ca]TELECOMMUNIGATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS by Thiagarajan Viewsnathar @ 1982 by Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any fora, by mimeograph or any mer means, without permission in writing trom the publisher. 1S8N-01-203-0713-8 ‘The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher, ‘Twonty-sixth Printing ne oe September, 2006 Pubiahed By Avoke K. Ghosh, Prenbce-Hall of India Private United, W-97, ‘Connaught Cireus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Rajkamal Biacine Press, 8-350, GT. Kamal Road Industrial Area, Deihi-110033.1.2 Simple Telephone Communication 13 Basics ofa Switching System 14 Manual Switching System 135 Major 1 Telecommunication Networks, ae | STROWGER SWITCHING SYSTEMS 21 Rotary Dial Telephone 22 Signalling Toocs 2.3 Strowger Switching Components 24 Step-by-Step Switching 25 Design Parameters x 27 es 1000-line Blocking Exchange 10,000-line Exchange Further Reading Exercises CROSSBAR SWITCHING 31 Principles. of Common Control 3206 Touch Tone: Dial Telephone 33 Principles of Crossbar Switching — » Boe & BREE Ro Z2B 2B BEEERBRERER B63. 64 65 6.6 67 ‘Time Multiplexed Space Switching Time Multiplexed Time Switching ‘Combination Switching Three-Stage Combination Switching #-Stage Combination Switching Further Reading Exercises OPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEMS Ta 72 a3 7A 15 16 Types of Optical Fibres Fibre Optic Transmission Optical Sources Optical Detectors Power Budgel Analysis Telecommunication Applications Further Reading Exercises TRAFFIC ENGINEERING a1 a2 83 BA B85 86 Network Traffic Load and Parameters Grade of Service and Blocking Probability Modelling Switching Systems Incoming Traffic and Service Time Characterisation Blocking Models and Loss Estimates Delay Systems Further Reading Exercises TELEPHONE NETWORKS 91 92 93 94 95 9.6 Subscriber Loop Systems ‘Switching Hierarchy and Routing ‘Transmission Plan ‘Transmission Systems Numbering Plan (Charging Plan BYRRSSRE E RRREERE s 3 BESESERS wo = it ie a 1 BaERRWw tL Contents oF 98 99 9.10 Signalling Techniques Inchannel Signalling ‘Common Channel Signalling Cellular Mobile Telephony Further Reading Exercises, DATA NETWORKS 1.1 10.2 103 m4 105. 106 107 108 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 Data Transmission in PSTNs Switching Techniques for Data Transmission Data Communication Architecture Link-to-Link Layers End-to-End Layers Satellite Based Data Networks ‘Local Area Networks Mewopolitan Area Networks Fibre Optic Networks ‘Data Network Standards. Protocol Stacks Intemetworking Further Reading Exercises INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK te nz n3 m4 15 116 11,7 118 119 11.10 Wt Motivation for ISDN New Services, Network and Protocol Architecture Transmission Channels ‘User-Network Interfaces Signalling Numbering and Addressing Service Characterisation Interworking, ISDN Standards Expert Systems in ISDN 374 £88 WI 43 431 BSR Saket abe ges 2 S14 BRS 8 Be1112 Broadband ISDN 11.13 Voice Data Integration Further Reading Exercises Epilogue Answers to Selected Exercises IndexForeword For a number of years, if has become the fashion to write books on analytic themes rather than on topics pertaining to practical systems and their synthesis, That hasheenso mainly for two reasons: Firstly, analytic themes lend themselves bo elegant pedagogic presentation while engineering practices do not. Secondly, practical systems change rapidly, and become dated pretty fast while analytical theory remains valid for long periods of time. In any case, there are few books available on the current practice of tckccommunicalion systems. That leads to avicious cirele — jn the absence of books, the topic is not taught im universities, and as it is mot taught in universities, books arc not written. Thiagarajan Viswanathaa has written a book which breaks this vicious circle, and makes a laudable attempt to Gila major gap. Inthe neat twenty years, we may expect to witness revolutionary changes in telecommunications practice. The foundations for such developments have already been laid in the form of ISDN. Hence, a book on telecommunications sysicms based on the newly accepted international practices t timely. Inthe flurry and excitement of new developments, the tendency is to forget ‘the pioncering past, and thercby lose the historical perspective so essential for scholarly study, T am, therefore, particularly pleased that his beok docs pay attention to the historical processes in telecommunication switching, Tam happy to commend this book to all telecommunication engineers, PY. Indiresan President Tive Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers New Dethi siltPreface Today's telecommunication network is a complex interconnection of a variety of heterogencous switching systems, Electromechanical and clectronic systems, direct and common control systems, and hard-wired and stored program control systems cocxist. In a sense, it isa marvel that these systems work in close cooperation to offer a plethora of complex telecommunication services, often involving ingtantaneous inlermation transfer across the globe. Presently, two important classes of telecomemunication networks, viz, public switched telephone network (PSTN) and public data network (PDN) are in wide use, The newly emerging integrated services digital network (ISDN) is expected to be in place in the next 20 years or 20 as a result of the process of total digitalisation of telecommunication networks. currently under way. This text is a treatment on beth seitching systems and tcelecommunication networks in a singie volume. The motivation for writing this lext came when | taught regular full-seenester and short-term courses on ‘switching systems and networks’ at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. I keenly felt the abscace of a suitable text for the purpose. This book is meant to All this void and is designed for the final year undergraduate or the first year postgraduate students in electronics and communications engineering and allied subjects. It may be difficult to cover the entire text in one semester. Depending on other courses offered and the emphasis given in a programme, a teacher may like to omit ane or two chapters ina one-semester course. T have attempted to give a balanced blend of theoretical and practical aspects ia the text. Concepts and system level treatment are given emphasis. Analytical or mathematical ircaiment is introduced only to the extent required. Worked-out examples are given where considered necessary. All chapters containexercises, and answers are provided forthe selected exercises at the end ofthe book. For over 40 years, telecommunications has largely been confined to the private domain of network operators, Rescarch, development and even ‘education have been pursued by afew firms and organisations. Itis only recently that a large number of entreprencurs have entered the field of telecom- munications. Such new entrants should find this book to be a valuable asset. The coverage of recent topics fike fibre optic communication systems and networks, time division switching systems, data uctworks, ISDN, and voice data integration schemes should interest the practising professionals, Thave devoted two full chapters to discuss at length, the somewhat outdated Strowger and crossbar systems, for two reasons, The first and most important ‘one is pedagogical. Many fundamental concepts underlying the design ofxvi Preface modern clectronic exchanges have evolved from these systems. Secondly, most of the less developed and developing countries including India have operational ‘Strowger and crossbar systems, often in large numbers. Chapter | introduces the subject. In this chapter, the evolution of the ‘telecommunication networks is briefly traced, starting from the invention of the telephone by Alexander Gralam Bell and ending with the emerging ISDN. A classification scheme for the switching systems is presented. Basic network structures euch as folded, nonfolded, blocking and sonblocking structures are introduced, Chapter 2 deala with pulse dialling and Strowger automatic switching systems. A set ol parameters loevaluate allernative designs of switching systems is introduced in this chapter, These parameters are generic in nature and are used throughout the text to compare different designs. ‘Chapter 3 discusses the dual tone multifrequency (OTMF) telephones and signalling, the commen control concepts, and the crosshar switching systems, ‘Chapter 4 is. devoted to stored program control (SPC) and multistage space division networks. Here, fault tolerant SPC architectures are discussed besides sysiem and application software aspects. The enhanced telecommunication services (hal became possible with the introduction of SPC are then presented. Chapter 5 lays the foundation for digital voice transmission. After covering linear quantisation, companding and CCITT 4-law are discussed, This chapter cads with & presentation on CCITT time division multiplexing hierarchy, Chapler 6 concentrates on lime division switching. First, analog and digital time division switching techniques are discussed, The idea of time multiplexed inpuv/oulput streams and the corresponding time division switching concepts are then presented. At the end, time-space combination configurations are discussed with real life examples. Chapter 7 is devoted to fibre optic communication systems which are emerging as a major alternative to coaxial cable systems. This chapter covers types of optical fibres, optical sources and detectors, and deals with power losses in fibre optic systems giving related power budget calculations. This chapter concludes with a discussion on the practical application of fibre optic communication systems in telecommunication networks, Chapter 4 is on traffic engineering which is the basis for the design and analysis af telecommunication networks. Grade of service (GOS) and blocking probability ideas are placed in proper perspective in this chapter. Basic concepts of modelling switching systems as birth-death stochastic processes arc presented. Loss system and delay system models are discussed Chapters 9-11 deal with the three most important telecommunication nctworks: tclphanc nciworks, data nctworks and integrated serviccs digital networks. Chapter 9 provides a comprehensive coverage of the telephone network aspects discussing subscriber loap systems, switching hierarchy, and transmission, numbering and charging plans. In addition, a bricf description of