Science

Folio
Name: Ong Jie Ning
Class: 3Thomson
Teacher: Pn Pang Siet Moi
School: SMJK Chio Min

Objective
 To study the
contribution of petroleum
and natural gas

The characteristics and uses of the

various fractions of petroleum
Molecular
Name Characteristics Uses
formula
 For making roads
Black sticky semi solid, Damp proofing foundations of
C30H62- which is a mixture of buildings.
Asphalt hydrocarbons. Non volatile o Coating the underside of
C60H122
electric poles.
For making Vaseline
White semi solids
ointments, candles, wax paper,
C20H42- containing a mixture of
Paraffin wax match sticks, creams,
C30H62 hydrocarbons like wax,
cosmetics, etc.
grease, Vaseline.
Used as grease.
C17H36- A thick viscous liquid- a
Lubricating oil Used for lubricating machines.
C20H42 mixture of hydrocarbons.
Used to run heavy vehicles
like buses, trucks, tractors.
Mixture of hydrocarbons
C13H28- Used to run engines for lifting
Fuel oil with varying boiling
C15H22 water for fields.
points.
Used to run generators for
providing electricity.
Used as household fuels in
A mixture of hydrocarbons
C10H22- wick, pressure stoves.
Kerosene Oil having variable boiling
C12H26 Illuminant in lanterns,
points.
petromax lamps etc.
Used as fuel for light vehicles
Mixture of hydrocarbons like scooters, cars etc
C5H12-
Gasoline/petrol having variable boiling Used as a dry cleaning fluid.
C9H20
points. Used for petrol gas commonly
used in labs.
Petrol gas is liquefied under
pressure and marketed in steel
cylinders.
This is commonly called LPG
and used as a household fuel.
Mixture of hydrocarbons
CH4- Used in the manufacture of
Petroleum gas having boiling points
C4H10 petrol polymerization.
lower than 40 deg C.
o Cracked to form carbon-
used in tire industry and
hydrogen used in
manufacture of
nitrogenous fertilizers.
The contributions of petroleum and the
natural gas to the economic development
of the country
In this unit, we are going to learn about
natural fuel resources and its importance to
humans. At the end of this unit, we should be
able to answer the following questions

What are the natural fuel resources?

How are the natural fuel resources formed?
What is the fractional distillation of
petroleum?
What are the characteristics of the various
fractions from the distillation of
petroleum?
What are the uses of the various fractions
of petroleum?
What are the contributions of petroleum and
natural gas industry to the economic
development of our country?
What are the efficient ways of using
natural fuel resources?
The efficient ways of using petroleum and
other natural fuel resources
1. Behave yourself
Small changes in driver behavior can have big impacts on fuel economy. By breaking bad
habits like jackrabbit starts, speeding, aggressive driving, and carrying unnecessary
cargo, drivers can reduce fuel use by 10% to 20%. Check out the Driving
Behavior section on the AFDC to find tips for fleets and individual drivers.

2. Follow the leaders

Thousands of fleet managers, business owners, state and local officials, and other
transportation decision makers across the country have blazed the trail toward
petroleum-free transportation, so there's no need to reinvent the wheel. Before you
undertake an initiative of your own, find out how others have successfully deployed
alternative fuels, pushed the envelope on fuel economy, and achieved fleet efficiencies.
The AFDC features dozens of case studies, which you can search by geographic
location, fuel or technology type, or fleet type.

3. Explore the alternatives

When it comes to fueling your fleet, gasoline and diesel aren't the only options out
there. It's possible to achieve emissions reductions and/or cost savings by using
alternative fuels likepropane, natural gas, electricity, biodiesel,ethanol, and hydrogen.
Take a spin through the AFDC Fuels and Vehicles section to explore which might work
best for you. Building your familiarity with alternative fuels today is an important first
step in creating a solid plan for the future.

4. Connect with Clean Cities

If you're looking to leave petroleum in the rearview mirror, don't go it alone. The U.S.
Department of Energy's Clean Cities program has nearly 100 local coalitions of fleets,
fuel providers, businesses, utilities, and government agencies all dedicated to reducing
petroleum use in communities from Honolulu to Houston to Hartford. Tap into an
unbeatable source of transportation know-how and networking by connecting with
the Clean Cities coalition nearest you.

5. Avoid unnecessary idling.

Turn off your engine when you are stopped for more than 60 seconds, except when
in traffic. The average vehicle with a three-litre engine wastes 300 millilitresmore
than one cupof fuel for every 10 minutes it idles. For more information on idling
and how to avoid this wasteful habit, visit Natural Resources Canadas Idle-Free
Zone.

5.Measure tire pressure monthly.

Operating a vehicle with its tires underinflated by 8 psi (56 kPa) can reduce the life
of the tires by 10,000 kilometres and increase the vehicles fuel consumption by
four percent. You can find the recommended tire pressure for your vehicle on the
tire-information placardlocated on the edge of the drivers door or doorpostor in
your owners manual.

6.Avoid carrying unnecessary weight.

Remove items such as salt, sand and sports equipment from your vehicle before
setting out. The less weight in your vehicle, the less fuel your engine will needand
the fewer carbon dioxide emissions your vehicle will produce. Consider that the fuel
consumption of a mid-size car increases by about one percent for every 25 kilograms
of weight in the vehicle.

7.Remove roof or bicycle racks when not in use.

Use a removable roof or bicycle rack and install it only when needed. By avoiding the
extra bulk, youll streamline your vehicle and minimize aerodynamic dragthe air and
wind resistance your vehicle must overcome to accelerate and maintain a constant
speed. Depending on the shape of a vehicles roof rack and the items it carries,
aerodynamic drag can increase fuel consumption by as much as 20 percent on the
highway.

8.Use air conditioning sparingly.

Air conditioning can increase a vehicles fuel consumption by as much as 20 percent.
Try opening a window while driving in the city and use the vehicles flow-through
ventilation system with the windows up while on the highway. If air conditioning is a
luxury you simply dont want to give up, select the re-circulate option as opposed to
the fresh-air alternative to help minimize the impact of air conditioning on fuel
consumption.
9.Use a fuel-consumption display.
See the impact of the five fuel-efficient driving techniques firsthand with the help
of a fuel-consumption displaya feature now standard in many vehicles. (Some newer
vehicles come equipped with even more sophisticated displays that analyze speed
variations, shift points for manual transmissions, and driving behaviours such as
acceleration and braking times.) Calculate the amount of fuel you consume on trips and
challenge yourself to do better. Many drivers consume 15 percent less fuel by acting
on the feedback that fuel-consumption displays provide.

10.Don't sit idle

An idling vehicle gets 0 mpg. Yet drivers in the United States waste billions of gallons
of fuel every year by running their engines while going nowhere. Reducing idling time
has many benefits, including reductions in fuel use, fuel costs, emissions, noise, and
engine wear. See the AFDC's Idle Reduction section to find strategies for light-,
medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles.
 Conclusion
I have learnt that the
contributions of petroleum and
natural gas are very important
to our country

Reference source
https://sodiumfactor.wordpress.com/2012/10/
27/fractions-of-petroleum-and-their-uses/
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/feature_ten.html
http://spp.moe.edu.my/1/bpkcourseware/F3Sci
ence_7CD/F3Science_CD4/base.html
~The End~