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First and Second Week Assessment

First and Second Week Assessment documents seismic interpretation procedures and how seismic reflections relate to geology. It discusses (1) how seismic interpretation reveals subsurface stratigraphy and structures, (2) key parameters like amplitude, frequency, and phase that affect seismic reflections, and (3) a three-step procedure for seismic sequence analysis, facies analysis, and reflection character analysis. The document also examines how seismic reflections represent features like depositional environments, lithology contrasts, and artifacts that can mimic geology like multiples and velocity distortions.

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81 views10 pages

First and Second Week Assessment

First and Second Week Assessment documents seismic interpretation procedures and how seismic reflections relate to geology. It discusses (1) how seismic interpretation reveals subsurface stratigraphy and structures, (2) key parameters like amplitude, frequency, and phase that affect seismic reflections, and (3) a three-step procedure for seismic sequence analysis, facies analysis, and reflection character analysis. The document also examines how seismic reflections represent features like depositional environments, lithology contrasts, and artifacts that can mimic geology like multiples and velocity distortions.

Uploaded by

wike rosalina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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First and Second Week Assessment

Created By :

ALBERTUS SAMUDRA IRIANTO

111.140.117

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI MINERAL

UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL VETERAN

YOGYAKARTA

2017
First Week Assessment

1. Purpose of Seismic Interpretation


Interpreting seismic data is a tool for understanding wide range of subsurface
information such as vertical relation between different formation or strata (showed by
different wave line) and horizontal distribution for each stratum. (pasca
deformasi/pengendapan, Pre
Seismic interpretation study discusses some of the key strata interfaces and the
implication for interpreting the data received.

Figure 1. Example Seismic Interpretation by Geological and Geophysics

Picture shown above is an example of seismic data that has been interpreted. It shows that
there is horizontal correlation between a line (represented by one single color) and vertical
correlation between different amplitude that showed different line color. The Structure of the
seismic can tell us about the present geometry. Both will be the most powerful tool for knowing
the subsurface.
2. What does/do affect Seismic Reflection? Can you show some key parameter/s (or
attributes) that affect seismic reflection?
There are three basic things that every seismic interpreter should know, these are
Amplitude, phase and frequency. Those three are the Instantaneous seismic attribute, which
mean these attributes will be shown immediately after the equipment is activated in some
certain depth or line.
a. Instantaneous Amplitude is related to reflectivity, which in turn is related to
subsurface impedance contrast
b. Instantaneous Frequency sometimes aids in recognizing changes in bed thickness
and bedspacing, this aids comes from the negative values or unbelievably high
positive value when the coming into different
c. Instantaneous Phase is related for continuity in stratal surface across low
amplitude areas (
3. Seismic Interpretation procedure
The Procedure means, how the seismic interpretation is carried out. There are 3
procedure, created by brown (1994), those are :
a. Seismic sequence analysis

Figure 2. Seismic Pattenrn and boundaries of a sequence

seismic sequence analysis is to identify depositional sequences and


systems tracts on seismic sections by interpreting the location of their
boundaries. Boundaries are manifested as discontinuities in seismic sections
and are located mainly by finding reflection terminations.
b. Seismic facies analysis
Seismic facies analysis provides an effective way to simplify the
heterogeneity and compartments within a reservoir. Traditional method is
using the single waveform to classify the seismic facies, which does not
consider the stratigraphy continuity, and the final facies map may affect by
noise. Present days are using the 3D data (multi waveform), because it affect
vertically and horizontally.
Table 1. Kinds of seismic facies

c. Reflection character analysis


Is a method that firstly to convert the 3D seismic data volume that has to be
interpreted to a 3D coherency volume. Coherency is a numerical measure of the
lateral uniformity of seismic reflection character in a selected data window. As the
waveform character of side-by-side seismic traces becomes more similar, the
coherency value for the traces approaches a value of +1.0; as the traces become more
dissimilar, the coherency of the traces approaches zero. All modern seismic
interpretation software can perform the numerical transform that converts 3D seismic
wiggle-trace data into a 3D coherency volume. (Modified from Petrowiki Seismic
Interpretation)

All of these procedure are combined to make a geological interpretation such as the
structural correlation and stratigraphy.

Second Week Assessment

Reflection as a Geological Symptoms. Actually, this assessment is an application of the


previous assessment. This assement is part of the segmentation step of seismic interpretation; it is
shown below.

Figure 3. Seismic interpretation Diagram

In this part, the combined data of seismic facies, analysis and characteristic created
conventional interpretation of geological information, made by the interpreter.
a. Stratigraphy
After peeking is conducted, the basic assumption is that Seismic reflection
represents bedding plane. So, Its characteristics should change with conformable changes
in depositional regime. These changes can be Energy level, depositional environment,
sedimentation rates, source, diagenesis and pore contents.
There are several features of seismic data that can help us to interpret depositional
regimes.

Reflection continuity :
It shows the continuity of layers. It is related to energy levels and
sedimentary processes in the depositional environment.
Reflection amplitude :
It shows lithology contrast, bedding spacing and fluid content.
Reflection configuration :
It shows the geometry of bedding pattern. Important to interpret
palaeogeography.
Reflection frequency :
It gives bed thickness and sometimes fluid information like gas.
Interval velocity derived from seismic:
It is important for gross lithologies, porosity distribution and fluid contact.
Interval seismic velocity also gives additional information on gross lithology,
porosity and fluids. Spatial association of these attributes of seismic reflectors
give an idea of the depositional environment.
Figure 4. Reflection Attributes and its appearances

Figure 5. Bedset classification according to their relationship with underlaing and overlaying bounding surface

b. Structural
Figure 6. Seismic disturbance caused by structural phenomena

A structural interpretation can be identified by a sudden change of seismic line, if


there are no cause of other technical disturbance or stratigraphy disturbance such as
dipping, noise, etc. Another structure related is an anticline that defines by an folded
seismic line.
c. Artifact
The seismic reflection technique produces a number of artifacts misleading
features that are easily misinterpreted as real geology which can fool a novice
interpreter. A few of the more common pitfalls are briefly listed below

a. Multiple mave (bounce of raypath)


Figure 7. Multiple Ray appearance

Not every strata is undisturbed, there are angle, wiggly, eroded and having thin
strata one to another. Thus created a multiple ray. The solution of this phenomena is a
simple calculation :
Rmultiple = R2 primary
The multiple ray will be recalculated by the equation, thus created the real line of
the strata.

b. Velocity pull up/down


Figure 8. Velocity Pull down Diagram

This phenomena is created by distortion between two different material which


made the travel time of the wave becomes different. The left side of the picture shows slow
velocity, and the right side shows high velocity.

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