Supplementary Notes of Ch.

1 of EE4291, 16 Jan 2012 Calculations related Harmonics, by E Lo

In intelligent buildings, there are many nonlinear loads (such as variable speed drives, UPSs, switching mode
power supplies for IT equipments etc). The cable sizing procedures of these equipment are slightly different due to
the presence of harmonic currents in the feeder circuit of these non-linear load. This set of supplementary notes is
for the calculation of cable sizing for these types of case.

A work example on feeder cable sizing is given as below:

A 380 V 3-phase feeder circuit to a 40kW sea water pump set is wired in a 4-core PVC/SWA/PVC copper cable. The
cable is mounted on a perforated cable tray with 2 other similar cables touching. The steel wire armour of the
cable is to be used as circuit protective conductor. HRC fuses to BS88 are lo be used for circuit protection.
Assuming the ambient-air temperature is 35oC and star/delta starter is used for motor starting. The efficiency and
power factor of the motor at full load are given as 0.8 and 0.85 respectively. The length of the cable is 80m from the
main switchboard. The minimum cable size for compliance with the Electricity (Wiring) Regulations (voltage drop
in feeder circuit has to be less than 2.5% and the power loss on the feeder cables has to be than 2.5 % of the rated
input power of the load) is determined as follows:

(Assume the standard ratings of the HRC fuses are: 16A, 32A, 63A, 100A, 125A, 160A, 200A, 250A, 315A, 400A,
630A, 710A)

Design current of 40kW motor circuit, Ib

Ib = 40kW/[(3)x380x0.8X0.85] = 89.37 A

HRC fuse rating selected, In = 100A as protective devices

Correction factors: Cg (group factor) = 0.81 (from Table A5(1) of CoP in Wiring)
Ca (ambient temperature factor) = 0.94 (from Table A5(3) of CoP in Wiring)

Minimum current-carrying capacity, It(min ) = 100/(0.94*0.81)=131 A

From table 4D4A(BS7671, IEE Wiring Regulation 17th edition), It= 135A for 35mm2 4-core PVC/SWA/PVC cable.

From table 4D4B(BS7671),

Voltage drop = 1.1 mV/A/m x 89.37 A x 80 m = 7.86 V (or 2% of 380V, < the required 2.5%)

Effective current-carrying capacity, Iz= 135 x 0.94 x 0.81 = 102.8 A, which > 100A.

Resistance of conductor (Table A, at the end of this set of notes), r = 0.625 m/m

% cable loss = (3 x 89.37 2 x 0.000625 x 80)/(40000/0.8) = 2.4% (< the required 2.5%)

The minimum cable size selected is 35mm2, which comply with both the safety and energy efficiency
requirements.

This above method is based on the assumption that the supply voltages and load currents are sinusoidal and
balanced among the three phases in a 3-phase 4- wire power distribution system. However, extra care must be
taken if the 3-phase feeder circuit is connected to non-linear load, such as UPS systems, VVVF lift drive systems
and VSD motor systems, etc. The design current used for cable sizing must take harmonic currents into account.

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 1 of 12

For a 3-phase non-linear circuit having known design current Ib or fundamental current I1 and total harmonic
distortion THD, the apparent power transmitted along the circuit conductors in VA is:

where

From definition:

Therefore,

And, fundamental current

Assuming voltage distortion is small (i.e. no harmonic contents on the voltage), UL = Ul, and U2, U3, U4, = 0
and active power transmitted along the circuit conductors in W is given by:

(Remember! Only fundamental current carry active power, all current of other harmonic order, do not carry active
power)
where
UL = Supply line voltage at 380V
Il = Fundamental phase current of the circuit in ampere
cos = Displacement power factor of the circuit

And, Total Power Factor =

Assuming the skin and proximity effects are small (i.e. DC resistance = AC resistance), total copper losses in
conductors including neutral in W is given by

Pcopper = (3 x Ib2 + IN2 ) x r x L

(assuming the current in the 3 lines are the same in magnitude)
where
IN = Neutral current of the circuit in ampere

(Remember! Harmonics current of 3s multiples all added up at the natural line, even for balanced loading)
Ib = Design rms phase current of the circuit in ampere
r = a.c. resistance per metre at the conductor operating temperature
L = Length of the cable in metre

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 2 of 12

Percentage copper loss with respect to the total active power transmitted,

Using the same work example above, if the feeder circuit is designed for VSD drive instead of the conventional
star/delta starter, the new feeder circuit have to be re-designed as follows. Now it is given that that THD at full-load
and full-speed condition is 80% (This THD value is bit on the high high, but just for demonstration) and harmonic
components are mainly 5th and 7th order. The re-redesign is as shown below:

Fundamental current of 40kW motor circuit, still,

I1 = 40kW/[(3)x380x0.8X0.85] = 89.37 A

Design current,
HRC fuse rating selected, In = 160 A as protective devices
Correction factors Cg = 0.81 Ca = 0.94

Minimum current-carrying capacity, It(min.) = 160 A / (0.94 * 0.81) = 210 A

From table 4D4A (BS7671), It = 251 A for 95mm2 4/c PVC/SWA/PVC cable

From table 4D4B(BS7671),

Voltage drop = 0.43 mV/A/m x 126A x 80 m = 4.33V (1.1% of 380V < the required 2.5%)

Effective current-carrying capacity, Iz =251 x 0.94 x 0.81 = 191A

Resistance per unit length of conductor (Table A), r = 0.235 m/m, IN=0

% cable loss = (3 x 1262 x 0.000235 x 80) / (40000/0.8) = 1.8% (< the required 2.5%)

Now the minimum cable size required for the new feeder circuit is 95mm2, (more than double of original
sinusoidal current case), but now has much smaller voltage drop and power loss.

More detailed calculation on Sub-main Circuit Calculations

A sub-main circuit can be defined as a circuit connected directly from the main LV switchboard to a sub-main
distribution panel or a rising main for final connection of the minor current-using equipment. The Wiring Code
requires that the maximum copper loss in every sub-main circuit should not exceed 1.5% of the total active power
transmitted along the circuit conductors at rated circuit current.

Similar approach could be followed for sizing conductor as feeder circuit above. However, assumption has to be
made in the design for various characteristics of the sub-main circuit including design current, expected harmonic
current (THD) in the circuit, degree of unbalance, etc.

Alternatively, an energy efficiency method introduced by the Code could also be used for preliminary cable sizing.
This energy efficiency method for cable sizing requires the calculation of the maximum allowable conductor

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 3 of 12

resistance based on the maximum copper loss requirement as stipulated in the Wiring Code.

For a 3-phase 4-wire circuit (assuming balanced, linear or non-linear):

Active power transmitted via the circuit conductors,
Total copper losses in conductors, Pcopper = (3 x Ib2 + IN2) x r x L
where
UL = Line to line voltage, 380V
Ib = Design current of the circuit in ampere
I1 = Fundamental current of the circuit in ampere
IN = Neutral current of the circuit in ampere
cos = Displacement power factor of the circuit
r = a.c. resistance / conductor / metre at the conductor operating temperature
L = Length of the cable in metre

Percentage copper loss with respect to the total active power transmitted,

% copper loss =

Therefore, max.

Table A and B (at the end of this set of notes) provide a quick initial assessment of cable size required for the
common cable types and installation methods used in Hong Kong.

The tabulated current rating of the selected cable could then be corrected by applying the correction factors
accordingly. The effective-current carrying capacity of the selected cable must be checked so that its value is larger
than or equal to the nominal rating of the circuit protective device.

A work example on sub-main cable sizing under different loading characteristics is given below:

A 3-phase sub-main circuit having a design fundamental current of 100A is to be wired with 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC
cable on a dedicated cable tray. Assuming an ambient temperature of 30oC and a circuit length of 40m, calculate
an appropriate cable size at the following conditions:

(a) Undistorted balanced condition using conventional method (cos = 0.85);

(b) Undistorted balanced condition with a maximum copper loss of 1.5% (cos = 0.85);
(c) Distorted balanced condition with I3=33A & I5=20A and a maximum copper loss of 1.5% (cos = 0.85);
(d) Circuit lo feed VSD loads with harmonic current I5=70A, I7=50A & I11=15A and a maximum copper loss of
1.5% (cos =1), and
(e) Circuit to feed 3 VSD loads as in (d).

(Assume the standard ratings of the protective devices are: 16A, 32A, 63A, 100A, 125A, 160A, 200A, 250A, 315A,
400A, 630A, 710A)

Case ( a): Undistorted balanced condition using conventional method:

Ib= 100A In= 100A (rating of the protective device)

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 4 of 12
Assume the correction factors Ca, Cp, Cg & Ci are all unity.

Refer to BS7671:1992, The Requirements for Electrical Installations.

Table 4D4A, 25mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It =110A

Conductor operating temperature tl = 30+ 1002/ 1102 x (70-30) = 63oC

Ratio of conductor resistance at 63oC to 70oC = (273+63)/( 273+70)= 0.98

From table 4D4B , Voltage drop = 1.5mV/A/m x 0.98 x 100A x 40m=5.88V(1.55%)

Active power transferred

Total copper losses in conductors (from Table 4D4B)

=3 x 1002 A2 x 0.0015/m / x 0.98 x 40m

(Alternative way, from Table A:

Total copper losses in conductors = 3 x 1002 A2 x 0.875 m/m x 0.98 x 40m)

= 1.02kW ( 1.82%) (Note:Power rating of circuit: (3) I V Cos= (3) 100A 380V * 0.85 = 56kW

Cable size of 25mm2 selected can comply with the safety requirement but is not acceptable if the maximum
allowable copper loss is limited to 1.5%.

Case (b) Maximum copper loss method using Table A for initial assessment of an approximate conductor size
required by calculating the maximum conductor resistance at 1.5% power loss:

max. r (m/m)

From Table A 35 mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable having a conductor resistance of 0.625 m/m is required.
Refer to BS7671:1992, The Requirements for Electrical Installations,

Table 4D4A 35mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It=135A

Conductor operating temperature tl = 30 + 1002 / 1352 x (70-30) = 52oC

Ratio of conductor resistance at 52oC to 70oC = (273+52) / (273+70) = 0.95

From table 4D4B Voltage drop= 1.1mV/A/m x 0.95 x 100A x 40m = 4.18V(1.1%)

From Table A, Total copper losses in conductors = 3 x1002 A2 x 0.625 m/m x 0.95 x 40m = 713W(1.27%)

Cable size of 35mm2 selected is acceptable for both safety and energy requirements, i.e power loss < 1.5%,
under undistorted and balanced conditions.

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 5 of 12

Case (c) Distorted balanced condition with I3=33A & I5=20A (THD 38.6%) and a maximum copper loss of 1.5%
Fundamental current Il = 100A, harmonic currents I3= 33A & I5= 20A

Neutral current (rms) IN = 3 x 33A = 99A

Let In = 125A
(note: There may not be over-current protective device on the natural wire, if there is one, usually the rating of the
protective device on the natural wire is the same as the one on the other 3 lines).

Fig. 1: Current Waveforms for case (c)

From case (b) above 35mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable was selected
Refer to BS7671 1992. The Requirements for Electrical Installations,
Table 4D4A 35mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It=135A

Conductor operating temperature, tl = 30+ (3x107.2+99)2 / (3x135)2 x (70-30)=73oC

(Note: conductor operating temperature would be 73oC at this condition which is over the maximum of 70oC for
PVC insulated cable)

Ratio of conductor resistance at 73oC to 70oC =(273+73)/(273+70) =1.01 (over temperature)

From Table A, Total copper losses in conductors (assuming skin & proximity effects are negligible for harmonic
currents)
= (3 x 107.22 + 992) x 0.000625 x 1.01 x 40= 1.14kW

Active power,

% copper loss = 1.14kW / 56kW x 100 = 2% (over 1.5% max. allowed)

Try next cable size: 50mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable

Refer to BS7671:1992, The Requirements for Electrical Installations,

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 6 of 12

Table 4D4A 50mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It=163A

Conductor operating temperature,

tl =30 +(3x107.2+99)2 / (3x163)2 x (70-30) = 59.6oC

Ratio of conductor resistance at 59.6oC to 70oC

= (273+59.6) / (273+70) = 0.97

From Table A, Total copper losses in conductors = (3 x 107.22 + 992) x 0.000465 x 0.97 x 40 = 799W
% copper loss = 0.799kW/56kW x 100 = 1.4% (<1.5% OK)

You can also do the volt-drop calculation here similar as in the Case (d) below, ..

A cable size of 50mm2 is selected for compliance with both safety and energy requirements under this
condition.

Case (d):
Circuit to feed VSD loads with full load and full speed harmonic current I5=70A, I7=50A & I11=15A and a
maximum copper loss of 1.5% (cos = 1)

Fig. 2: Current Waveforms for case (d)

Fundamental current, I1 = 100A
Harmonic current, I5=70A, I7=50A & I11=15A

New design current, Ib=Irms=133A

New rating of protective device, In= 160A

Minimum current-carrying capacity of conductors, It(min) = 160A

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 7 of 12

Max. conductor resistance, r

From Table A, 50mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable having a conductor resistance of 0.465 m/m is required.
Refer to BS7671 1992. The Requirements for Electrical Installations,

Table 4D4A 50mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It= 163A

Table 4D4B r = 0.8mV/A/m, x = 0.14mV/A/m, z = 0.81 mV/A/m

Conductor operating temperature tl = 30+ 1332/1632 x (70-30) = 57oC

Ratio of conductor resistance at 57oC to 70oC = (273+57) / (273+70) ~= 0.956

Form Table 4D4B, Voltage drop

(Note: the temperature ratio 0.956 should only be applied to the r part, not the x part, since the temperature
only affects the r not x.)
Active power drawn

From Table A, Total copper losses in conductors (assuming skin & proximity effects are negligible)
= 3 x 1332 A2 x 0.000465 /m x 0.956 x 40m
= 0.94kW (1.4%) (<1.5% OK)

A cable size of 50mm2 is selected for compliance with both safety and energy requirements under this
condition.

Case (e) A riser is going to supply 3 nos. of VSDs as described in Case (d) on 13/F, 14/F and 15/F of a building.
No diversity factor is to be applied.

Fundamental current, Il = 300A

5th harmonic current, I5 = 210A
7th harmonic current, I7 = 150A
11th harmonic current. I11 = 45A

Design current Ib = 398A

Rating of protective device, In = 400A

Min. cable current carrying capacity It(min) = 400A

Assume the floor-to-floor height is 3m and the cable is with a horizontal run of 10m.
Actual cable length, L' = 10m + 15 x 3m = 55m
E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 8 of 12
Effective cable length, L = 10m + 13 x 3m + 2/3 x 3m +1/3 x 3m = 52m

Max. conductor resistance

From Table A, 240mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable having a conductor resistance per unit length of 0.095 m/m is
required.

Refer to BS7671:1992 The requirements For Electrical Installations.

Table 4D4A, 240mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It = 445A
Table 4D4B, r = 0.165 mV/A/m; x = 0.130 mV/A/m and z = 0.21 mV/A/m

Conductor operating temperature

Ratio of conductor resistance at 62oC to 70oC = (273+65)/(273+70) ~=0.973

Voltage drop
Active power drawn =
Total copper losses in conductors (assuming skin & proximity effects are negligible)
= 3 x 3982A2 x 0.000095mV/A/m x 0.973 x 52m
= 2284W (1.16%<1.5%)

A cable size of 240 mm2 is selected for compliance with both safety and energy efficiency requirements under
this condition.

Table A & B in the following pages are given to provide guidance for preliminary selection of appropriate cable
size for main, feeder, sub-main and final circuits based on the maximum allowable resistance value for a certain
percentage copper loss.

TABLE A
Multicore Armoured and Non-armoured Cables (Copper Conductor)
Conductor Resistance at 50 Hz Single-phase or Three-phase a.c.
(Based on BS7671:1992 The Regulations for Electrical Installations, Table 4D2B, 4D4B, 4E2B & 4E4B)

Conductor resistance for PVC and XLPE cable in milliohm per metre
Conductor cross-sectional (m/m)
area (mm2) PVC cable at max. conductor XLPE cable at max. conductor
operating temperature of 70oC operating temperature of 90oC
1.5 14.5 15.5
2.5 9 9.5

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 9 of 12

 4 5.5 6
6 3.65 3.95
10 2.2 2.35
16 1.4 1.45
25 0.875 0.925
35 0.625 0.675
50 0.465 0.495
70 0.315 0.335
95 0.235 0.25
120 0.19 0.2
150 0.15 0.16
185 0.125 0.13
240 0.095 0.1
300 0.0775 0.08
400 0.0575 0.065

TABLE B
Single-core PVC/XLPE Non-armoured Cables, with or without sheath (Copper Conductor)
Conductor Resistance at 50 Hz Single-phase or Three-phase a.c.
(Based on BS7671:1992, Table 4DIB & 4EIB)

Conductor resistance for PVC and XLPE cable in milliohm per metre (m/m)
Conductor cross- PVC cable at max. conductor operating XLPE cable at max. conductor operating
sectional area temperature of 70oC temperature of 90oC
(mm2) Enclosed in Clipped direct or Enclosed in Clipped direct or
conduit/trunking on tray, touching conduit/trunking on tray, touching
1.5 14.5 14.5 15.5 15.5
2.5 9 9 9.5 9.5
4 5.5 5.5 6 6
6 3.65 3.65 3.95 3.95
10 2.2 2.2 2.35 2.35
16 1.4 1.4 1.45 1.45
25 0.9 0.875 0.925 0.925
35 0.65 0.625 0.675 0.675
50 0.475 0.465 0.5 0.495
70 0.325 0.315 0.35 0.34
92 0.245 0.235 0.255 0.245
120 0.195 0.185 0.205 0.195
150 0.155 0.15 0.165 0.16

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 10 of 12

 185 0.125 0.12 0.135 0.13
240 0.0975 0.0925 0.105 0.1
300 0.08 0.075 0.0875 0.08
400 0.065 0.06 0.07 0.065
500 0.055 0.049 0.06 0.0525
630 0.047 0.0405 0.05 0.043
800 - 0.034 - 0.036
1000 - 0.0295 - 0.0315

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 11 of 12

E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\365420744.doc page 12 of 12