Sap Abap Quick Guide

SAP ABAP - QUICK GUIDE
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SAP ABAP - OVERVIEW

ABAP stands for Advanced Business Application Programming, a 4GL
4thgeneration language. Currently it is positioned, along with Java, as
the main language for SAP application server programming.
Let's start with the high level architecture of SAP system. The 3-tier
Client/Server architecture of a typical SAP system is depicted as
follows.
The Presentation layer consists of any input device that can be used
to control SAP system. This could be a web browser, a mobile device
and so on. All the central processing takes place in Application
server. The Application server is not just one system in itself, but it
can be multiple instances of the processing system. The server
communicates with the Database layer that is usually kept on a
separate server, mainly for performance reasons and also for security.
Communication happens between each layer of the system, from the
Presentation layer to the Database and then back up the chain.
Note ABAP programs run at the application server level. Technical

distribution of software is independent of its physical location. It
means basically all three levels can be installed on top of each other on
one computer or each level can be installed on a different computer or
a server.
ABAP programs reside inside the SAP database. They execute under
the control of the runtime system that is a part of the SAP kernel. The
run-time system processes all ABAP statements, controlling the flow
logic and responding to user events.
So, unlike C++ and Java, ABAP programs are not stored in separate
external files. Inside the database, ABAP code exists in two forms
Source code that can be viewed and edited with the ABAP
workbench tools.
Generated code, which is a binary representation. If you are

familiar with Java, this generated code is somewhat comparable
with Java byte code.
The run-time system can be considered as a virtual machine, just

similar to Java virtual machine. A key component of the ABAP run-
time system is the database interface that turns database independent
statements OpenS QL into the statements understood by the
underlying database N ativeS QL . SAP can work with a wide variety of
databases and the same ABAP program can run on all of those.
SAP ABAP - ENVIRONMENT

SAP ABAP - ENVIRONMENT
Reports are a good starting point for familiarizing yourself with general
ABAP principles and tools. ABAP reports are used in many areas. In
this chapter, we will see how easy it is to write a simple ABAP Report.
Hello ABAP
Let's get started with the common "Hello World" example.
Each ABAP statement starts with an ABAP keyword and ends with a
period. Keywords must be separated by at least one space. It does not
matter whether or not you use one or several lines for an ABAP
statement.
You need to enter your code using the ABAP Editor that is a part of
ABAP Tools delivered with the SAP NetWeaver Application Server
ABAP alsoknownasAS ABAP .
AS ABAP is an application server with its own database, ABAP run-

time environment, and ABAP development tools such as ABAP Editor.
The AS ABAP offers a development platform that is independent of
hardware, operating system, and database.
Using the ABAP Editor

Step 1 Start the transaction SE38 to navigate to the ABAP Editor
discussedinthenextchapter. Let's start creating a report that is one of
the many ABAP objects.
Step 2 On the initial screen of the editor, specify the name of your
report in the input field PROGRAM. You may specify the name as
ZHELLO1. The preceding Z is important for the name. Z ensures that
your report resides in the customer namespace.
The customer namespace includes all objects with the prefix Y or Z. It
is always used when customers or partners create objects likeareport
to differentiate these objects from objects of SAP and to prevent name
conflicts with objects.
Step 3 You may type the report name in lower case letters, but the
editor will change it to upper case. So the names of ABAP objects are
Not case sensitive.
Step 4 After specifying the name of the report, click the CREATE
button. A popup window ABAP: PROGRAM ATTRIBUTES will pop up
and you will provide more information about your report.
Step 5 Choose "Executable Program" as the report type, enter the

title My First ABAP Report and then select SAVE to continue. The
CREATE OBJECT DIRECTORY ENTRY window will pop up next.
Select the button LOCAL OBJECT and the popup will close.
You can complete your first report by entering the WRITE statement
below the REPORT statement, so that the complete report contains just
two lines as follows
REPORT ZHELLO1.
WRITE 'Hello World'.
Starting the Report

We can use the keyboard C trl + S or the save icon
righthandsidebesidethecommandf ield to save the report. ABAP
development takes place in AS ABAP.
Starting the report is as simple as saving it. Click the ACTIVATION

button lef thandsidenexttothestarticon and start the report by using
the icon DIRECT PROCESSING or the F8 function key. The title "My
First ABAP Report" along with the output Hello World is displayed as
well. Here is the output
My First ABAP Report
Hello World
As long as you do not activate a new report or activate a change to an

existing report, it is not relevant to their users. This is important in a
central development environment where you may work on objects that
other developers use in their projects.
Viewing the Existing Code

If you look at the field Program and double-click on the value
ZHELLO1, the ABAP editor will display the code for your report. This is
called Forward Navigation. Double clicking on an object's name opens
that object in the appropriate tool.
SAP ABAP - SCREEN NAVIGATION

In order to understand SAP ABAP, you need to have basic knowledge
of screens like Login, ABAP Editor, Logout and so on. This chapter
focuses on screen navigation and the standard toolbar functionality.
Login Screen
After you log on to SAP server, SAP login screen will prompt for User
ID and Password. You need to provide a valid user ID and Password
and press Enter
theuseridandpasswordisprovidedbysystemadministrator . Following
is the login screen.

Toolbar Icon
Following is the SAP screen toolbar.
Menu Bar Menu bar is the top line of dialog window.
Standard Toolbar Most standard functions such as Top of Page,

End of Page, Page Up, Page Down and Save are available in this
toolbar.
Title Bar Title Bar displays the name of the application/business

process you are currently in.
Application Toolbar Application specific menu options are

available here.
Command Field We can start an application without navigating

through the menu transactions and some logical codes are assigned to
business processes. Transaction codes are entered in the command
field to directly start the application.
ABAP Editor
You may just start the transaction SE38 enterS E38inC ommandF ield
to navigate to the ABAP Editor.
Standard Keys and Icons

Exit keys are used to exit the program/module or to log off. They are
also used to go back to the last accessed screen.
Following are the standard exit keys used in SAP as shown in the
image.
Following are the options for checking, activating and processing the
reports.
Log Off
Its always a good practice to Exit from your ABAP Editor or/and logoff
from the SAP system after finishing your work.
SAP ABAP - BASIC SYNTAX
Statements
ABAP source program consists of comments and ABAP statements.
Every statement in ABAP begins with a keyword and ends with a
period, and ABAP is Not case sensitive.
The first non-comment line in a program begins with the word

REPORT. The Report will always be the first line of any executable
program created. The statement is followed by the program name
which was created previously. The line is then terminated with a full
stop.
The syntax is
REPORT [Program_Name].
[Statements].
This allows the statement to take up as many lines in the editor as it

needs. For example, the REPORT may look like this
REPORT Z_Test123_01.
Statements consist of a command and any variables and options,

ending with a period. As long as the period appears at the end of the
statement, no problems will arise. It is this period that marks where the
statement finishes.
Lets write the code.
On the line below the REPORT statement, just type this statement:
Write ABAP Tutorial.
Write 'This is ABAP Tutorial'.
Four things to consider while writing statements
The write statement writes whatever is in quotes to the output

window.
The ABAP editor converts all text to uppercase except text

strings, which are surrounded by single quotation marks.
Unlike some older programming languages, ABAP does not care

where a statement begins on a line. You may take advantage of
this and improve the readability of your program by using
indentation to indicate blocks of code.
ABAP has no restrictions on the layout of statements. That is,
multiple statements can be placed on a single line, or a single
statement may stretch across multiple lines.
Colon Notation
Consecutive statements can be chained together if the beginning of
each statement is identical. This is done with the colon : operator and
commas, which are used to terminate the individual statements, much
as periods end normal statements.
Following is an example of a program that could save some key

stroking
WRITE 'Hello'.
WRITE 'ABAP'.
WRITE 'World'.
Using the colon notation, it could be rewritten this way
WRITE: 'Hello',
'ABAP',
'World'.
Like any other ABAP statement, the layout doesnt matter. This is an
equally correct statement
WRITE: 'Hello', 'ABAP', 'World'.
Comments
Inline comments may be declared anywhere in a program by one of the
two methods
Full line comments are indicated by placing an asterisk in the

first position of the line, in which case the entire line is
considered by the system to be a comment. Comments dont
need to be terminated by a period because they may not extend
across more than one line
* This is the comment line
Partial line comments are indicated by entering a double quote "

after a statement. All text following the double quote is
considered by the system to be a comment. You need not
terminate partial line comments by a period because they may
not extend across more than one line
WRITE 'Hello'. "Here is the partial comment
Note Commented code is not capitalized by the ABAP editor.
Suppressing Blanks
The NO-ZERO command follows the DATA statement. It suppresses all
leading zeros of a number field containing blanks. The output is usually
easier for the users to read.
Example
DATA: W_NUR(10) TYPE N.

MOVE 50 TO W_NUR.
WRITE W_NUR NO-ZERO.
The above code produces the following output
50
Note Without NO-ZERO command, the output is: 0000000050

Blank Lines
The SKIP command helps in inserting blank lines on the page.
Example
The message command is as follows
WRITE 'This is the 1st line'.

SKIP.
WRITE 'This is the 2nd line'.
The above message command produces the following output
This is the 1st line

This is the 2nd line
We may use the SKIP command to insert multiple blank lines.
SKIP number_of_lines.
The output would be several blank lines defined by the number of lines.
The SKIP command can also position the cursor on a desired line on
the page.
SKIP TO LINE line_number.
This command is used to dynamically move the cursor up and down

the page. Usually, a WRITE statement occurs after this command to
put output on that desired line.
Inserting Lines
The ULINE command automatically inserts a horizontal line across the
output. Its also possible to control the position and length of the line.
The syntax is pretty simple
ULINE.
Example
The message command is as follows
WRITE 'This is Underlined'.

ULINE.
This is Underlined (and a horizontal line below this).
Messages
The MESSAGE command displays messages defined by a message ID
specified in the REPORT statement at the beginning of the program.
The message ID is a 2 character code that defines which set of 1,000
messages the program will access when the MESSAGE command is
used.
The messages are numbered from 000 to 999. Associated with each
number is a message text up to a maximum of 80 characters. When
message number is called, the corresponding text is displayed.
Following are the characters for use with the Message command
Message Type Consequences
E Error The message appears and the

application halts at its current point. If
the program is running in background
mode, the job is canceled and the
message is recorded in the job log.
The message appears and the user must

press Enter for the application to
W Warning
continue. In background mode, the
message is recorded in the job log.
A pop-up window opens with the

message text and the user must press
I Information
Enter to continue. In background mode,
the message is recorded in the job log.
This message class cancels the

A Abend transaction that the user is currently
using.
This provides an informational message

at the bottom of the screen. The
information displayed is positive in
S Success
nature and it is just meant for user
feedback. The message does not impede
the program in any way.
This message aborts the program and

X Abort
generates an ABAP short dump.
Error messages are normally used to stop users from doing things they
are not supposed to do. Warning messages are generally used to
remind the users of the consequences of their actions. Information
messages give the users useful information.
Example
When we create a message for message the ID AB, the MESSAGE

command - MESSAGE E011 gives the following output
EAB011 This report does not support sub-number

summarization.
SAP ABAP - DATA TYPES

While programming in ABAP, we need to use a variety of variables to
store various information. Variables are nothing but reserved memory
locations to store values. This means that when you create a variable
you reserve some space in memory. You may like to store information
of various data types like character, integer, floating point, etc. Based
on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory
and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.
Elementary Data Types

ABAP offers the programmer a rich assortment of fixed length as well
as variable length data types. Following table lists down ABAP
elementary data types
Type Keyword
Byte field X
Text field C
Integer I
Floating point F
Packed number P
Text string STRING
Some of the fields and numbers can be modified using one or more
names as the following
byte
numeric
character-like
The following table shows the data type, how much memory it takes to
store the value in memory, and the minimum and maximum value that
could be stored in such type of variables.
Type Typical Typical Range

Length
X 1 byte Any byte values 00toF F
C 1 character 1 to 65535
N numerictextf iled 1 character 1 to 65535
D 8 characters 8 characters
character likedate
T 6 characters 6 characters
character liketime
I 4 bytes -2147483648 to
2147483647
F 8 bytes 2.2250738585072014E-
308 to
1.7976931348623157E+308
positive or negative
P 8 bytes [-10^2len 1 +1] to [+10^

2len 1 1]
wherelen = f ixedlength
STRING Variable Any alphanumeric

characters
XSTRING bytestring Variable Any byte values 00toF F
Example
REPORT YR_SEP_12.
DATA text_line TYPE C LENGTH 40.
text_line = 'A Chapter on Data Types'.
Write text_line.
DATA text_string TYPE STRING.

text_string = 'A Program in ABAP'.
Write / text_string.
DATA d_date TYPE D.

d_date = SY-DATUM.
Write / d_date.
In this example, we have a character string of type C with a predefined
length 40. STRING is a data type that can be used for any character
string of variable length textstrings. Type STRING data objects should
generally be used for character-like content where fixed length is not
important.
A Chapter on Data Types

A Program in ABAP
12092015
The DATE type is used for the storage of date information and can
store eight digits as shown above.
Complex and Reference Types

The complex types are classified into Structure types and Table
types. In the structure types, elementary types and structures
i. e. structureembeddedinastructure are grouped together. You may
consider only the grouping of elementary types. But you must be aware
of the availability of nesting of structures.
When the elementary types are grouped together, the data item can be
accessed as a grouped data item or the individual elementary type data
items structuref ields can be accessed. The table types are better
known as arrays in other programming languages. Arrays can be
simple or structure arrays. In ABAP, arrays are called internal tables
and they can be declared and operated upon in many ways when
compared to other programming languages. The following table shows
the parameters according to which internal tables are characterized.
S.No. Parameter & Description

1 Line or row type
Row of an internal table can be of elementary, complex or

reference type.
2
Key
Specifies a field or a group of fields as a key of an internal

table that identifies the table rows. A key contains the
fields of elementary types.
3
Access method
Describes how ABAP programs access individual table

entries.
Reference types are used to refer to instances of classes, interfaces, and

run-time data items. The ABAP OOP run-time type services RT T S
enables declaration of data items at run-time.
SAP ABAP - VARIABLES

Variables are named data objects used to store values within the
allotted memory area of a program. As the name suggests, users can
change the content of variables with the help of ABAP statements. Each
variable in ABAP has a specific type, which determines the size and
layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored
within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to
the variable.
You must declare all variables before they can be used. The basic form
of a variable declaration is
DATA <f> TYPE <type> VALUE <val>.
Here <f> specifies the name of a variable. The name of the variable can
be up to 30 characters long. <type> specifies the type of variable. Any
data type with fully specified technical attributes is known as <type>.
The <val> specifies the initial value of the of <f> variable. In case you
define an elementary fixed-length variable, the DATA statement
automatically populates the value of the variable with the type-specific
initial value. Other possible values for <val> can be a literal, constant,
or an explicit clause, such as Is INITIAL.
Following are valid examples of variable declarations.
DATA d1(2) TYPE C.

DATA d2 LIKE d1.
DATA minimum_value TYPE I VALUE 10.
In the above code snippet, d1 is a variable of C type, d2 is a variable of

d1 type, and minimum_value is a variable of ABAP integer type I.
This chapter will explain various variable types available in ABAP.

There are three kinds of variables in ABAP
Static Variables
Reference Variables
System Variables
Static Variables
Static variables are declared in subroutines, function modules,
and static methods.
The lifetime is linked to the context of the declaration.
With CLASS-DATA statement, you can declare variables within

the classes.
The PARAMETERS statement can be used to declare the

elementary data objects that are linked to input fields on a
selection screen.
You can also declare the internal tables that are linked to input
fields on a selection screen by using SELECT-OPTIONS
statement.
Following are the conventions used while naming a variable
You cannot use special characters such as "t" and "," to name
variables.
The name of the predefined data objects cant be changed.
The name of the variable cant be the same as any ABAP keyword
or clause.
The name of the variables must convey the meaning of the

variable without the need for further comments.
Hyphens are reserved to represent the components of structures.

Therefore, you are supposed to avoid hyphens in variable names.
The underscore character can be used to separate compound

words.
This program shows how to declare a variable using the PARAMETERS

statement
REPORT ZTest123_01.
PARAMETERS: NAME(10) TYPE C,
CLASS TYPE I,
SCORE TYPE P DECIMALS 2,
CONNECT TYPE MARA-MATNR.
Here, NAME represents a parameter of 10 characters, CLASS specifies

a parameter of integer type with the default size in bytes, SCORE
represents a packed type parameter with values up to two decimal
places, and CONNECT refers to the MARA-MATNF type of ABAP
Dictionary.
Reference Variables
The syntax for declaring reference variables is
DATA <ref> TYPE REF TO <type> VALUE IS INITIAL.
REF TO addition declares a reference variable ref.
The specification after REF TO specifies the static type of the

reference variable.
The static type restricts the set of objects to which <ref> can
refer.
The dynamic type of reference variable is the data type or class

to which it currently refers.
The static type is always more general or the same as the

dynamic type.
The TYPE addition is used to create a bound reference type and

as a start value, and only IS INITIAL can be specified after the
VALUE addition.
Example
CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA Bl TYPE I VALUE 1.
ENDCLASS. DATA: Oref TYPE REF TO C1 ,
Dref1 LIKE REF TO Oref,
Dref2 TYPE REF TO I .
CREATE OBJECT Oref.
GET REFERENCE OF Oref INTO Dref1.
CREATE DATA Dref2.
Dref2* = Dref1*Bl.
In the above code snippet, an object reference Oref and two data
reference variables Dref1 and Dref2 are declared.
Both data reference variables are fully typed and can be

dereferenced using the dereferencing operator * at operand
positions.
System Variables
ABAP system variables are accessible from all ABAP programs.
These fields are actually filled by the run-time environment.
The values in these fields indicate the state of the system at any
given point of time.
You can find the complete list of system variables in the SYST
table in SAP.
Individual fields of the SYST structure can be accessed by using

either SYST- or SY-.
Example
WRITE:/'SY-ABCDE', SY-ABCDE,
/'SY-DATUM', SY-DATUM,
/'SY-DBSYS', SY-DBSYS,
/'SY-HOST ', SY-HOST,
/'SY-LANGU', SY-LANGU,
/'SY-MANDT', SY-MANDT,
/'SY-OPSYS', SY-OPSYS,
/'SY-SAPRL', SY-SAPRL,
/'SY-SYSID', SY-SYSID,
/'SY-TCODE', SY-TCODE,
/'SY-UNAME', SY-UNAME,
/'SY-UZEIT', SY-UZEIT.
SY-ABCDE ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
SY-DATUM 12.09.2015
SY-DBSYS ORACLE
SY-HOST sapserver
SY-LANGU EN
SY-MANDT 800
SY-OPSYS Windows NT
SY-SAPRL 700
SY-SYSID DMO
SY-TCODE SE38
SY-UNAME SAPUSER
SY-UZEIT 14:25:48
SAP ABAP - CONSTANTS & LITERALS

Literals are unnamed data objects that you create within the source
code of a program. They are fully defined by their value. You cant
change the value of a literal. Constants are named data objects created
statically by using declarative statements. A constant is declared by
assigning a value to it that is stored in the program's memory area. The
value assigned to a constant cant be changed during the execution of
the program. These fixed values can also be considered as literals.
There are two types of literals numeric and character.
Numeric Literals
Number literals are sequences of digits which can have a prefixed sign.
In number literals, there are no decimal separators and no notation
with mantissa and exponent.
Following are some examples of numeric literals
183.
-97.
+326.
Character Literals
Character literals are sequences of alphanumeric characters in the
source code of an ABAP program enclosed in single quotation marks.
Character literals enclosed in quotation marks have the predefined
ABAP type C and are described as text field literals. Literals enclosed in
back quotes have the ABAP type STRING and are described as string
literals. The field length is defined by the number of characters.
Note In text field literals, trailing blanks are ignored, but in string
literals they are taken into account.
Following are some examples of character literals.
Text field literals
REPORT YR_SEP_12.
Write 'Tutorials Point'.
Write / 'ABAP Tutorial'.
String field literals
REPORT YR_SEP_12.
Write `Tutorials Point `.
Write / `ABAP Tutorial `.
The output is same in both the above cases
Tutorials Point
ABAP Tutorial
Note When we try to change the value of the constant, a syntax or

run-time error may occur. Constants that you declare in the declaration
part of a class or an interface belong to the static attributes of that class
or interface.
CONSTANTS Statement
We can declare the named data objects with the help of CONSTANTS
statement.
Following is the syntax
CONSTANTS <f> TYPE <type> VALUE <val>.
The CONSTANTS statement is similar to the DATA statement.
<f> specifies a name for the constant. TYPE <type> represents a

constant named <f>, which inherits the same technical attributes as
the existing data type <type>. VALUE <val> assigns an initial value to
the declared constant name <f>.
Note We should use the VALUE clause in the CONSTANTS

statement. The clause VALUE is used to assign an initial value to the
constant during its declaration.
We have 3 types of constants such as elementary, complex and

reference constants. The following statement shows how to define
constants by using the CONSTANTS statement
REPORT YR_SEP_12.
CONSTANTS PQR TYPE P DECIMALS 4 VALUE '1.2356'.
Write: / 'The value of PQR is:', PQR.
The output is
The value of PQR is: 1.2356
Here it refers to elementary data type and is known as elementary

constant.
Following is an example for complex constants
BEGIN OF EMPLOYEE,
Name(25) TYPE C VALUE 'Management Team',
Organization(40) TYPE C VALUE 'Tutorials Point Ltd',
Place(10) TYPE C VALUE 'India',
END OF EMPLOYEE.
In the above code snippet, EMPLOYEE is a complex constant that is

composed of the Name, Organization and Place fields.
The following statement declares a constant reference
CONSTANTS null_pointer TYPE REF TO object VALUE IS INITIAL.
We can use the constant reference in comparisons or we may pass it on

to procedures.
SAP ABAP - OPERATORS

ABAP provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. All
ABAP operators are classified into four categories
Arithmetic Operators
Comparison Operators
Bitwise Operators
Character String Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same
way that they are used in algebra. The following list describes
arithmetic operators. Assume integer variable A holds 20 and variable
B holds 40.
S.No. Arithmetic Operator & Description

1 + Addition
Adds values on either side of the operator. Example: A + B

will give 60.
2
S ubtraction
Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand.

Example: A B will give -20.
3
* M ultiplication
Multiplies values on either side of the operator. Example:

A * B will give 800.
4
/ Division
Divides left hand operand by right hand operand.

Example: B / A will give 2.
5
MOD M odulus
Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and

returns the remainder. Example: B MOD A will give 0.
Example
REPORT YS_SEP_08.
DATA: A TYPE I VALUE 150,
B TYPE I VALUE 50,
Result TYPE I.
Result = A / B.
WRITE / Result.
Comparison Operators
Lets discuss the various types of comparison operators for different
operands.
S.No. Comparison Operator & Description
1
= equalitytest . Alternate form is EQ.
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes

then condition becomes true. Example A = B is not true.
2
<> I nequalitytest . Alternate form is NE.
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the

values are not equal then the condition becomes true.
Example A <> B is true.
3
> Greaterthantest. Alternate form is GT.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value

of right operand. If yes then condition becomes true.
Example A > B is not true.
4
< Lessthantest. Alternate form is LT.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of

right operand. If yes, then condition becomes true.
Example A < B is true.
5
>= Greaterthanorequals Alternate form is GE.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal

to the value of right Operand. If yes, then condition
becomes true. Example A >= B is not true.
6
<= Lessthanorequalstest. Alternate form is LE.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to

the value of right operand. If yes, then condition becomes
true. Example A <= B is true.
7
a1 BETWEEN a2 AND a3 I ntervaltest
Checks whether a1 lies in between a2 and a3 inclusive. If

yes, then the condition becomes true. Example
ABET W EEN BAN DC is true.
8
IS INITIAL
The condition becomes true if the contents of the variable

have not changed and it has been automatically assigned
its initial value. Example AI S I N I T I AL is not true
9
IS NOT INITIAL
The condition becomes true if the contents of the variable

have changed. Example AI S N OT I N I T I AL is true.
Note If the data type or length of the variables does not match then
automatic conversion is performed. Automatic type adjustment is
performed for either one or both of the values while comparing two
values of different data types. The conversion type is decided by the
data type and the preference order of the data type.
Following is the order of preference
If one field is of type I, then the other is converted to type I.
If one field is of type P, then the other is converted to type P.

If one field is of type D, then the other is converted to type D.
But C and N types are not converted and they are compared
directly. Similar is the case with type T.
If one field is of type N and the other is of type C or X, both the

fields are converted to type P.
If one field is of type C and the other is of type X, the X type is

converted to type C.
Example 1
REPORT YS_SEP_08.
DATA: A TYPE I VALUE 115,

B TYPE I VALUE 119.
IF A LT B.
WRITE: / 'A is less than B'.
ENDIF
A is less than B
Example 2
REPORT YS_SEP_08.
DATA: A TYPE I.
IF A IS INITIAL.
WRITE: / 'A is assigned'.
ENDIF.

A is assigned.
Bitwise Operators
ABAP also provides a series of bitwise logical operators that can be
used to build Boolean algebraic expressions. The bitwise operators can
be combined in complex expressions using parentheses and so on.
S.No. Bitwise Operator & Description
1
BIT-NOT
Unary operator that flips all the bits in a hexadecimal

number to the opposite value. For instance, applying this
operator to a hexadecimal number having the bit level
value 10101010 e. g. AA would give 01010101.

2
BIT-AND
This binary operator compares each field bit by bit using

the Boolean AND operator.
3
BIT-XOR
Binary operator that compares each field bit by bit using

the Boolean XOR exclusiveOR operator.
4 BIT-OR
Binary operator that compares each field bit by bit using

the Boolean OR operator.
For example, following is the truth table that shows the values
generated when applying the Boolean AND, OR, or XOR operators
against the two bit values contained in field A and field B.
Field A Field B AND OR XOR
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
Character String Operators

Following is a list of character string operators
S.No. Character String Operator & Description
1
CO C ontainsOnly
Checks whether A is solely composed of the characters in
B.
2
CN N otC ontainsON LY
Checks whether A contains characters that are not in B.
3
CA C ontainsAN Y
Checks whether A contains at least one character of B.
4
NA N OT C ontainsAny
Checks whether A does not contain any character of B.
5
CS C ontainsaS tring
Checks whether A contains the character string B.
6
NS N OT C ontainsaS tring
Checks whether A does not contain the character string B.
7
CP C ontainsaP attern
It checks whether A contains the pattern in B.
8
NP N OT C ontainsaP attern
It checks whether A does not contain the pattern in B.
Example
REPORT YS_SEP_08.
DATA: P(10) TYPE C VALUE 'APPLE',
Q(10) TYPE C VALUE 'CHAIR'.
IF P CA Q.
WRITE: / 'P contains at least one character of Q'.

ENDIF.
P contains at least one character of Q.
SAP ABAP - LOOP CONTROL

There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code
several number of times. In general, statements are executed
sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on.
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow

for more complicated execution paths. A loop statement allows us to
execute a statement or group of statements multiple times and
following is the general form of a loop statement in most of the
programming languages.
ABAP programming language provides the following types of loop to

handle looping requirements.
S.No. Loop Type & Description
1 WHILE loop
Repeats a statement or group of statements when a given
condition is true. It tests the condition before executing the
loop body.
2 Do loop
The DO statement is useful for repeating particular task a

specific number of times.
3 Nested loop
You may use one or more loops inside any another WHILE
or DO loop.
Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence.
ABAP includes control statements that allow loops to be ended
prematurely. It supports the following control statements.
S.No. Control Statement & Description
1 CONTINUE
Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and starts
the next loop pass.
2 CHECK
If the condition is false, then the remaining statements
after the CHECK are just ignored and the system starts the
next loop pass.
3 EXIT
Terminates the loop entirely and transfers execution to the

statement immediately following the loop.
SAP ABAP - DECISIONS

Decision making structures have one or more conditions to be
evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or
statements that are to be executed, if the condition is determined to be
true, and optionally, other statements to be executed, if the condition is
determined to be false.
Following is the general form of a typical decision-making structure

found in most of the programming languages
ABAP programming language provides the following types of decision-
making statements.
S.No. Statement & Description
1 IF Statement
An IF statement consists of a logical expression followed

by one or more statements.
2 IF.. Else Statement

An IF statement can be followed by an optional ELSE
statement that executes when the expression is false.
3 Nested IF Statement
You may use one IF or ELSEIF statement inside another IF

or ELSEIF statement.
4 CASE Control Statement
CASE statement is used when we need to compare two or

more fields or variables.
SAP ABAP - STRINGS

Strings, which are widely used in ABAP programming, are a sequence
of characters.
We use data type C variables for holding alphanumeric characters, with

a minimum of 1 character and a maximum of 65,535 characters. By
default, these are aligned to the left.
Creating Strings
The following declaration and initialization creates a string consisting
of the word 'Hello'. The size of the string is exactly the number of
characters in the word 'Hello'.
Data my_Char(5) VALUE 'Hello'.

Following program is an example of creating strings.
REPORT YT_SEP_15.
DATA my_Char(5) VALUE 'Hello'.
Write my_Char.
Hello
String Length
In order to find the length of character strings, we can use STRLEN
statement. The STRLEN function returns the number of characters
contained in the string.
Example
REPORT YT_SEP_15.
DATA: title_1(10) VALUE 'Tutorials',
length_1 TYPE I.
length_1 = STRLEN( title_1 ).

Write: / 'The Length of the Title is:', length_1.
The Length of the Title is: 9
ABAP supports a wide range of statements that manipulate strings.
S.No. Statement & Purpose

1 CONCATENATE
Two strings are joined to form a third string.
2
CONDENSE
This statement deletes the space characters.
3
STRLEN
Used to find the length of a field.
4
REPLACE
Used to make replacements in characters.
5
SEARCH
To run searches in character strings.
6
SHIFT
Used to move the contents of a string left or right.
7
SPLIT
Used to split the contents of a field into two or more fields.
The following example makes use of some of the above mentioned

statements
Example
REPORT YT_SEP_15.
DATA: title_1(10) VALUE 'Tutorials',
title_2(10) VALUE 'Point',
spaced_title(30) VALUE 'Tutorials Point Limited',
sep,
dest1(30),
dest2(30).
CONCATENATE title_1 title_2 INTO dest1.

Write: / 'Concatenation:', dest1.
CONCATENATE title_1 title_2 INTO dest2 SEPARATED BY sep.

Write: / 'Concatenation with Space:', dest2.
CONDENSE spaced_title.
Write: / 'Condense with Gaps:', spaced_title.
CONDENSE spaced_title NO-GAPS.

Write: / 'Condense with No Gaps:', spaced_title.
Concatenation: TutorialsPoint
Concatenation with Space: Tutorials Point
Condense with Gaps: Tutorials Point Limited
Condense with No Gaps: TutorialsPointLimited
Note
In case of Concatenation, the sep inserts a space in between the

fields.
The CONDENSE statement removes blank spaces between the

fields, but leaving only 1 characters space.
NO-GAPS is an optional addition to the CONDENSE statement

that removes all spaces.
SAP ABAP - DATE & TIME

ABAP implicitly references the Gregorian calendar, valid across most of
the world. We can convert the output to country specific calendars. A
date is a time specified to a precise day, week or month with respect to
a calendar. A time is specified to a precise second or minute with
respect to a day. ABAP always saves time in 24-hour format. The
output can have a country specific format. Dates and time are usually
interpreted as local dates that are valid in the current time zone.
ABAP provides two built-in types to work with dates and time
D data type
T data type
Following is the basic format
DATA: date TYPE D,

time TYPE T.
DATA: year TYPE I,

month TYPE I,
day TYPE I,
hour TYPE I,
minute TYPE I,
second TYPE I.
Both of these types are fixed-length character types that have the form
YYYYMMDD and HHMMSS, respectively.
Timestamps
In addition to these built-in types, the other two types TIMESTAMP
and TIMESTAMPL are being used in many standard application
tables to store a timestamp in the UTC format. Following table shows
the basic date and time types available in ABAP.
S.No. Data Type & Description
1
D
A built-in fixed-length date type of the form YYYYMMDD.

For example, the value 20100913 represents the date
September 13, 2010.
2
T
A built-in fixed-length time type of the form HHMMSS.

For example, the value 102305 represents time 10:23:05
AM.
3
TIMESTAMP T ypeP Length8N odecimals
This type is used to represent short timestamps in

YYYYMMDDhhmmss form. For instance, the value
20100913102305 represents the date September 13, 2010
at 10:23:05 AM.
4
TIMESTAMPL T ypeP Length11Decimals7
TIMESTAMPL represents long timestamps in

YYYYMMDDhhmmss,mmmuuun form. Here the
additional digits mmmuuun represent the fractions of a
second.
Current Date and Time

The following code snippets retrieve the current system date and time.
REPORT YR_SEP_15.
DATA: date_1 TYPE D.
date_1 = SY-DATUM.
Write: / 'Present Date is:', date_1 DD/MM/YYYY.
date_1 = date_1 + 06.

Write: / 'Date after 6 Days is:', date_1 DD/MM/YYYY.

Present Date is: 21.09.2015
Date after 6 Days is: 27.09.2015
The variable date_1 is assigned the value of the current system date SY-
DATUM. Next, we increment the date value by 6. In terms of a date
calculation in ABAP, this implies that were increasing the day
component of the date object by 6 days. The ABAP runtime
environment is smart enough to roll over the date value whenever it
reaches the end of a month.
Time calculations work similar to date calculations. The following code

increments the current system time by 75 seconds using basic time
arithmetic.
REPORT YR_SEP_15.
DATA: time_1 TYPE T.
time_1 = SY-UZEIT.
Write /(60) time_1 USING EDIT MASK

'Now the Time is: __:__:__'.
time_1 = time_1 + 75.
Write /(60) time_1 USING EDIT MASK

'A Minute and a Quarter from Now, it is: __:__:__'.
Now the Time is 11:45:05

A Minute and a Quarter from Now, it is: 11:46:20
Working with Timestamps

You can retrieve the current system time and store it in a timestamp
variable using GET TIME STAMP as shown in the following code.
The GET TIME STAMP statement stores the timestamp in a long-hand
or a short-hand format according to the type of the timestamp data
object used. Timestamp value is encoded using the UTC standard.
REPORT YR_SEP_12.
DATA: stamp_1 TYPE TIMESTAMP,
stamp_2 TYPE TIMESTAMPL.

GET TIME STAMP FIELD stamp_1.
Write: / 'The short time stamp is:', stamp_1
TIME ZONE SY-ZONLO.

GET TIME STAMP FIELD stamp_2.
Write: / 'The long time stamp is:', stamp_2
TIME ZONE SY-ZONLO.
The short time stamp is: 18.09.2015 11:19:40

The long time stamp is: 18.09.2015 11:19:40,9370000
In the above example, we are displaying the timestamp using the TIME
ZONE addition of the WRITE statement. This addition formats the
output of the timestamp according to the rules for the time zone
specified. The system field SY-ZONLO is used to display the local time
zone configured in the users preferences.
SAP ABAP - FORMATTING DATA

ABAP offers various types of formatting options to format the output of
programs. For example, you can create a list that includes various
items in different colors or formatting styles.
The WRITE statement is a formatting statement used to display data

on a screen. There are different formatting options for the WRITE
statement. The syntax of the WRITE statement is
WRITE <format> <f> <options>.
In this syntax, <format> represents the output format specification,

which can be a forward slash / that indicates the display of the output
starting from a new line. In addition to the forward slash, the format
specification includes a column number and column length. For
example, the WRITE/04 6 statement shows that a new line begins with
column 4 and the column length is 6, whereas the WRITE 20
statement shows the current line with column 20. The parameter <f>
represents a data variable or numbered text.
The following table describes various clauses used for formatting
S.No. Clause & Description
1
LEFT-JUSTIFIED
Specifies that the output is left-justified.
2
CENTERED
Denotes that the output is centered.
3
RIGHT-JUSTIFIED
Specifies that the output is right-justified.
4
UNDER <g>
The output starts directly under the field <g>.
5
NO-GAP
Specifies that the blank after field <f> is rejected.
6
USING EDIT MASK <m>
Denotes the specification of the format template <m>.

Using No EDIT Mask: This specifies that the format
template specified in the ABAP Dictionary is deactivated.
7
NO-ZERO
If a field contains only zeroes, then they are replaced by

blanks.
Following are the formatting options for Numeric Type fields
S.No. Clause & Description
1
NO-SIGN
Specifies that no leading sign is displayed on the screen.
2
EXPONENT <e>
Specifies that in type F thef loatingpointf ields, the

exponent is defined in <e>.
3
ROUND <r>
The type P fields packednumericdatatypes are first

multiplied by 10**r and then rounded off to an integer
value.
4
CURRENCY <c>
Denotes that the formatting is done according to the

currency <c> value that is stored in the TCURX database
table.
5
UNIT <u>
Specifies that the number of decimal places is fixed

according to the <u> unit as specified in the T006
database table for type P.
6 DECIMALS <d>
Specifies that the number of digits <d> must be displayed

after the decimal point.
For instance, the following table shows different formatting options for
the date fields
Formatting Option Example
DD/MM/YY 13/01/15
MM/DD/YY 01/13/15
DD/MM/YYYY 13/01/2015
MM/DD/YYYY 01/13/2015
DDMMYY 130115
MMDDYY 011315
YYMMDD 150113
Here, DD stands for the date in two figures, MM stands for the month
in two figures, YY stands for the year in two figures, and YYYY stands
for the year in four figures.
Lets take a look at an example of ABAP code that implements some of

the above formatting options
REPORT ZTest123_01.
DATA: n(9) TYPE C VALUE 'Tutorials',

m(5) TYPE C VALUE 'Point'.
WRITE: n, m.
WRITE: / n,
/ m UNDER n.
WRITE: / n NO-GAP, m.
DATA time TYPE T VALUE '112538'.
WRITE: / time,
/(8) time Using EDIT MASK '__:__:__'.
Tutorials Point
Tutorials
Point
TutorialsPoint
112538
11:25:38
SAP ABAP - EXCEPTION HANDLING

An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a
program. When an exception occurs the normal flow of the program is
disrupted and the program application terminates abnormally, which
is not recommended, therefore these exceptions are to be handled.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a

program to another. ABAP exception handling is built upon three
keywords RAISE, TRY, CATCH and CLEANUP. Assuming a block
will raise an exception, a method catches an exception using a
combination of the TRY and CATCH keywords. A TRY - CATCH block
is placed around the code that might generate an exception. Following
is the syntax for using TRY CATCH
TRY.
Try Block <Code that raises an exception>
CATCH
Catch Block <exception handler M>
. . .
. . .
. . .
CATCH
Catch Block <exception handler R>
CLEANUP.
Cleanup block <to restore consistent state>
ENDTRY.
RAISE Exceptions are raised to indicate that some exceptional

situation has occurred. Usually, an exception handler tries to repair the
error or find an alternative solution.
TRY The TRY block contains the application coding whose

exceptions are to be handled. This statement block is processed
sequentially. It can contain further control structures and calls of
procedures or other ABAP programs. It is followed by one or more
catch blocks.
CATCH A program catches an exception with an exception handler

at the place in a program where you want to handle the problem. The
CATCH keyword indicates the catching of an exception.
CLEANUP The statements of the CLEANUP block are executed

whenever an exception occurs in a TRY block that is not caught by the
handler of the same TRY - ENDTRY construct. Within the CLEANUP
clause, the system can restore an object to a consistent state or release
external resources. That is, cleanup work can be executed for the
context of the TRY block.
Raising Exceptions
Exceptions can be raised at any point in a method, a function module, a
subroutine, and so on. There are two ways an exception can be raised
Exceptions raised by ABAP runtime system.
For instance Y = 1 / 0. This will result in a run time error of type

CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE.
Exceptions raised by programmer.
Raise and create an exception object simultaneously. Raise an

exception with an exception object that already exists in the first
scenario. The syntax is: RAISE EXCEPTION exep.
Catching Exceptions
Handlers are used to catch exceptions.
Lets take a look at a code snippet
DATA: result TYPE P LENGTH 8 DECIMALS 2,

exref TYPE REF TO CX_ROOT,
msgtxt TYPE STRING.
PARAMETERS: Num1 TYPE I, Num2 TYPE I.
TRY.
result = Num1 / Num2.
CATCH CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE INTO exref.
msgtxt = exrefGET_TEXT( ).
CATCH CX_SY_CONVERSION_NO_NUMBER INTO exref.

msgtxt = exrefGET_TEXT( ).
In the above code snippet, we are trying to divide Num1 by Num2 to
get the result in a float type variable.
Two types of exceptions could be generated.
Number conversion error.
Divide by zero exception. Handlers catch

CX_SY_CONVERSION_NO_NUMBER exception and also the
CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE exception. Here the GET_TEXT method
of the exception class is used to get the description of the
exception.
Attributes of Exceptions
Here are the five attributes and methods of exceptions
S.No. Attribute & Description
1
Textid
Used to define different texts for exceptions and also

affects the result of the method get_text.
2
Previous
This attribute can store the original exception that allows

you to build a chain of exceptions.
3
get_text
This returns the textual representation as a string as per

the system language of the exception.
4
get_longtext
This returns the long variant of the textual representation

of the exception as a string.
5
get_source_position
Gives the program name and line number reached where

the exception was raised.
Example
REPORT ZExceptionsDemo.
PARAMETERS Num_1 TYPE I.
DATA res_1 TYPE P DECIMALS 2.

DATA orf_1 TYPE REF TO CX_ROOT.
DATA txt_1 TYPE STRING.
start-of-selection.
Write: / 'Square Root and Division with:', Num_1.
write: /.
TRY.
IF ABS( Num_1 ) > 150.
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE CX_DEMO_ABS_TOO_LARGE.
ENDIF.
TRY.
res_1 = SQRT( Num_1 ).
Write: / 'Result of square root:', res_1.
res_1 = 1 / Num_1.
Write: / 'Result of division:', res_1.

CATCH CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE INTO orf_1.
txt_1 = orf_1GET_TEXT( ).
CLEANUP.
CLEAR res_1.
ENDTRY.
CATCH CX_SY_ARITHMETIC_ERROR INTO orf_1.

CATCH CX_ROOT INTO orf_1.

ENDTRY.
IF NOT txt_1 IS INITIAL.
Write / txt_1.
ENDIF.
Write: / 'Final Result is:', res_1.
In this example, if the number is greater than 150, the exception

CX_DEMO_ABS_TOO_LARGE is raised. The above code produces the
following output for the number 160.
Square Root and Division with: 160

The absolute value of number is too high
Final Result is: 0.00
SAP ABAP - DICTIONARY

As you are aware, SQL can be divided into two parts
DML DataM anipulationLanguage
DDL DataDef initionLanguage
DML part consists of query and update commands such as SELECT,

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc. and ABAP programs handle the DML
part of SQL. DDL part consists of commands such as CREATE TABLE,
CREATE INDEX, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, etc. and ABAP
Dictionary handles the DDL part of SQL.
ABAP Dictionary can be viewed as metadata i. e. dataaboutdata that

resides in the SAP database along with the metadata maintained by the
database. The Dictionary is used to create and manage data definitions
and to create Tables, Data Elements, Domains, Views and Types.
Basic Types in ABAP Dictionary
The basic types in ABAP Dictionary are as follows
Data elements describe an elementary type by defining the

data type, length and possibly decimal places.
Structures with components that can have any type.
Table types describe the structure of an internal table.
Various objects in the Dictionary environment can be referenced in

ABAP programs. The Dictionary is known as the global area. The
objects in the Dictionary are global to all ABAP programs and the data
in ABAP programs can be declared by reference to these Dictionary
global objects.
The Dictionary supports the definition of user-defined types and these
types are used in ABAP programs. They also define the structure of
database objects such as tables, views and indexes. These objects are
created automatically in the underlying database in their Dictionary
definitions when the objects are activated. The Dictionary also provides
editing tools like Search Help and locking tool like Lock Objects.
Dictionary Tasks
ABAP Dictionary achieves the following
Enforces data integrity.

Manages data definitions without redundancy.
Integrates tightly with rest of the ABAP development
workbench.
Example
Any complex user-defined type can be built from the 3 basic types in
the Dictionary. Customer data is stored in a structure Customer with
the components Name, Address and Telephone as depicted in the
following image. Name is also a structure with components, First name
and Last name. Both of these components are elementary because their
type is defined by a data element.
The type of component Address is defined by a structure whose

components are also structures, and the Telephone component is
defined by a table type because a customer can have more than one
telephone number. Types are used in ABAP programs and also to
define the types of interface parameters of function modules.
SAP ABAP - DOMAINS

SAP ABAP - DOMAINS
The three basic objects for defining data in the ABAP Dictionary are
Domains, Data elements and Tables. The domain is used for the
technical definition of a table field such as field type and length, and
the data element is used for the semantic definition shortdescription .
A data element describes the meaning of a domain in a certain business
context. It contains primarily the field help and the field labels in the
screen.
The domain is assigned to the data element, which in turn is assigned

to the table fields or structure fields. For instance, the MATNR domain
C H ARmaterialnumber is assigned to data elements such as
MATNR_N, MATNN and MATNR_D, and these are assigned to many

table fields and structure fields.
Creating Domains
Before you create a new domain, check whether any existing domains
have the same technical specifications required in your table field. If so,
we are supposed to use that existing domain. Lets discuss the
procedure for creating the domain.
Step 1 Go to Transaction SE11.
Step 2 Select the radio button for Domain in the initial screen of the
ABAP Dictionary, and enter the name of the domain as shown in the
following screenshot. Click the CREATE button. You may create
domains under the customer namespaces, and the name of the object
always starts with Z or Y.
Step 3 Enter the description in the short text field of the
maintenance screen of the domain. In this case, it is Customer
Domain. Note You cannot enter any other attribute until you have
entered this attribute.
Step 4 Enter the Data Type, No. of Characters, and Decimal Places
in the Format block of the Definition tab. Press the key on Output
Length and it proposes and displays the output length. If you overwrite
the proposed output length, you may see a warning while activating the
domain. You may fill in the Convers. Routine, Sign and Lower Case
fields if required. But these are always optional attributes.
Step 5 Select the Value Range tab. If the domain is restricted to

having only fixed values then enter the fixed values or intervals. Define
the value table if the system has to propose this table as a check table
while defining a foreign key for the fields referring to this domain. But
all these are optional attributes.
Step 6 Save your changes. The Create Object Directory Entry pop-up
appears and asks for a package. You may enter the package name in
which you are working. If you do not have any package then you may
create it in the Object Navigator or you can save your domain using the
Local Object button.
Step 7 Activate your domain. Click on the Activate icon

matchstickicon or press CTRL + F3 to activate the domain. A pop-up
window appears, listing the 2 currently inactive objects as shown in the

following snapshot
Step 8 At this point, the top entry labeled DOMA with the name
ZSEP_18 is to be activated. As this is highlighted, click the green tick
button. This window disappears and the status bar will display the
message Object activated.
If error messages or warnings occurred when you activated the

domain, the activation log is displayed automatically. The activation
log displays information about activation flow. You can also call the
activation log with UtilitiesM Activation log.
SAP ABAP - DATA ELEMENTS

Data elements describe the individual fields in the ABAP Data
Dictionary. They are the smallest indivisible units of the complex types,
and they are used to define the type of table field, structure component
or row type of a table. Information about the meaning of a table field
and also information about editing the corresponding screen field
could be assigned to a data element. This information is automatically
available to all the screen fields that refer to the data element. Data
elements describe either elementary types or reference types.
Creating Data Elements
Before creating a new data element, you need to check whether any
existing data elements have the same semantic specifications required
in your table field. If so, you may use that existing data element. You
can assign the data element with a predefined type, domain, or
reference type.
Following is the procedure for creating the data element
Step 1 Go to Transaction SE11.
Step 2 Select the radio button for Data type in the initial screen of
the ABAP Dictionary, and enter the name of the data element as shown
below.
Step 3 Click the CREATE button. You may create data elements
under the customer namespaces, and the name of the object always
starts with Z or Y.
Step 4 Check the Data element radio button on the CREATE TYPE
pop-up that appears with three radio buttons.
Step 5 Click the green checkmark icon. You are directed to the
maintenance screen of the data element.
Step 6 Enter the description in the short text field of the

maintenance screen of the data element. In this case, it is Customer
Data Element. Note You cannot enter any other attribute until you
have entered this attribute.
Step 7 Assign the data element with the type. You can create an
elementary data element by checking elementary type or a reference
data element by checking Reference type. You can assign a data
element to a Domain or Predefined Type within Elementary Type and
with Name of Reference Type or Reference to Predefined Type within
Reference Type.
Step 8 Enter the fields for short text, medium text, long text, and
heading in the Field Label tab. You can press Enter and the length is
automatically generated for these labels.
Step 9 Save your changes. The Create Object Directory Entry pop-up
appears and asks for a package. You may enter the package name in
which you are working. If you do not have any package then you may
create it in the Object Navigator or you can save your data element
using the Local Object button.
Step 10 Activate your data element. Click the Activate icon

matchstickicon or press CTRL + F3 to activate the data element. A
pop-up window appears, listing the 2 currently inactive objects as

shown in the following screenshot.
Step 11 At this point, the top entry labeled DTEL with the name
Z_CUST is to be activated. As this is highlighted, click the green tick
button. This window disappears and the status bar will display the
message Object activated.
If error messages or warnings occurred when you activated the data

element, the activation log is displayed automatically. The activation
log displays information about activation flow. You can also call the
activation log with UtilitiesM Activation log.
SAP ABAP - TABLES

Tables can be defined independent of the database in ABAP Dictionary.
When a table is activated in ABAP Dictionary, similar copy of its fields
is created in the database as well. The tables defined in ABAP
Dictionary are translated automatically into the format that is
compatible with the database because the definition of the table
depends on the database used by the SAP system.
A table can contain one or more fields, each defined with its data type
and length. The large amount of data stored in a table is distributed
among the several fields defined in the table.
Types of Table Fields

A table consists of many fields, and each field contains many elements.
The following table lists the different elements of table fields
S.No. Elements & Description
1
Field name
This is the name given to a field that can contain a
maximum of 16 characters. The field name may be
composed of digits, letters, and underscores. It must begin
with a letter.
2
Key flag
Determines whether or not a field belongs to a key field.
3
Field type
Assigns a data type to a field.
4
Field length
The number of characters that can be entered in a field.
5
Decimal places
Defines the number of digits permissible after the decimal

point. This element is used only for numeric data types.
6
Short text
Describes the meaning of the corresponding field.

Creating Tables in ABAP Dictionary
Step 1 Go to transaction SE11, select the Database table radio
button, and enter a name for the table to be created. In our case, we
have entered the name ZCUSTOMERS1. Click the Create button. The
Dictionary: Maintain Table screen appears. Here the Delivery and
Maintenance tab is selected by default.
Step 2 Enter an explanatory short text in the Short Description field.
Step 3 Click the Search Help icon beside the Delivery Class field.
Select A [Application table masterandtransactiondata] option.
Step 4 Select the Display/Maintenance Allowed option from the

Data Browser/Table view Maintenance drop-down menu. The
Dictionary: Maintenance Table screen appears.
Step 5 Select the Fields tab. The screen containing the options
related to the Fields tab appears.
Step 6 Enter the names of table fields in the Field column. A field
name may contain letters, digits, and underscores, but it must always
begin with a letter and must not be longer than 16 characters.
The fields that are to be created must also have data elements because
they take the attributes, such as data type, length, decimal places, and
short text, from the defined data element.
Step 7 Select the Key column if you want the field to be a part of the
table key. Lets create fields such as CLIENT, CUSTOMER, NAME,
TITLE and DOB.
Step 8 The first field is an important one and it identifies the client
which the records are associated with. Enter Client as the Field and
MANDT as the Data Element. The system automatically fills in the
Data Type, Length, Decimals and Short Description. The Client field is
made a key field by checking the Key box.
Step 9 The next field is Customer. Check the box to make it a key
field and enter the new Data Element ZCUSTNUM. Click the Save
button.
Step 10 As the Data Element ZCUSTNUM doesnt yet exist, it has

to be created. Doubleclick the new Data Element and the Create Data
Element window appears. Answer Yes to this and a Maintain Data
Element window appears.
Step 11 Enter Customer Number in the Short Description area. The

Elementary data type called Domain should be defined for the new
Data element. So enter ZCUSTD1, double-click it and agree to save the
changes made. Choose Yes to create the domain and type into the
Short Description box a description of the domain.
The Definition tab opens automatically. The first field is Data Type.
Step 12 Click inside the box and select NUMC type from the drop-
down menu. Enter the number 8 in the No. of characters field
amaximumof 8characters and enter 0 in Decimal places area. The
Output length of 8 must be selected and then press Enter. The NUMC
fields description must re-appear, confirming that this is a valid entry.
Step 13 Click Save button and Activate the object.
Step 14 Press F3 to return to the Maintain/Change Data Element

screen. Create four Field labels as shown in the following snapshot.
After this, Save and Activate the element.
Step 15 Press the back button to return to the table maintenance
screen. The Customer column has the correct Data Type, Length,
Decimals and Short Description. This indicates the successful creation
of a Data element and also the Domain used.
Similarly, we need to create three additional fields such as NAME,

TITLE and DOB.
Step 16 Select Technical settings from the toolbar. Choose APPL0
for the Data class and the first size category 0 for the Size category
field. In case of buffering options, Buffering not allowed has to be
selected.
Step 17 Click Save. Go back to the table and Activate it. The
following screen appears.
The table ZCUSTOMERS1 is activated.
SAP ABAP - STRUCTURES

Structure is a data object that is made up of components of any data
type stored one after the other in the memory.
Structures are useful for painting screen fields, and for manipulating
data that has a consistent format defined by a discrete number of
fields.
A structure may have only a single record at run-time, but a table can
have many records.
Creating a Structure
Step 1 Go to transaction SE11.
Step 2 Click on the Data type option on the screen. Enter the name
'ZSTR_CUSTOMER1' and click on Create button.
Step 3 Select the option 'Structure' in the next screen and press
Enter. You can see 'Maintain / Change Structure' wizard.
Step 4 Enter the Short Description as shown in the following

snapshot.
Step 5 Enter the Component F ieldN ame and Component Type

DataElement .
Note: Here the component names start with Z as per the SAP
recommendation. Let's use data elements that we have already created
in the database table.
Step 6 You need to Save, Check and Activate after providing all the
components and component types.
The following screen appears
Step 7 As this 'ZSTR_CUSTOMER1' is highlighted, click the green

tick button. This window disappears and the status bar will display the
message Active.
The structure is now activated as shown in the following snapshot
SAP ABAP - VIEWS

A View acts like a database table only. But it will not occupy storage
space. A view acts similar to a virtual table - a table that does not have
any physical existence. A view is created by combining the data of one
or more tables containing information about an application object.
Using views, you can represent a subset of the data contained in a table
or you can join multiple tables into a single virtual table.
Data related to an application object is distributed among multiple

tables by using database views. They use the inner join condition to
join the data of different tables. A maintenance view is used to display
and modify the data stored in an application object. Every maintenance
view has a maintenance status associated with it.
We use projection view to mask unwanted fields and display only

relevant fields in a table. Projection views must be defined over a single
transparent table. A projection view contains exactly one table. We
can't define selection conditions for projection views.
Creating a View
Step 1 Select the View radio button on the initial screen of ABAP
Dictionary. Enter the name of the view to be created and then click
Create button. We entered the name of the view as ZVIEW_TEST.
Step 2 Select the projection view radio button while choosing view
type and click Copy button. The Dictionary: Change View screen
appears.
Step 3 Enter a short description in the Short Description field and

the name of the table to be used in the Basis Table field as shown in the
following snapshot.
Step 4 Click the Table fields button to include the fields of

ZCUSTOMERS1 table in the projection view.
Step 5 The Field Selection from Table ZCUSTOMERS1 screen
appears. Select the fields that you wish to include in the projection view
as shown in the following snapshot.
Step 6 After clicking the Copy button, all the selected fields for the
projection view are displayed on the Dictionary: Change View screen.
Step 7 Select Maintenance Status tab to define an access method.

Choose read-only radio button and Display/Maintenance Allowed with
Restrictions option from the dropdown menu of Data Browser/Table
View Maintenance.
Step 8 Save and Activate it. In the Dictionary: Change View screen
select UtilitiesM > Contents to display the selection screen for
ZVIEW_TEST.
Step 9 Click the Execute icon. The output of the projection view
appears as shown in the following screenshot.
The table ZCUSTOMERS1 consists of 5 fields. Here the displayed fields

are 3 C lient, C ustomerN umberandN ame with 4 entries. Customer
numbers are from 100001 to 100004 with appropriate names.
SAP ABAP - SEARCH HELP

Search Help, another repository object of ABAP Dictionary, is used to
display all the possible values for a field in the form of a list. This list is
also known as a hit list. You can select the values that are to be
entered in the fields from this hit list instead of manually entering the
value, which is tedious and error prone.
Creating Search Help

Step 1 Go to transaction SE11. Select the radio button for Search
help. Enter the name of the search help to be created. Let's enter the
name ZSRCH1. Click on the Create button.
Step 2 The system will prompt for the search help type to be created.
Select the Elementary search help, which is default. The screen to
create elementary search help as shown in the following screenshot
appears.
Step 3 In the selection method, we need to indicate whether our

source of data is a table or a view. In our case it happens to be a table.
The table is ZCUSTOMERS1. It is selected from a selection list.
Step 4 After the selection method is entered, the next field is the
Dialog type. This controls the appearance of the restrictive dialog box.
There is a drop-down list with three options. Let's select the option
'Display values immediately'.
Step 5 Next is the parameter area. For each Search help parameter
or field, these column fields have to be entered as per the
requirements.
Search help parameter This is a field from the source of

data. The fields from the table are listed in the selection list. The
fields participating in the search help would be entered, one field
in each row. Let's include the two fields CUSTOMER and NAME.
How these two fields participate is indicated in the rest of the
columns.
Import This field is a checkbox for indicating whether a

Search help parameter is an import parameter. The export or
import is with reference to the search help.
Export This field is a checkbox for indicating whether a

Search help parameter is an export parameter. The export will be
transfer of field values from the selection list to screen fields.
LPos Its value controls the physical position of Search help

parameter or field in the selection list. If you enter a value 1, the
field will appear in the first position in the selection list and so
on.
SPos It controls the physical position of Search Help

parameter or field in the restrictive dialog box. If you enter a
value of 1, the field will appear in the first position in the
restrictive dialog box and so on.
Data element Every Search Help parameter or field by

default is assigned a data element that was assigned to it in the
source of data T ableorV iew. This data element name appears in
display mode.
Step 6 Perform a consistency check and activate the search help.

Press F8 to execute. The 'Test Search Help ZSRCH1' screen appears as
Step 7 Let's enter the number 100004 in the CUSTOMER's 'Ready
for inp' screen field. Press Enter.
The customer number, 100004, and the name STEPHEN is displayed.
SAP ABAP - LOCK OBJECTS

Lock Object is a feature offered by ABAP Dictionary that is used to
synchronize access to the same data by more than one program. Data
records are accessed with the help of specific programs. Lock objects
are used in SAP to avoid the inconsistency when data is inserted into or
changed in the database. Tables whose data records are to be locked
must be defined in a Lock Object, along with their key fields.
Lock Mechanism
Following are the two main functions accomplished with the lock
mechanism
A program can communicate with other programs about data
records that it is just reading or changing.
A program can prevent itself from reading data that has just
been changed by another program.
A lock request is first generated by the program. Then this request

goes to the Enqueue server and the lock is created in the lock table. The
Enqueue server sets the lock and the program is finally ready to access
data.
Creating Lock Objects

Step 1 Go to transaction SE11. The following screen opens.
Step 2 Click Lock Object radio button. Enter the name of lock
object starting with E and click the Create button. Here we use
EZLOCK12.
Step 3 Enter the short description field and click on Tables tab.
Step 4 Enter the table name in Name field and select the lock mode
as Write Lock.
Step 5 Click on Lock parameter tab, the following screen will appear.
Step 6 Save and activate. Automatically 2 function modules will
generate. To check function modules, we can use Go to Lock
Modules.
Step 7 Click Lock Modules and the following screen will open.
The lock object is created successfully.
The key fields of a table included in a Lock Object are called lock
arguments and they are used as input parameters in function modules.
These arguments are used to set and remove the locks generated by the
Lock Object definition.
SAP ABAP - MODULARIZATION

SAP ABAP - MODULARIZATION
It is a good practice to keep your programs as self-contained and easy
to read as possible. Just try to split large and complicated tasks into
smaller and simpler ones by placing each task in its individual module,
on which the developer can concentrate on without other distractions.
In SAP ABAP environment, modularization involves the organization

of programs into modular units, also known as logical blocks. It
reduces redundancy and increases program readability even as you are
creating it and subsequently during the maintenance cycle.
Modularization also enables reusability of the same code again. ABAP
has made it necessary for developers to modularize, i.e. organizing the
programs relatively more, than in the OOPS-based languages that have
relatively more built-in modular features. Once a small, modularized
section of code is complete, debugged and so on, it does not
subsequently have to be returned to, and developers can then move on
and focus on other issues.
ABAP programs are made up of processing blocks known as

modularizing processing blocks. They are
The processing blocks called from outside the program and from
the ABAP run-time environment
i. e. , eventblocksanddialogmodules .
Processing blocks called from ABAP programs.
Apart from the modularization with processing blocks, source code

modules are used to modularize your source code through macros and
include programs.
Modularization at source code level
Local Macros
Global Include programs
Modularization through processing blocks called from ABAP programs
Subroutines
Function modules
Modularizing a source code means placing a sequence of ABAP

statements in a module. The modularized source code can be called in a
program as per the requirement of the user. Source code modules
enhance the readability and understandability of ABAP programs.
Creating individual source code modules also prevents one from having
to repeatedly write the same statements again and again that in turn
makes the code easier to understand for anyone going through it for
the first time.
SAP ABAP - SUBROUTINES

A subroutine is a reusable section of code. It is a modularization unit
within the program where a function is encapsulated in the form of
source code. You page out a part of a program to a subroutine to get a
better overview of the main program, and to use the corresponding
sequence of statements many times as depicted in the following
diagram.
We have program X with 3 different source code blocks. Each block
has the same ABAP statements. Basically, they are the same code
blocks. To make this code easier to maintain, we can encapsulate the
code into a subroutine. We can call this subroutine in our programs as
many times as we wish. A subroutine can be defined using Form and
EndForm statements.
Following is the general syntax of a subroutine definition.
FORM <subroutine_name>.
<statements>
ENDFORM.
We can call a subroutine by using PERFORM statement. The control

jumps to the first executable statement in the subroutine
<subroutine_name>. When ENDFORM is encountered, control jumps
back to the statement following the PERFORM statement.
Example
Step 1 Go to transaction SE80. Open the existing program and then
right-click on program. In this case, it is 'ZSUBTEST'.
Step 2 Select Create and then select Subroutine. Write the

subroutine name in the field and then click the continue button. The
subroutine name is 'Sub_Display' as shown in the following screenshot.
Step 3 Write the code in FORM and ENDFORM statement block.

The subroutine has been created successfully.
We need to include PERFORM statement to call the subroutine. Lets
take a look at the code
REPORT ZSUBTEST.
PERFORM Sub_Display.
* Form Sub_Display
* --> p1 text
* <-- p2 text
FORM Sub_Display.
Write: 'This is Subroutine'.
Write: / 'Subroutine created successfully'.
ENDFORM. " Sub_Display
Step 4 Save, activate and execute the program. The above code
produces the following output
Subroutine Test:
This is Subroutine
Subroutine created successfully
Hence, using subroutines makes your program more function-oriented.

It splits the program's task into sub-functions, so that each subroutine
is responsible for one subfunction. Your program becomes easier to
maintain as changes to functions often only have to be implemented in
the subroutine.
SAP ABAP - MACROS

If we want to reuse the same set of statements more than once in a
program, we need to include them in a macro. For example, a macro
can be useful for long calculations or for writing complex WRITE
statements. We can only use a macro within a program in which it is
defined. Macro definition should occur before the macro is used in the
program.
Macros are designed based on placeholders. Placeholder works like

pointers in C language. You can define a macro within the
DEFINE...END-OF-DEFINITION statement.
Following is the basic syntax of a macro definition
DEFINE <macro_name>. <statements>

END-OF-DEFINITION.
......
<macro_name> [<param1> <param2>....].
It is necessary to define a macro first before invoking it. The

<param1>. replaces the placeholders &1...in the ABAP statements
contained in the macro definition.
The maximum number of placeholders in a macro definition is nine.

That is, when a program is executed, the SAP system replaces the
macro by appropriate statements and the placeholders &1, &2,.&9 are
replaced by the parameters param1, param2,....param9. We may
invoke a macro within another macro, but not the same macro.
Example
Go to transaction SE38. Create a new program ZMACRO_TEST along
with the description in the short text field, and also with appropriate
attributes such as Type and Status as shown in the following screenshot
Following is the code
REPORT ZMACRO_TEST.
DEFINE mac_test.
WRITE: 'This is Macro &1'.
END-OF-DEFINITION.
PARAMETERS: s1 type C as checkbox.

PARAMETERS: s2 type C as checkbox.
PARAMETERS: s3 type C as checkbox default 'X'.
START-OF-SELECTION.
IF s1 = 'X'.
mac_test 1. ENDIF.
IF s2 = 'X'.
mac_test 2.
ENDIF.
IF s3 = 'X'.
mac_test 3.
ENDIF.
We have 3 checkboxes. While executing the program, lets select the S2

checkbox.
A Macro Program
This is Macro 2
If all checkboxes are selected, the code produces the following output
A Macro Program
This is Macro 1 This is Macro 2 This is Macro 3
SAP ABAP - FUNCTION MODULES

Function modules make up a major part of a SAP system, because for
years SAP has modularized code using function modules, allowing for
code reuse, by themselves, their developers and also by their
customers.
Function modules are sub-programs that contain a set of reusable

statements with importing and exporting parameters. Unlike Include
programs, function modules can be executed independently. SAP
system contains several predefined function modules that can be called
from any ABAP program. The function group acts as a kind of
container for a number of function modules that would logically belong
together. For instance, the function modules for an HR payroll system
would be put together into a function group.
To look at how to create function modules, the function builder must
be explored. You can find the function builder with transaction code
SE37. Just type a part of a function module name with a wild card
character to demonstrate the way function modules can be searched
for. Type *amount* and then press the F4 key.
The results of the search will be displayed in a new window. The

function modules are displayed in the lines with blue background and
their function groups in pink lines. You may look further at the
function group ISOC by using the Object Navigator screen
T ransactionS E80. You can see a list of function modules and also
other objects held in the function group. Let's consider the function
module SPELL_AMOUNT. This function module converts numeric
figures into words.
Creating a New Program

Step 1 Go to transaction SE38 and create a new program called
Z_SPELLAMOUNT.
Step 2 Enter some code so that a parameter can be set up where a

value could be entered and passed on to the function module. The text
element text-001 here reads Enter a Value.
Step 3 To write the code for this, use CTRL+F6. After this, a window
appears where CALL FUNCTION is the first option in a list. Enter
'spell_amount' in the text box and click the continue button.
Step 4 Some code is generated automatically. But we need to

enhance the IF statement to include a code to WRITE a message to the
screen to say "The function module returned a value of: sy-subrc and
add the ELSE statement so as to write the correct result out when the
function module is successful. Here, a new variable must be set up to
hold the value returned from the function module. Let's call this as
'result'.
Following is the code
REPORT Z_SPELLAMOUNT.
data result like SPELL.
selection-screen begin of line.

selection-screen comment 1(15) text-001.
parameter num_1 Type I.

selection-screen end of line.
CALL FUNCTION 'SPELL_AMOUNT'
EXPORTING
AMOUNT = num_1
IMPORTING
IN_WORDS = result.
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
Write: 'Value returned is:', SY-SUBRC.
else.
Write: 'Amount in words is:', result-word.
ENDIF.
Step 5 The variable which the function module returns is called

IN_WORDS. Set up the corresponding variable in the program called
result. Define IN_WORDS by using the LIKE statement to refer to a
structure called SPELL.
Step 6 Save, activate and execute the program. Enter a value as

shown in the following screenshot and press F8.
Spelling the Amount

Amount in words is:
FIVE THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED EIGHTY
SAP ABAP - INCLUDE PROGRAMS

Include programs are global repository objects used to modularize the
source code. They allow you to use the same source code in different
programs. Include programs also allow you to manage complex
programs in an orderly way. In order to use an include program in
another program, we use the following syntax
INCLUDE <program_name>.
INCLUDE statement has the same effect as copying the source code of
the include program <program_name> into another program. As
include program cant run independently, it has to be built into other
programs. You may also nest include programs.
Following are a couple of restrictions while writing the code for Include
programs
Include programs can't call themselves.

Include programs must contain complete statements.
Following are the steps to create and use an Include program
Step 1 Create the program Z OBEI N C LU DED to be included in

T
ABAP Editor. Code to be included in ABAP Editor is
PROGRAM Z_TOBEINCLUDED.
Write: / 'This program is started by:', SY-UNAME,
/ 'The Date is:', SY-DATUM,
/ 'Time is', SY-UZEIT.
Step 2 Set the Type of the program to INCLUDE program, as shown
in the following screenshot.
Step 3 Click the Save button and save the program in a package
named ZINCL_PCKG.
Step 4 Create another program where the program

Z_TOBEINCLUDED has to be used. Here we have created another
program named Z_INCLUDINGTEST and assigned the type for the
program as Executable program.
Step 5 The coding for Z_INCLUDINGTEST program includes the

Z_TOBEINCLUDED program with the help of the INCLUDE
statement as shown in the following code.
REPORT Z_INCLUDINGTEST.
INCLUDE Z_TOBEINCLUDED.
Step 6 Save, activate and execute the program.

This program is started by: SAPUSER
The Date is: 06.10.2015
Time is 13:25:11
SAP ABAP - OPEN SQL OVERVIEW

Open SQL indicates the subset of ABAP statements that enable direct
access to the data in the central database of the current AS ABAP. Open
SQL statements map the Data Manipulation Language functionality of
SQL in ABAP that is supported by all database systems.
The statements of Open SQL are converted to database specific SQL in

the Open SQL interface of the database interface. They are then
transferred to the database system and executed. Open SQL statements
can be used to access database tables that are declared in the ABAP
Dictionary. The central database of AS ABAP is accessed by default and
also access to other databases is possible via secondary database
connections.
Whenever any of these statements are used in an ABAP program, it is

important to check whether the action executed has been successful. If
one tries to insert a record into a database table and it is not inserted
correctly, it is very essential to know so that the appropriate action can
be taken in the program. This can done using a system field that has
already been used, that is SY-SUBRC. When a statement is executed
successfully, the SY-SUBRC field will contain a value of 0, so this can
be checked for and one can continue with the program if it appears.
The DATA statement is used to declare a work area. Let's give this the
name 'wa_customers1'. Rather than declaring one data type for this,
several fields that make up the table can be declared. The easiest way to
do this is using the LIKE statement.
INSERT Statement
The wa_customers1 work area is declared here LIKE the
ZCUSTOMERS1 table, taking on the same structure without becoming
a table itself. This work area can only store one record. Once it has
been declared, the INSERT statement can be used to insert the work
area and the record it holds into the table. The code here will read as
'INSERT ZCUSTOMERS1 FROM wa_customers1'.
The work area has to be filled with some data. Use the field names from
the ZCUSTOMERS1 table. This can be done by forward navigation,
double clicking the table name in the code or by opening a new session
and using the transaction SE11. The fields of the table can then be
copied and pasted into the ABAP editor.
Following is the code snippet
DATA wa_customers1 LIKE ZCUSTOMERS1.

wa_customers1-customer = '100006'.
wa_customers1-name = 'DAVE'.
wa_customers1-title = 'MR'.
wa_customers1-dob = '19931017'.
INSERT ZCUSTOMERS1 FROM wa_customers1.
CHECK statement can then be used as follows. It means that if the

record is inserted correctly, the system will state this. If not, then the
SY-SUBRC code which will not equal zero will be displayed. Following
is the code snippet
IF SY-SUBRC = 0.
WRITE 'Record Inserted Successfully'.
ELSE.
WRITE: 'The return code is ', SY-SUBRC.
ENDIF.
Check the program, save, activate the code, and then test it. The output
window should display as 'Record Inserted Successfully'.
CLEAR Statement
CLEAR statement allows a field or variable to be cleared out for the
insertion of new data in its place, allowing it to be reused. CLEAR
statement is generally used in programs and it allows existing fields to
be used many times.
In the previous code snippet, the work area structure has been filled
with data to create a new record to be inserted into the ZCUSTOMERS1
table and then a validation check is performed. If we want to insert a
new record, CLEAR statement must be used so that it can then be filled
again with the new data.
UPDATE Statement
If you want to update one or more existing records in a table at the
same time then use UPDATE statement. Similar to INSERT statement,
a work area is declared, filled with the new data that is then put into
the record as the program is executed. The record previously created
with the INSERT statement will be updated here. Just edit the text
stored in the NAME and TITLE fields. Then on a new line, the same
structure as for the INSERT statement is used, and this time by using
the UPDATE statement as shown in the following code snippet

wa_customers1-name = 'RICHARD'.
UPDATE ZCUSTOMERS1 FROM wa_customers1.
As UPDATE statement gets executed, you can view the Data Browser in
the ABAP Dictionary to see that the record has been updated
successfully.
MODIFY Statement
MODIFY statement can be considered as a combination of the INSERT
and UPDATE statements. It can be used to either insert a new record
or modify an existing record. It follows a similar syntax to the previous
two statements in modifying the record from the data entered into a
work area.
When this statement is executed, the key fields involved will be

checked against those in the table. If a record with these key field
values already exist, it will be updated. If not, then a new record will be
created.
Following is the code snippet for creating a new record
CLEAR wa_customers1.

wa_customers1-name = 'RALPH'.
MODIFY ZCUSTOMERS1 FROM wa_customers1.
In this example, CLEAR statement is used so that a new entry can be

put into the work area, and then customer number 100007 is added.
Since this is a new, unique key field value, a new record will be
inserted, and another validation check is executed.
When this is executed and the data is viewed in the Data Browser, a
new record will have been created for the customer number 100007
RALP H .
The above code produces the following output tablecontents

SAP ABAP - NATIVE SQL OVERVIEW
The term Native SQL refers to all statements that can be statically
transferred to the Native SQL interface of the database interface.
Native SQL statements do not fall within the language scope of ABAP
and do not follow the ABAP syntax. ABAP merely contains statements
for isolating program sections in which Native SQL statements can be
listed.
In native SQL, mainly database-specific SQL statements can be used.
These are transferred unchanged from the native SQL interface to a
database system and executed. The full SQL language scope of the
relevant database can be used and the addressed database tables do not
have to be declared in the ABAP Dictionary. There is also a small set of
SAP specific Native SQL statements that are handled in a specific way
by the native SQL interface.
To use a Native SQL statement, you have to precede it with the EXEC
SQL statement and end with ENDEXEC statement.
EXEC SQL PERFORMING <form>.

<Native SQL statement>
ENDEXEC.
These statements define an area in an ABAP program where one or

more Native SQL statements can be listed. The statements entered are
passed to the Native SQL interface and then processed as follows
All SQL statements that are valid for the program interface of
the addressed database system can be listed between EXEC and
ENDEXEC, in particular the DDL datadef initionlanguage
statements.
These SQL statements are passed from the Native SQL interface
to the database system largely unchanged. The syntax rules are
specified by the database system, especially the case sensitivity
rules for database objects.
If the syntax allows a separator between individual statements,

you may include many Native SQL statements between EXEC
and ENDEXEC.
SAP specific Native SQL language elements can be specified

between EXEC and ENDEXEC. These statements are not passed
directly from the Native SQL interface to the database, but they
are transformed appropriately.
Example
SPFLI is a standard SAP Table that is used to store Flight schedule
information. This is available within R/3 SAP systems depending on
the version and release level. You can view this information when you
enter the Table name SPFLI into the relevant SAP transaction such as
SE11 or SE80. You can also view the data contained in this database
table by using these two transactions.
REPORT ZDEMONATIVE_SQL.
DATA: BEGIN OF wa,
connid TYPE SPFLI-connid,
cityfrom TYPE SPFLI-cityfrom,
cityto TYPE SPFLI-cityto,
END OF wa.
DATA c1 TYPE SPFLI-carrid VALUE 'LH'.

EXEC SQL PERFORMING loop_output.
SELECT connid, cityfrom, cityto
INTO :wa
FROM SPFLI
WHERE carrid = :c1
ENDEXEC.
FORM loop_output.
WRITE: / wa-connid, wa-cityfrom, wa-cityto.
ENDFORM.
0400 FRANKFURT NEW YORK

2402 FRANKFURT BERLIN
0402 FRANKFURT NEW YORK
SAP ABAP - INTERNAL TABLES

Internal table is actually a temporary table, which contains the records
of an ABAP program that it is being executed. An internal table exists
only during the run-time of a SAP program. They are used to process
large volumes of data by using ABAP language. We need to declare an
internal table in an ABAP program when you need to retrieve data from
database tables.
Data in an internal table is stored in rows and columns. Each row is
called a line and each column is called a field. In an internal table, all
the records have the same structure and key. The individual records of
an internal table are accessed with an index or a key. As internal table
exists till the associated program is being executed, the records of the
internal table are discarded when the execution of the program is
terminated. So internal tables can be used as temporary storage areas
or temporary buffers where data can be modified as required. These
tables occupy memory only at run-time and not at the time of their
declaration.
Internal tables only exist when a program is running, so when the code
is written, the internal table must be structured in such a way that the
program can make use of it. You will find that internal tables operate in
the same way as structures. The main difference being that structures
only have one line, while an internal table can have as many lines as
required.
An internal table can be made up of a number of fields, corresponding

to the columns of a table, just as in the ABAP dictionary a table was
created using a number of fields. Key fields can also be used with
internal tables, and while creating these internal tables they offer
slightly more flexibility. With internal tables, one can specify a non-
unique key, allowing any number of non-unique records to be stored,
and allowing duplicate records to be stored if required.
The size of an internal table or the number of lines it contains is not

fixed. The size of an internal table changes according to the
requirement of the program associated with the internal table. But it is
recommended to keep internal tables as small as possible. This is to
avoid the system running slowly as it struggles to process enormous
amounts of data.
Internal tables are used for many purposes
They can be used to hold results of calculations that could be

used later in the program.
An internal table can also hold records and data so that this can
be accessed quickly rather than having to access this data from
database tables.
They are hugely versatile. They can be defined using any number
of other defined structures.
Example
Assume that a user wants to create a list of contact numbers of various
customers from one or several large tables. The user first creates an
internal table, selects the relevant data from customer tables and then
places the data in the internal table. Other users can access and use this
internal table directly to retrieve the desired information, instead of
writing database queries to perform each operation during the run-
time of the program.
SAP ABAP - CREATING INTERNAL TABLES

DATA statement is used to declare an internal table. The program must
be told where the table begins and ends. So use the BEGIN OF
statement and then declare the table name. After this, the OCCURS
addition is used, followed by a number, here 0. OCCURS tells SAP that
an internal table is being created, and the 0 states that it will not
contain any records initially. It will then expand as it is filled with data.
DATA: BEGIN OF <internal_tab> Occurs 0,
Lets create the fields on a new line. For instance, create name which
is declared as LIKE ZCUSTOMERS1-name. Create another field called
dob, LIKE ZCUSTOMERS1-dob. It is useful initially to give the field
names in internal tables the same names as other fields that have been
created elsewhere. Finally, declare the end of the internal table with
END OF <internal_tab>. as shown in the following code
DATA: BEGIN OF itab01 Occurs 0,
name LIKE ZCUSTOMERS1-name,
dob LIKE ZCUSTOMERS1-dob,
END OF itab01.
Here itab01 is commonly used shorthand when creating temporary

tables in SAP. The OCCURS clause is used to define the body of an
internal table by declaring the fields for the table. When the OCCURS
clause is used, you can specify a numeric constant n to determine
additional default memory if required. The default size of memory that
is used by the OCCUR 0 clause is 8 KB. The structure of the internal
table is now created, and the code can be written to fill it with records.
An internal table can be created with or without using a header line. To

create an internal table with a header line, use either the BEGIN OF
clause before the OCCURS clause or the WITH HEADER LINE clause
after the OCCURS clause in the definition of the internal table. To
create an internal table without a header line, use the OCCURS clause
without the BEGIN OF clause.
You can also create an internal table as a local data type

adatatypeusedonlyinthecontextof thecurrentprogram by using the
TYPES statement. This statement uses the TYPE or LIKE clause to

refer to an existing table.
The syntax to create an internal table as a local data type is
TYPES <internal_tab> TYPE|LIKE <internal_tab_type> OF

<line_type_itab> WITH <key> INITIAL SIZE <size_number>.
Here the <internal_tab_type> specifies a table type for an internal

table <internal_tab> and <line_type_itab> specifies the type for a line
of an internal table. In TYPES statement, you can use the TYPE clause
to specify the line type of an internal table as a data type and LIKE
clause to specify the line type as a data object. Specifying a key for an
internal table is optional and if the user does not specify a key, the SAP
system defines a table type with an arbitrary key.
INITIAL SIZE <size_number> creates an internal table object by

allocating an initial amount of memory to it. In the preceding syntax,
the INITIAL SIZE clause reserves a memory space for size_number
table lines. Whenever an internal table object is declared, the size of the
table does not belong to the data type of the table.
Note Much less memory is consumed when an internal table is

populated for the first time.
Example
Step 1 Open the ABAP Editor by executing the SE38 transaction
code. The initial screen of ABAP Editor appears.
Step 2 In the initial screen, enter a name for the program, select the
Source code radio button and click the Create button to create a new
program.
Step 3 In the 'ABAP: Program Attributes' dialog box, enter a short

description for the program in the Title field, select the 'Executable
program' option from the Type drop-down menu in the Attributes
group box. Click the Save button.
Step 4 Write the following code in ABAP editor.
REPORT ZINTERNAL_DEMO.
TYPES: BEGIN OF CustomerLine,
Cust_ID TYPE C,
Cust_Name(20) TYPE C,
END OF CustomerLine.
TYPES mytable TYPE SORTED TABLE OF CustomerLine

WITH UNIQUE KEY Cust_ID.
WRITE:/'The mytable is an Internal Table'.
Step 5 Save, activate and execute the program as usual.
In this example, mytable is an internal table and a unique key is

defined on the Cust_ID field.
The mytable is an Internal Table.
SAP ABAP - POPULATING INTERNAL

TABLES
In internal tables, populating includes features such as selection,
insertion and append. This chapter focuses on INSERT and APPEND
statements.
INSERT Statement
INSERT statement is used to insert a single line or a group of lines into
an internal table.
Following is the syntax to add a single line to an internal table
INSERT <work_area_itab> INTO <internal_tab> INDEX

<index_num>.
In this syntax, the INSERT statement inserts a new line in the

internal_tab internal table. A new line can be inserted by using the
work_area_itab INTO expression before the internal_tab parameter.
When the work_area_itab INTO expression is used, the new line is
taken from the work_area_itab work area and inserted into the
internal_tab table. However, when the work_area_itab INTO
expression is not used to insert a line, the line is taken from the header
line of the internal_tab table.
When a new line is inserted in an internal table by using the INDEX
clause, the index number of the lines after the inserted line is
incremented by 1. If an internal table contains <index_num> - 1 lines,
the new line is added at the end of the table. When the SAP system
successfully adds a line to an internal table, the SY-SUBRC variable is
set to 0.
Example
Following is a sample program that uses the insert statement.
REPORT ZCUSLIST1.
DATA: BEGIN OF itable1 OCCURS 4,
F1 LIKE SY-INDEX,
END OF itable1.
DO 4 TIMES.
itable1-F1 = sy-index.
APPEND itable1.
ENDDO.
itable1-F1 = -96.
INSERT itable1 INDEX 2.
LOOP AT itable1.
Write / itable1-F1.
ENDLOOP.
LOOP AT itable1 Where F1 3.

itable1-F1 = -78.
INSERT itable1.
ENDLOOP.
Skip.
LOOP AT itable1.
Write / itable1-F1.
ENDLOOP.
The above code produces the following outp
1
96-
2
3
4
1
96-
2
78-
3
78-
4
In the above example, the DO loop appends 4 rows containing the

numbers 1 through 4 to it. The header line component itable1-F1 has
been assigned a value of -96. Insert statement inserts the header line as
new row into the body before row 3. The existing row 3 becomes row 4
after the insert. The LOOP AT statement retrieves those rows from the
internal table that have an F1 value greater than or equal to 3. Before
each row, Insert statement inserts a new row from the header line of it.
Prior to the insert, the F1 component has been changed to contain -78.
After each insert statement is executed, the system re-indexes all rows
below the one inserted. This introduces overhead when you insert rows
near the top of a large internal table. If you need to insert a block of
rows into a large internal table, prepare another table with the rows to
be inserted and use insert lines instead.
When inserting a new row inside itable1 inside of a loop at itable1, it

doesnt affect the internal table instantly. It actually becomes effective
on the next loop pass. While inserting a row after the current row, the
table is re-indexed at the ENDLOOP. The sy-tabix is incremented and
the next loop processes the row pointed to by sy-tabix. For instance, if
you are in the second loop pass and you insert a record before row 3.
When endloop is executed, the new row becomes row 3 and the old row
3 becomes row 4 and so on. Sy-tabix is incremented by 1, and the next
loop pass processes the newly inserted record.
APPEND Statement
The APPEND statement is used to add a single row or line to an
existing internal table. This statement copies a single line from a work
area and inserts it after the last existing line in an internal table. The
work area can be either a header line or any other field string with the
same structure as a line of an internal table. Following is the syntax of
the APPEND statement that is used to append a single line in an
internal table
APPEND <record_for_itab> TO <internal_tab>.
In this syntax, the <record_for_itab> expression can be represented by

the <work_area_itab> work area, which is convertible to a line type or
by the INITIAL LINE clause. If the user uses a <work_area_itab> work
area, the SAP system adds a new line to the <internal_tab> internal
table and populates it with the content of the work area. The INITIAL
LINE clause appends a blank line that contains the initial value for
each field of the table structure. After each APPEND statement, the SY-
TABIX variable contains the index number of the appended line.
Appending lines to standard and sorted tables with a non-unique key

works regardless of whether the lines with the same key already exist in
the table. In other words, duplicate entries may occur. However, a run-
time error occurs if the user attempts to add a duplicate entry to a
sorted table with a unique key or if the user violates the sort order of a
sorted table by appending the lines to it.
Example
REPORT ZCUSLIST1.
DATA: BEGIN OF linv Occurs 0,
Name(20) TYPE C,
ID_Number TYPE I,
END OF linv.
DATA table1 LIKE TABLE OF linv.

linv-Name = 'Melissa'.
linv-ID_Number = 105467.
APPEND linv TO table1.
LOOP AT table1 INTO linv.
Write: / linv-name, linv-ID_Number.

ENDLOOP.
Melissa 105467
SAP ABAP - COPYING INTERNAL TABLES

When we read a record from an internal table with a header line, that
record is moved from the table itself into the header line. It is then the
header line that our program works with. The same applies while
creating a new record. It is the header line with which you work with
and from which the new record is sent to the table body itself.
To copy the records, we can use a SELECT statement to select all of the
records from the table and then use MOVE statement that will move
the records from the original table into the new internal table into the
fields where the names correspond.
Following is the syntax for MOVE statement
MOVE <table_field> TO <internal_tab_field>.
Example
REPORT ZCUSLIST1.
TABLES: ZCUSTOMERS1.
DATA: BEGIN OF itab01 Occurs 0,
END OF itab01.
Select * FROM ZCUSTOMERS1.

MOVE ZCUSTOMERS1-name TO itab01-name.
MOVE ZCUSTOMERS1-dob TO itab01-dob.
ENDSELECT.
Write: / itab01-name, itab01-dob.
MARGARET 02.11.1994
The select loop fills each field one at a time, using the MOVE statement
to move the data from one tables field to the other. In the above
example, MOVE statements were used to move the contents of the
ZCUSTOMERS1 table to the corresponding fields in the internal table.
You can accomplish this action with just one line of code. You can use
the MOVECORRESPONDING statement.
Following is the syntax for MOVE-CORRESPONDING statement
MOVE-CORRESPONDING <table_name> TO <internal_tab>.
It tells the system to move the data from the fields of ZCUSTOMERS1
to their corresponding fields in itab01.
Example
REPORT ZCUSTOMERLIST.
TABLES: ZCUSTOMERS1.
DATA: Begin of itab01 occurs 0,
customer LIKE ZCUSTOMERS1-customer,
title LIKE ZCUSTOMERS1-title,
END OF itab01.
SELECT * from ZCUSTOMERS1.

MOVE-Corresponding ZCUSTOMERS1 TO itab01.
APPEND itab01.
ENDSELECT.
LOOP AT itab01.
Write: / itab01-name, itab01-dob.
ENDLOOP.
MARK 21.05.1981
JAMES 14.08.1977
AURIELE 19.06.1990
STEPHEN 22.07.1985
MARGARET 02.11.1994
This is made possible by the fact that both have matching field names.
When making use of this statement, you need to make sure that both
fields have matching data types and lengths. It has been done here with
the LIKE statement previously.
SAP ABAP - READING INTERNAL TABLES

We can read the lines of a table by using the following syntax of the
READ TABLE statement
READ TABLE <internal_table> FROM <work_area_itab>.

In this syntax, the <work_area_itab> expression represents a work
area that is compatible with the line type of the <internal_table> table.
We can specify a search key, but not a table key, within the READ
statement by using the WITH KEY clause, as shown in the following
syntax
READ TABLE <internal_table> WITH KEY = <internal_tab_field>.
Here the entire line of the internal table is used as a search key. The
content of the entire line of the table is compared with the content of
the <internal_tab_field> field. If the values of the
<internal_tab_field> field are not compatible with the line type of the
table, these values are converted according to the line type of the table.
The search key allows you to find entries in internal tables that do not
have a structured line type, that is, where the line is a single field or an
internal table type.
The following syntax of the READ statement is used to specify a work

area or field symbol by using the COMPARING clause
READ TABLE <internal_table> <key> INTO <work_area_itab>

[COMPARING <F1> <F2>...<Fn>].
When the COMPARING clause is used, the specified table fields <F1>,
<F2>....<Fn> of the structured line type are compared with the
corresponding fields of the work area before being transported. If the
ALL FIELDS clause is specified, the SAP system compares all the
components. When the SAP system finds an entry on the basis of a key,
the value of the SY-SUBRC variable is set to 0. In addition, the value of
the SY-SUBRC variable is set to 2 or 4 if the content of the compared
fields is not the same or if the SAP system cannot find an entry.
However, the SAP system copies the entry into the target work area
whenever it finds an entry, regardless of the result of the comparison.
Example
REPORT ZREAD_DEMO.
*/Creating an internal table
DATA: BEGIN OF Record1,
ColP TYPE I,
ColQ TYPE I,
END OF Record1.
DATA mytable LIKE HASHED TABLE OF Record1 WITH UNIQUE KEY

ColP.
DO 6 Times.
Record1-ColP = SY-INDEX.
Record1-ColQ = SY-INDEX + 5.
INSERT Record1 INTO TABLE mytable.
ENDDO.
Record1-ColP = 4.
Record1-ColQ = 12.
READ TABLE mytable FROM Record1 INTO Record1 COMPARING ColQ.
WRITE: 'SY-SUBRC =', SY-SUBRC.

SKIP.
WRITE: / Record1-ColP, Record1-ColQ.
SY-SUBRC = 2
4 9
In the above example, mytable is an internal table of the hashed table

type, with Record1 as the work area and ColP as the unique key.
Initially, mytable is populated with six lines, where the ColP field
contains the values of the SY-INDEX variable and the ColQ field
contains S Y I N DEX + 5 values.
The Record1 work area is populated with 4 and 12 as values for the
ColP and ColQ fields respectively. The READ statement reads the line
of the table after comparing the value of the ColP key field with the
value in the Record1 work area by using the COMPARING clause, and
then copies the content of the read line in the work area. The value of
the SY-SUBRC variable is displayed as 2 because when the value in the
ColP field is 4, the value in the ColQ is not 12, but 9.
SAP ABAP - DELETING INTERNAL TABLES

The DELETE statement is used to delete one or more records from an
internal table. The records of an internal table are deleted either by
specifying a table key or condition or by finding duplicate entries. If an
internal table has a non-unique key and contains duplicate entries, the
first entry from the table is deleted.
Following is the syntax to use the DELETE statement to delete a record

or line from an internal table
DELETE TABLE <internal_table> FROM <work_area_itab>.
In the above syntax, the <work_area_itab> expression is a work area

and it should be compatible with the type of the <internal_table>
internal table. The delete operation is performed on the basis of a
default key that could be taken from the work area components.
You may also specify a table key explicitly in the DELETE TABLE
statement by using the following syntax
DELETE TABLE <internal_table> WITH TABLE KEY <K1> = <F1>

<Kn> = <Fn>.
In this syntax, <F1>, <F2>....<Fn> are the fields of an internal table

and <K1>, <K2>....<Kn> are the key fields of the table. The DELETE
statement is used to delete the records or lines of the <internal_table>
table based on the expressions <K1> = <F1>, <K2> = <F2>...<Kn> =
<Fn>.
Note If the data types of the <F1>, <F2>....<Fn> fields are not
compatible with the <K1>, <K2>...<Kn> key fields then the SAP
system automatically converts them into the compatible format.
Example
REPORT ZDELETE_DEMO.
DATA: BEGIN OF Line1,
ColP TYPE I,
ColQ TYPE I,
END OF Line1.
DATA mytable LIKE HASHED TABLE OF Line1
WITH UNIQUE KEY ColP.
DO 8 TIMES.
Line1-ColP = SY-INDEX.
Line1-ColQ = SY-INDEX + 4.
INSERT Line1 INTO TABLE mytable.
ENDDO.
Line1-ColP = 1.
DELETE TABLE mytable: FROM Line1,
WITH TABLE KEY ColP = 3.
LOOP AT mytable INTO Line1.
WRITE: / Line1-ColP, Line1-ColQ.

ENDLOOP.
2 6
4 8
5 9
6 10
7 11
8 12
In this example, mytable has two fields, ColP and ColQ. Initially,
mytable is populated with eight lines, where the ColP contains the
values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The ColQ contains the values 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11 and 12 because the ColP values are incremented by 4 every time.
The DELETE statement is used to delete the lines from mytable where
the value of the ColP key field is either 1 or 3. After deletion, the ColP
field of mytable contains the values 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, as shown in the
output. The ColQ field contains the values 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
SAP ABAP - OBJECT ORIENTATION

Object orientation simplifies software design to make it easier to
understand, maintain, and reuse. Object Oriented Programming
OOP represents a different way of thinking in writing software. The
beauty of OOP lies in its simplicity. The expressiveness of OOP makes

it easier to deliver quality software components on time.
As solutions are designed in terms of real-world objects, it becomes

much easier for programmers and business analysts to exchange ideas
and information about a design that uses a common domain language.
These improvements in communication help to reveal hidden
requirements, identify risks, and improve the quality of software being
developed. The object-oriented approach focuses on objects that
represent abstract or concrete things of the real world. These objects
are defined by their character and properties that are represented by
their internal structure and their attributes data. The behavior of these
objects is described by methods i. e. f unctionality .
Lets compare the procedural and object oriented programming
Features Procedure Oriented Object Oriented

approach approach
Emphasis Emphasis is on tasks. Emphasis is on
things that does
those tasks.
Modularization Programs can be divided Programs are

into smaller programs organized into
known as functions. classes and objects
and the
functionalities are
embedded into
methods of a class.
Data security Most of the functions Data can be hidden

share global data. and cant be
accessed by
external sources.
Extensibility This is more time New data and

consuming to modify and functions can be
extend the existing added effortlessly
functionality. as and when
required.
ABAP was initially developed as a procedural language

justsimilartoearlierproceduralprogramminglanguagelikeC OBOL .
But ABAP has now adapted the principles of object oriented paradigms
with the introduction of ABAP Objects. The object-oriented concepts in
ABAP such as class, object, inheritance, and polymorphism, are
essentially the same as those of other modern object-oriented
languages such as Java or C++.
As object orientation begins to take shape, each class assumes specific
role assignments. This division of labor helps to simplify the overall
programming model, allowing each class to specialize in solving a
particular piece of the problem at hand. Such classes have high
cohesion and the operations of each class are closely related in some
intuitive way.
The key features of object orientation are
Effective programming structure.

Real-world entities can be modeled very well.
Stress on data security and access.
Minimizes code redundancy.
Data abstraction and encapsulation.
SAP ABAP - OBJECTS

An object is a special kind of variable that has distinct characteristics
and behaviors. The characteristics or attributes of an object are used to
describe the state of an object, and behaviors or methods represent the
actions performed by an object.
An object is a pattern or instance of a class. It represents a real-world

entity such as a person or a programming entity like variables and
constants. For example, accounts and students are examples of real-
world entities. But hardware and software components of a computer
are examples of programming entities.
An object has the following three main characteristics
Has a state.
Has a unique identity.
May or may not display the behavior.
The state of an object can be described as a set of attributes and their
values. For example, a bank account has a set of attributes such as
Account Number, Name, Account Type, Balance, and values of all these
attributes. The behavior of an object refers to the changes that occur in
its attributes over a period of time.
Each object has a unique identity that can be used to distinguish it

from other objects. Two objects may exhibit the same behavior and
they may or may not have the same state, but they never have the same
identity. Two persons may have the same name, age, and gender but
they are not identical. Similarly, the identity of an object will never
change throughout its lifetime.
Objects can interact with one another by sending messages. Objects

contain data and code to manipulate the data. An object can also be
used as a user-defined data type with the help of a class. Objects are
also called variables of the type class. After defining a class, you can
create any number of objects belonging to that class. Each object is
associated with the data of the type class with which it has been
created.
Creating an Object
The object creation usually includes the following steps
Creating a reference variable with reference to the class. The

syntax for which is
DATA: <object_name> TYPE REF TO <class_name>.
Creating an object from the reference variable. The syntax for

which is
CREATE Object: <object_name>.
Example
REPORT ZDEMO_OBJECT.
CLASS Class1 Definition.
Public Section.
DATA: text1(45) VALUE 'ABAP Objects.'.
METHODS: Display1.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS Class1 Implementation.

METHOD Display1.
Write:/ 'This is the Display method.'.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: Class1 TYPE REF TO Class1.
CREATE Object: Class1.
Write:/ Class1->text1.
CALL METHOD: Class1->Display1.
ABAP Objects.
This is the Display method.
SAP ABAP - CLASSES

A class is used to specify the form of an object and it combines data
representation and methods for manipulating that data into one neat
package. The data and functions within a class are called members of
the class.
Class Definition and Implementation

When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. This
doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class name
means, what an object of the class will consist of, and what operations
can be performed on such an object. That is, it defines the abstract
characteristics of an object, such as attributes, fields, and properties.
The following syntax shows how to define a class
CLASS <class_name> DEFINITION.

..........
..........
ENDCLASS.
A class definition starts with the keyword CLASS followed by the class
name, DEFINITION and the class body. The definition of a class can
contain various components of the class such as attributes, methods,
and events. When we declare a method in the class declaration, the
method implementation must be included in the class implementation.
The following syntax shows how to implement a class
CLASS <class_name> IMPLEMENTATION.

...........
..........
ENDCLASS.
Note Implementation of a class contains the implementation of all

its methods. In ABAP Objects, the structure of a class contains
components such as attributes, methods, events, types, and constants.
Attributes
Attributes are data fields of a class that can have any data type such as
C, I, F, and N. They are declared in the class declaration. These
attributes can be divided into 2 categories: instance and static
attributes. An instance attribute defines the instance specific state of
an object. The states are different for different objects. An instance
attribute is declared by using the DATA statement.
Static attributes define a common state of a class that is shared by all
the instances of the class. That is, if you change a static attribute in one
object of a class, the change is visible to all other objects of the class as
well. A static attribute is declared by using the CLASS-DATA
statement.
Methods
A method is a function or procedure that represents the behavior of an
object in the class. The methods of the class can access any attribute of
the class. The definition of a method can also contain parameters, so
that you can supply the values to these parameters when methods are
called. The definition of a method is declared in the class declaration
and implemented in the implementation part of a class. The METHOD
and ENDMETHOD statements are used to define the implementation
part of a method. The following syntax shows how to implement a
method
METHOD <m_name>.
..........
..........
ENDMETHOD.
In this syntax, <m_name> represents the name of a method. Note

You can call a method by using the CALL METHOD statement.
Accessing Attributes and Methods

Class components can be defined in public, private, or protected
visibility sections that control how these components could be
accessed. The private visibility section is used to deny access to
components from outside of the class. Such components can only be
accessed from inside the class such as a method.
Components defined in the public visibility section can be accessed

from any context. By default all the members of a class would be
private. Practically, we define data in private section and related
methods in public section so that they can be called from outside of the
class as shown in the following program.
The attributes and methods declared in Public section in a class

can be accessed by that class and any other class, sub-class of the
program.
When the attributes and methods are declared in Protected

section in a class, those can be accessed by that class and sub
classes derivedclasses only.
When the attributes and methods are declared in Private section

in a class, those can be accessed by only that class and not by any
other class.
Example
Report ZAccess1.
CLASS class1 Definition.
PUBLIC Section.
Data: text1 Type char25 Value 'Public Data'.
Methods meth1.
PROTECTED Section.
Data: text2 Type char25 Value 'Protected Data'.
PRIVATE Section.
Data: text3 Type char25 Value 'Private Data'.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS class1 Implementation.

Method meth1.
Write: / 'Public Method:',
/ text1,
/ text2,
/ text3.
Skip.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
Data: Objectx Type Ref To class1.
Create Object: Objectx.
CALL Method: Objectxmeth1.
Write: / Objectxtext1.
Public Method:
Public Data
Protected Data
Private Data
Public Data
Static Attributes
A Static attribute is declared with the statement CLASS-DATA. All the
objects or instances can use the static attribute of the class. Static
attributes are accessed directly with the help of class name like
class_namename_1 = 'Some Text'.
Example
Following is a program where we want to print a text with line number

4 to 8 times. We define a class class1 and in the public section we
declare CLASS-DATA staticattribute and a method. After
implementing the class and method, we directly access the static
attribute in Start-Of-Selection event. Then we just create the instance
of the class and call the method.
Report ZStatic1.
PUBLIC Section.
CLASS-DATA: name1 Type char45,
data1 Type I.
Methods: meth1.
ENDCLASS.

Method meth1.
Do 4 Times.
data1 = 1 + data1.
Write: / data1, name1.
EndDo.
Skip.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
class1name1 = 'ABAP Object Oriented Programming'.
class1data1 = 0.
Data: Object1 Type Ref To class1,
Object2 Type Ref To class1.
Create Object: Object1, Object2.

CALL Method: Object1meth1,
Object2meth1.

Constructors
Constructors are special methods that are called automatically, either
while creating an object or accessing the components of a class.
Constructor gets triggered whenever an object is created, but we need
to call a method to trigger the general method. In the following
example, we have declared two public methods method1 and
constructor. Both these methods have different operations. While
creating an object of the class, the constructor method triggers its
operation.
Example
Report ZConstructor1.
PUBLIC Section.
Methods: method1, constructor.
ENDCLASS.

Method method1.
Write: / 'This is Method1'.
EndMethod.
Method constructor.
Write: / 'Constructor Triggered'.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
Data Object1 Type Ref To class1.
Create Object Object1.
Constructor Triggered
ME Operator in Methods
When you declare a variable of any type in public section of a class, you
can use it in any other implementation. A variable can be declared with
an initial value in public section. We may declare the variable again
inside a method with a different value. When we write the variable
inside the method, the system will print the changed value. To reflect
the previous value of the variable, we have to use ME operator.
In this program, we have declared a public variable text1 and initiated

with a value. We have declared the same variable again, but
instantiated with different value. Inside the method, we are writing
that variable with ME operator to get the previously initiated value.
We get the changed value by declaring directly.
Example
Report ZMEOperator1.
PUBLIC Section.
Data text1 Type char25 Value 'This is CLASS Attribute'.

Methods method1.
ENDCLASS.

Method method1.
Data text1 Type char25 Value 'This is METHOD Attribute'.

Write: / MEtext1,
/ text1.
ENDMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
Data objectx Type Ref To class1.
Create Object objectx.
CALL Method objectxmethod1.
This is CLASS Attribute

This is METHOD Attribute
SAP ABAP - INHERITANCE

One of the most important concepts in object oriented programming is
that of inheritance. Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms of
another class, which makes it easier to create and maintain an
application. This also provides an opportunity to reuse the code
functionality and fast implementation time.
When creating a class, instead of writing completely new data members
and methods, the programmer can designate that the new class should
inherit the members of an existing class. This existing class is called the
base class or super class, and the new class is referred to as the
derived class or sub class.
An object of one class can acquire the properties of another

class.
Derived class inherits the data and methods of a super class.

However, they can overwrite methods and also add new
methods.
The main advantage of inheritance is reusability.
The inheritance relationship is specified using the INHERITING

FROM addition to the class definition statement.
CLASS <subclass> DEFINITION INHERITING FROM <superclass>.
Example
Report ZINHERITAN_1.
CLASS Parent Definition.
PUBLIC Section.
Data: w_public(25) Value 'This is public data'.
Methods: ParentM.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS Child Definition Inheriting From Parent.

PUBLIC Section.
Methods: ChildM.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS Parent Implementation.

Method ParentM.
Write /: w_public.
EndMethod. ENDCLASS.
CLASS Child Implementation.

Method ChildM.
Skip.
Write /: 'Method in child class', w_public.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-of-selection.
Data: Parent Type Ref To Parent,
Child Type Ref To Child.
Create Object: Parent, Child.
Call Method: ParentParentM,
childChildM.
This is public data

Method in child class
This is public data
Access Control and Inheritance

A derived class can access all the non-private members of its base class.
Thus super class members that should not be accessible to the member
functions of sub classes should be declared private in the super class.
We can summarize the different access types according to who can
access them in the following way
Access Public Protected Private
Same calss Yes Yes Yes

Derived class Yes Yes No
Outside class Yes No No
When deriving a class from a super class, it can be inherited through

public, protected or private inheritance. The type of inheritance is
specified by the access specifier as explained above. We hardly use
protected or private inheritance, but public inheritance is commonly
used. The following rules are applied while using different types of
inheritance.
Public Inheritance When deriving a class from a public

super class, public members of the super class become public
members of the sub class and protected members of the super
class become protected members of the sub class. Super class's
private members are never accessible directly from a sub class,
but can be accessed through calls to the public and protected
members of the super class.
Protected Inheritance When deriving from a protected

super class, public and protected members of the super class
become protected members of the sub class.
Private Inheritance When deriving from a private super

class, public and protected members of the super class become
private members of the sub class.
Redefining Methods in Sub Class

The methods of the super class can be re-implemented in the sub class.
Few rules of redefining methods
The redefinition statement for the inherited method must be in

the same section as the definition of the original method.
If you redefine a method, you do not need to enter its interface
again in the subclass, but only the name of the method.
Within the redefined method, you can access components of the

direct super class using the super reference.
The pseudo reference super can only be used in redefined

methods.
Example
Report Zinheri_Redefine.
CLASS super_class Definition.
Public Section.
Methods: Addition1 importing g_a TYPE I
g_b TYPE I
exporting g_c TYPE I.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS super_class Implementation.

Method Addition1.
g_c = g_a + g_b.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS sub_class Definition Inheriting From super_class.

Public Section.
METHODS: Addition1 Redefinition.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS sub_class Implementation.

Method Addition1.
g_c = g_a + g_b + 10.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
Parameters: P_a Type I, P_b TYPE I.
Data: H_Addition1 TYPE I.
Data: H_Sub TYPE I.
Data: Ref1 TYPE Ref TO sub_class.
Create Object Ref1.
Call Method Ref1Addition1 exporting g_a = P_a
g_b = P_b
Importing g_c = H_Addition1.
Write:/ H_Addition1.
After executing F8, if we enter the values 9 and 10, the above code
produces the following output
Redefinition Demo
29
SAP ABAP - POLYMORPHISM

The term polymorphism literally means many forms. From an object-
oriented perspective, polymorphism works in conjunction with
inheritance to make it possible for various types within an inheritance
tree to be used interchangeably. That is, polymorphism occurs when
there is a hierarchy of classes and they are related by inheritance.
ABAP polymorphism means that a call to a method will cause a
different method to be executed depending on the type of object that
invokes the method.
The following program contains an abstract class 'class_prgm', 2 sub

classes class roceduralandclass O, and a test driver class
p O
'class_type_approach'. In this implementation, the class method 'start'
allow us to display the type of programming and its approach. If you
look closely at the signature of method 'start', you will observe that it
receives an importing parameter of type class_prgm. However, in the
Start-Of-Selection event, this method has been called at run-time with
objects of type class_procedural and class_OO.
Example
Report ZPolymorphism1.
CLASS class_prgm Definition Abstract.
PUBLIC Section.
Methods: prgm_type Abstract,
approach1 Abstract.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS class_procedural Definition

Inheriting From class_prgm.
PUBLIC Section.
Methods: prgm_type Redefinition,
approach1 Redefinition.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS class_procedural Implementation.

Method prgm_type.
Write: 'Procedural programming'.
EndMethod. Method approach1.

Write: 'top-down approach'.
EndMethod. ENDCLASS.
CLASS class_OO Definition
Inheriting From class_prgm.
PUBLIC Section.
Methods: prgm_type Redefinition,
approach1 Redefinition.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS class_OO Implementation.
Method prgm_type.
Write: 'Object oriented programming'.
EndMethod.
Method approach1.
Write: 'bottom-up approach'.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS class_type_approach Definition.

PUBLIC Section.
CLASS-METHODS:
start Importing class1_prgm
Type Ref To class_prgm.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS class_type_approach IMPLEMENTATION.

Method start.
CALL Method class1_prgmprgm_type.
Write: 'follows'.
CALL Method class1_prgmapproach1.

EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
Data: class_1 Type Ref To class_procedural,
class_2 Type Ref To class_OO.
Create Object class_1.

Create Object class_2.
CALL Method class_type_approachstart
Exporting
class1_prgm = class_1.
New-Line.
CALL Method class_type_approachstart
Exporting
Exporting
class1_prgm = class_2.
Procedural programming follows top-down approach

Object oriented programming follows bottom-up approach
ABAP run-time environment performs an implicit narrowing cast

during the assignment of the importing parameter class1_prgm. This
feature helps the 'start' method to be implemented generically. The
dynamic type information associated with an object reference variable
allows the ABAP run-time environment to dynamically bind a method
call with the implementation defined in the object pointed to by the
object reference variable. For instance, the importing parameter
'class1_prgm' for method 'start' in the 'class_type_approach' class
refers to an abstract type that could never be instantiated on its own.
Whenever the method is called with a concrete sub class

implementation such as class_procedural or class_OO, the dynamic
type of the class1_prgm reference parameter is bound to one of these
concrete types. Therefore, the calls to methods 'prgm_type' and
'approach1' refer to the implementations provided in the
class_procedural or class_OO sub classes rather than the undefined
abstract implementations provided in class 'class_prgm'.
SAP ABAP - ENCAPSULATION

Encapsulation is an Object Oriented Programming OOP concept that
binds together data and functions that manipulate the data, and keeps
both safe from outside interference and misuse. Data encapsulation led
to the important OOP concept of data hiding. Encapsulation is a
mechanism of bundling the data and the functions that use them, and
data abstraction is a mechanism of exposing only the interfaces and
hiding the implementation details from the user.
ABAP supports the properties of encapsulation and data hiding
through the creation of user-defined types called classes. As discussed
earlier, a class can contain private, protected and public members. By
default, all items defined in a class are private.
Encapsulation by Interface
Encapsulation actually means one attribute and method could be
modified in different classes. Hence data and method can have
different form and logic that can be hidden to separate class.
Let's consider encapsulation by interface. Interface is used when we

need to create one method with different functionality in different
classes. Here the name of the method need not be changed. The same
method will have to be implemented in different class
implementations.
Example
The following program contains an Interface inter_1. We have declared

attribute and a method method1. We have also defined two classes like
Class1 and Class2. So we have to implement the method method1 in
both of the class implementations. We have implemented the method
method1 differently in different classes. In the start-ofselection, we
create two objects Object1 and Object2 for two classes. Then, we call
the method by different objects to get the function declared in separate
classes.
Report ZEncap1.
Interface inter_1.
Data text1 Type char35.
Methods method1.
EndInterface.

PUBLIC Section.
Interfaces inter_1.
ENDCLASS.

PUBLIC Section.
Interfaces inter_1.
ENDCLASS.

Method inter_1~method1.
inter_1~text1 = 'Class 1 Interface method'.
Write / inter_1~text1.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.

Method inter_1~method1.
inter_1~text1 = 'Class 2 Interface method'.
Write / inter_1~text1.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
Data: Object1 Type Ref To Class1,
Object2 Type Ref To Class2.
Create Object: Object1, Object2.

CALL Method: Object1inter_1~method1,
Object2inter_1~method1.
Class 1 Interface method

Class 2 Interface method
Encapsulated classes do not have a lot of dependencies on the outside

world. Moreover, the interactions that they do have with external
clients are controlled through a stabilized public interface. That is, an
encapsulated class and its clients are loosely coupled. For the most
part, classes with well-defined interfaces can be plugged into another
context. When designed correctly, encapsulated classes become
reusable software assets.
Designing Strategy
Most of us have learned through bitter experience to make class
members private by default unless we really need to expose them. That
is just good encapsulation. This wisdom is applied most frequently to
data members and it also applies equally to all members.
SAP ABAP - INTERFACES

Similar to classes in ABAP, interfaces act as data types for objects. The
components of interfaces are same as the components of classes.
Unlike the declaration of classes, the declaration of an interface does
not include the visibility sections. This is because the components
defined in the declaration of an interface are always integrated in the
public visibility section of the classes.
Interfaces are used when two similar classes have a method with the
same name, but the functionalities are different from each other.
Interfaces might appear similar to classes, but the functions defined in
an interface are implemented in a class to extend the scope of that
class. Interfaces along with the inheritance feature provide a base for
polymorphism. This is because a method defined in an interface can
behave differently in different classes.
Following is the general format to create an interface
INTERFACE <intf_name>.
DATA.....
CLASS-DATA.....
METHODS.....
CLASS-METHODS.....
ENDINTERFACE.
In this syntax, <intf_name> represents the name of an interface. The
DATA and CLASSDATA statements can be used to define the instance
and static attributes of the interface respectively. The METHODS and
CLASS-METHODS statements can be used to define the instance and
static methods of the interface respectively. As the definition of an
interface does not include the implementation class, it is not necessary
to add the DEFINITION clause in the declaration of an interface.
Note All the methods of an interface are abstract. They are fully
declared including their parameter interface, but not implemented in
the interface. All the classes that want to use an interface must
implement all the methods of the interface. Otherwise, the class
becomes an abstract class.
We use the following syntax in the implementation part of the class
INTERFACE <intf_name>.
In this syntax, <intf_name> represents the name of an interface. Note

that this syntax must be used in the public section of the class.
The following syntax is used to implement the methods of an interface

inside the implementation of a class
METHOD <intf_name~method_m>.
<statements>.
ENDMETHOD.
In this syntax, <intf_name~method_m> represents the fully declared

name of a method of the <intf_name> interface.
Example
Report ZINTERFACE1.
INTERFACE my_interface1.
Methods msg.
ENDINTERFACE.
CLASS num_counter Definition.

PUBLIC Section.
INTERFACES my_interface1.
Methods add_number.
PRIVATE Section.
Data num Type I.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS num_counter Implementation.

Method my_interface1~msg.
Write: / 'The number is', num.
EndMethod.
Method add_number.
ADD 7 TO num.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS drive1 Definition.

PUBLIC Section.
INTERFACES my_interface1.
Methods speed1.
PRIVATE Section.
Data wheel1 Type I.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS drive1 Implementation.

Method my_interface1~msg.
Write: / 'Total number of wheels is', wheel1.
EndMethod.
Method speed1.
Add 4 To wheel1.
EndMethod.
ENDCLASS.
Start-Of-Selection.
Data object1 Type Ref To num_counter.
Data object1 Type Ref To num_counter.
Create Object object1.
CALL Method object1add_number.

CALL Method object1my_interface1~msg.
Data object2 Type Ref To drive1.

Create Object object2.
CALL Method object2speed1.

CALL Method object2my_interface1~msg.
The number is 7
Total number of wheels is 4
In the above example, my_interface1 is the name of an interface that

contains the 'msg' method. Next, two classes, num_counter and drive1
are defined and implemented. Both these classes implement the 'msg'
method and also specific methods that define the behavior of their
respective instances, such as the add_number and speed1 methods.
Note The add_number and speed1 methods are specific to the

respective classes.
SAP ABAP - OBJECT EVENTS

An event is a set of outcomes that are defined in a class to trigger the
event handlers in other classes. When an event is triggered, we can call
any number of event handler methods. The link between a trigger and
its handler method is actually decided dynamically at run-time.
In a normal method call, a calling program determines which method

of an object or a class needs to be called. As fixed handler method is not
registered for every event, in case of event handling, the handler
method determines the event that needs to be triggered.
An event of a class can trigger an event handler method of the same

class by using the RAISE EVENT statement. For an event, the event
handler method can be defined in the same or different class by using
the FOR EVENT clause, as shown in the following syntax
FOR EVENT <event_name> OF <class_name>.
Similar to the methods of a class, an event can have parameter

interface but it has only output parameters. The output parameters are
passed to the event handler method by the RAISE EVENT statement
that receives them as input parameters. An event is linked to its
handler method dynamically in a program by using the SET HANDLER
statement.
When an event is triggered, appropriate event handler methods are

supposed to be executed in all the handling classes.
Example
REPORT ZEVENT1.
CLASS CL_main DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA: num1 TYPE I.
METHODS: PRO IMPORTING num2 TYPE I.
EVENTS: CUTOFF.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS CL_eventhandler DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: handling_CUTOFF FOR EVENT CUTOFF OF CL_main.
ENDCLASS.
START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: main1 TYPE REF TO CL_main.
DATA: eventhandler1 TYPE REF TO CL_eventhandler.
CREATE OBJECT main1.

CREATE OBJECT eventhandler1.
SET HANDLER eventhandler1handling_CUTOFF FOR main1.

main1PRO( 4 ).
CLASS CL_main IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD PRO.
num1 = num2.
IF num2 2.
RAISE EVENT CUTOFF.
ENDIF.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS CL_eventhandler IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD handling_CUTOFF.
WRITE: 'Handling the CutOff'.
WRITE: / 'Event has been processed'.
ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
Handling the CutOff

Event has been processed
SAP ABAP - REPORT PROGRAMMING

A report is a presentation of data in an organized structure. Many
database management systems include a report writer that enables you
to design and generate reports. SAP applications support report
creation.
A classical report is created by using the output data in the WRITE

statement inside a loop. They do not contain any sub-reports. SAP also
provides some standard reports such as RSCLTCOP that is used to
copy tables across clients and RSPARAM that is used to display
instance parameters.
These reports consist of only one screen as an output. We can use

various events such as INITIALIZATON & TOP-OF-PAGE to create a
classical report, and each event has its own importance during the
creation of a classical report. Each of these events is associated to a
specific user action and is triggered only when the user performs that
action.
Following is a table describing the events and descriptions
S.No. Event & Description
1
INITIALIZATON
Triggered before displaying the selection screen.
2
AT SELECTION-SCREEN
Triggered after processing of the user input on the

selection screen. This event verifies the user input prior to
the execution of a program. After processing the user
input, the selection screen remains in the active mode.
3
START-OF-SELECTION
Triggered only after the processing of the selection screen

is over; that is, when the user clicks the Execute icon on
the selection screen.
4
END-OF-SELECTION
Triggered after the last statement in the START-OF-

SELECTON event is executed.
5
TOP-OF-PAGE
Triggered by the first WRITE statement to display the data

on a new page.
6
END-OF-PAGE
Triggered to display the text at the end of a page in a

report. Note, that this event is the last event while creating
a report, and should be combined with the LINE-COUNT
clause of the REPORT statement.
Example
Let's create a classical report. We will display the information stored in
the standard database MARA containsgeneralmaterialdata by using a
sequence of statements in ABAP editor.
REPORT ZREPORT2
LINE-SIZE 75
LINE-COUNT 30(3)
NO STANDARD PAGE HEADING.
Tables: MARA.
TYPES: Begin of itab,
MATNR TYPE MARA-MATNR,

MBRSH TYPE MARA-MBRSH,
MEINS TYPE MARA-MEINS,
MTART TYPE MARA-MTART,
End of itab.
DATA: wa_ma TYPE itab,

it_ma TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF itab.
SELECT-OPTIONS: MATS FOR MARA-MATNR OBLIGATORY.

INITIALIZATION.
MATS-LOW = '1'.
MATS-HIGH = '500'.
APPEND MATS.
AT SELECTION-SCREEN. .
IF MATS-LOW = ' '.
MESSAGE I000(ZKMESSAGE).
ELSEIF MATS-HIGH = ' '.
MESSAGE I001(ZKMESSAGE).
ENDIF.
TOP-OF-PAGE.
WRITE:/ 'CLASSICAL REPORT CONTAINING GENERAL MATERIAL DATA
FROM THE TABLE MARA' COLOR 7.
ULINE.
WRITE:/ 'MATERIAL' COLOR 1,
24 'INDUSTRY' COLOR 2,
38 'UNITS' COLOR 3,
53 'MATERIAL TYPE' COLOR 4.
ULINE.
END-OF-PAGE.
START-OF-SELECTION.
SELECT MATNR MBRSH MEINS MTART FROM MARA
INTO TABLE it_ma WHERE MATNR IN MATS.
LOOP AT it_ma into wa_ma.
WRITE:/ wa_ma-MATNR,
25 wa_ma-MBRSH,
40 wa_ma-MEINS,
55 wa_ma-MTART.
ENDLOOP.
END-OF-SELECTION.
ULINE.
WRITE:/ 'CLASSICAL REPORT HAS BEEN CREATED' COLOR 7.
ULINE.
SKIP.
The above code produces the following output containing the general
material data from the standard table MARA
SAP ABAP - DIALOG PROGRAMMING
Dialog programming deals with the development of multiple objects.
All these objects are linked hierarchically to the main program and they
are executed in a sequence. Dialog program development makes use of
tools in the ABAP workbench. These are the same tools used in
standard SAP application development.
Here are the main components of dialog programs
Screens
Module pools
Subroutines
Menus
Transactions
The Toolset
Dialog programs should be developed by the object browser

transaction : S E80 so that all objects become linked to the main
program without having to explicitly point each object. Advanced

navigation techniques enhance the process of moving from one object
to the other.
Screens are made up of screen attributes, screen layout, fields and flow
logic. The module pool consists of modularized syntax that is placed
inside include programs of the dialog program. These modules can be
invoked by the flow logic, which is processed by the dialog processor.
Creating a New Dialog Program

Step 1 Within the transaction SE80, select Program from the
dropdown and enter a Z name for your custom SAP program as
ZSCREENEX.
Step 2 Press Enter, choose With TOP INCL and click the Yes
button.
Step 3 Enter a name for your top include as ZSCRTOP and click the
green tick mark.
Step 4 Within the attributes screen, simply enter a title and click the
save button.
Adding a Screen to the Dialog Program

Step 1 To add a screen to the program, right-click on the program
name and select the options Create Screen.
Step 2 Enter a screen number as '0211' and click the green tick mark.
Step 3 In the next screen, enter a short title, set to normal screen
type and click the save button on the top application toolbar.
Screen Layout and Adding Hello World Text

Step 1 Click the layout button within the application toolbar and the
Screen Painter window appears.
Step 2 Add a Text Field and enter some text such as "Hello World".
Step 3 Save and activate the screen.
Creating Transaction
Step 1 To create a transaction code for your program, simply right
click on the program name and choose the option Create
Transaction and enter a transaction code as 'ZTRANEX'.
Step 2 Enter the transaction text, program and screen you have just
created ZSCREENEX & 0211 , and tick the SAPGUI for Windows
checkbox in the GUI support section.
Executing the Program

Save and activate everything. You can execute the program. As the
program executes, the text you entered is displayed on the screen as
SAP ABAP - SMART FORMS
SAP Smart Forms tool can be used to print and send documents. This
tool is useful in developing forms, PDF files, e-mails and documents for
the Internet. The tool provides an interface to build and maintain the
layout and logic of a form. SAP also delivers a selection of forms for
business processes such as those used in Customer Relationship
Management C RM , Sales and Distribution S D , Financial Accounting
F I and Human Resources H R.
The tool allows you to modify forms by using simple graphical tools
instead of using any programming tool. It means that a user with no
programming knowledge can configure these forms with data for a
business process effortlessly.
In a Smart Form, data is retrieved from static and dynamic tables. The
table heading and subtotal are specified by the triggered events and the
data is then sorted before the final output. A Smart Form allows you to
incorporate graphics that can be displayed either as part of the form or
as the background. You can also suppress a background graphic if
required while taking a printout of a form.
Some examples of standard Smart Forms available in SAP system are
as follows
SF_EXAMPLE_01 represents an invoice with a table output for

flight booking for a customer.
SF_EXAMPLE_02 represents an invoice similar to

SF_EXAMPLE_01, but with subtotals.
SF_EXAMPLE_03 specifies an invoice similar to

SF_EXAMPLE_02, but one in which several customers can be
selected in an application program.
Creating a Form
Lets create a form by using the SAP Smart Forms tool. You will also
learn how to add a node in the Smart Form and test the form in this
tutorial. Here we begin with creating a copy of the SF_EXAMPLE_01
form. The SF_EXAMPLE_01 form is a standard Smart Form available
in the SAP system.
Step 1 Smart Form Builder is the main interface used to build a

Smart Form. It is available on the initial screen of SAP Smart Forms.
We need to type the 'SMARTFORMS' transaction code in the
Command field to open the initial screen of SAP Smart Forms. In this
screen, enter the form name, SF_EXAMPLE_01, in the Form field.
Step 2 Select Smart Forms Copy or click the Copy icon to open
the Copy Form or Text dialog box.
Step 3 In the Target Object field, enter a name for the new form. The
name must begin with the Y or Z letter. In this case, the name of the
form is 'ZSMM1'.
Step 4 Click the Continue icon or press the ENTER key in the Copy
Form or Text dialog box so that the ZSMM1 form is created as a copy of
the predefined form SF_EXAMPLE_01.
Step 5 Click the Save icon. The name of the form is displayed in the
Form field on the initial screen of SAP Smart Forms.
Step 6 Click the Create button on the initial screen of SAP Smart
Forms. The ZSMM1 form appears in Form Builder.
Step 7 The first draft page is created with a MAIN window. All the
components of the new form are based on the SF_EXAMPLE_01
predefined form. You can just click a node in the Navigation menu to
view its content.
Creating a Text Node in the Form

Step 1 Open a form in the change mode of the SAP Form Builder
screen and right-click the Main Window option in the First Page node
and select Create Text from the context menu.
Step 2 Modify the text in the Text field to 'My_Text' and the text in
the Meaning field to 'Text_Demo'. Enter the text 'Hello
TutorialsPoint.....' in the text-editing box in the center frame of Form
Builder as shown in the following snapshot
Step 3 Click the Save button to save the node..

Step 4 Activate and test the node by clicking the Activate and Test
icons, respectively. The initial screen of Function Builder appears.
Step 5 Activate and test the function module by clicking the Activate
and Execute icons. The parameters of the function module are
displayed in the initial screen of Function Builder.
Step 6 Execute the function module by clicking the Execute icon.

The Print dialog box appears.
Step 7 Specify the output device as 'LP01' and click the Print preview
button.
The above steps will produce the following output
SAP ABAP - SAPSCRIPTS

SAP ABAP - SAPSCRIPTS
The SAPscript tool of the SAP system can be used to build and manage
business forms such as invoices and purchase orders. The SAPscript
tool provides numerous templates that simplify the designing of a
business form to a great extent.
The SAP system comes with standard SAPscript forms that are
delivered with the SAP standard client generallyasclient000 . Following
are a few examples of standard SAPscript forms delivered with client
000
S.No. Form Name & Description
1
RVORDER01
Sales Order Confirmation Form
2
RVDELNOTE
Packing List
3
RVINVOICE01
Invoice
4
MEDRUCK
Purchase Order
5
F110_PRENUM_CHCK
Prenumbered Check
The structure of a SAPscript form consists of 2 main components
Content This can be either text businessdata or graphics

companylogo.
Layout This is defined by a set of windows in which the form

content appears.
SAPscript Form Painter Tool

The Form Painter tool provides the graphical layout of a SAPscript
form and various functionalities to manipulate the form. In the
following example, we are going to create an invoice form after copying
its layout structure from a standard SAPscript form RVINVOICE01,
and display its layout by accessing the Form Painter tool.
Step 1 Open the Form Painter. You may request the screen either by
navigating the SAP menu or by using the SE71 transaction code.
Step 2 In the Form Painter, request screen, enter a name and

language for a SAPscript form in the Form and Language fields,
respectively. Lets enter 'RVINVOICE01' and 'EN' respectively in these
fields.
Step 3 Select the Page Layout radio button in the Sub objects group
box.
Step 4 Select Utilities Copy from Client to create a copy of the

RVINVOICE01 form. The 'Copy Forms Between Clients' screen
appears.
Step 5 In the 'Copy Forms Between Clients' screen, enter the original
name of the form, 'RVINVOICE01', in the Form Name field, the
number of the source client '000' in the Source Client field, and the
name of the target form as 'ZINV_01' in the Target Form field. Make
sure that other settings remain unchanged.
Step 6 Next, click the Execute icon in the 'Copy Forms Between
Clients' screen. The 'Create Object Directory Entry' dialog box appears.
Click the Save icon.
The ZINV_01 form is copied from the RVINVOICE01 form and

displayed in the 'Copy Forms Between Clients screen' as depicted in the
following snapshot
Step 7 Click the back icon twice and navigate back to the Form
Painter: Request screen, which contains the name of the copied form
ZINV_01.
Step 8 After clicking the Display button, the 'Form ZINV_01: Layout
of Page FIRST' window and the 'Form: Change Page Layout: ZINV_01'
screen appears as shown in the following screenshot.
Step 9 The 'Form ZINV_01: Layout of Page FIRST' window shows
the initial layout of the form. The layout of the form contains five
windows: HEADER, ADDRESS, INFO, INFO1, and MAIN. The
description of these windows can be accessed in PC Editor.
For instance, by just selecting the MAIN window and clicking the Text
icon in the 'Form: Change Page Layout: ZINV_01' screen, you can view
all the margin values as shown in the following screenshot
SAP ABAP - CUSTOMER EXITS

Customer exits could be considered as hooks to the SAP standard
programs. We do not need an access key to write the code and there is
no need to modify the SAP standard program. These exits don't have
any functionality and they are empty. Business logic could be added in
order to meet various client requirements. However, Customer Exits
are not available for all programs.
Customer Exits for Standard Transactions

Following are the steps to find customer exits as far as standard
transactions are concerned. Lets identify customer exits available in
MM01 M aterialM asterC reation .
Step 1 Go to transaction MM01 and identify the program name of
MM01 by going to Menu bar System Status as shown in the above
screenshot.
Step 2 Get the program name from the popup screen. The program
name is 'SAPLMGMM'.
Step 3 Go to transaction SE38, enter the program name and click

Display.
Step 4 Navigate to Go to Properties and find out the package of
this program name.
The package name is 'MGA'.
Step 5 Go to transaction code SMOD that is usually used to identify

customer exits. Navigate to Utilities Find or you may directly press
Ctrl + F on the transaction code SMOD.
Step 6 After going to the Find Exits screen, enter the package name
we got earlier and press F8 Execute button.
The above steps produce the following output with the list of exits
available in the Material Master Creation.
SAP ABAP - USER EXITS

User exits are used in an extraction if the standard SAP extractors do
not provide the expected data or the required functionality, for
instance in authorizations or time checks. User exits are commonly
used in Sales and Distribution S D modules. There are many exits
provided by SAP in the areas of sales, transportation, shipping and
billing. A user exit is designed to make some changes when standard
SAP is not capable of fulfilling all the requirements.
To be able to access what exits are available in each area of sales, go to

IMG using this path: IMG Sales and Distribution System
Modifications User Exits. The documentation for each exit in the
areas of SD is explained thoroughly.
For instance, if you want to find user exits in Sales Document

Processing contract, quotationorsalesorder , follow the path mentioned
above and continue to expand the node User Exits in Sales User
Exits. Click on icon documentation to see all user exits available in
Sales Document Processing.
S.No. User Exit & Description
1
USEREXIT_FIELD_MODIFICATION
Used to modify screen attributes.
2
USEREXIT_SAVE_DOCUMENT
Helps in performing operations when the user hits Save.
3
USEREXIT_SAVE_DOCUMENT_PREPARE
Very useful to check input fields, put any value in the field
or show a popup to users and to confirm the document.
4
USEREXIT_MOVE_FIELD_TO_VBAK
Used when user header changes are moved to header work

area.
5
USEREXIT_MOVE_FIELD_TO_VBAP
Used when user item changes are moved to SAP item work
area.
A User Exit serves the same purpose as Customer Exits but they are
available only for the SD module. The exit is implemented as a call to a
Function Module. User Exits are modifications to SAP standard
programs.
Example
REPORT ZUSEREXIT1.
TABLES:
TSTC, TSTCT,
TADIR, TRDIR, TFDIR, ENLFDIR,
MODSAPT, MODACT.
DATA:
JTAB LIKE TADIR OCCURS 0 WITH HEADER LINE,
field1(30),
v_devclass LIKE TADIR-devclass.
PARAMETERS:
P_TCODE LIKE TSTC-tcode OBLIGATORY.
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM TSTC
WHERE tcode EQ P_TCODE.
IF SY-SUBRC EQ 0.
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM TADIR
WHERE pgmid = 'R3TR' AND

object = 'PROG' AND
obj_name = TSTC-pgmna.
MOVE TADIR-devclass TO v_devclass.
IF SY-SUBRC NE 0.
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM TRDIR
WHERE name = TSTC-pgmna.
IF TRDIR-subc EQ 'F'.
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM TFDIR
WHERE pname = TSTC-pgmna.
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM ENLFDIR
WHERE funcname = TFDIR-funcname.
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM TADIR
object = 'FUGR' AND
obj_name EQ ENLFDIR-area.
MOVE TADIR-devclass TO v_devclass.
ENDIF.
ENDIF.
ENDIF.
SELECT *
FROM TADIR
INTO TABLE JTAB

object = 'SMOD' AND
devclass = v_devclass.
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM TSTCT
WHERE sprsl EQ SY-LANGU AND
tcode EQ P_TCODE.
FORMAT COLOR COL_POSITIVE INTENSIFIED OFF.

WRITE:/(19) 'Transaction Code - ',
20(20) P_TCODE,
45(50) TSTCT-ttext.
SKIP.
IF NOT JTAB[] IS INITIAL.

WRITE:/(95) SY-ULINE.
FORMAT COLOR COL_HEADING INTENSIFIED ON.
WRITE:/1 SY-VLINE,
2 'Exit Name',
21 SY-VLINE ,
22 'Description',
95 SY-VLINE.
LOOP AT JTAB.
SELECT SINGLE * FROM MODSAPT
WHERE sprsl = SY-LANGU AND
name = JTAB-obj_name.
FORMAT COLOR COL_NORMAL INTENSIFIED OFF.

WRITE:/1 SY-VLINE,
2 JTAB-obj_name HOTSPOT ON,
2 JTAB-obj_name HOTSPOT ON,
21 SY-VLINE ,
22 MODSAPT-modtext,
95 SY-VLINE.
ENDLOOP.
DESCRIBE TABLE JTAB.
SKIP.
FORMAT COLOR COL_TOTAL INTENSIFIED ON.
WRITE:/ 'No of Exits:' , SY-TFILL.
ELSE.
FORMAT COLOR COL_NEGATIVE INTENSIFIED ON.
WRITE:/(95) 'User Exit doesnt exist'.
ENDIF.
ELSE.
FORMAT COLOR COL_NEGATIVE INTENSIFIED ON.

WRITE:/(95) 'Transaction Code Does Not Exist'.
ENDIF.
AT LINE-SELECTION.
GET CURSOR FIELD field1.
CHECK field1(4) EQ 'JTAB'.
SET PARAMETER ID 'MON' FIELD sy-lisel+1(10).
CALL TRANSACTION 'SMOD' AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN.
While processing, enter the transaction code ME01 and press F8

Execute button. The above code produces the following output
SAP ABAP - BUSINESS ADD-INS
In some cases, special functions need to be predefined in a software
application to enhance the functionality of various applications. There
are many Microsoft Excel add-ins to improve the functionality of MS
Excel. Similarly, SAP facilitates some predefined functions by
providing Business Add-Ins known as BADIs.
A BADI is an enhancement technique that facilitates a SAP

programmer, a user, or a specific industry to add some additional code
to the existing program in SAP system. We can use standard or
customized logic to improve the SAP system. A BADI must first be
defined and then implemented to enhance SAP application. While
defining a BADI, an interface is created. BADI is implemented by this
interface, which in turn is implemented by one or more adaptor
classes.
The BADI technique is different from other enhancement techniques in
two ways
Enhancement technique can be implemented only once.

This enhancement technique can be used by many customers
simultaneously.
You can also create filter BADIs, which means BADIs are defined on
the basis of filtered data that is not possible with enhancement
techniques. The concept of BADIs has been redefined in SAP Release
7.0 with the following goals
Enhancing the standard applications in a SAP system by adding

two new elements in the ABAP language, that is GET BADI and
CALL BADI.
Offering more flexibility features such as contexts and filters for

the enhancement of standard applications in a SAP system.
When a BADI is created, it contains an interface and other additional

components, such as function codes for menu enhancements and
screen enhancements. A BADI creation allows customers to include
their own enhancements in the standard SAP application. The
enhancement, interface, and generated classes are located in an
appropriate application development namespace.
Hence, a BADI can be considered as an enhancement technique that

uses ABAP objects to create predefined points in the SAP components.
These predefined points are then implemented by individual industry
solutions, country variants, partners and customers to suit their
specific requirements. SAP actually introduced the BADI enhancement
technique with the Release 4.6A, and the technique has been re-
implemented again in the Release 7.0.
SAP ABAP - WEB DYNPRO

Web Dynpro W D for ABAP is the SAP standard user interface
technology developed by SAP AG. It can be used in the development of
web-based applications in the SAP ABAP environment that utilizes SAP
development tools and concepts. It provides a front-end web user
interface to connect directly to backend SAP R/3 systems to access data
and functions for reporting.
Web Dynpro for ABAP consists of a run-time environment and a

graphical development environment with specific development tools
that are integrated in the ABAP Workbench transaction : S E80.
Architecture of Web Dynpro

The following illustration shows the overall architecture of Web
Dynpro
Following are a few points to keep in mind regarding Web Dynpro
Web Dynpro is the SAP NetWeaver programming model for user

interfaces.
All Web Dynpro applications are structured as per the Model

View Controller M V C programming model.
The model defines an interface to the main system and the Web
Dynpro application can have an access to system data.
The view is responsible for showing the data in the web browser.
The controller resides between the view and the model. The
controller formats the model data to be displayed in the view. It
processes the user entries made by the user and returns them to
the model.
Advantages
Web Dynpro offers the following advantages for application developers
The use of graphical tools significantly reduces the

implementation effort.
Reuse and better maintainability by using components.
The layout and navigation is easily changed using the Web

Dynpro tools.
User interface accessibility is supported.
Full integration in the ABAP development environment.
Web Dynpro Component and Window

The component is the global unit of the Web Dynpro application
project. Creating a Web Dynpro component is the initial step in
developing a new Web Dynpro application. Once the component is
created, it acts as a node in the Web Dynpro object list. You may create
any number of component views in a component and assemble them in
any number of the corresponding Web Dynpro windows.
At least one Web Dynpro window is contained in each Web Dynpro

component. The Web Dynpro window embeds all the views that are
displayed within the front-end web application. The window is
processed in the window editors of the ABAP Workbench.
Note
The component view displays all the administrative details for
the application including the description, the name of the person
who created it, the creation date, and the assigned development
package.
The Web Dynpro application is the independent object in the

object list of the ABAP Workbench. The interaction between the
window and the application is created by the interface view of a
given window.

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SAP ABAP - QUICK GUIDE

SAP ABAP - OVERVIEW

the main language for SAP application server programming.

Note ABAP programs run at the application server level. Technical

Generated code, which is a binary representation. If you are

The run-time system can be considered as a virtual machine, just

SAP ABAP - ENVIRONMENT

AS ABAP is an application server with its own database, ABAP run-

Using the ABAP Editor

the many ABAP objects.

Step 5 Choose "Executable Program" as the report type, enter the

Starting the Report

development takes place in AS ABAP.

Starting the report is as simple as saving it. Click the ACTIVATION

As long as you do not activate a new report or activate a change to an

Viewing the Existing Code

SAP ABAP - SCREEN NAVIGATION

is the login screen.

Standard Toolbar Most standard functions such as Top of Page,

Title Bar Title Bar displays the name of the application/business

Application Toolbar Application specific menu options are

Command Field We can start an application without navigating

Standard Keys and Icons

The first non-comment line in a program begins with the word

This allows the statement to take up as many lines in the editor as it

Statements consist of a command and any variables and options,

Lets write the code.

Write 'This is ABAP Tutorial'.

Four things to consider while writing statements

The write statement writes whatever is in quotes to the output

The ABAP editor converts all text to uppercase except text

Unlike some older programming languages, ABAP does not care

Following is an example of a program that could save some key

Using the colon notation, it could be rewritten this way

WRITE: 'Hello', 'ABAP', 'World'.

Full line comments are indicated by placing an asterisk in the

* This is the comment line

Partial line comments are indicated by entering a double quote "

WRITE 'Hello'. "Here is the partial comment

Note Commented code is not capitalized by the ABAP editor.

DATA: W_NUR(10) TYPE N.

The above code produces the following output

Note Without NO-ZERO command, the output is: 0000000050

The message command is as follows

WRITE 'This is the 1st line'.

The above message command produces the following output

This is the 1st line

We may use the SKIP command to insert multiple blank lines.

SKIP TO LINE line_number.

This command is used to dynamically move the cursor up and down

The message command is as follows

WRITE 'This is Underlined'.

The above code produces the following output

This is Underlined (and a horizontal line below this).

Message Type Consequences

E Error The message appears and the

The message appears and the user must

A pop-up window opens with the

This message class cancels the

This provides an informational message