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Ii. H C I - I M: Power Quality Improvement in

This document discusses hierarchical control strategies for inverter-based islanded microgrids. It describes a three-level hierarchical control structure including primary, secondary, and tertiary control levels. The primary control level regulates inverter outputs and performs active and reactive power sharing using droop control. The secondary control level restores voltage and frequency deviations caused by the primary control. The tertiary control manages power flow between the microgrid and main grid in grid-connected mode. The document focuses on control methods for power quality improvement in autonomous microgrids using multi-functional voltage source inverters.

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18 views1 page

Ii. H C I - I M: Power Quality Improvement in

This document discusses hierarchical control strategies for inverter-based islanded microgrids. It describes a three-level hierarchical control structure including primary, secondary, and tertiary control levels. The primary control level regulates inverter outputs and performs active and reactive power sharing using droop control. The secondary control level restores voltage and frequency deviations caused by the primary control. The tertiary control manages power flow between the microgrid and main grid in grid-connected mode. The document focuses on control methods for power quality improvement in autonomous microgrids using multi-functional voltage source inverters.

Uploaded by

vainateyagoldar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Quality Improvement in 1055

by designing a control system that is appropriate for both number of interesting research points, is provided in Section V.
grid-connected and autonomous modes. The drawn conclusions are presented in Section V.
In grid-connected mode, the frequency of the microgrid and
the voltage at the PCC are determined by the utility grid [8]. In
this mode, the main responsibility of the microgrid control is to II. HIERARCHICAL CONTROL OF
regulate the active and reactive power generated by the DER INVERTER-BASED ISLANDED MICROGRIDS
units. Moreover, the utility grid may not allow voltage In consideration of the control structure of traditional power
regulation by the DER units to avoid any interaction with the systems, two different approaches, namely, centralized and
same functionality provided by the utility grid [9]. decentralized techniques, can be introduced to control power
Meanwhile, in autonomous mode, the voltage and frequency electronic based microgrids [12], [13]. In a fully centralized
of the microgrid should be controlled using DERs, because technique, a central controller (CC) uses extensive
these variables are no longer supported by the utility grid. communication links to perform the control actions for all units.
Given that islanding operation requires that appropriate load By contrast, in a fully decentralized approach, the controller of
sharing mechanisms be implemented to balance sudden active each DG unit operates based on the local measurement. For
power mismatches, the islanding mode is considerably more microgrid applications, neither a fully centralized nor a fully
challenging than the grid-connected mode [5]. Furthermore, the decentralized control can be implemented because of the large
physical inertia of islanding operation is quite smaller than that number of controller units and stringent performance
of the grid-connected mode. More importantly, developing a requirements.
schematic compensation method to realize accurate reactive, A possible solution to these limitations is to introduce a
imbalance, and harmonic power sharing is crucial to an hierarchical control scheme [14], which was initiated by the
autonomous microgrid with a large number of nonlinear or Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity
imbalanced loads. Therefore, the islanding mode of operation (UCTE) in continental Europe [15]. This scheme is a
requires adequate control and management systems that compromise between fully decentralized and centralized
satisfies the prescribed power quality requirements for sensitive approaches that comprises three different levels. On the basis
load. In islanding mode, the key principles of microgrid control of the infrastructure requirements and the speed of response,
structure include voltage and frequency control, active and these levels can be classified into primary, secondary and
reactive power-sharing control, power quality control, and tertiary controllers, as shown in Fig. 1 [16]. The fastest level is
optimized microgrid operating costs [10], [11]. the primary control, which is responsible for the output control
In view of the presence of sensitive loads in autonomous and power-sharing control, subsequent to the islanding process
microgrids, power quality is highly important for different [17]. The secondary control restores the voltage and frequency
types of electric consumers. Multi-functional inverters play an deviations of the islanding mode caused by the primary control.
important role in improving the power quality and stability of Indeed, it is responsible for mitigating the steady-state errors
these networks when the DGs are voltage source inverters produced by the power-sharing unit [18]. Given that the main
(VSIs). They can be used either with additional compensation target of the tertiary control is to manage the power flow
equipment or by being integrated into DG local controllers. In between the public grid and the microgrid in grid-connected
recent years, the use of multi-functional VSIs for power quality mode, it can be considered part of the public grid [19] and is
enhancement in autonomous distribution networks has gained therefore not discussed further in the present paper.
considerable because of advantages such as reduced investment At the primary level, the main task of the inverter output
as well as improved cost-effectiveness of DGs, operation costs, controller is to regulate the electrical signals of the autonomous
and bulk [5]. microgrid. In an inverter-based DG unit, the inverter output
Control strategies for power quality enhancement in control typically includes an external loop for voltage control
autonomous microgrids using multi-functional VSIs are and an internal loop for current regulation. The power-sharing
comprehensively reviewed in this paper. These VSIs are controller is mainly used for active and reactive power sharing.
discussed in detail, and comparisons of which are also Preferably, power sharing is performed with the use of droop
presented. This paper is organized as follows. The hierarchical controllers without the need for communication links. The
control of islanded microgrids is reviewed in Section . Two conventional droop controller can be operated effectively in
different approaches for power quality improvement in medium voltage networks, where the lines have a predominant
stand-alone distribution networks are presented in Section III. inductive behaviour. Thus, this controller cannot be directly
Different control methods for power quality enhancement applied to low voltage microgrids. To cope with this challenge,
using multi-functional VSIs in islanded distribution networks a virtual impedance can be employed to link the power
are reviewed in Section V. Various control strategies for converter to the AC bus [18]. Therefore, the line impedance
stability improvement by multi-functional VSIs in autonomous can be predominately inductive, and the droop control can be
mode are explained in Section V. The discussion, as well as a operated properly. Fig. 2 shows the primary level, including the

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