Copyright by the Institute OF Ee Recognized as an IEEE Std C62.92.1-2000 ‘American National Standard (ANS!) (Revision of EEE Sts 662.92 1-1987) IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility Systems—Part I: Introduction Sponsor Surge Protective Devices Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 21 September 2000 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This guide is the introduction to the C62.92 series of five EEE guides on neutral grounding in three-phase electrical utity systems. It provides system grounding definitions and considerations that are general fo all ypes of electrical tilly systems. Keywords: class of grounding, coefficient of grounding (COG), earth-fault factor (EFF), earth- return path, effectively grounded, electrical utlly systems, grounded solidly, ground-fault current, impedance grounding, means of grounding, neutral grounding, power-system grounding, reactance grounded, system grounding The Iraltteof Elected Electronics Engineers Ine {Park Avenue, Now York WY 10016-5807, USA Copyright ©2001 by the Insitute of Electea and Electronics Engineers, ie Alrightsrasorvos, Pubkshed 4 Ap 2001. Printed in ne United States of America, Pin: (S0N07981-2639-0 sH94e89 POR (SBNO7361-26309 $8968 ‘No part of ths pablsrton may ba reproduced in any frm, in an electronic retival eystom or otharwisa, without tho ror ‘won permission of ie pusichor Electronics Engineers ine Wed Apr 12 23:19:47 2006IEEE Standards documents ar developed within tho THEE Societies and the Stardards Coordinating Commitoes of the IEEE Standards Aswociaion (IEEE-SA) Standards Board, The IEEE develops its standards through a conseosis evelopment proces, proved by the American National Standards Insitute, which brings ogetbervolanters representing varied viewpoints and itercss to achieve the final product. Volunivers arc not ncocssatly members of the Insitute and serve without compersation. 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In his series of guides, individual considerations and practices are given o the grounding of synchronous generator systems, yenerator-station auxiliary systems, distribution systems, and transmission and Sublransmission systems In the entire IEF. C62,92 series, emphasis is on power-system grounding practices as contrasted with the ‘grounding, e., of industrial systems, which are covered in other guides and standards, Those guides andl ‘Standards should be referenced, when sppropriate, vo gain a full picture of other grounding practices. ‘Besides updating the format of the guide, this evision expands the bibliography, adds a new annex to clarity the effects of grounding resistances and grounded conductors, and attempts to clarify areas that elicited {questions or comments in IEEE Std C62.92-1987, 11 is impossible to give recognition to all those who have contributed 10 the technology and practices of grounding of power systems. However, the assistance of members, past and present, of the Nevtral Grounding Devices Working Group of the Surge Protective Devices Committee, and other similar groups ‘with comparable purpose, is gratefully acknowledged. ‘The American National Standards Committee C62, Surge Arrestoss, had the following members atthe time this enide was approved: JL. Koepfinger, Chair J-A, Gauthier, NEMA Co-Seeretary N. Ahmad, JEEE Co-Secretary 1 Bock R. Odenbers Burke J. Onerhout E.Cameton Ta Rook 1S.Case K.B.Sump ©. Chiysantiow D.W. Leake ETTuylor T-Compion W.A. Maguire 8.6, Whisenant W.bter ED. Marolott J. Woodworth Has TA.Wolle AL the time this guide was completed, the IEEE Neutral Grounding Devices Working Group hal the following members Douglas C. Dawson, Chair D.W. Jackson S. Muzamdse E. Knupp E.R Taylor LL Koepfinger S.G.Whiscnant GE Lee (Copyright © 2001 IEEE, Al rights reserved. iit Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine 87 2008 Wed Apr 12 23:1‘The Following members of the balloting committee voted on this guide: CL. Ballentine 1 Harison PLE, Pool 1.5 oanosen S.PHensley RV. Rebapragada LI Burke AR Hileman A.W. Rebeck LS. Cuse D.W. lackson TL Rov S.R.Chino B.Johonerel EJ Tarasiowier LE Christensen LL Roepfingee E.R Taylor Jr LR. Cole 1. Louenberger AVitols D.C.Dawson W.A. Maguire Walling E.R. Dick NP MeQuin 8.6. Whiscnant M, Fortin LH. Nelson 1S. Willams 4. Funke R.Odenberg A. Wilson, J E.Gallo 1.C.Onerhout 1.1, Woodwoith G.S.Haralumpe C0. Peixoto D.M. Worden ‘When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 21 September 2000, it had the following membership: Donald N. Heirman, Chair James T, Carlo, Vice Chair Judith Gorman, Secreiary Ssh K. Agearval James H. Gurney James W. Moore Mak D. Bowman ‘Richard J, Hollman Rober Fe Munzner Gary R. Bagman Lowell G. Johnson Ronald C, Petersen Harold E.Epstein Robert. Kennelly Gerald H, Peterson H. Landis Floyd Joseph L, Koepiiger™ Joh B. Posey Jy Forster? Peter H. Lips Gary $: Robinson Howard M, Frazier 1, Bre MeClang Akio Tojo Ruben D, Garzon DaleepC. Mota Donald W. Zipse “Member Emeritus [Also included isthe following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board Liaison: ‘Alan Cookson, NIST Representative Donald R. oleka, TAB Representative Don Messina Standands Project Eltor TERE Green Book ina sepntred uademask of the Inte of Elec and Hlectonics Engine ne National Hlecical Safty Code and NESC ate bth registered trademarks and service mak of che Insite of Electrical and lconisFagineers Ie iv Copyright© 200% IEEE. All rights reserved. Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Weel Apr 12 28:18:87 2006Contents 8 Overview: 11 Scope. 12 Purpose. References... Deeiitions Basic considerations 4.1. Goals of system grounding 42 System neural grounding vs. apparatus neutral grounding Means of grounding 5.1. Solidly grounded. 52. Inductance grounded. 53. Resistance grounded. 5.4 Resonant grounded... 5.5 Capacitance grounded. 546 Ungrounded (isolated neutral) 5.7 Neutral grounding equipment (Classes of grounding. 6.1. Grounded system 62. Quantitative determination of classes oF 63 Coeflicient of grounding 64 Farth-fault factor (EFF) Characteristics oF the clases of grounding, 7.1. Bifectively grounded. 72. Noneffectively grounded 3. Resistance grounded. 7.4 Induetanee grounded. 75. Resonant grounded 7.6 Ungrounded systems. Annexes and bibliography Annex A Gnformative) Calculation of coefficients of grounding. Annex B (informative) Identity of ground and neutral conductors, Annex C (informative) Bibliography (Copyright © 2001 IEEE, Al rights reserved. Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine 87 2008 Wed Apr 12 23:1 3 A 4 ) 4 5 5Copyright by the Insitute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Wed Apr 12 23:19:68 2006IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility Systems—Part I: Introduction 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide is intended for application to three-phase electrical utility systems. This is Part I ofthe five-part IEEE 62.92 series. This part provides definitions and considerations that are general to all types of electrical utility systems. The remaining four parts provide specific guidance on synchronous generator systems (IEEE Std C62.92.2-1989), generating station auxiliary systems (IEEE Std C62.92.3-1993), distribution systems (EEE Std C62.92.4-1991), and transmission and subtransmission systems (IEEE. Std (€62.92.5-1992) 1.2 Purpose ‘This guide prosents hasie considerations for the selection of neutral grounding parameters that will provide for the control of overvoliage and ground-fault current on all pars of three-phase electrical ulity systems 2. References This guide shal be use in conjunction with the following publications. When the following publications ane superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply id 80-2000, IEEE: Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding." IEFE Sid 142-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (VERE Green Book™) EE plications re available hom the Ini of Pesca and lecronies Engineer Icy 44S Hoes Lane, PO, Hox 13, Pisa shy, I ORESS 1881, LSA lpundards oe ce), (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 1 Copyright by the Institute OF Ee Wed Apr 12 23:19:68 2006 Electronics Engineers ineeee, ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING ASC C2-1997, Accredited Standards Commitie, National Electical Safety Cote” (NESC®) IEEE Std 62.92.2-1989 (Realf 2000), IEEE Guide for the Application of Ni Utility Systems—Part I: Grounding of Synchronous Generator Systems, IEEE Std 62,92, 3-1993 (Reaff 2000), IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility Systems Part II: Generator Auxilian IEEE Std C62.92.4-1991 (Reaff 1996), IEEE. Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility Systems Part IV: Distribution Systems. IEEE Std 62.92.5-1992 (Reaff 1997), IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Uailty Systems—Par V: Transmission Systems and Subtransmission S} 3. Definitions For the purpose ofthis guide the following terms and definitions apply. Terms other than those defined here have standard definitions as sted in The Authoritative Dicionary of HEBE Standards Terms, Seventh Filton B10} 3.1 elass of groundi A specific range or degree of grounding: eg, efTectively and nonefTectivey. 3.2 means of grounding: The physical devices by which various degrees of grounding are achiewedh ¢., inductance grounding, resistance grounding, or resonant grounding, 4. Basic considerations ‘There is no one simple answer to the problem of grounding, Each of a number of possible solutions o a ‘grounding problem has atleast onc feature that is outstanding, but which is obiained at some sacrifice of ‘ther features that may be equally worthy. Thus, the selection ofthe class and means of grounding is often a compromise between somewhat conflicting solutions (see IEEE Tutorial Course [B17. 4.1 Goals of system grounding “The basic goals in selecting a grounding scheme for any given system are as follows: a) Voltage ratings and di 1 of suge-voltage protection available from surge aresters ) Limitation of transient line-o-ground overvoltages (see Generator Grounding Guide [B2J, and IEEE. ‘Tutorial Course [B17)) ©) Sensitivity and selectivity ofthe ground-fault relaying ) Limitation of the magnitude ofthe ground-fault current ©) Safety (see Accredited Standards Committee C2-1997 (National Electrical Safety Code) (NESC®) and IEEE Std 80-2000)* he NESC ix ail from the Insite of Blesiesl and Bletoics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, RO. Bos. 1351, Piscatay, NI (855-153, USA titre Ste numbers coneipnd oto of he ography in Annex C “For more infermaton on erences ce Cle 2, 2 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neieee {CTRIGAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART I:INTRODUCTION sx 062.92.1-2000, ‘These basic goals, when properly evaluated, ean have a significant influence on system economics, details of system design and physical layout, and service continuity 4.2 System neutral grounding vs apparatus neutral grounding In power engineering, it is common to speak of grounding the system neuiral either directly or through an impedance. Actually, of course, the system neutral isa convenient fiction, no a physical point or conductor, and cannot be physically connected to ground. 11s the neutral grounding of specific pieces of power-system apparatus, especially power transformers and generators, that effects system neutral grounding In this puide, the term means of grounding is used to describe the particular technique used to ground the neutral of a specific pisce of apparatus. For example, resistance grounding is a means of grounding the neutral of a piece of apparatus, in this case by means of a resistor. The term class of grounding is used 10 ccalegorize system grounding in terms ofits performance characteristics. Ina simple power system, like the typical distribution system or powerplant auxiliary system, wher single transformer serves as both the power source and system-neutral grounding point, the means of grounding of that transformer neutral defines the grounding class of the system. For example, a system supplied by a single transformer whose neutral is erounded through & resistance would typically be classed asa resistance-grounded system. Jn more complex systems ke typical high vollage CIV) or extra-high voltage (EHTV) transmission systems, there are many pieces of apparatus (transformers, capacitor hanks, reactors, ec.) that may have rounded neutrals. In sich molipe-erounded systems, the class of prounding of the system is determined by the cumulative effect ofall the grounding poins. If most of the mgjor transformer neutrals are grounded by similar means, then the system may loosely be described as being of one class (©. an inductance grounded ssfem). In general, where there are moliple grounding points of different types of apparatus and diferent, means of apparatus neutral grounding, the class of grounding can only be determined by the 2r0-sequence to postive-equence symmetrical component ratios, as viewed from a selected focation. (See Clause 7 and “able 1.) or Farther information se Clarke [B6], and Wagner and Evans [B22] 5, Means of grounding 5.1 Solidly grounded Definition: Conncetod dircetly to ground through an adequate ground connection in which no impedance has been inserted intentionally. ‘The term grounded solids, hough commonly used, may be somewhat misleading since a transformer may have its neutral connected solidly to ground, and yet the resulting zero-sequence impedance (see Figure 1) could be so high, due o the system or transformer characterises, that high phase-o-ground voltages would develop during ground:-fault conditions. Instead, so as to define grounding positively and logically as to degree, the term effectively grounded has come into usc, a i discussed in 7.1. 5.2 Inductance grounded Definition: Grounded through an impedance, the principal clement of which is inductance. ‘This class of grounding is sometimes loosely referred 103s reactance grounded. The class is often subdivided into low or Jgh-Inductance categories. (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 3 Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neeee, ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING ‘The inductance may cither be inserted direely inthe neutral connection to ground of obiained indirectly by increasing the reactance of the ground return circuit. The latter may be done by intentionally increasing the zero-sequence reactance of apparatus connected 10 ground or by omitting some of the possible connections from apparatus neutrals to ground, Definition: Grounded through an impedance, the principal element of which is resistance. This class is frequently subdivided into low- or high-resistance categories. ‘The resistance may be inserted cither directly in the connection to ground or indirectly as, for example, the following: 8) In the secondary of a transformer, the primary of which is connected between neutral and ground, 'b) Inthe comer ofa broken-delta connected secondary of a wye-delta grounding transformer. (See IEEE Std C62.92.2-1989 and TEE ‘rounding. td C62.92.3-1993 for application information on resistance i should be noted that grounding resistor may have a considerable inherent inductance, For example, 2 6a inon grid resistor may have a power factor of 98% or less, resulting in a reactance of about 20% of the resistance, at system frequency (see T&D Reference Book [BSD. 5.4 Resonant grounded Definition: Inductance grounded through such values of reactance that, during a fault between one of the conductors and ground, the poser-frequency inductive current flowing inthe grounding inductance(s) and the ower-frequency capacitance current flowing between the unfaulted conductors ad ground are substantially ‘equal in magnitude and 180° oot of phase. Therefore, they almost cancel each other in the fault. The type of| _grounding inductor used is commonly referred to a ground fault neuralizer,arc-suppression coil, or Peter- son coit (see Transmission Grounding Guide [B3}, and Wiltheim and Waters [B23), 11 is expected that the quadrature component of the rated-frequency, single-phase-o-pround fault current will be so small that an arcing fault in sit will be sel-extinguishing. See Ground Fault Neutralizer Guide [BS!, and Willheim and Waters [B23] for application information about resonant grounding in transmission And. substransmission systems: and IEEE Std C62,92.2-1989 for application to synchronous generator ‘rounding, 5.5 Capacitance grounded Definition: Grounded through an impedance, the pri pal element of which is capacitance. ‘Capacitance is seldom, if ever, inseried directly in a connection to ground for system grounding purposes. However, capacitance may be connected to ground for voltage surge front-of-wave sloping purposes. Also, ncutrals of shunt capacitor banks have beea connceted solidly to ground on otherwise ungrounded systems. Such applications should be carefully analyzed for overvoltages during fault conditions (see Ground Fault ‘Neutralizer Guide [B8], and Peterson [B20)). Capacitance grounding should be avoided, or carefully analyzed, for rescnance conditions or increased fault current, 4 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neieee {CTRIGAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART I:INTRODUCTION sx 062.92.1-2000, 5.6 Ungrounded (isolated neutral) Definition: A system, circuit, or apparatus without an iatentional connection to ground, except through voltage-indicating or measuring devices, or other very-high-impedance devices (see IEEE Tutorial Course IBID. [An ungrounded system is coupled 10 ground through the distributed capacitance ofits phase conductors and machine windings, 5.7 Neutral grounding equipment Requirements and tests for neutral grounding devices may be found in IEEE Std 32-1972 [B11 6. Classes of grounding 6.1 Grounded system [A system that is a combination of lines, cables. or conductors with apparatus may be broadly classified as citer grounded oF ungrounded. A. grounded system isa system in which atleast one conductor (usually the neutral po 4 cither direely or through an impedance. A system grounded through an impedance is referred generically as an impedance ‘grounded system, of a transformer or generator winding) is intentionally connected (0 grou 6.2 Quantitative determination of classes of grounding Various clases of grounding are available to the system designer, each having a unique se ofatrbutes. The response characteristics ofthe various classes of rounding may’be defined or classified in terms ofthe ratios ‘of symmetrical component parameters, such as the positive-sequence reactance X , the ncgative-sequence reaciance X, , the zero-sequence reactance X,. the postive-sequence resistance R,, the negative-sequence resistance R:, and the zero-sequenee resistance R, (see Clarke [BO], Wagner and Evans [B22], and ‘Willheim and Waters [23). ‘To facilitate an understanding of tis approach, reference is made to the simplified, idealized three-phase circuit in Figure 1 and its equivalent sequence diagram fora single-line-to-ground fault as shown in Figure 2 Subseripts 1, 2, and 0 indicate positive-, negative, and zeco-sequence parameters, respectively. Note that this conventional representation does not include all impedances inthe ground current path and may not give conservative results in all cases. (See Annex B for more information on this topic.) 6.3 Coefficient of grounding ‘The term coefficient of grounding (COG) is used in system grounding practice, COG is defined as 100% ExolEc: Erg isthe highest root-mean-square (rms), line-o-ground power-frequency voltage on a sound phase, al a Selected location, during a line-o-ground fault affecting one or more phases. Ey, isthe line-to Tine power-frequeney voliage that would be obizined, atthe selected location, with the fault removed. COG. for three-phase systems are calculated from the phase-sequence impedance components as viewed from the fault location. The COG is useful inthe selection ofa surge arrester rating fora selected location (see IEEE. Std 32-1972 [B11], IEEE Std C6: 1997 [BIS and IEEE Tutorial Course TBI. (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neeee ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 EEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING, SN Vr Xo = . Cy=C,+Cg; — Cy=3C, - Xeg/3 = oot 7 es ce Cay gecera crue o ‘a NoTE— Cis the total system capacitance to ground and is obtained by connecting all three phases together and measuring the capacitance withthe neutral grounding branch open-crculted, Cg/3's the grounded-wye partial, or zeo-sequence, capacitance ofthe system C, Is the ungrounded wye equivalent of the interphase partial capacitances of the system, obtained by eubtracting the zero-eequence capacitance C./@ from the positive sequence capacitance C, Tis trequeney in hertz Vy the prefaut it -to-ground voltage at the faut the Figure 1—Idealized system lergization voltage, shown in Figure 2. 6.4 Earth-fault factor (EFF) “Tho term earth: fault factor (EFF) i, to imited extent, now used instead of COG. AL a selected locaton on three-phase sssiem, and fora given system configuration, the EFF isthe ratio of the highest ms in-10- ground power-frequeney voltage on a sound phase during a fault o ground (ffeting one or more phases at ny poit) to the rms power-frequeney voage that would be obtained atthe selected location with the Fal removed (sce IEEE Std 1313.1-1996 [B16}). Thus, the EFF is related to the COG by ¥/3; as shown Equation (1). 00 eee = 606 w where FFs the car fa tn, COG isthe coefficient of grounding expressed as a percentage, 6 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine 58 2008 Wed Apr 12 23:1ieee {CTRIGAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART I:INTRODUCTION sx 062.92.1-2000, RAR Re SRe tek Xe ta | } ) POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO SEQUENCE = SEQUENCE ‘SEQUENCE | NOTE RIX, is the same as seen by all three sequence networks Xooe aot: Xm = aha o> Xea" st ety *oo * a0 78 wt-,t -,1 1 1 Fy+ Dy” RHI RK, Roy” athe : 1 Roti ~ (R,FSR)+iK,+S%,) ax, a x Xoo Vea RT Kad 4 where V/s the Theverin circuit prtaul votage Vz isthe lne-o-neutral source of Figure 1 4s the fault current through closed switch § of Figure 1 > indicates the result when capacitance is negligible Figure 2—Sequence diagram for line-to-ground fault, ‘through closed switch § of Figure 1 7. Characteristics of the classes of grounding Ratios of the symmetrical component parameters are used to characterize the classes of gro characteristics, and the unique set of attributes defining the various classes of grounding are given in Table 1 and briefly discussed in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3,7.4, 75, and 7.6, Table | contains a general classification of grounding, together with the associated class, Fault current, and transient voltage characteristics, 7.1 Effectively grounded Definition: Grounded through a sufficiently low impedance (inherent or intentionally added, or both) so that the COG des not exceed 80%. (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 7 Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neeee, ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING ‘This value i obtained approximately when, forall system conditions, the ratio of the 2er0-sequence reactance to the positive-sequente reactance, (Xe/X;), is positive and < 3, and the ratio of zero-sequence resistance 10 positive-sequence reactance, (Ry/X;). is positive and < 1 (see IEEE Std Co2.1-1989 [B 12], IEEE Std C62.2 1987 [B13], IEEE Tutorial Course [B17], and Willheim and Waters (B23), Effective erounding is frequently employed in distribution and transmission systems (see IEEE Std €62,92.4-1991 and IEEE Std C62.92.5- 1992) 7.2. Nonetfectively grounded Definition: Any system or location on a system where the COG exceeds 80%. Note that, because of the impedance of lines and cables, certain locations or portions of an effectively- ‘grounded system may be noneffectively grounded, even though the majority of the system is effectively grounded. In general, all of the impedance-grounded systems listed in 73, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6 are noneffectively grounded, 7.3 Resistance grounded Definition: A sysiem tha is predominately grounded by means of resistance. ‘When a system is resistance grounded, the zero sequence reactance viewed from the fault may be inductive or ‘capacitive, depending on the size, number, and location of the neutal-grounding resistors ad the capacitance to ground of the remaining system. With low-resistarce grounding X, will ordinarily be positive, the undamental-Frequeney phase-to-gr0und voltage will, in general, not exceed nonmal Hine-W-line voltage, and the neutral-to-ground voltage will ot exceed normal line-to-nevtral volage I a system is low-resistance grounded, the natural-trequency voltages at the initiation of a ground fault are significantly reduced. The phase voltages are essentially the fundamentalfrequency voltages. The fundamental-Frequency voliages with low-resistance grounding are generally higher than the fundamental- frequency voltages obtained with corresponding values of neutral-grounding inductive reactance. With high-resistance grounding, X‘, may be negative. In that event, phase-to-ground voltages may be greater than normal line-to-line voltages. and neutal-10-ground voltages may be greater than normal line-to-neutral voltages (see Clarke, Crary, and Peterson [87], and Peterson [B20)). 7.4 Inductance grounded An inductance-yrounded system is one which is predominately grounded by means of neutral inductors or rounding transformers, of by omiting connections to ground on some of the transformers of @ multiple ‘grounded system, When a system is grounded through an inductance (less than that of a ground-fault neutralizer), the zero sequence eactance viewed from the fault is inductive rather than capacitive, and the zero-sequence resistance is relatively small. Accordingly, during fault, the funda 1 phase-W-ground voltages will not ‘exceed normal line-o-line voliage and the neuial-lo-ground voltage will ot exeeed normal ling-Wo-neutral volta Following the initiation of a faull, simple, linear systems with inductance-grounded neutrals will have maximum transient voltages 10 ground on the unfaulied phases not exceeding 2.73 times normal. The voltage to ground at the neutral will ot exceed 1.67 times normal lin-to-neutral voltage (sce Clarke, Crary, an Peterson (B7}, and Peterson (B20). 8 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neeee IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART :INTRODUGTION sx 062.92.1-2000, ‘Table 1—Charaeteristie of grounding Ratiosotqrmmetricalcomponent | Pesstt | cransen Grouting tases nd means memes tat | peters oe Sowa) | ota nwt | Rm | RR Tiana New Bese a. se fee [sl 2.Nen eleae oo jear | os pei B Newt = To nae =e fer Lr ih natn 0 Lr — _ a _. High ssn No x0 [ec fet fea fm _——— ——UrUrt—~—~s—S—SC a TE a [ean es Rngeaweei) [=e [= = [Sa tangent) [wo [dL ee Noes 1 Valuosof the cofiientof grounding (COG) covresponding to vaious combinations ofthese ais are shown i he iguros inner A. COC ets the wleton of surge restr fatings (ce IEEE Sil C82 21989 [B13] and TEBE 06222-1997 (BIS). 2-Ground fault curent in perentage ofthe three-phase short circuit value [IEEE Std 142-1991]. ‘5 Transient ine-to-ground vollag, following the suSSenapption of fa in per unit of the ees the peta ine-to- ‘round operating vole rom (Cake, rary, and eeson 1} and Peleson [B3B), fora mp iar network 4m linear iets Cass I fits the fundamental Hin-o-ground voltage on an wnfaulod phase to 138% ofthe prfaul Song: Cass A2 to lesa tha 110 ‘rung vole = ms 5 S205, Wilhcim and Waters [823] and precautions given in TERE Su C62.92.2 1989, IEEE Std 062.923.1993, IEEE Std (662.92 £1991, and IHEP Su Co 92 51952, ‘6 Usual isolated neutral (ungrounded system Fr which the zer-sequenes reactance is eapacitive (nega) 7 Refer 197.6, Each ease shouldbe eval on its own meni, ‘Sins highresistance grounded system. KX, and Xy ate negligible compared to Ry and Xey Ro + IK = RAHX) / Ry 8X cy). Ths Re Xp Xcy/ Ry Fora properly designed high-resstance sytem, Ry ©Xeysand therefore Ro) No $(D. (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 9 Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006eee, ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING 7.5 Resonant grounded {A resonant-grounded system is one which is grounded through one or more ground-fault ncutralizers (sce ‘Willheim ane Waters [B23}. When a system is to be grounded through ground-fault neutralize, the neutral inductance provided by the neutralizer cul is adjusted [Equation (2)] so that, 3X, = 3X4, of system to ground, C2 is the soral capactitance of system to ground X, isthe neutral reactance, (See Fig fe Land Figure 2 for further definitions of Xe, and X, For resonant-grounded systems, R, and X, can generally be neglected because they are very small in ‘comparison 10 X,, and Xi, Thus, when adjusted 1 resonance, X, y+ jXi8 the equivalent series representation ofthe parallel inductance/capacitance network, as defined in Figure 3 With R, noglected, Xp approaches infinity, since tho zero-sequence network is parallel resonant, With resistance included, , is very large with respect 0 Xp. Based on either assumption, the zero- sequence network present a very high impedance tothe flow of 60 Tz curreat through a fault to ground. The undamental-frequeney voltages on the unfaulted phases, during a Tine-t0-ground fault, are essentially Tine-10- line voltages. They are net increased by the presence of faull resistance. The maximum transient ollages 10 ‘ground ofthe unfaolted phases are less than 2.73 times normal and the neutral-to-ground voltage is less than 1.67 times normal line-io-neutral voltage (see Clarke, Crary, and Peterson [B7, and Peterson (B20) —e—_, SRK mS Koo = i8Xeg Figure 3—Resonant zero-sequence network 7.6 Ungrounded systems ‘An ungrounded system is one with no intentional connections to ground except for voltage measuring or surge protection apparatus. In an ungrounded system, Xy is negative and of the order of magnitude of the 7er0-sequence capacitive reactance, while R,/X, istelaively small. Under fault conditions, the fundamental frequeney phase-10-ground voltages may be in excess of normal line-io-ine voltages, and in some cases, particularly when the system is large in extent, these voliages may be considerably higher (see Clarke, (Crary, and Peterson (B7}, and Peterson [B20)) 0 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neeee IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART :INTRODUGTION sx 062.92.1-2000, ‘There ae a number of economic factors and operating practioes governing the choice between grounded and ‘ungrounded systems. Ungrounded systems may require higher insulation levels as a result of possible severe transient overvoltages. Abnormal insulation stress may be reduced when Xo/X; lies between => and—40, When Xy/X, is in the range of -40 to 0, severe sericsresonance overvoltages can occur if the circuit response is linear. However, in ferto-nonlinear circuits involving a saturating transformer, highly distorted, less severe oscillations may be generated over a broad range of negative X,/X, (See Clarke, Crary, and Peterson [B7], and Peterson [B20)). Generally, capacitance grounding and such circuit conditions should be avoided and each case should be carefully analyzed (see Karicek and Taylor [B18)). However, cases exist ‘showing that ungrounded systems can have satisfactory operating performance. 8. Annexes and bibliography ‘The figures in Annex A give COG for the ranges of positive X,/X, and Ry/X, , and generally indicate the ranges of each class. Annex B contains a discussion of the effects and the modeling of earth-return path impedances such as neutral conductors, overhead ground wires, tower footing resistances, and substation round: grid resistances, Annex C is a bibliography of related standards, texts, al technical papers, some of whieh are referenced in this guide. (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved u Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine 58 2008 Wed Apr 12 23:1eee ‘45 052:92:1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNONG Annex A (informative) Calculation of coefficients of grounding The t m coefficient of grounding (COG) is defined as the ratio of Ey g/F ys, enpressed as a percentage, of the highest ms line-to-ground power frequency voltage (E,,;) on a sound phase, ata selected location, during a fault wo earth affecting one oF more phases to the line-W-line power frequency voltage (E,,.) that would be ‘obtained, atthe selected location, with the fault removed. Coefficient of grounding may be calculated from the known impedances of the system and the fall, For this purpose, it is convenient to express the system impedances in terms of their equivalent symmetrical component impedances Z, Zand Zp (see Clarke [Bo], and Wagner and Evans (B22). above, the coefficient of grounding for a specific location may vary depending on the type fault location, and dhe impedance in the fault. Fur the purposes of coustructing Figure A. Figure A.3, Figure A.4, Figure A.5, and Figure A.6, he following assumptions were made 8) The coefficient of grounding isto be determined forthe same location dha the fault is placed. 'b) The fault type (single or double phase to ground) is that which produces the highest coefficient of grounding ©) The fault impedance, if any, is purely resistive and has that value which produces the highest coctficient of grounding. 4d) ‘Thenegative sequence impedance ofthe system at the fault location is equal tothe positive sequence impedance (Za = Z,) For a system with positive X, coefficients of grounding for locations other than the fault location are ‘generally the same as or lower than the coefficient for the fault location, In exceptional circumstances, Coefficients may be slightly higher at locations where appreciable capacitive zero sequence current flow through high inductance lines to each the fault location. In systems with negative X,. the coefficient of grounding is generally lowest atthe fault location and higher at remote locations. For this reason the usefulness of the coefficient on such systems is limited 10 systems in which line impedances are negligibly small Given these assumptions and the definition above, the quantities that must be calculated to determine the ccocticient of grounding are the a-phase vollage, V1, fora phase b- and c-phase-lo-pround fault and the +- and e-phase voltages, Vjzo and VO or ACFG/AR' <0; Rp an) where CFG is max(CFG,, CFG), CFG), Cis aselected lit for example 80%, and R’, was fixed at five diserete values between ( and 2 to produce the five graphs. ‘The patil derivative was simulated by adserote differential It should be recognized that in some circumstances, the assumptions made in producing these curves will not ‘be valid and coefficient of grounding may be higher than shown. For example, a capacitive fault impedance that can be obtained from a ground fault in a capacitor bank could yield a higher coefficient of grounding. ‘Such cases can be analyzed individually by the use of Equation (A.1), Equation (A.2), and Equation (A.3). “4 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006Re en ee a ee aoe ae s Te ce neural fi = wees | ae = | A rm aa 7 ee 20 [-errecrive Low nesistaNce aie \ ae : ae rm Se ux, [NOTE Paranters valu cn aga each carve indent lntng val of eee of sounding (wih atechcanseebedy cue Stektns of prosndig csr mens sadetcd eek as Figure A.2—Boundaries for coefficients of grounding for ratio of positive-sequence resistance A; to positive-sequence reactance X,of 0 (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine 58 2008 Wed Apr 12 23:1 1seee, ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING soucrante | | esleranes | igh oucraNce ak oa Low resigrance| cberricisnr oF ‘Srounbing oo Oe ooo a alm NOTE Parameters va gen anna ach eure indice ning value of cote of rounclng ‘his rca desunserbed yeu Deion of poanaig cae or eso indeed eh are Figure A.3—Boundaries for coetficients of grounding for ratio of positive-sequence resistance A, to positive-sequence reactance X,of 0.2 16 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copyright by the Insitute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006eee IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART :INTRODUGTION sx 062.92.1-2000, x i one es ere |_—+ “rat | ) | wea fs os HM FE le op | | feos f| 1 | Ll L see Rod NOTE. Parameter value en aginst each ure mete ing vl of concent of groundg (iis ren amare suse Befatns of orang cas ean soca nts of grounding for ratio of positive- ‘sequence resistance Ato positive-sequence reactance X,of 0.5, (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 0 Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006eee ‘45 052:92:1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING Ee x pede soo sig mover Ce aS vi a ea Ase Low rgsssrance EFFECTIVE [ ae cotrriciehT oF os L Bevo | | ! o oo a ea ‘NOTE: Parameters vue given agaist each cure eat nin ale of cece of grounding ‘thin ate ceanserbedy eave Dens of postdng east r meas adaiod er a Figure A.5—Boundaries for coefficients of grounding for ratio of positive-sequence resistance to positive-sequence reactance X,of 1.0 18 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006eee IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART :INTRODUGTION sx 062.92.1-2000, » Te : a a GH INDUCTANCE ees oe mlEet rece ce | = ed Sens EEE SEEEE | a oT. Tee 1 KS = Tae 20] i —— LOW RESISTANCE +— TeFEbTIVE an j / ; 10 } i o7 2 — os jaja woareenr or 02 Bean os goo ocala goo elm ‘Wohi tt dems by eave Defiitone a rang we mana nened sock wee Figure A.6—Boundaries for coefficients of grounding for ratio of positive-sequence resistance A to positive-sequence reactance X,of 2.0 (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 19 Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Ine Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006eee, ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING Annex B (informative) Identity of ground and neutral conductors In the calculation of the zero-sequence impedance of power transmission fines (Gee IKKE Std €62.925-1992) and. distribution lines (Gee TEER Sid C62.924-1991). it has been a conventional Practice 10 include simplifying assumptions. about the grounding network in order 1 reduce the complexity of the calculations. ‘The impedance of grounding clectrodes, such as ground rods, tower footings, and station ground arids to remote ground has been assumed to be negligible. Grounded conductors such as mult ‘rounded neutrals, cable sheaths, and overhead ground wires are assumed to be perfectly connected tocar. — The impedance of the earth-retum path has been incorporated into the zero-sequence impedance of the line conductors so thatthe earth can be considered an equipotential surface. A consequence of this assumption is that zero-sequence voltages calculated with respect to local ground are correct: however, the calculations cammot provide zero-sequence voltage at a given point with respect {0 ‘ground at another point; ikewise, differences in ground potential between {wo points cannot be calculated Even though computer programs could easily deal with the complexity, dese simplifying. assumption persist the present day because of he following: 8) The data about the impedance of grounding electrodes is not as realy available as conventional Hine ‘impedance data 'b) It is generally belioved thatthe results of igncring the grounding impedances are conservative, i. Jault studies ignoring grounding impedances will yield the highest fault curents and highest temporary overvoltages. ©) The distribution of fault currents in the grounding network and differences in ground potential are ‘generally not considered significant for short-circuit duty and arrester application purposes. In order to illustrate the significance of these simplifying assumptions, consider the system shown diagramaticaly in Figure B.1. This system consists ofa thee-span transmission line, with overhead ground Wire, linking two substations with transformers whose neutrals are grounded through inductors. (The ‘overhead ground wire could also represent the multigrounded neutral conductor ofa distribution line.) Figure B.1—Diagram of transmission line and substations 20 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neieee {CTRIGAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART I:INTRODUCTION sx 062.92.1-2000, Figure B.2 shows the conventional zero-sequence impedance diagram for this system, assuming fully transposed phase conductors. Note that only the zero sequence impedance of the line, the transformers and the neutral inductors are specifically represented. The effect of the ground or muli-grounded neutral conductor and the impedance of the earth-retum path are incorporated into the value of Zy, and do not appear directly. Zou ¢ E Xe x 3 § 9x, Figure B.2—Conventional simplified zero-sequence network Figure B. shows an expanded version of Figure B2 in which the identity ofthe overhead neutral conductor has Bee retained inthe zero sequence network. Noe that only two towers are shown in Figure B.3; mest lines would have many more towers. Reining the identity ofthe neural condor and towers permits separate evaluation of phase--neusal and phasetoground volages and fault curents ata particular Tocation, Fora phas-o-pround al, 3 enters the network at gad exis ap fora phase o-neural lt ij enters at nad exits ap The oly infomation lost by this representation is he diferenee of earth Dovel betwee earth pois a 8Zonn “|S2m0 32 5m0 f Zn Zn 3Zn 4 3K, $ NOTES Fig Is the substation ground mat resistance to ground A, Is the towor footing or pole ground resietance to ground Zpis the zero-sequence seltimpedance of line section between two towers, ignoring neutral ‘conductor Zn 8 the selt-mpedance, with earth return, of neutral conductor section between two towers Zynqis the average mutual impedance, with earth return, trom phase conductors to neutral ‘conductor Figure B.3—Zero-sequence network with OHGW retained (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved a Copies O Elect & lenis Engineers neeee ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 EEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING, ‘Techniques for calculation of Zy, Zy. 8nd Zyyq Ate provided in Anderson [BI], Clarke [B6], and Wagner ‘and Evans [B22] Calculation methods for Ryg and R, are presented in IEEE Std 80-2000, ‘Tho method of calculating line impedances with earth return, as presented in Anderson [B1], Clarke [6], ‘and Wagner and Evans [B22], and most other texts. is based on the work of John R. Carson [B4]. In Carson's ‘work, the impedance of the earth-return path is incorporated into the calculated impedance for the line and ‘equivalent ciccuis. Carson's formulations do not give differences in potential between ground points, Doe yl p Lay Xo XK Rey Figure B.4—Zero-sequence impedance diagram with earth-return impedance CCarke (B61, using the work of Ridenbere [B21 provides @ metho of separating the impedance of the carth-return path from the impedance of the line. Figure BA shows a detailed zero-sequence diagram based ‘on the model proposed by Clarke, Note that the substation ground-grid resistances, Ry, the tower footing resistances, R,, the overhead ground wire, n, and the canh-rewm impedance, Z, are all specifically represented 2, = 005925, 4 0.1736, tog,o%¢ —obmikin , = 0059284 s01Tr9, toa? where Fis the frequeney in Ha, pis the earth resistivity in meter-ohms, Deis 6584 Ap7F in meters, Fr isthe average conductor height in meters. “The zero-sequence parameters, Rp and Xo, calculated from Figure B.3 or Figure B.4 for a phase-io-ower fault (erminals pn) may be significantly different from those for a phase-to-ground fault (terminals p-2). Likewise, the zero-sequence vollage seen by a piece of equipment connected from phase to the tower (p-n) ‘may bo different from those seen phase to ground (p-2. 2 Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Inc Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006eee IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART :INTRODUGTION sx 062.92.1-2000, ‘The curves of Annex A show how the coefficient of grounding increases rapidly for (Ry /%y) > L. Since the inclusion of Ryg and R, tends to increase Ro, detailed representation of a line may be necessary to establish accurate maximum values of the coefficient of grounding [A recent paper, Mancao, Burke, and Myers [B19], which uses a three-phase analysis program with complete representation of the neutral conductor and grounding impedances, suggests that temporary overvoltages on dlisibution systems may be significantly higher when grounding impedances are represented. (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 2 Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Inc Weel Apr 12 28:18:68 2006eee ‘Sta 052.92.1-2000 EEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING, Annex C (informative) Bibliography [BI] Anderson, Paul M., Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, Ames: Towa State University Press, 1973, [182] "Application Guide for the Grounding of Synchronous Generator Systems,” AVE 1953, pp. 517-520. Transactions, Jone [3] “Application Guide on Methods of Neutral Grounding of Transmission Systems,” AIEE Transactions, 1g, 1953, pp. 663-668. [B4] Carson, John R., Wave Propagation in Overhead Wires with Ground Retura, Bell System Technical Journal, wo. 5, 1926, pp. 339-544, [B5| Central Station Engineers of the Westinghouse Mlectric Corporation, Klectrical Transmission and Dis- tribution Reference Book, Chapter 19, “Grounding of Power System Neutrals.” [Bo] Clarke, E,, Cireuis Analysis of AC Power Systems, Vol 1, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ine, 1943, [B7] Clarke, E., Crary, S. B., and Peterson, H. A., “Overvoltages During Power System Pauli,” A/EE Trans- actions, vol. 58, Aug. 1929, pp. 377-385. [BS] “Guide for the Application of Ground Fault Neutralizers.” AIEE Transactions, Apr. 1953, pp. 183-190. [B9] IEEE Committee Report, “Voltage Rating Investigation for Application of Lightning Arresters on Distribution Systems." IEEE Transactions (Power Apparatus and Systems), PAS 91, n0, 3, Mayilune 1972, pp. 1067-1074. [B10] IEEE: 100 The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Eaton. [BLA] IEFE Std 32-1972 (Reaff 1997), IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Procedure for ‘Neutral Grounding Devices, [B12] IEEE Std C62.1-1989 (Realf 1994), Standard for Gapped Silicon-Carbide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits [B13] IEEE Std C62.2-1987 Realf 1994), Guide for the Application of Gapped Silicon-Carbide Surge Arrests for Alternating Current Systems. IBI4| IEEE Std C62.11-1993, IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating Current Power Circuits (1 kY), IBIS] TEEE Std C62.22-1997, THEE Guide for the Application of MetalOxide Surge Artesters for Alternating Current Systems, [B16] IEEE Sid 1313.1-1996, IEEE Standant for Insulation Coordination—Defintions, Principles, and Rules, [B17] IEEE Tutorial Course, 9EHO144-6 PWR, Surge Protection in Power Systems. ” Copyright© 2001 IEEE. Al ght rssrved Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Inc 59 2008. Wed Apr 12 23:1eee IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS—PART :INTRODUGTION sx 062.92.1-2000, [BIS] Karlicek R. F, and Taylor, E. R., Ie, “Ferroresonance of Grounded Potential Transformers on ‘Ungrounded Power Systems,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 78, Part ITA, 1959, pp. 607-618. [B19] Maneao, R. T., Burke, J.J. and Myers, A., “The Effect of Distribution System Grounding on MOV. Selection." EEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 1, Fan, 1993, pp. 139-148. [B20] Peterson, H. A. Transients in Power Systems, Chapter 1. New York: Dover Publications Inc, 1966. [B21] Rudenberg, Reinhold, Elekirische Schaltvorginge und verwande Storungserscheimungen in Starkstromantagen, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin, 1983, p. 231 [B22] Wagner, C. B, and Evans, R. D., Symmetrical Components as Applied to the Analysis of Unbalanced Elecorical Circuits. New York: MoGraw-Hill, 1933, [B23] Wiltheim, R., and Waters, M., Neutral Grounding in High-Voltage Transmission, New York: Elsevier Co. (D. Van Nostrand Co), 1956. (Copyright© 2001 IEEE, Al ght reserved 25 Copyright by the Institute Of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Inc 59 2008. Wed Apr 12 23:1