ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

EXPERIMENTNO:

DIGITAL
PROTECTION
OF
INDUCTION
MOTOR

PREPARED BY PROF. VIJAY H. MAKWANA

 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

INDUCTIONMOTORPROTECTIONBYNUMERICAL
PROTECTIONRELAY(MICOMP220)

PREPARED BY PROF. VIJAY H. MAKWANA

 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

THEORY OF INDUCTION MOTOR PROTECTION:

There are many different types and sizes of induction motors used in practice.
This chapter deals with protection arrangements for large three-phase induction
motors either of squirrel cage or wound rotor type.

Large three-phase motors (ranging from 100 h.p. to 5000 h.p. or more) and in
the medium voltage range (of the order of 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, etc.) are used for
running power station auxiliaries and in large industries such as fertilizer,
chemical and petrochemical industries, etc. These motors are controlled by
circuit breakers and associated protective relays. Such motors need
comprehensive protective arrangements to achieve the desired degree of
security and dependability.

ABNORMALITIES OF INDUCTION MOTOR

Following abnormal conditions are known to exist for an induction motor:

1. Overloading
2. Single phasing
3. Unbalanced currents
4. Reversed phase sequence
5. Under voltage
6. Stalling

PROTECTION OF LARGE INDUCTION MOTORS

The size, cost and importance of large medium voltage three-phase induction
motors used in industries demands complex protective arrangements. The
design of a modern motor protection relay must be adequate to cater for the
protection needs of the vast range of motor designs in service. In addition, relays
may offer options such as circuit breaker condition monitoring as an aid to
maintenance.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

THEORY OF NUMERICAL MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY:

Setting and control software enables the user to access all the internal values of
the relay, to download the settings of all parameters and facilitates
commissioning. The software can be addressed via the RS232 communication
port located on the frontplate, or via the communication network. An optional
analogue output makes it possible to send information to a PLC (measurement or
information related to the motor process). The MiCOM P220 relay is built into a
compact, shallow, 4U case and can be withdrawn with its supply switched on. Its
phase current inputs and earth are dual rating 1 and 5 Ampere.
Protections and Control:
Thermal overload (49):
The thermal image of the MiCOM P220 relay allows for simultaneous protection
of the rotor and stator.
Description:
The MiCOM P220 relay of ALSTOM T&D P&C is made for motor application. It is
designed to offer a wider range of functions and more user related possibilities
for motor protection, supervision and control. Its multi-functionality allows it to
adapt easily to different types of motor, different kinds of driven load and to the
process related to user activity. The MiCOM P220 relay has been developed to
protect and control motors associated with pumps, fans, mills, compressors,
crushers, conveyors, etc. It can be used in all branches of industry: oil refinery,
chemical plant, metallurgy, glass and cement manufacturing, paper mills,
electrical and mechanical engineering, food production, mining etc. It is also used
for water treatment and in pumping stations as well as in steam power plants.
The MiCOM P220 relay performs a full range of motor protection functions based
on load current such as thermal overload, short-circuit, excessive start time,
locked rotor, unbalance, earth fault, loss of load, etc. In addition to these basic
functions the relay accomplishes many other functions which provide more
effective control and protection of the motor. The optional monitoring of 6
temperature sensors or of two thermistors provides continuous monitoring of the
temperature inside the motor. A temperature sensor can be used in order to
adapt the thermal image to the ambient temperature. The MiCOM P220 relay
contains programmed logic controls, which makes it possible to limit the number
of starts, restart the motor in an emergency or latch the output contact after a
tripping signal. A speed switch input detects a locked rotor condition during the
start-up phase. Several communication protocols are available (MODBUSTM,
IEC 60870-5-103, Courier) via a rear communication port. All internal information
such as, measurements, adjustments and settings or event logging of the
MiCOM P220 relay are availablevia the communication network. Commands
from the upper level are immediately taken into account by the relay. These
commands can be used to control the switchgear. The MiCOM P220 relay has
an easy user-friendly Human Machine Interface (HMI). The relay's frontplate
LEDs can be configured by the user. A LCD screen shows all the values
measured by the relay as well as the pre-set parameters. The MiCOM P220 relay

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

records a maximum amount of information very accurately. Therefore, the phase

current measurements are given in true RMS values.
Thermal equivalent current Ieq in terms of the current thermal theshold I>
Operating time (seconds)
Cold curve: Thermal status = 0 %
Hot curve: Thermal status = 90 %
Overload condition : Te1 = 12 minutes
Startup condition : Te2 = 6 minutes
Classic thermal images under I2t afford protection to stator windings, but do not
take into account the over-heating that occurs in the rotor during a current
unbalance. The P220 relay calculates the effects of overheating by separating
the positive and negative components of the line current which is absorbed by
the motor. The result is better protection from overloads resulting in a marked
decrease of the risks of damaging the motor.
The thermal image can be corrected by a RTD measuring the ambient
temperature. The thermal image provides alarm threshold, tripping threshold and
a thermal threshold beyond which a re-start of the motor can be forbidden.
Short-circuit (50/51):
A phase overcurrent element allows for the detection of faults between phases.
In addition to this short-circuit threshold, a time-delayed signal and an
instantaneous signal are available to provide better selectivity.
Excessive start time (48/51):
Whether the motor is unloaded or coupled to a heavy load, this function monitors
the duration of the motor start-up phase. The choice of the motor's start-up
detection criteria makes it possible to use this function whatever the start-up
mode of the motor: e.g. direct-on-line, star-delta, autotransformer, electrolytic
solution, and primary resistor insertion.
Locked rotor while running or at start-up (50S/51LR):
During normal motor operation, an over current threshold detects rotor stalling.
During motor start-up, a locked rotor is detected with the help of a speed switch
input.
Unbalance, loss of phase and single phasing (46):
Two overcurrent elements based on the negative sequence component of the
current are available. One is associated with an IDMT characteristic, while the
other has a definite time characteristic. These two elements make it possible to
differentiate a short or a small amplitude unbalance from a more marked
phenomenon such as a loss of phase or single phasing.
Earth fault (50N/51N):
Two overcurrent elements for zero phase sequences are available. Each
threshold disposes of instantaneous and delayed information. The adjustment
range of the earth current threshold varies from 0.002 to 1 Ion, which permits
maximum sensitivity for earth fault detection. The earth current input of the relay
can be wired to a core balanced CT as well as to a summation of the three phase
CTs.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

Loss of load (37):

A loss of load, produced by a shaft rupture or the unpriming of a pump, is
detected by virtue of a minimum element of phase current, which can be timed.
This function can be deactivated during the start-up phase in order to permit the
motor to increase its load.
Temperature supervision:
Optionally, 6 RTDs can be connected to the P220 relay, to supervise the motor's
temperature. For each of the 6 RTDs channels, two temperature thresholds with
individual time-delay settings are available. These 6 temperature sensors allow
separate monitoring. If the motor is equipped with thermistors, the P220 relay
supervises the temperature with its two thermistor inputs.
Limitation of the number of starts, time between starts (66):
During a user-settable period, the number of start-ups of the motor can be
limited. The P220 relay is able to discriminate between a warm or a cold status,
which makes it possible to optimize the number of start-ups allocated to the
motor over a given period. Setting a minimal delay between two starts will avoid
exposing the motor and its start-up system to consecutive constraints, which
might be too severe.
Emergency start-up:
When required by security conditions or start-up processes, a logical input of the
P220 relay can be used to allow motor start-up. All start-up restrictions will then
be inhibited, and the thermal image function will be disabled.
Latching of the output relays (86):
After tripping due to a major fault (short-circuit, earth fault, loss of phase), the trip
order can be maintained in order to avoid the risk of restarting on an electric fault.
Permission to re-accelerate:
Through this function the MiCOM P220 relay can permit the picking up of the
motor's load after a sudden voltage drop on the line. This guarantees better
continuity in the operating process.
Two setting groups:
By virtue of its two setting groups, the MiCOM P220 relay allows for the
protection of dual-speed motors as well as motors operating under environmental
or operational conditions, which are not time constant. Changing a parametering
group can be useful when the source impedance is modified. This provides better
selectivity.
Trip statistics:
The MiCOM P220 relay provides the user with trip statistics for every protection
function. The user can thus keep track of the number of trips, which have taken
place as well as their origin.
Switchgear monitoring:
The safety maintenance of the switchgear is provided by monitoring the
summated contact breaking duty, the number of switching operations as well as
by controlling the opening time. In the case of an abnormality or the overflow of a
pre-settable threshold, the P220 relay will generate an alarm signal.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

Event records:
The last 75 status changes are recorded by the MiCOM P220 relay in a non-
volatile memory. This covers all the status changes on the logic inputs and
outputs, the modification of one or more parameters, the alarm signals or the
operation of one of the output contacts. Event logging is recorded with a time tag
accuracy of 1 ms.
Fault records:
The MiCOM P220 relay records the last 5 faults. For every fault, the relay
records and indicates:
A fault number
The date and the time
The active setting group
The phase or phases in fault
The function which gave the tripping order
The magnitude of the value which gave the tripping order
The values of every phase current and of the earth current.
The recording of the fault values associated with oscillography functions
and trip statistics will enable the user to understand the origin of faults and
to eliminate them.
Oscillography:
5 oscillographic recordings, of three seconds each, can be stored. Oscillography
is performed by the MiCOM P220 relay with a sampling frequency of 1600 Hz.
The oscillography data can be uploaded via the communication network or via
the RS232 port on the frontplate.
Shape of the startup current:
The MiCOM P220 relay records the shape of the start-up current with a
resolution of one sample for every period. This recording can be uploaded to a
PC via the communication network or via the RS232 port on the front plate.
Visualising the shape of the start-up current is very useful during commissioning.
This functionality of the MiCOM P220 relay eliminates the need for a plotter.
Backup battery:
In case of loss of auxiliary power, the safeguard in the memory of all event
records, fault records, oscillography and startup current waveform is ensured
thanks to a 3.6V battery.
User interface:
Frontplate and menus:
All the relay's parameters, i.e. protection functions, logic controls,
communication, LEDs, inputs and outputs, can be programmed and modified by
pushbuttons located on the front panel. An alphanumeric, backlit, 32-character
LCD screen displays all the data of the relay (settings, measurements, etc.). The
menus are designed for easy moving around and comfortable use, without
confusion. The user will quickly be at ease with the Human Machine Interface.
Programmable scheme logics:
The MiCOM P220 relay can achieve up to 4 logical equations by combining the
protection relay's internal and external information. These equations make it
possible to define logical AND/OR expressions which can be associated with

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

time-delays. These logical schemes result in savings in external relaying and in

relay/process interactivity.
Measurements:
The MICOM P220 relay provides continuous measurements of a large amount of
electrical data.
Phase current magnitude in true RMS value : IA, IB, IC
Neutral current magnitude in true RMS value : IN
Positive sequence current : I1
Negative sequence current I2
Zero sequence current = I0
Frequency
Peak current value
To provide the user with more accurate information on the motors status and
availability, the P220 relay keeps tracks of:
Thermal status of the motor
Load value in relation to the full load value
Time to thermal trip
Temperature of each RTD
Authorised start number
Time before another start-up authorisation
Last start time value
Last start current magnitude
Motor starts number
Emergency starts number
Total motor running hours
All this information allows the user to keep track permanently of the status of the
motors process. All the value measured by the relay is available on the front
panel LCD screen, via the communication network or via the front RS232 port.
Analogue output:
An optional analogue output is available. Certain information and measurement
values can be driven through a current loop towards a PLC.
Fixed LEDs:
All products in the MiCOM protection range have 4 indicator lights in common,
showing the status of the relay. They respectively indicate if the relay is powered,
if an internal failure is detected, if a tripping order has been given and if an alarm
is active.
Programmable LEDs:
MICOM P220 relay offers free programming of 4 LEDs. Each indicator light can
be assigned to one or more functions or logic states, e.g.: "motor running" or
"successfully started". These programmable LEDs eliminate the need for external
signal-lights.
Push buttons:
The operator menu is addressed through 7 touch-sensitive buttons.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

Communication:
The MiCOM P220 relay is equipped with a RS485 port on its rear plate.
Communication via the MODBUSTM, Courier or IEC 60870- 5-103 protocols is
thus available. The range of MiCOM relays make it possible to transmit
adjustment values, measurement data, alarm signals, fault values, event-records,
oscillography and start-up current shape, to the Substation Control System (e.g.
MiCOM S10) or to a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System).
Commands coming from the upper level can be sent to the relay, e.g. a stop
motor command. Communication parameters (equipment number, data rate,
parity, etc.) can be adjusted by the push buttons on the front panel.
Setting and control software:
Configuration software makes it possible to pre-set all the parameters of the
P220 relay from a PC. The relay is then addressed via the RS232 port located on
the front plate. Totally compatible with all the WindowsTM systems (95,98, NT),
the configuration software can download and upload the relay settings and pull
up measurement values, diagnostics, fault recordings, oscillographies, start-up
current shape, and event-logging.
Laboratory work:
Set the motor protection relay with respect to its types of protection schemes.
Analyze the output of it according to your settings. Draw your conclusion for it.

PREPARED BY PROF. VIJAY H. MAKWANA

 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

Motor protection relay operating manual

General procedure to operate numerical relay and panel circuit

Connect single phase supply to the appropriate points (written 230 V, A.C.) to
make the relay and its control circuits ON.
Connect three phase supply to the appropriate points (written 415 V, 3 ph,
A.C.) to start the induction motor when ON command is available from the
control circuit.
Connect the relay with computer via RS 232 port connected on the front side
of the relay.
Now open the software of relay on the computer monitor by double clicking on
the MiCOM S1 software icon (available on the desktop of the computer).
Now one dialog box will be found on the computer screen on which front port
communication interface is written in one rectangle.
Now just click once on that rectangle so other dialog box will open on which
PX20/PX20C/M/Module X Series is written in one rectangle.
Now just click once on that rectangle so other dialog box will open on which
two buttons are available one named SETTING SOFTWARE and the other
named MEASUREMENT.
Now just click once on Setting software push button, so one window will get
open.
Now click on device menu and then after click on communication setup
option of that menu.
That will open one dialog box on which enter appropriate serial port of your
computer (COM1 or COM3) and then click OK.
Now once again click on device menu and then after click on open
connection option of that menu.
Give relay address (generally 1) on the dialog box opened due to the previous
action.
So now the relay will get connected with the computer and you can have
interface facility available between the relay and the computer.
Now start doing settings of the relay one by one given on the window.
First click on CONFIGURATION option.
In that option you can set the basic relay parameters like default display, CT
ratio, setting of functions to LEDs by clicking on CONFIG. SELECT, CT
RATIO, LED 5, LED 6, LED 7, LED 8 respectively.
To use logic inputs use LOGIC INPUTS option which is available in the same
CONFIGURATION option.
Now to do protection settings of the relay two groups are available in this
relay named PROTECTION G1 AND PROTECTION G2.
First do the settings of various protections functions one by one which are
available in PROTECTION G1 group.
Then you can do the settings of various protections functions one by one
which are available in PROTECTION G2 group also in the same manner.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

Then to send the settings of the relay done on computer, click on device
menu and then after click on send and finally to MICOM P 220 relay.
So now the settings will be transferred in the relay and the relay will get ready
to perform its functions according to the settings done.
Now two options are available to start the induction motor using the panel one
is local position and the other is remote position that simulates the motor
operation at two different points with different logics.
First start the motor from the local position by keeping the SELECTOR
SWITCH on LOCAL position and then pressing ON push button from the
LOCAL position.
To start the motor from the REMOTE position you can put the SELECTOR
SWITCH on REMOTE side and then after make the permissives simulation
switches ON and then after press ON push button from the REMOTE
position.
To stop the motor from the LOCAL position press OFF push button from the
LOCAL side.
To stop the motor from the REMOTE position press OFF push button from
the REMOTE side.
To simulate emergency stoppage condition of the motor one EMERGENCY
STOP push button is given.
Now you can test the protection functions of the relay one by one by starting
the induction motor and generating various faulty conditions.
In the same manner you can check the other miscellaneous functions of the
relay by using AUTOMAT. CTRL menu.
In AUTOMAT. CTRL menu many functions of the relay are given like START
NUMBER to restrict the start-stop operations of the motor to a specific value
within a given time limit.
One other function is MINIMUM TIME BETWEEN 2 START to control the
time delay between two successive restarts.
Similarly one can try for other functions of the relay.
To measure the operating data like phase currents, frequency, temperature
etc. you can use MEASUREMENT option of PX20/PX20C/M/Module X
Series dialog box.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

THERMAL OVERLOAD protection function

Do the settings of THERMAL OVERLOAD protection function as per the
requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
In is the normal rated current.
Te1, Te2 and Tr are the time constants for the thermal overload protection.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now start the induction motor and wait for the relay operation. Relay operates
after a specified time delay when the current drawn by the motor increases
beyond the set values.
You may reduce the time of operation of this protection function by drawing
some extra power by connecting extra three phase load.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

SHORT CIRCUIT protection function

Do the settings of SHORT CIRCUIT protection function as per the
requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
I>> indicates the setting value of short circuit current.
tI>> indicates the setting time after which the short circuit protection operates.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now start the motor and go on increasing current through it.
When the current passing through the motor exceeds the set limit the relay
operates.
You can also connect 185 ohm, 2.2 Amp rheostat between any two phases to
increase the current drawn from the supply if the current drawn by the motor
is insufficient.
In this manner also one can test this protection function.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

EARTH FAULT protection function

Do the settings of EARTH FAULT protection function as per the requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
I0> indicates low set value of earth fault current.
tI0> indicates set time after which the earth fault protection operates.
I0>> indicates high set value of earth fault current.
tI0>> indicates set time after which the earth fault protection operates.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now connect 185 ohm, 2.2 Amp rheostat between any one phase and neutral
to simulate earth fault protection.
Now start the motor by pressing ON push button as given in the procedure
ahead.
Now slowly increase the current passing through the neutral circuit by varying
the cursor of the rheostat.
When the current passing through the neutral path increases beyond the set
limit the relay operates as per the set values.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

UNBALANCE protection function

Do the settings of UNBALANCE protection function as per the requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
I2> indicates low set value of unbalance current.
TI2> indicates set time after which the unbalance protection operates.
I2>> indicates high set value of unbalance current.
tI2>> indicates set time after which the unbalance protection operates.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now connect 185 ohm, 2.2 Amp rheostat between any two phases to
simulate unbalance fault protection.
Now start the motor by pressing ON push button as given in the procedure
ahead.
Now slowly increase the current passing through the rheostat by varying the
cursor of the rheostat to create unbalance in the three phase circuit.
When the current passing through the rheostat increases beyond the set limit
the relay operates as per the set values.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

EXCESSIVE START protection function

Do the settings of EXCESSIVE START protection function as per the
requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
Ith indicates detection of start function.
tIstart is the time for which the relay waits for the motor to start.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Start the motor and check that the relay will allow the motor to start for the
specified time delay.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

BLOCKED ROTOR protection function

Do the settings of BLOCKED ROTOR protection function as per the
requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
Istall indicates current detection of stalling condition.
tIstall is the time after which the relay trips.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now start the motor by pressing ON push button as given in the procedure
ahead.
Increase the current passing through it.
To increase the three phase current one may connect three phase load bank
or may connect 185 ohm, 2.2 Amp rheostat between any two phases.
Now slowly increase the current passing through the three phase circuit.
When the current passing through the three phase circuit increases beyond
the set limit the relay operates as per the set values.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

LOSS OF LOAD protection function

Do the settings of LOSS OF LOAD protection function as per the
requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
I<l indicates current detection setting of loss of load condition.
tI< is the time after which the relay trips.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now start the motor and draw three phase power from the supply.
Then after slowly decrease the current drawn by the motor.
When the current drawn by the motor reduces below the set limit the relay
gives tripping signal as per the set values.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

RTD protection function

Do the settings of RTD protection function as per the requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
Set the relay for giving alarm at lower temperature after more time.
Set the relay for giving tripping signal at higher temperature after small time.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now start the motor and check the temperature of the motor using RTD type
PT 100 (placed near the motor and it output is connected to the relay).
When the motor is started the temperature measured by the relay will be the
ambient temperature.
Now as the motor will remain ON for a long time, the temperature of its body
will get increase.
Finally, when it crosses its set limit the relay gives alarm or tripping signal as
per its settings.

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 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

START NUMBER LIMITATIONS function

Do the settings of START NUMBER LIMITATIONS protection function as per
the requirements.
Make this protection ON by selecting YES for this function which is given in
the figure below by blue line.
One example of the settings is given in the figure below.
Set the relay for some hot and some cold starts in a specified time limit.
Transfer the settings done on the computer screen to the relay.
The relay gives tripping signal after it completes the specified number of hot
and cold starts.
To understand the meanings of each and every sub titles of that protection
function refer the protection manual of the relay type MICOM P 220.
Now to check this function of the relay, try to start and stop the motor many
times (more than the settings).
When the number of starts and stops of the motor for a specified time limit
exceeds the set value the relay gives tripping signal.

PREPARED BY PROF. VIJAY H. MAKWANA