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Chapter 3 Go West

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Chapter 3 Go West

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Names and Terms You Should Know (© FTE « Unlawful to photocopy CHAPTER “Go West!” 5$8.012..2.7 Review the Native American experience. $8.912.A.2.1 Analyze the economic challenges to American farmers and farmers’ responses to these challenges in the mid to late 1800s, $8,912,042 Use geographic terms and tools to analyze the push/pullfctors contributing to ‘human migration within and among places. 68.012.6.4.3 Uce geographic terms and tools to analyze the effects of migration both on the place ‘of origin and destination, including border areas. reatier Balfalo Soldiers Boom town Great Plains Sand Creek Massacre pen range Pash-and-pull factors Sioux Indians Cowboy ‘Transcontinental railtoad —_ Little Big Horn Barbed wire Indian Wars Wounded Knee Sodhouse Reservation Homestead Act Dawes Act 1. The American frontier was the line separating areas of settlement from less densely populated areas. By the end ofthe Civil War, the frontier was st the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and deserts of the Southwest. 2. Geographers use push/pll factors to explain hu- ‘man micration, Push factors, like economic hard- ships, cause people to leave a place. Pul factors, like ‘economic opportunity, attract people to new areas. 3. People went to the American West to find new ‘economic opportunites. Miners came because of scoveries of gold and clver Others came to es- tablish their own farms and ranches. The comple- tion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, the defeat ofthe Indians inthe “Indian Wars” and the svailability of cheap land under the Homestead Act (1862) encouraged thei migration 4. In 1865, the Great Pains and Southwest were still occupied by Indian tribes. The destruction of the buffalo on the Great Plains took away the main source of food forthe Plains Indians. After a series of wars with federal troops, Indian ‘tides were forced onto reservations, (Often the reservations were on unde- sine land. Many promises to Indians ‘were broken. 45. Region of the American West often went through diferent tages. Some places were fist dominated by mining or cate grea -20 ing Later, farmers and ranchers took ove, Farmers developed new eehnologls to farm onthe ‘ey but fre Great Pains. They dug wells and bust ‘windmill to pump wate found deep inthe ground. ‘hey bil sod houses and surrounded thers with barbed wire to kep livestock in and other animal ut. They sed sel plows o break up the tough sod and made greater ut of farm machinery. 6 In 1857, Congress pased the Dawes Act This act srtempted to help the Indians It gave them the ight to create private propery from reservation land and tried to "Amerianize” ther. However, the Dawes Act wasa failure because it lacked respect for inian traditions. Ieled toa masive sel-of of ndian lands, photocopy OPTE » Unlawful to © FTE « Unlawful to photocopy without permission a America’s Last Front the American frontier was the line separating areas of denser settlement from “unsettled” tert tory. From a diferent perspective, the frontier divided areas where traditional native peoples lived, often as nomadic hunter gatherers, "Sssnt es from those areas where more technologically advanced peoples drastically altered the landscape by creating farms, ranches, towns, and cites to meet ther needs, Since the arrival ofthe rst colonists, the "American frontier—or line of advanced settlement— hed shifted steadily westwards ier ‘Almost a century ago, Frederick Jackson Turner, 2 prominent Ameri- can historian, argued that the exs- | tence ofthe frontier was one ofthe ‘most important influences in shap- ing America. According to Turner, the essential American character was forgedin the Wes, notthe East Rugged individualism, social equality, democracy, anda spirit of optimism hed all been fostered by the conditions of American frontier life, The frontier had also acted as a “safety -valve allowing ambitious and discontented people in the East to escape tothe Wes, where they could rcre- te themselves a selEmade" men and women. ‘The Last Frontier: The Great Plains and the Far West By the end of the Civil War, the United States con trolled all of the teritory from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Much ofthis vastarea wassettled and divided into states, reaching from Texas to Minnesota “American seters had alsy vccupied lands along the Pacific Coast from California to Oregon. Between these regions remained avast expanse of eritory— almost equal in size tothe est ofthe United States— consisting ofthe Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, (Zeer et tit Chapter3 | "Go West!” the Great Basin, and the deserts of the Southvest. “This was the final frontier, wit largely unsettled ter- sitores that hed yet to apply for statehood. ‘The Great Plains were rolling, treeless plains that stretched from Texasto North Dakota. They received litle rainfall, especially on their western side closer to the Rockies In 1870, the plains were covered with short, thin grasses, which provided a home ‘The United States in 1870 43 both to million: of American buffalo and to the Great Plains Indians who lived off them. The Great Plains were only vaguely known to most Americans as the "Great American Desert In reality, the soil of the northeastern plains was extremely fertile. In the shor: space of twenty years, between 1870 end Geographers point toa combination of “push” and “pull” factors tc explain the migration, or move- ‘ment, of people from one place to another. “Push” factors are those that push people to leave a place. People may leave to escape from religious perse cation, ethnic prejudice, war, drought, or grinding poverty “Pull” factors are those that atract people = to-a place—such as hopes for religious freedom or the promise of economic opportunity. In the decades after the Civil War, a number of “pull” fac- tors encouraged migration tothe American West. 3 ‘The Discovery of Precious Metals ‘The California Gold Rush of 1849 and later discov. 4 eries of gold and silver in Colorado, Nevada, South 2 Dakota, Arizona, and other western states brought ‘prospectors westward, led to the growth of min. ing towns, and often resulted in clashes with the Indians, He a i 1890, most of the busfalo were klled, the Indians were forcibly moved to reservations, and the Great Plains were divided up into ranches and farms. in 1890, the US. Census Bureau officially announced the frontier was “closed”—no aress remained with {ewer than two people per square mile SS Factors Leading to the Settlement of the Last Frontier ‘The Completion of the ‘Transcontinental Railroad In the days before the Civil War, only a few stage coach lines, the telegraph, ships salir he Pacific Const, and, fora brief yorind the! xpress kept the Far Westin contact withthe rt of the country. During the war, Congress passed the Paci’ alway ‘Act and the federal government pat ase land for the first transcontinental railroad. Construction ‘began in 1863, while the Civil War was sil raging. Laborers, manly Irish immigrants, worked on build ing the Union Pacific line from Oniaha westwards “Go West!" aa ‘Transcontinental Railrosd ‘Te pointing, The Last Spike” depicts completion ofthe the vans Continental aloadin Promontory, ah while crews of Chinese workers laid the track for the ‘The Relocation of the American Indians Central Pacific Railroad fiom Sacramento, California efore the new setlers could divide up the Great ‘eastwards. After 1865, these workers were joined bY Pjains, its existing inhabitants had to be relocated. army veterans and African-American freedmen. The fp fact, back in 1830, Congress had already ordered first transcontinental railroad was completed when the removal ofall Indians in Southern states to west the two sides met in Utab in May 1869, A six-month of the Mississippi. Nearly one-quarter of the Chero= «sea voyage was suddenly replaced by a train ride that ee tribe had perished on their journey westward, took just over 2 week, Four more transcontinental which became known as the “Trail of Tears” Forty lines were built over the next 25 years. years later, some of the tribes found on the Great the roads provided the principal stimulus for Pins were the very ime ones that had ben fore @ A. the setement ofthe Great Pane ibly moved westward, lke the Cherokee. Others, jocopy without permission > The rilroads sold he government land grants they had received 0 settlers s reser nrtomovewest HketheSioucand Cheyenne, ad lived onthe ret z They made ca ncaa, Pins cena, where the hd developed ae ces ‘stint way of if based on the age buflo herds S ranchers ship their grain and cattle to “The“Indian Wars” of 1864-1890 The completion = Nowtheatern urban makes for ale ofthe transcontinental roads made these western g lands highly desirable ven where the Tndans had 6 been promised parcular lands they were asked to _move again ifsetlrs found their territory attractive > Railroad advertising in Europe and the United The indians naturally resisted further resetlement States encouraged westward migration. (Cashes between land-hungry miners ranchers and farmers with the Indians of the Great Plans became inevitable. A series of skirmishes, known as the “Indian Wars! lasted about twenty-five yeas. Federal ‘troops stationed in forts in the West, acted to protect the setters. A large sumber were African-American troops, sometimes known as the “Buffalo soldiers” Some ofthe heaviest fighting occurred in the South ‘west against the Apache Indians in Arizona and the ‘Comanche in Texas an fexico. The federal “Go West!” 5 ‘government had guaran- teed a vast expanse of territory tothe Chey- ‘enne in the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851. When gold was discovered, this was age greatly reduced. In Bufo Soldiers 1864, Union troops attacked a Cheyenne camp at Sand Creek in eastern Colorado. Despite a white flag, sldies killed more thana hundred Indians, mainly women and children. Farther north, the Great Sioux War lsted from 1876 to 1877 (see next page). In the Pacific Northwest, Chief Joseph of tie Nez Perce tribe led a band of 200 warriors on a 1,200-mile retreat towards Can- ada in 1877. Ther defeated federal troops several times before thei final surrender just mile from the Canadian border. Indian warriors were generally no match for fe cra troops, battl-hardened from the Civil War and assisted by such superior weapons as the revolver and the Winchester rifle, In the end, their techno- logical superiority and greater numbers simply over- ‘helmed the Indian tribes, Because most Americans 4id not regard the Indians as equals, they were quite willing to break ther treaties with them, With the completion of the transcontinental rail: road, sharpshooter began shooting at the massive herds of butfalo that roamed the plain, to collect ‘woISSTULTOA INOUTTAA Adoooroyd or MUMETEA » ZL @ 46 Chapter 3 and sell their hides. After only a few years, the American buffalo was on the edge of extinction, ‘he destruction of millions of buffalo in the early 1870s took away the main source of food for the Plains Indians and sealed thei fate, Inthe end, they hhad no choice but to submit to federal authority, and were confined to ever smaller and more remote “reservations” ‘The Reservation System Once a tribe of Indians submitted fo federal authority, they were settled on a reservation, The government reserved” particu lar lands forthe tribe and signed a treaty with them, ‘The tribe promised not to go beyond the borders of its lands, Those who did were captured and brought back. In effect, the Indians became the “wards” of the federal government. The government promised to provide food, blankets, and seed, butall too often the ofcials charged with delivering these supplies ignored or deliberately cheated the Indian, In the 1860s and 1870s, most USS. government off- 1962 When atrbe of Sioux braves are denied thee promised supp, they sasiacre hundreds of \ sctuers in Minnesota. Spec | cigh ofthe Siouxare | executed. ‘Mass Fanging of Stun Monat Nncsota > 1868 Sioux leaders agree to withdraw to the Black Hlls of South Dakota sacred 0 them asthe home ofthe “Great Spirit” The “United States agreed to abandon its forts in the area in another Treaty of Laramie, > 1671-1874 Hunters and ralroadagens, encouraged by the army, slaughter milions ‘of bulfalo upon which the Sioux rly for “their food > 1875. Goldisdlscovered inthe Black is of South Dakota > 1876 “The ious are asked to move out ofthe Black Hil, Sitting Bul, a Sioux holy man, inspires them to ress, Crazy Horse and other ‘warriors surround General (Caster and his 70 men at Lite Big Horn. Custer and 267 ofhis men are killed. _S- GaseStudy | \_______________ The Sioux Indians of the Great Plains ‘The treatment ofthe Sioux Indians provides one example ofthe American Indian experience South Oaks | mpBlack ils > 1877 Crazy Horse is captured and killed {in captivity; the Sioux are forced onto reservations > 1881 Sitting Ball surrenders. He later joins ‘Buffalo Bills “Wild West” shows entertaining audiences in the Northeast and Midwest with shows dramatizing the defeat ofthe Indians. > 1890 The Sioux on reservations begin the “Ghost Dance” in the belief thatthe “Great Spirit” is ebout to return control ofthe Great Plains to them and to restore the bufalo; fearing another Sioux rebellion, US. Army ‘troops massacre as many as 200 Sioux men, ‘women, and children with rapid-fire artillery guns inthe final tragedy ofthe “Indian Wars? ‘at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Chapter 3 1 "Go West!™ a7 The Availability of Cheap Land ‘The slaughter ofthe buffalo and the removal of the Indians cpened up vast tracts of new land for setle- ‘ment, Immigrants from Europe and farmers from the East and Midwest of the United States were attracted by the prospect of cheap land. Railroads ‘ofien misled settlers by advertising that farming ‘conditiors on the dry western plains were the same as those back eas > The Homestead Act of 1862 promised settlers 160 acres of land for $1.65 an acre ater ‘improving it for six months, or for fee if they farmed it fr five years > Railroads soldland cheaply to attract seers. ‘The railroads expected to make ater profits by ‘charging the setlers for shipping their freight. > In 1880, the federal government authorized the sale of two million acres of land in Oklahoma— formerly known as “Indian ‘Territory? Thisland had been set aside fo the Indians, but the government yielded to public pressure. On April 12, 1889, fity thousand ager settlers waited along the border ofthe Oklahoma Territory for Ameria first and ‘greatest “land run” > Why did Congress make cheap land av The Historian's Apprentice > Have your class hold « debate on Frederick Jackson Turners “frontier thesis” Do you think ‘Turner was right in emphasizing the impact ofthe frontier on the American character? > Place American government leaders on trial for their treatment of the Plains Indians. Should they be condemned for the way they took the Indian’ land away? > Which do you think was the most important factor behind the closing ofthe Americen frontier: the discovery of mineral resources, government land grants and promotions, or the completion of the railways? Use evidence to support your answer. lable under the Homestead Act? 48 Chapter 3 1 "Go West!" © FTE « Unlawful to photocopy without permission ee Stages in the Evolution of the American West America “ast frontier” generally evolved through a sees of stages based on different economic activ ties, Particular regions differed in their develop- ‘ment, depending upon their local resources. ‘The Mining Boom In many parts of the West, miners were the first to arrive. Gold and silver discovered in California, the Rocky Mountains, and the Black Hills doubled the ‘world’s gold supply during the second half of the nineteenth century. Once a discovery was made, thousands of prospectors and adventurers were attracted to the spot in the hopes of striking a for- tune, A rough-and-ready “boom” town sprang up ‘overnight. There were few women: in 1860, Nevada and Colorado had nine men for every woman. Even aslate as 1880, California was stil 60% male. Boom towns often arose before a system of laws could be adopted. Violence was controlled by citizen's com- rmittes, known as “vigilantes” Individual miners, with few resources, were gener- ally limited to primitive techniques, like panning streams and river for gold. After the surface min~ erals wore out, many mining towns became aban doned “ghost towns” almost as suddenly as they hnad arisen, In others, mining companies with heavy machinery moved in to exploit valuable mineral ores that still lay beneath the surface. Remaining ‘miners were reduced to laborers and frequently clashed with the mining companies that employed Chapter 3 1 “Go West!” them. The mining companies also brought in immi- ‘rants—often Europeans skilled at mining. Some California miners moved to Nevads where sil- ‘ver was discovered in the Comstock Lode; others ‘moved to Colorado where gold wasdiscovered only 1 decade after the California Gold Rush. ‘The Cattle Kingdom and the “Open Range” “The “Cattle Kingdom wasa short-tined boom, which lasted about twenty years. At the end of the Civil “Wir, there were several million wile longhorn catle srazing on the Great Plains in Texas. Some Texans decided to deve these cattle northwards to the near- est railroad lines in Kansas. Prom Kansas the catle ‘were shipped by ral to Chicago to be slaughtered. ‘Then the cuts of beef were shipped in new refriger- ated railroad cats to cites in the Northeast. Te took about three months to drive the cattle herds northward from Texas to Kansas, along the Chisholm “rail. On this "long drive” the catile grazed on the hort grases ofthe “open range"—public lands not belonging to anyone and not fenced. The plains had abundant grass and water to support the moving herds, Cowboys, who had learned special techniques ‘of riding, roping, branding, and ° auono ota 04 Impey Obstacle: Lack of rainfall Shilren were often forced to engage in strenvous _Soltion: Farmers on tht Great Plans used fia abo for eountes hours Dring he cl driling equipment to dig wells undred of vray winters famlles mtb locked incomplete feet deep inorder to tap ito groundwater ase tonths at sme. Nevestlen with Windmills powered pum tha brought this @ inning ngensiythefamer were evenly eters able to overcome many ofthe obstaces they faced > Obstacle: Tough, dry soi > Obstacle: Remoteness of markets ‘Solution: Farmers used steel or chilled-iron Solution: The rairoais allowed the farmers to _Plows and plowed more deeply wo Preserve surface moisture inthe soil These new ship their produce easwards. techniques came to be known as “ry farming” >» Obstade: Lack of wood, clay, o rock for homes Solution: ‘The farmers built “sod-houses ‘made from thick cluaps of grass and sol eut into bricks, > Obstacle: Lack of fuel Solution: ‘The farmers burnt “bufalo chips" (ried bufalo manure for fue > Obstacle: Lack of manpower Solution: They used machinery, such as horse-drawn harvestersand threshers to farm ‘more acres with fewer workers. Infact, some ‘machinery was actually esier to wse on the treeless plains than elsewhere. > Obstacle: Lack of wood for fencing Solution: The farmers used tarbed wir, frst invented in 1874, Wire was tvisted together at intervals to create sharp barbs that kept cattle and other animals from: jamping over or Pretend you are working fora rallroad company families to the Great Plain. > Pretend you are anewspaper reporter in 1882. information the conditions araund you, The Historian's Apprentice between ranchersand farmers on the Great Plains in Wyoming, Use the Internet to gather > Imagine you are asetler on the Great Plains. Write a letter to ‘Mexican-American War. Chinese and Irish imi. ‘grants helped to build the ralroads, and large num- bers of Chinese, mainly men, remained in California German and Scandinavian farming families came by steamship to America fo settle the northern Great Plains. “The west” concludes historian Rodman W. Paul, “was a land of many races, many ethnic back ‘grounds, many national origins” y in 1870. Design a poster to attract farming Write an imaginary article reporting violence your relatives back home, describing > Earlier in this chapter, you earned about the push-and-pull factors that led tothe migration of Beople from one place to another. Identify two such factors and explain how they led diferent Bgroups—miners, ranchers or farmers-to migrate to the Great Plans or the Far West. >» During periods ofmigration, border areas where migrants frst arive ae often especialy affected ‘Write a short essay explaining how border areas ofthe West were affected by the mixture of peoples who camethere. SAHA daa UY UH LOALLULL & AL > Inoone sense, the diversity ofthe American West can be explained by it location ata crossroads ‘where peoples from many different regions interacted—from the expanding United States in the «2s, from Mexico the south, and from Asia across the Pacific. There were African Americans coming fom the South, Indians being moved onto reservations and immigrants arriving directly from Europe and Asia. Make your own map or chart illustrating this diversity —_----——— SSS A Public Outcry against the Mistreatment of the Indians While farmers were dewloping new techniques for transforming the Great Plains into productive farmland, conditions for te Indians on the rser- 82 Chapter 3 1 vations only worsened. Some bold reformers began ‘o protest their mistreatment. Helen Hunt Jackson criticized the federal government for breaking its "Go West!” © FTE « Unlawful to photocopy without permission promises tothe Indian in her popula books. A Cen- tury of Dishonor (1881) and Ramona (1884). Indeed, new associations formed to protect Indian interests. “americanization” Some reformers urged the Indians to become “Americanized” By adopting so-called “Ameri- cat” ways and institations, such as private property, it was thought thatthe Indians could become part of “mainstream” society. These well-intentioned reformers did not fully appreciate that “American- ination” might actually endanger the survival of tra- ditional Indian culture. ‘The Dawes Act, 1887: A Misguided Attempt at Reform? Congess passed the Dawes Act to “American ize” the Indians. Each male Indian was permitted to clam 160 actes of reservation land as his own private property (the same amount of land given to homesteaders), The reformers hoped that pri- vate property would gradually replace communal tribal ands and that the Indians would be trans> formed into a class of prosperous farmers. Those ‘who exercised the right to claim their own lands were to be rewarded with US. citizenship and the righ: to vote. Shortcomings of the Dawes Act: > Despite its good intentions, the Dawes Act threatened the survival of Indian culture. Individual farm ownership was contrary to Indian traditions of tribal sharing, and many tribes had never even engaged in farming. ‘Assimilation into American “mainstream” society meant the destruction of tribal ways > Indians continued to face severe economic hardships. Often reservation lands were arid and infertile, he federal government never gave the assistance it had promised to Indian Farmers. Reservation schools provided an “inferior education. Indians suffered from ‘malnutrition and health problems on the reservations without proper medical attention, “The Dawes Act actualy led toa sell-off of reservation lands. Originally, the act had protected the Indians by prohibiting individual Indians from selling their 160 acres for a period of 25 years. However, this restriction was lifted in 1906 Speculators and other buyers quickly persuaded many Indians to sel ther private plots at low prices. Almost two-thirds ofall reservation lands were sold before the government put ‘hale to this practice, What was left was often the most infertile and andesirble land. ‘Meanwhile, those Indians who bravely left their reservations fo the cites usually faced discrimination, unemploysrent, and poverty. Chapter 3 | "Go West!” 53 a The Historian's Apprentice > What were the effects of migration to the West? Prepare a PowerPoint presentation or oral report describing hov the Great Plains an the Plains Indians were afected bythe migration of ‘other peoples to the Great Pains inthe late 19th century. > Some historians say that iederal policy towards the Indians has swung back and forth ike & Pendulum. In some periods, the government promoted greater autonomy (independence and self government forthe Indians. Ie Indian communities preserve their traditions and go their ‘own way. In other periods, the government attempted to “Americanize” (or assimilate the Indi- ns It tried to make them: more like other Americans. Make your own timeline tracing federal Policies towards the American Indians, Use the Internet to find additional information Review Cards Key Terms ‘Migration: The movement ofpeople from one place o another “Push? Factors: Factors that cause people to leave place, ike ethic persecution, drought or poverty. ( “Pall” Factors: Factors that atrct people toa new place, such as cheap land, political freedom, ‘mineral discoveries or other economic opportunities Frontier: ‘The imaginary line eparating “seted” and “unsettled” areas Settlement of the Last American Frontier: the Great Plains and Far West Great Plains Rolling, treeless grassy plains with litle rain but fertile soil ; “Pull” Factors Leading to Settement of the West: 1. Discoveries of precious metals 2. Completion of transcontinental rllrosd 3. Relocation of Indians: “Indian Wars" & Reservations 4. Cheap or free land: Homestead Act of 1862 54 Chapter3 | “Go West!" ‘worssruiied nots Adosoiond on mymequy « os) © FTE « Unlawful to photocopy without permission, Evolution of Different Parts of the American West Mining: Boom towns sprang up overnight where gold and silver were discovered. Cattle Kingdom”: Cowboys drove cattle, grazing onthe “open range to railroads, The “open range” ended in the late 1880s, to be replaced by the “closed range” Farmers: Adapted tothe dry conditions ofthe Great Plans by usirg barbed wire fences, sod houses tvels for groundwater, windmills to pump water, steel plows, and farm machinery. ‘The American Indian Experience Plains Indians; Hunted buffalo on the Great Plains ‘indian Wars” (1864-1890): Federal troops stationed in forts deftated the Indians ina series of clashes and removed them to remote reservations: > The Cheyenne and the Sand Creek Massacre (1864) > sioux-Black Hill; Custer and Crazy Horse at Little Big Horns Wounded Kae Massacre (1890) > Chief foseph and Nez Percé flight to Canada > Apaches and Comanches in the Southwest ‘Reservation System: Tribes forced onto reserved lands, often dry and undesirable, Federal Indian gens and religous teachers provided some services like schools but government agents often did ‘not keep their promises. ‘Dawes Act (1887): Shock at mistreatment of Indians by Helen Hant Jackson and other reformers led ve ths attempt to“Americanize” Indians. An Indian could apply t take his own private Ind from the tbe’ revervation land. The Dawes Act actually led toa sell-of of indian lands Se ven eg Sci or aa pamem eae Snir (remee J" “Tanvcontneral load ‘pen eastern rakes Experience > Paine tndans| tanta > ndian Was > Reservation system > Dawes Act 1857) Chapter 3 | "Go West!” 55 SS What Do You Know? Te |, What was the main purpose ofthe reservation system? ‘A. to make the new transcontinental ralload safer to operate B, to clea federal lands for settlement by railroads, ranchers, and farmers . to provide employment for Union troops and veterans after the Civil War . to make it easier for Indians to assimilate into mainstream American calture a 2 How did completion of the frst transcontinental railroad in 1869 encourage settlement ofthe American West? ‘A. The road led to nb discoveries of precious mi 3. The road required immense quan nds . Theratroad tightened indian tribes wh eteed tore ations. D. The ilroad made it easier for ranchers and farmers to ship goods back cas 3. Which ofthe following would geographers con® con: tributed tothe setling ofthe Far West? ‘A. The amount of farmland available for sale inthe Northeast and Midwest was mite. BB. After the Depression of 1873, many craftsmen in Northeastern cities could not find work. . The children of large farming families in Germany and Scandinavia often did not have enough land oftheir own, D. Only a decade after the California Gold Rush, new discoveries of gold and silver were made in Nevada, Colorado, and South Dakota, 3 2 i i 4. What was. negative aspect ofthe “Americanization’ policy ofthe late 1880s for American Indians? ‘A. Indians attended reservation schools and lerned a trade. 'B, Indians could own and farm 160 acres of their own land . Indians leamed English and could gain the right to vote D. Indians saw the survival oftheir traditional cultures threatened. 56 Chapter’3 | “Go West!” ME ich conti secre n the novapaper shown on tee? ‘A. Ranchers with herds on the open range opposed farmers and ranchers with fenced properties. 'B. American Indians opposed ranchers and homesteades for control of the Great Plains. . Different ranchers with cattle herds competed for grazing along the Chisholm Trail 1D, Farmers on the Grest Plans contested the shipping rites set by railroad companies MEE ay. csccon bean ves plshed inthe ie 8s ‘What is the main idea ofthe cartoon? ‘A, Federal Indian agents assisted Indians in growing crops ‘on the reservation. B, ‘The federal government provided Indians with all the supplies needed. . Indians went hungry while federal Indian agents grew ‘wealthy. . ‘The livestock raised on the Indian reservaiors were diseased. f Used dry farming techniques * Used barbed wire fences + Burned cow and buffalo chips for Fuel ‘= Windmills pumped water | + Stee plow used for tough soit | 7. What would be the best title for the box above? A. Methods Used by Forty-Niners to Stake Claims B, Sources of Conflict between Ranchers and Farmers (C. How Farmers Adapted to Conditions on the Great Pains. D. How American Indians and Western Farmers Cooperated | Chapter 3 | "Go West!" 87 © FTE + Unlawful to photocopy without permission (SME How did the Dawes Act (1887) mark a departure from earlier federal Indian policy? A. Itled to conflicts between new setlers and Indian tibesontheGreat Pins. @) B. Itmoved Indian tribes still onthe Great Plans to reservations farther west. : Itpermited indians to withdraw private plots from the tribal reservation. . Itencouraged the shooting of bufale herds from new railroad lines S026 rrr 9. Peoplein the American West had different points of view about how land should be used. Which ofthe fllowing does NOT show a conflict over land A. Fam Rance snes pater) tame Dat emer 10, Which would be the best tile for the chart below? Safety valve for unhappy workers Building ofthe and farmers in the Northeast transcontinental aloads e Discovery of gold and siverin DH Market for gran and cattle Colorado, Nevada, and the Dakotas [\ £7 inthe Northeast Advertising promised superior farming Passage ofthe Homestead Act

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