
In the normal laboratory undrained test, the pore pressures under Ao3 and under (Aax Aas)
are measured and, hence, the coefficients determined directly from the test are those in
the following equation :
Au = B.Aa3 A(AG1 Aa3).
In evaluating A from A, care must be taken
to use a value of B appropriate to the pressure
Weald Clay range in the de viator part of the test.
LL = 43 P I , 25 For earth-dam problems, it is convenient
Fully saturated
to write the basic equation in the forms :
For both samples p^ 15 Ib./sq.
Au = B[AG1 - (1 - A) {Au1 - JCT3)]
B = 1-0
and

_,.,[,__,,(,
The " overall " coefficient B is a useful para-
meter, especially in stability calculations in-
volving rapid draw-down, and it can be
AXIAL STRAIN (p. AXIAL STRAIN (per cent)
measured directly in the laboratory for the
relevant values of stress-change in any par-
c ticular problem.
From a physical point of view, the pore-
b/sq.

-a = A = +090 A :2
pressure equation is best written in the form :
3

( "
> i Au =
Values of A given at
B^(A*1+2A*3)+3^1
since this shows that, for a material behaving
in accordance with elastic theory, with
Fig. 4. Undrained triaxial tests on two
samples of remoulded saturated clay A = J, the pore pressure depends solely on
PORE-PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS A AND B 69

the mean principal stress, whereas in soils with A ^ \ the pure shear stress has a marked
influence on the pore pressures.

APPLICATIONS
During the past few years a number of practical problems have been encountered in which
the pore-pressure coefficients have proved to be helpful. Bishop (1954) has described briefly
some of these applications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The test results given in this article were obtained in the Civil Engineering Department,
Imperial College, University of London, and the Author is particularly indebted to Mr D. J.
Henkel who has supervised much of the work on pore-pressure measurement.

REFERENCES
B I S H O P , A. W . , 1954. T h e Use of Pore-Pressure Coefficients in Practice. Geotechnique, 4 : 4 : 148.
S K E M P T O N , A. W . , 1948. T h e Effective Stresses i n S a t u r a t e d Clays Strained a t C o n s t a n t Volume. Proc.
1th Int. Congr. App. Mech., 1 : 378.