The use of European

Standards for Temporary

Works design

Published November 2014

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

Members of the Working Party

Convenor Andrew Jones RMD Kwikform

Secretary John Carpenter Temporary Works Forum (to September 2014)
The TWf would like to thank the following who have contributed to this guidance in different ways:
Stuart Bamford Ischebeck Titan
Andrew Barnes Swanton Consulting
Ben Beaumont 48.3 Scaffold Design
Brian Bell Bell Johnson Associates
Godfrey Bowring Consultant
Chris Dulake Crossrail
Tony Harris Parsons Brinkerhoff
Adrian Hollingshurst Kier
Bernard Ingham Mabey Hire Services
Hash Maitra Aecom
Stuart Marchand Wentworth House
Paul Markham RNP Associates
Alan Miles Robert McAlpine
Peter Pallett Pallett Temporary Works
Mike Simms Crossrail
David Tabernor MGF Excavation Support Systems
David Thomas Secretary, Temporary Works Forum (from
September 2014)

Synopsis General
Historically, the majority of temporary works in the The Temporary Works Forum gratefully acknowledges the
UK have been designed to British Standards using contribution made by members of the working party in the
permissible stress methods. The harmonization of preparation of this guidance.
European structural design codes has led to the Although the Temporary Works Forum does its best to
withdrawal of many of these documents and a change to ensure that any advice, recommendations or information
a limit state approach. Although there is a great deal of it may give either in this publication or elsewhere is
published guidance for the Permanent Works Designer, accurate, no liability or responsibility of any kind (including
very little is available for the application of European liability for negligence) howsoever and from whatsoever
Standards to Temporary Works. In order to assist all cause arising, is accepted in this respect by the Forum, its
interested parties, and foster a common approach, this servants or agents
guidance note provides a comprehensive background to
the subject and makes general recommendations on the Readers should note that the documents referenced
application of European Standards to Temporary Works. in this guidance note are subject to revision from time
to time and should therefore ensure that they are in
The Temporary Works sector is currently in a state of possession of the latest version.
transition and unless specified by the contract a designer
is free to choose a suitable method of design.

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The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01 Temporary Works forum

1 Introduction Contents
1.1 Foreword To navigate to page - hover over an item below and
This document has been written by the click. Return to contents by clicking on the Return to the
Temporary Works Forum (TWf) in response contents at the bottom of every page.
to the limited information available regarding
the application of European Standards (ENs) Section Page
to Temporary Works.
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
It is intended to foster a common approach
and act as starting point for further industry 1.1 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
wide discussion. 1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The majority of the European structural 1.3 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
design standards and all of the Eurocodes
are aimed at the design of Permanent 1.3.1 European Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Works. Because of the differences between 1.3.2 European Standards for
Temporary Works and Permanent Works Temporary Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
the straight application of the European
1.3.3 BS 5975: Code of practice for temporary
Standards to the design of Temporary
works procedures and the permissible
Works may not be appropriate and could
stress design of falsework . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
lead to unacceptably low factors of safety.
The Temporary Works Designer (TWD) must 1.3.4 Relationship between BS 5975
consider these differences and apply the and EN 12812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ENs appropriately. 1.3.5 Definitions of Temporary Works
In comparison to Permanent Works, and Falsework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Temporary Works:
1.3.6 Summary of Requirements given in
tend to have a greater proportion of Temporary Works Standards . . . . . . . . . . . 6
variable actions;
1.3.7 Factors of Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
can have greater uncertainty of loads;
1.4 Considerations common to all
in many forms (and in all forms of Temporary Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
falsework), the maximum variable action
1.4.1 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
is expected every time; in permanent
works, the maximum variable action can 1.4.2 Contract stipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
be expected to occur only exceptionally
1.4.3 Risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
over a long design life;
1.4.4 Data provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
tend to have less redundancy and lower
residual stiffness; 1.4.5 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
frequently have more, and greater, 1.5 Outline Requirements for Temporary
initial imperfections, such as lack of fit, Works Design using European Standards . . . . 9
eccentricities, corrosion and damage
1.5.1 Falsework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
from previous use;
1.5.2 Formwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
have a shorter time allocated for design
and procurement; 1.5.3 Access Scaffolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
tend to be removed after use, often 1.5.4 Geotechnical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
requiring de-stressing prior to removal;
1.5.5 Tower Crane Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
and
1.5.6 Temporary Vehicle and
tend to have limited site investigation
Pedestrian bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
available which must be considered
when selecting soil parameters. 1.5.7 Propping of Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 European Standards and Reference
Documents Relevant to Temporary
Works Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6.1 European Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6.2 British Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.3 Other documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

1.2 Scope The original British Standards were more akin

The purpose of this document is to provide to design guides and led the designer through
general guidance to the Temporary Works the requirements. A lot of the good practical
Designer, and others such as Clients, CDM-Cs design advice given in the established British
and Contractors on the application of ENs to Standards is not available in the European
Temporary Works. Standards and has to be found elsewhere.

1.3 Background v. The application of limit state principles to the

design of Temporary Works has to date been
1.3.1 European Standards very limited, with the vast majority of schemes
European harmonization of structural design being designed using permissible stress
codes for construction was initiated by the methods.
European Commission in 1975 and by 2010 1.3.2 European Standards for Temporary Works
was substantially complete, with design codes
covering most aspects of Permanent Works and The only substantive European Standards
some aspects of Temporary Works. specific to Temporary Works are contained
in BS EN 12810 to 12813. These consider
The core advice for all structural design, falsework and tied access scaffolding. They are
including Temporary Works, is contained within not stand-alone but explain how the Eurocodes
the Eurocode suite (BS EN 1990 to 1999). should be applied, and modified, to suit particular
These documents are supplemented by product applications. So, for example, all the information
standards, design guidance for particular required for strut or beam capacity is contained
applications and execution standards. All within the Eurocodes while the European
European Standards are given the designation Standards for Temporary Works give advice on
EN, the Eurocodes suite being a part of them. partial factors. The introduction in BS EN 12812:
It is the responsibility of the National Standard 2008, Falsework. Performance requirements and
Bodies (e.g. the BSI in the UK) to implement general design, states clearly, The information on
the ENs. They must contain, without alteration, structural design is supplementary to the relevant
the full text of the EN and its annexes as Structural Eurocodes.
published by CEN (European Committee for A similar approach is taken in other ENs
Standardization). This can be preceded by a relevant to products, such as EN 13377:
National Title Page and Foreword, and followed 2002, Prefabricated timber formwork beams.
by a National Annex, which may be a separate Requirements, classification and assessment
document. All ENs use limit state principles and, and BS EN 13331: 2002, Trench Lining Systems
as they are published, any conflicting national Part 1: Product Specifications and Part 2:
standards are obliged to be withdrawn. Assessment by calculation or test.
Eurocodes provide the basis for all Temporary Although the modifications are strictly only
Works design but may be modified by specific applicable to the named applications several
guidance given in product standards. of the standards are titled Temporary Works
There are several issues which affect the Equipment. This implies that the general
application of the ENs to Temporary Works: recommendations and modifications given in BS
EN 12810 to 12813, and other Temporary Works
i. There are only a few ENs which specifically
Standards, are applicable across a wider range
relate to Temporary Works and these only
of Temporary Works applications.
cover a few types of Temporary Works.
The designer therefore has to extract or As the introduction to BS EN 12812: 2008
extrapolate relevant information from a range makes no distinction between proprietary and
of different standards. bespoke equipment it could be argued that the
recommendations and modifications apply to
ii. Because of the way some of the Temporary
both. However, as the main modification is to the
Works standards have been drafted it is
partial material factor it is possible to argue that
difficult to interpret what the requirements are,
the modifications only apply to Temporary Works
which standards should be referred to and
equipment that is re-used. This is something
how the Eurocode suite should be used.
that the industry needs to come to a consensus
iii. There is little published guidance, or Non on. Caution will dictate that the modifications
Contradictory Complementary Information are applied, unless it can be demonstrated that
(NCCI), available for the TWD. the boundary conditions are as expected for
iv. The ENs emphasise performance permanent works.
requirements and a numeric approach, and It is a recommendation of this document that
place great reliance on statistical methods. the summary of requirements for Temporary

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The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01 Temporary Works forum

Works given in Section 1.3.6 forms the basis of the text was substantially re-ordered
all Temporary Works designs to the ENs. In some to bring all the procedures into a single
instances the TWD may choose not to fully apply section (Section 2);
this advice but it is expected that this will only be the title of Temporary Works Co-
the case in a small minority of situations. ordinator (TWC) was reinstated, having
The ENs emphasise performance requirements being changed from the original Bragg
and a numeric approach and rely on the designer recommendation to Falsework Co-
using supplementary sources of information such ordinator;
as text books and design guides. a new role of Designated Individual was
For a full listing of ENs, and other published instigated to take overarching responsibility
information currently applicable to Temporary for all TWCs within an organisation.
Works, see Section 1.6. The sections on materials were reviewed and,
1.3.3 BS 5975: Code of practice for temporary in particular, the values for timber, scaffold
works procedures and the permissible tube and scaffold fittings were updated to give
stress design of falsework comparable results to the relevant ENs.
BS 5975 was first published in 1982 under the The loading section was updated to use the
title Code of practice for falsework. It contained same values as the ENs. The calculation of
procedures and design advice and drew together dynamic wind pressure was changed to that
a lot of technical information and practical given in EN 1991-1-4.
advice into a single document. It complements The design section was updated to include
Falsework, Report of the Joint Committee (The advice on head fixity and partially braced
Concrete Society and The Institution of Structural structures; both of which had become more
Engineers. Technical Report TRCS 4, July relevant since the standard was first drafted.
1971). Shortly after starting work on BS 5975
a major falsework collapse occurred resulting 1.3.4 Relationship between BS 5975 and EN 12812
in the Bragg Report (1975), and BS 5975 was Unlike the majority of other established British
informed by its recommendations, the two most Standards, BS 5975 has not been withdrawn
well-known of which are: and exists in parallel with BS EN 12812. This
That, for stability, the design must consider relationship is emphasised by the Forewords in
a minimum horizontal destabilizing force each standard referring to the other. The reasons
equivalent to 3% of the total vertical load (This for them existing in parallel are:
was reduced in BS 5975 to 2.5%). EN 12812 defines two classes of falsework,
A suitably qualified Temporary Works Co- A and B; Class A has no design rules and
ordinator should be appointed to ensure that is defined as small simple construction,
procedures are followed and relevant designs/ which follows established good practice
checks have been carried out. which may be deemed to satisfy the design
requirements. As BS 5975 provides
The final Bragg Report was published in established good practice it was decided to
1976 during a period of high construction retain it, with the recommendation that, in the
activity that was also marked by a number of UK, Class A falsework be designed to
bridge collapses during construction. Since BS 5975.
the publication of BS 5975, and its adoption
throughout the industry, there have been no EN 12812 does not provide any procedural
falsework or excavation failures in the UK on the control, an area that Bragg highlighted
scale of the failures of the 1960s and 1970s. as being critical for the safe execution of
falsework and which forms a central part of
Minor changes were made to BS 5975 in 1996. BS 5975.
In 2008 a major update was carried out to reflect
changes made over the preceding 25 years. The BS 5975s principal use of permissible stress
principle changes in the 2008 revision are: design is not seen to directly conflict with
that of EN 12812 which uses a limit state
Emphasis on the importance of the approach.
procedures and their application to all
Temporary Works and not just Falsework; in Although for falsework BS 5975 has been
this regard: retained in parallel with BS EN 12812,
BS 5973: 1993, for tied tube-and-fitting access
the name of the standard was changed scaffolds, was withdrawn on publication of
to Code of practice for temporary works BS EN 12811-1.
procedures and the permissible stress
design of falsework; Unless specified by the contract, for the design
of falsework in the UK, designers are currently

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

free to choose either a limit state approach The introduction to BS EN 12812: 2008 states:
as set out in BS EN 12812 or the permissible Most falsework is used:
state approach in BS 5975. There is a danger
that if only ENs are specified in contracts the a) to carry the loads due to freshly poured
procedural control will inadvertently be left out. concrete for permanent structures until these
Regardless of the design approach adopted, the structures have reached a sufficient load
procedural controls given in BS 5975 should be bearing capacity;
used. b) to absorb the loads from structural members,
1.3.5 Definitions of Temporary Works and plant and equipment which arise during the
Falsework erection, maintenance, alteration or removal of
buildings or other structures;
BS 5975: 2008 has the following definitions:
c) additionally, to provide support for the
3.16 Falsework temporary storage of building materials,
temporary structure used to support a structural members and equipment.
permanent structure while it is not self-supporting The definition of Falsework can be applied
3.40 Temporary Works equally to a cofferdam or facade retention as
parts of the works that allow or enable the more conventional applications of vertical
construction of, protect, support or provide support. However, the majority of the design
access to, the permanent works and which might advice in BS 5975 and BS EN 12812 applies
or might not remain in place at the completion of most directly to the support of concrete and
the works building materials. This does not mean that
BS 5975 and BS EN 12812 should not be
NOTE Examples of temporary works are applied to other forms but that the designer
structures, supports, back-propping, earthworks must decide which aspects of the design
and accesses. advice is relevant.

1.3.6 Summary of Requirements given in Temporary Works Standards

The following table summarizes the requirements given in BS ENs 12810 to 12813:

Design Approach: Limit state

Actions: Should be taken from the Eurocodes, BS EN 12811-1 and BS EN 12812.

Only the self-weight of the equipment is taken as a permanent (dead) action;
all others are taken as variable (live) actions. An additional horizontal load
equal to 1% of the vertical load as well as any effects caused by imperfections
should be applied.

Load combinations: Simplified loading combinations, compared with the Eurocodes, are
suggested. All the combination factors are 1.0 and there is no use of leading
and other variable actions.
Note: Load combinations factors are used to combine variable loads that may
not occur concurrently and are distinct from partial load factors that are always
applied.

Partial factors: Partial load factors of 1.35 on permanent and 1.5 on variable loads are
applied. A partial material factor of 1.1 is specified for steel and aluminium.
BS EN 12812 also introduces an additional partial material factor of 1.15 for
Class B2 falsework designs. BS EN 12811-1 does not differentiate between
permanent and variable loads and uses a single value or 1.5.

Imperfections: The influence of imperfections such as: eccentricities, angular imperfections at

joints, bow and sway have to be taken into account.

Calculation of internal forces: The calculation of internal forces should take second order (p-delta) analysis
into account where appropriate.

Equilibrium: Static equilibrium including: global sliding, overturning and uplift use partial
load factors of 0.9 on stabilizing loads and 1.5 on destabilizing loads

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1.3.7 Factors of Safety earlier, the inclusion of Section 2 of BS 5975:

Generally, BS 5975 is based on a global factor 2008+A1: 2011 (dealing with the management of
of safety of 1.65 on yield and 2.0 on failure. Temporary Works) is required, even if the design
Internal forces are calculated using first order itself is to be to European Standards.
analysis with the minimum horizontal load acting Similarly, in the absence of a requirement by the
as an amplification factor. This approach has engaging party, it is prudent for the engaged
been used for over 30 years and has proved party to state how it intends to design Temporary
successful. Works so that there is no misunderstanding after
BS EN 12812 uses a partial load factor f of appointment.
1.35 for self-weight for the falsework and 1.5 for 1.4.3 Risk management
all other applied actions. All supported concrete In all cases, any designer should apply the
(be it wet or hardened) is taken as the latter. This principles of risk management, as required by
is not the same as Permanent Works design safety legislation, but also as a good business
where the structure supported is regarded principle. For example, by considering:
as self-weight. Internal forces are calculated
using second order analysis. A partial material differences between Temporary Works and
factor m of 1.1 for steel and aluminium is used. Permanent Works;
For a typical falsework, the majority of the the appropriateness of the proposed design
internal forces will be generated by the applied code;
actions. This gives an overall factor of safety of
familiarity of the designers to EN design
approximately 1.5 x 1.1 = 1.65, which equates to
methods;
BS 5975.
the necessary checks and reviews;
Whereas BS EN 12812 and BS EN 12811-1 use
a partial material factor for steel and aluminium data provision and communication;
of 1.1 the Eurocodes use a value of 1.0. The task management;
Eurocodes also suggest that the supported
competency of those involved;
concrete can be taken as a permanent action
with a partial load factor of 1.35. If a design is interface management; and
carried out purely to the Eurocodes there would site specific hazards.
be a reduction in the overall factor of safety
The adoption of ERIC1 is a useful way of doing
compared to the Temporary Works standards.
this.
There is no assurance that this provides an
adequate margin against failure. 1.4.4 Data provision
1.4 Considerations common to all Temporary A significant proportion of Temporary Works
Works comes in the form of a proprietary product, e.g.
formwork panels, props, access stairs, falsework.
1.4.1 Procedures
This may be used in isolation, independent of
Good management procedures are essential any other piece of equipment, or as an integral
for the safe assembly, use and removal of all part of a larger whole (and contributed to by
Temporary Works and their adoption was a key other parties). In both cases, it is essential that its
recommendation of the Bragg Report. capacity, and any usage restrictions, are known
An important element of BS 5975 is that it with confidence.
contains, in Part 2, established management The law imposes requirements on data provision
procedures. These do not appear in the ENs, in a number of ways:
albeit the BS EN 12812 does require certain
Section 6 of the Health and Safety at Work
core ideas to be implemented, such as briefing,
etc. Act (HASWA) places duties on those who
coordination and checking.
supply articles, e.g. proprietary Temporary
1.4.2 Contract stipulations Works equipment, to ensure it is accompanied
It is important that if the Client specifically by adequate information for its safe use.
wishes Temporary Works to be designed to the The Provision and Use of Work Equipment
European Standards that this is specified in the Regulations (PUWER) and the Lifting
contract with the main Contractor, and then Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations
repeated in all relevant sub-contracts. In doing so (LOLER), if relevant to a particular case, place
the Client should be aware of the strategic issues similar obligations on suppliers.
highlighted in this document. As emphasised

1
Eliminate, Reduce, Inform and Control (See: http://www.cskills.org/uploads/CDM_Designers4web_07_tcm17-4643.pdf).

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

It is clearly essential that any load quoted with a Working Load, it will be necessary to
by a supplier (or required capacity quoted understand how this relates to the ultimate
by a contractor) is unambiguously stated. capacity and, where tested, the test conditions.
The consequences of confusion between The user has a parallel responsibility (under
Serviceability (working) loads (SLS), and Ultimate section 2 and 3 of HASWA and the Regulations).
(failure) loads (ULS), in the units adopted, or in Hence, if the equipment lacks the necessary
the use of alternative terms, are obvious. data, the users must satisfy themselves as to its
In addition to knowing the SLS or ULS it is fitness, either by insisting on its provision or by
necessary to know how it is derived. For their own determination.
example, where proprietary products are quoted

The expected data might include:

Aspect required Data required Comment

Ultimate capacity Whether derived from calculation or Sufficient detail to understand the
Characteristic strength test basis of the calculation or test.

Serviceability capacity Whether derived from calculation or Its relationship to ULS.

test

Accuracy of erection and use For various conditions of use, such as

different extensions and eccentricities,
together with details of any necessary
bracing or lacing.
Any limiting deflection conditions.
Regulation The Provision and Use of Work
Equipment Regulations and the Lifting
Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations require data and actions
to ensure safe use.
Whether, in the case of towers, This is a vital assumption regarding
top restraint is assumed or not stability and capacity.

Interaction with other items Information on how loads are

transmitted to other components and
to the foundations.
General The intended uses for the
components, how they can be
identified and the appropriate
dimensions and masses.

End conditions Whether it is assumed the ends of

relevant components are pinned or
fixed.

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1.4.5 Loading be modified according to EN 1991-1-4 taking the

Loadings should be taken from an appropriate period of use into account; hence the 0.7 factor
EN. BS EN 12811-1 provides access loads for was removed. BS 5975: 2008 was originally
working areas, BS EN 12812 provides loads based on the BS EN 12812: 2004 and, when
relevant to falsework and BS EN 1997 should be amended in 2011, introduced a recommended
referred to for geotechnical loadings. probability factor of 0.83 for a minimum two year
return period for wind on falsework.
BS EN 1991-1-6, Actions on structures. General
actions. Actions during execution, provides BS EN 1991-1-6 provides a table of suggested
some additional information. It was not written return periods (Table 3.1). However, it is
in conjunction with the Temporary Works suite suggested for Temporary Works that if the
of ENs and the information does not completely probability is to be taken into account a single
align. For falsework and access scaffolding the reduction be used. The reduction being applied
requirements of the Temporary Works suite either by using a Cprob of 0.83 (two years) or by
should take precedence. multiplying the dynamic pressure by 0.7, but not
both.
Wind loading should be calculated to
BS EN 1991-1-4, Actions on structures. This value of reduction has been used in
General actions Wind Actions. BS EN 12812 BS 5975 since it was first published and
states that the velocity pressure can be modified has proved satisfactory. It has also proved
to take the period of use into account. This satisfactory for other Temporary Works such as
means that the probability and seasonal factors formwork, scaffolding, hoardings, etc. Despite
can be used, but should be done so with caution this, however, 0.7 should not be used as a
as part of a risk based approach. standard factor but considered with caution on a
case by case basis.
The seasonal factor Cseason should be used only if
the Temporary Works are guaranteed to be used 1.5 Outline Requirements for Temporary Works
during a particular sub-annual period. Due to the Design using European Standards
nature of general construction work it is normally The outline design requirements can broadly be
recommended to use a value of unity. split into 6 groupings:
As the basic wind speed is given for a return Group 1 Falsework, Formwork, Access
period of 50 years, and Temporary Works are and Protection
erected for much shorter periods than this, the Categories in this group are either specifically
probability factor takes into account the likelihood covered by the Temporary Works suite,
that a maximum wind will not take place. Stated BS EN 12810 to 12813, or are comparable
simply, the designer is taking a gamble that there with them and should be designed using the
wont be a 1 in 50 year wind event while the same parameters.
Temporary Works is erected.
Group 2 Geotechnical
Hence, the designer should assess the risks
and consequences of failure and only apply the The design of categories in this group will be
reduction if appropriate. For example, the factor heavily based on BS EN 1997: Eurocode 7.
could be applied for a small wall form on an Geotechnical design. Ground considerations. The
isolated site but not for a form next to a railway designer should take cognisance of the general
line. Its use (or not) should be clearly stated as advice above and select appropriate partial
a significant residual risk. CIRIA Report C579, factors depending on the particular situation.
Retention of masonry facades - best practice Group 3 Vehicle and pedestrian bridges,
guide, states that a probability factor of 1.0 support to trafficked bridges
should be used for all faade retention.
Group 4 Underground
BS EN 12812: 2004 set the probability factor as
Group 5 Marine
1.0 and then allowed the designer to multiply the
dynamic pressure by 0.7. BS EN 12812: 2008 Group 6 Other
changed this and allowed the velocity pressure to

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

Group 1 Group 2
Falsework Geotechnical
Support to wet concrete Trench Support
Tower Crane bases
Propping Pilling/Crane Mats
Clear Span Openings Retaining Walls
Slope Stability
Faade Retention
Foundations
Needling Cofferdams
Flying Shores Horizontal Propping
Shafts
Gantries/cantilever Underpinning
Service Bridges
Group 3
Jacking
Vehicle and pedestrian
Structures providing stability during construction or Temporary bridges
demolition Propping of live road, rail or pedestrian bridges
Moving of structures Temporary edge protection

Group 4
Access
Underground
Tied Scaffolds
Tunnels
Freestanding Scaffolds Shafts
Gantries Chambers
Tunnelling thrust pits
Formwork Group 5
Vertical (Wall and Column)
Marine Temporary Works
Soffits Cofferdams
Sloping Dolphins
Access Jetties
Floating Plant
Advancing Falsework/Formwork
Formwork Travellers (Horizontal) Group 6
Climbing Formwork (Vertical) Structural support to cranes
Advancing/Launching Formwork Temporary grandstands
Push launched bridge structures
Protection
Crash Decks
Hoardings

1.5.1 Falsework The difference between fixed at the head and

Unlike many other forms of Temporary Works freestanding structures;
there is a specific EN relating to the design of Effective lengths;
Falsework, BS EN 12812. Because of the way it Bracing for nodal stability;
has been drafted its requirements are not always
easily understood. An overview of the basic Bracing of beams and trusses; and
requirements has been set out in Section 1.3.6. Wind coefficients specific to falsework.
From the title of the standard, Falsework A design to BS EN 12812 will give a comparable
Performance requirements and general design, result to BS 5975 but the designer will need a
it can be seen that the standard does not give thorough understanding of falsework design, as
detailed design advice and the designer will be the EN only provides general advice and does
required to get this from elsewhere. In particular, not lay out all the checks that are required.
the standard does not give advice on:

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The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01 Temporary Works forum

1.5.2 Formwork properties, using the relevant testing standard.

In September 2008 the European Standards The modification factors for various Plywood and
Committee, CEN/TC 53, for Temporary Works Oriented Strand Board (OSB) are given in BS EN
Equipment ruled not to continue work on the 1995, Eurocode 5. Design of timber structures.
preparation of an EN for Vertical Formwork. General. Common rules and rules for buildings.

In the UK the Concrete Society published, in To assist design to limit state, recommendations
May 2012, a third edition of, Formwork a guide on relevant factors are given in Appendix E of the
to good practice (the Formwork Guide). This Formwork Guide and, to further assist designers,
publication was informed by the Eurocodes the Concrete Society obtained approval,
and is considered the authoritative guidance on from trade associations and from supply
all formwork matters in the UK. The Formwork organisations, to publish their characteristic
Guide covers the philosophy of design of values for commonly used wood-based sheet
formwork for walls, columns, and for soffits. materials. These, also, are given in Appendix E of
Information is presented in permissible stress the Formwork Guide.
terms, with information on limit state included in The recommended safe structural properties
an appendix. of these materials, based on the characteristic
1.5.2.1 Formwork Loads values stated, are given in Appendix D of the
Formwork Guide.
Concrete pressure should be calculated using
CIRIA Report R108, Concrete pressure on Where only the characteristic values of Plywood,
formwork. Advice on its application to modern Particleboard or OSB are available from the
concrete types and classifications is given in the supplier and the designer wishes to use
Formwork Guide. permissible stress design, the Formwork Guide
gives numerical factors to enable the formwork
Imposed service loads should be taken from the designer to establish both the grade stress and
relevant EN as discussed in the loading section the elastic moduli for wall and for general soffit
above. use of the materials.
1.5.2.2 Properties of Timber and wood-based 1.5.2.3 Factors of Safety
products
The recommendation in the Formwork Guide,
Timber and wood-based products have for permissible stress design, is that a minimum
many different modification factors for varying factor of safety (FoS) of 2.0, against failure,
conditions. Timber stresses can change should be used. Deflections at serviceability state
depending on exposure, duration of load, etc. should be considered and may control.
Timber is often used in Temporary Works, and
the design process and common rules for limit There is no guidance in the ENs on appropriate
state design are covered in BS EN 1995-1-1. partial factors for use in limit state design for
Separate ENs give section sizes, stresses, formwork. The use of the global (or combined)
methods of testing, etc. Appendix E to the safety factor of 1.65 (based on the product of
Formwork Guide gives recommendations for a material factor of 1.1 and load factor of 1.5),
the relevant modification factors, to be applied might be suitable for steel or aluminium products,
to basic stresses, for use by the designer in limit but might not suit fabricated components, or
state design. plastic or timber products.

The recommended permissible stresses and When considering static equilibrium (overturning)
moduli of elasticity for formwork timbers are given the Eurocodes state partial safety factors of 0.9
in the Formwork Guide for various conditions for stabilizing loads and 1.5 for destabilizing
of use. The values, which are based on the loads, giving a combined value of 1.66. This is
characteristic strengths stated in BS EN 1995, first stated in BS EN 1990 and repeated in
are published as grade stresses in BS 5268-2. BS EN 12812. This compares with a value of
1.2 given in BS 5975 and the Formwork Guide.
The European Standards Committee failed in Although this reduced value has been used for
their attempt to produce a product standard many years in the UK, in order to comply with the
for the various wood-based sheet materials ENs the higher value should be used.
currently available. They have, though,
produced a method of testing (see BS EN 1.5.3 Access Scaffolding
789: 2004, Timber structures. Test methods. BS EN 12811-1 was published In June 2004 and
Determination of mechanical properties of wood gives the performance requirements and general
based panels, to determine the characteristic design criteria for all UK scaffolds. It replaced the
strengths of plywood) and it is the responsibility permissible stress code, BS 5973. Further ENs
of the supplier/importer to provide the relevant cover prefabricated scaffolds (BS EN 12810),

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

towers (BS EN 1004), edge protection systems 1.5.4 Geotechnical Design

(BS EN 13374), components, scaffold tube The relevant European Standard is BS EN
(BS EN 39) and scaffold fittings (BS EN 74). 1997-1: 2004, Geotechnical Design (referred
BS EN 12811-1 is in limit state terms and uses to as Eurocode 7 or EC7). This outlines the
a partial load factor of 1.5 on all actions and a engineering principles to be used whilst, giving
partial material partial safety factor for steel and considerable scope to use a variety of analytical
aluminium of 1.1. This combined gives a global techniques. Clause 2.4.1 states that design
safety factor of 1.65. should be by calculation and that the calculation
In 2005, the NASC published TG20, Technical model may consist of any of the following:
guidance on use of BS EN 12811-1, and gives An analytical model;
safe height tables, working values, etc. for basic A semi-empirical model; or
tube-and-fitting scaffolds.
A numerical model.
The safe working load for scaffold tube in
compression, and for scaffold fittings, is BS EN 1997 introduces the limit state design
calculated in TG20 using the global combined concept to geotechnical design and, in the
limit state factor of 1.65 on characteristic UK, it is necessary to analyse two load cases
strength. The safe strut buckling capacities for referred to as Design Approach 1 Combination
different effective lengths presented in TG20 1 (DA-1) and Design Approach 1 Combination
are calculated using BS EN 1993, with the 1.65 2 (DA-2). In these load cases, factors are
factor applied. There is little information in the applied to loads and material properties; the
ENs on establishing the effective lengths of factors vary depending on whether the load is
members to be used, and industry user guidance permanent (dead load) or variable (live load).
such as TG20 and BS 5975 remains a valuable The factors also vary depending on whether a
source. load is unfavourable (destabilising) or favourable
(stabilising).
One anomaly is the consideration of the working
wind load, stated in BS EN 12811-1 as the BS EN 1997 outlines the engineering principles
standard wind velocity pressure of 200 N/m2. to be used for design but does not prescribe a
For mobile access towers of prefabricated particular method. The UK National Annex (NA)
materials, e.g. an aluminium tower, the horizontal to BS EN 1997-1 guides the designer elsewhere
design load to simulate wind is reduced to only for more definitive design guidance (Non-
100 N/m. This is based on the assumption contradictory Complementary Information, NCCI).
that the mobile access tower can be quickly Several sources of NCCI are listed. However,
dismantled or tied to another structure if high all of them are, at least partially, in conflict with
winds are forecast. The use of a working wind the principles of BS EN 1997-1: 2004 and the
less than 200 N/m2 should not be extended to Eurocode takes precedence in these cases.
other forms of Temporary Works. 1.5.4.1 Temporary Foundations
There is also an anomaly when considering It is imperative that the designer of any
temporary edge protection systems. Temporary Works supported by the ground
BS EN 13374 introduces three classes of edge understands the principles of geotechnical
protection depending on roof angle and gives analysis and the inherent approximations/
different testing requirements. If, though, the uncertainties in it so they are able to allocate
edge protection is constructed from tube-and- appropriate factors to the Temporary Works.
fitting, the design is more onerous to
Typical examples of temporary foundations are:
BS EN 12811-1 which has different load values
and, importantly, the introduction of an upward Crane bases;
load on the handrail. There is no upward loading Crane outrigger foundations; and
requirement on system handrails in
Foundations to falsework.
BS EN 13374.
The main differences between temporary
Scaffold boards are not considered under
foundations and permanent foundations are:
BS EN 1995, but BS 2482 gives the
recommended working moment of resistance of Temporary foundations are often
boards complying to the standard. Based on the constructed on the surface of the ground;
minimum ultimate moment of any board tested Temporary foundations are likely to be
the minimum factor of safety is about 1.54, but subjected to their full design load whereas
considering the lower fifth-percentile increases a permanent foundation might never be
this to a minimum 1.8 factor. subjected to its full design load; and

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The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01 Temporary Works forum

The load on a permanent foundation builds 1.5.4.3 Granular Working Platforms

up slowly over a period of time. Where the Granular working platforms are currently
foundation is on clay, this will allow the clay designed in accordance with BRE Report 470,
to consolidate and increase in strength Working platforms for tracked plant, which is
from that shown in the site investigation not compatible with Eurocodes. The TWf has a
report. This is not usually taken into Working Group investigating working platforms
account in Permanent Works design and aims to produce relevant design guidance
but gives an additional factor of safety. which will be the subject of a separate guidance
This benefit is not available to temporary note. BRE Report 470 only considers tracked
foundations which are likely to be subjected plant.
to the full load more or less instantaneously.
1.5.4.4 Retaining structures, cofferdams and
Appendix D of BS EN 1997: 2004 has a trenching
sample analytical method for bearing resistance
calculation which can be used for the basis of Eurocode 7 refers to CIRIA Report C580,
calculation. The sample method is not complete Embedded retaining walls, as NCCI. The current
(for example it excludes the depth factors), so it version of CIRIA C580 is not compatible with
is still necessary to use appropriate NCCI. Eurocodes but it is understood (February 2014)
that CIRIA have started preparation of a fully-
This process of applying partial factors is compatible revision.
relatively straightforward for foundations with
only vertical load. However, for foundations In order to determine the capacity of the
with horizontal and vertical load it is not always equipment used for trench support two main
obvious whether the vertical component of the standards are available:
load is favourable or not and it is necessary BS EN 13331: 2002, Trench Lining Systems
to analyse both cases with appropriate partial Part 1: Product Specifications and Part 2:
factors to determine the critical case. Assessment by calculation or test.
Traditionally in the UK, foundation design BS EN 14653: 2005, Manually operated
has adopted a factor of safety of 2.5 or 3.0 hydraulic shoring systems for groundwork
and the resultant allowable bearing pressure is support Part 1: Product Specifications and
deemed to satisfy settlement criteria. However, Part 2: Assessment by calculation or test.
BS EN 1997 uses lower partial factors for the
Both of these standards state that if assessment
verification of bearing capacity but requires the
by calculation is used then EN 1993-1-1 should
designer to undertake separate calculations for
be used together with a partial material factor
settlement. To comply, both are required.
m of 1.1 for steel and aluminium and a load
1.5.4.2 Slope Stability factor m of at least 1.5. This concurs with the
For permanent slope stability it is rarely other temporary works ENs. However, it does
appropriate to use the undrained strength of differ from the factors used in both the main
a fine grained soil in the analysis. However, for Eurocodes and the earlier limit state BSs.
Temporary Works of short duration the use of Proprietary sheet pile design software generally
undrained strength can greatly enhance the now includes Eurocode compliant designs and
calculated stability of a slope. This needs to be considers DA-1 & DA-2.
used with caution; fine grained soil does soften
Although it is possible to calculate pressures
with time and a slope that initially appears stable
on proprietary trench sheet and boxes to the
can fail after an indeterminate time.
Eurocode, currently supplier only state SWL
Once appropriate soil parameters, water levels capacities. Further development from the
or pore pressure ratios and surcharges have suppliers is required to state Eurocode compliant
been selected, analysis of a temporary slope capacities.
can proceed as for an analysis of a permanent
1.5.5 Tower Crane Foundations
slope. Moderately conservative soil parameters
should be selected for Eurocode designs or In 2006, CIRIA published C654, Tower crane
parameters derived from analytical methods stability. The report provides an understanding of
prescribed in EC7 which allows for adequacy the issues relating to the safe use of tower cranes
of site investigation and complexity of soils, and also provides specific guidance for designers
consequence of failure, etc. Previously these of Temporary Works involving tower cranes. This
variables were considered in BS 6031 by allowing is currently being updated.
the designer to select an overall FoS between 1.2
and 1.4.

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

1.5.5.1 Loading data supplied by tower crane Highway actions:

manufacturers/suppliers Eurocodes: 1.35
Tower cranes produced in the past few year have Was 1.50 for HA standard loading and 1.30
been designed to the harmonised ENs for tower for HB special loading
cranes, BS EN 14439: 2006, which refers to the The changes to highway loading present no
standards to be used for the design of tower significant risk providing that the actions are
cranes. The Construction Plant-hire Association understood. Many of those specifying are
have published a Tower Crane Technical currently making fundamental errors such as
Information Note, TIN 027, Tower Crane - Out of requesting HA Loading to Eurocodes or
Service Wind Speeds, which provides additional specifying Load Models LM1 & LM2 instead of
information regarding the wind loading in the UK. Load Group 3, 4, etc.
At present, the crane manufacturers supply 1.5.6.2 Site Access Bridges
characteristic (working) foundation loads/ actions
with no separation of permanent and variable The use of public highway loading is unusual
loads/actions. It is anticipated that, in the future, for site access bridges as it is usually overly
manufacturers will be able to supply a split in conservative. Single vehicles or a combination of
loads. single vehicles is common.

1.5.5.2 Designing tower crane foundations to Many clients choose to specify the design of site
Eurocodes access bridges to Eurocodes. This does usually
lead to confusion.
CIRIA C654, Appendix 2, provides examples of
foundation design calculations using traditional The Eurocodes allows, Agree with approving
allowable ground bearing stress design and body. Here, the approving body can agree
BS EN 1997-1: 2004. load factors (Ref BS EN 1990 Part 2 (bridges),
Appendix. A notes under table).
Since the split in the loads between permanent
and variable actions are not currently available, Typical examples of risks for site access bridges
the report gives guidance on the appropriate if adopting Eurocodes:
partial factors to be used for stability, Using a load factor 1.35 for a single
geotechnical capacity and structural design. vehicle. The 1.35 factor is intended for the
It is worth noting that if an element of the conservative public highway notional load
foundation, e.g. the pile design, is to be designed patterns and not an actual vehicle.
by a specialist designer, then the loading data Impact factors are often much lower for public
supplied to the designer needs to clearly state highway bridges and/or built into the notional
if the loads are characteristic or design actions/ highway load. Appropriate impact factors that
loads and for clarity state the design actions/ are commonly applied to site vehicles range
loads for both Combination 1 and 2 for Design from 1.25 up to 1.50 depending on specific
Approach 1. circumstances.
1.5.6 Temporary Vehicle and Pedestrian bridges Factors of safety equivalent to traditional working
1.5.6.1 Public Highway Bridges stress methods such as 1.7 are recommended.

Eurocode 1 refers to variable actions (live loads). 1.5.6.3 Footbridges

These are radically different to the Highways Loading remains 5 kN/m2.
Agency BD37 and the superseded BS 5400.
Load factors have gone down (1.50 in BS
The effects on shear and bending of main 5400 down to 1.35 in the Eurocodes).
members are significantly different (usually higher)
Vibration performance: There is little
on short and medium span bridges, i.e. up to 30
knowledge in industry as yet in how to specify
metres. Concentrated loads and local deck loads
vibration performance, e.g. Clients need to
are considerably higher.
specify a peak acceleration limit.
It is not possible to make general assumptions
1.5.7 Propping of Bridges
on a percentage change as differences are highly
dependent on span. 1.5.7.1 Choice of the use of standards

Partial Factors on Actions BS 5975 is a valid option, either by choice or if

specified by the Client or other body.
Self-weight factor (permanent actions):
Eurocodes: 1.20
Was 1.05 for steel and 1.15 for concrete

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The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01 Temporary Works forum

Designing to BS EN 12812 would usually lead to Minor damage to parts is normally

the use of the Eurocode suite due to the size and accepted (and accounted for in suppliers
nature of typical heavy propping schemes, i.e. it data).
would be classified as Class B1. There are numerous situations where
Clients may choose to specify the Eurocode suite the global factor of safety when applying
on the basis that: Eurocodes (without reference to EN 12812)
They wish to regard the temporary support as could be significantly lower than if applying
an integral part of a permanent structure (as is BS 5975 to the same scheme. For example,
often the case with the Highways Agency). a propping system supporting the self-weight
only of a bridge deck:
They believe that this approach is required to
comply with legislation. Using BS 5975 would result in a minimum
global FoS against yield of around 1.65.
1.5.7.2 Potential risks associated with the use of Whereas using the Eurocodes could result
Eurocodes in a minimum global FoS against yield of
There are some areas of risk which require careful around 1.35.
consideration. Such as: Analysis: Interaction between permanent
By using the EN suite, it is assumes that BS and temporary supports. Risks are present
EN 1090 has been considered in full. This is with temporary heavy propping design at this
unlikely to be the case for structures made design interface, for example:
up of proprietary systems or previously used The accuracy of data on existing structures
steelwork. For example: is often less reliable than with the design of
Tolerances of proprietary systems are new structures. Also, the accuracy of the
usually less stringent than EN 1090; analysis of existing structures is often lower
than for new structures.
Connection details are usually different
to a typical permanent design detail, e.g. Such aspects must be taken into consideration in
the use of welded end plates or pins is the design process.
common;

1.6 European Standards and Reference Documents Relevant to Temporary Works Design
1.6.1 European Standards

Reference (BS) Title

EN 39: 2001 Loose steel tubes for tube and coupler scaffolds. Technical delivery conditions

EN 74-1: 2005 Couplers, spigot pins and base plates for use in falsework and scaffolds Couplers for
tubes. Requirements and test procedures
EN 74-2: 2008 Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falsework and scaffolds Special
couplers. Requirements and test procedures
EN 74-3: 2007 Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falsework and scaffolds Plain base
plates and spigot pins. Requirements and test procedures
BS EN 789: 2004 Timber structures. Test methods. Determination of mechanical properties of wood
based panels
EN 1004: 2004 Mobile access and working towers made of prefabricated elements. Materials,
dimensions, design loads, safety and performance requirements
EN 1058: 2009 Wood-based panels. Determination of characteristic 5-percentile values and
characteristic mean values
EN 1065: 1999 Adjustable telescopic steel props. Product specifications, design and assessment by
calculation and tests
EN 1090-1: 2009+A1: 2011 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures Requirements for conformity
assessment of structural components
EN 1090-2: 2008+A1: 2011 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures Technical requirements for steel
structures
EN 1090-3: 2008 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures Technical requirements for
aluminium structures

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Temporary Works forum The use of European Standards for Temporary Works design TWf2014: 01

1.6.1 European Standards continued

Reference (BS) Title

EN 1263-1: 2002 Safety nets Safety requirements, test methods

EN 1263-2: 2002 Safety nets Safety requirements for the positioning limits

EN 1298: 1996 Mobile access and working towers. Rules and guidelines for the preparation of an
instruction manual
BS EN 12063: 1999 Execution of special geotechnical work. Sheet pile walls

EN 12369-1: 2001 Wood-based panels. Characteristic values for structural design OSB, particleboards
and fireboards
BS EN 12369-2:2011 Wood-based panels. Characteristic values for structural design. Plywood

EN 12810-1: 2003 Facade scaffolds made of prefabricated components. Product specifications

EN 12810-2: 2003 Facade scaffolds made of prefabricated components. Particular methods of structural
design
EN 12811-1: 2003 Temporary works equipment. Scaffolds. Performance requirements and general design

EN 12811-2: 2004 Temporary works equipment. Information on materials

EN 12811-3: 2002 Temporary works equipment. Load testing

EN 12811-4: 2013 Temporary works equipment Protection fans for scaffolds. Performance requirements
and product design
EN 12812: 2008 Falsework performance requirements and general design

EN 12813: 2004 Temporary works equipment. Load bearing towers of prefabricated components.
Particular methods of structural design
EN 13331-1: 2002 Trench lining systems Product specifications

EN 13331-2: 2002 Trench lining systems Assessment by calculation or test

EN 13374: 2013 Temporary edge protection systems. Product specification. Test methods

EN 13377: 2002 Prefabricated timber formwork beams. Requirements, classification and assessment

EN 14653-1: 2005 Manually operated hydraulic shoring systems for groundwork support Product
specifications
EN 14653-2: 2005 Manually operated hydraulic shoring systems for groundwork support Assessment by
calculation or test
EN 16031: 2012 Adjustable telescopic aluminium props. Product specifications, design and assessment
by calculation and tests

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1.6.2 British Standards

Reference Title

BS 1139: Part 1: Safety nets Safety requirements, test methods

BS 1139: Part 2: Metal Scaffolding. Couplers. Specification for Steel Couplers, Loose Spigots and
Section 2.1: 1991 Baseplates for use in Working Scaffolds and Falsework Made of Steel Tubes
BS 1139: Part 2: Metal Scaffolding. Couplers. Specification for Steel and Aluminium Couplers, Fittings
Section 2.2: 1991 and Accessories for use in Tubular Scaffolding

BS 1139: Part 4: 1982 Metal Scaffolding. Specification for Prefabricated Steel Splitheads and Trestles

BS 1139: Part 6: 2005 Metal scaffolding. Specification for prefabricated tower scaffolds outside the scope of
EN 1004, but utilizing components from such systems
BS 2482: 2009 Specification for timber scaffold boards

BS 5975: 2008+A1: 2011 Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of
falsework

1.6.3 Other documents

Title

Formwork: A Guide to Good Practice, 2nd Edition. Concrete Society.

SCI Publication P360. Stability of steel beams and columns

TG20:13 Good Practice Guidance for Tube and Fitting Scaffolding, NASC

Hewlett, Jones, Marchand and Bell (2014), Re-visiting Bragg to keep UKs temporary works safe under EuroNorms.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Forensic Engineering 167 (May 2014): 58-68

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Chairman: Bill Hewlett, MA, CEng, FICE
Secretary: David Thomas, CEng, FICE, CFIOSH

The Temporary Works Forum is a not for profit company (7525376) registered address (c/o Institution of Civil Engineers),
1 Great George St., London, SW1P 3AA.

www.twforum.org.uk

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