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    Is 1199 (1959) - Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete

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    N GANESAMOORTHY
    This document provides an overview and summary of Indian Standard IS 1199-1959, which outlines methods for sampling and analyzing concrete. Some key points: 1. IS 1199-1959 establishes testing procedures that help control concrete quality and ensure strength and durability. Systematic testing of raw materials and fresh/hardened concrete is important for quality control. 2. The standard aims to provide simple, direct test methods. It covers sampling and analyzing concrete, as well as determining linear changes. Strength testing is covered separately in IS 516-1959. 3. The committee that developed the standard considered views from concrete experts, testing authorities, consumers, and technologists. It also drew from standards from other countries to

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    Is 1199 (1959) - Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete

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    N GANESAMOORTHY
    604 views49 pages
    This document provides an overview and summary of Indian Standard IS 1199-1959, which outlines methods for sampling and analyzing concrete. Some key points: 1. IS 1199-1959 establishes testing procedures that help control concrete quality and ensure strength and durability. Systematic testing of raw materials and fresh/hardened concrete is important for quality control. 2. The standard aims to provide simple, direct test methods. It covers sampling and analyzing concrete, as well as determining linear changes. Strength testing is covered separately in IS 516-1959. 3. The committee that developed the standard considered views from concrete experts, testing authorities, consumers, and technologists. It also drew from standards from other countries to

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    This document provides an overview and summary of Indian Standard IS 1199-1959, which outlines methods for sampling and analyzing concrete. Some key points: 1. IS 1199-1959 establishes testing procedures that help control concrete quality and ensure strength and durability. Systematic testing of raw materials and fresh/hardened concrete is important for quality control. 2. The standard aims to provide simple, direct test methods. It covers sampling and analyzing concrete, as well as determining linear changes. Strength testing is covered separately in IS 516-1959. 3. The committee that developed the standard considered views from concrete experts, testing authorities, consumers, and technologists. It also drew from standards from other countries to

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    604 views49 pages

    Is 1199 (1959) - Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete

    Uploaded by

    N GANESAMOORTHY
    This document provides an overview and summary of Indian Standard IS 1199-1959, which outlines methods for sampling and analyzing concrete. Some key points: 1. IS 1199-1959 establishes testing procedures that help control concrete quality and ensure strength and durability. Systematic testing of raw materials and fresh/hardened concrete is important for quality control. 2. The standard aims to provide simple, direct test methods. It covers sampling and analyzing concrete, as well as determining linear changes. Strength testing is covered separately in IS 516-1959. 3. The committee that developed the standard considered views from concrete experts, testing authorities, consumers, and technologists. It also drew from standards from other countries to

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    of 49

    Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

    Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
    information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
    in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
    and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
    to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
    education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
    timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

    1 +, 1 + 01 ' 5
    Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
    The Right to Information, The Right to Live Step Out From the Old to the New

    IS 1199 (1959): Methods of sampling and analysis of


    concrete [CED 2: Cement and Concrete]

    ! $ ' +-
    Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
    Invent a New India Using Knowledge

    ! > 0 B


    BharthariNtiatakam
    Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen
    IS : 1199- 1959
    (( Reaffirmed
    Reaffirmed 2004
    IS91 1)

    Indian Standard
    METHODS OF SAMPLING AND
    ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE
    ( Eleventh Reprint NOVEMBER 1991 )

    UDC 66697 : 62011

    0 Copyrfght 1959

    BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


    MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARO
    NEW DELHI 110002

    Gr 9 December 1959
    Indian Standard
    METHODS OF SAMPLING AND
    ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE

    Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, BDC 2

    Chainnan
    SHRI E. A. NADIRSHAH The Concrete Association of India, Bombay; wtd
    The Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutb

    Members
    SXRI BALEUWAR NATH Central Board of Irrigation & Power (Ministry of
    Irrigation 4%Power )
    Smu N. H. BHAOWANANI Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters
    SHRI N. D. DAPTARY Bombay State Road Transport Corporation, Bombay
    SHRI P. L. Drs Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals
    ( Ministfy ?f Works, Housing &.Supply )
    DIRECTOR Cent;rarfe;ldmg Research Instttute ( CSIR),

    SHRI C. H. KHADILKAR ( ALtcmute )


    SHRI C. L. HANDA Directorate of Designs, Bhakra Dam, New D&i
    SHRI P. S. BHATNAOAR( A&mats )
    DR R, R. HA~ANOADI The Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Bombay
    SRRZ V. N. PN (Alternate)
    Sm p. C. HAZRA Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
    DR R. C. HOON Ccnkal Water & Power Commission ( Ministry of
    Irrigation h Power)
    SHRI GEOROE O~MWN (A&emote) .
    SHRI S. B. Jom S. B. Joshi & Co, Bombay
    SHRI S. R. MEHRA Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New D&i
    SHRI S. N. MUKERJI Government Test House, Calcut_ta
    SHRI K. K. CW-IIWJeE ( Altemu~ )
    SWRIE. P. NC~OI+AIDE~ Gammon India Ltd, Bombay; md Indian Roads
    Congress, New Delhi
    REPRESBVATIVE Martin Burn Ltd, Calcutta
    SHRIJ. M. RIJHWANI Central Public Works Department
    SHRI M. S. BIiAnA ( Altmate )
    SHRI NIHAR OIANDRA ROY Dahnia Cement ( Bharat ) Ltd, Calcutta
    SHRI A. K. CHAKRAVARTJ(Al&mate )
    SHRI SARIJPSIhCIi National Buildings Organisation ( Ministry of Works,
    Housing & Supply )
    DEPUIY DIRECIQR (MATE-
    RIAL ) ( Alternate )

    ( Continuedon pag# 2 )
    I
    BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
    MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
    NEW DELHI 110002
    P

    Roads Wq, Midry of Truyport & Commtmica-


    tiom
    Swlr .M.Tmw(&-)
    SHRIK. k SGoD Research, Design & Stmhrdizatiou Orgahation
    ( Ministry of Railwaya )
    smus.s.vA1LuA(Alhfl)otc)
    I)rLUc.vsRMAN (U?) Director, BIS
    s&r#tar_v
    Sls$u c. s. CssAND-~ Deputy Director ( 81dg ), BiS

    Concrete Subcommittee, BhZ 2 : 2

    Cmvmr
    SRU S. B. Jostr S. B. Josbi & Co, Bombay

    Mstnbm
    sramK. F. ANTIA The Associated Cement Companies Ltd. Bombay
    S~nr N. H. BHAGWANANI Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquartas
    SHIU M. s. BHATIA Central Public Worka Department
    SW T: S. VEDAGlIu ( dffcfIkat-9
    )
    DZRZCTOR Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad
    h$sRP.Cc.H~NB^ Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
    . . Central Water & Power Commission ( Miuhtry of
    Ilvigatiog h Power )
    &mt C. L. N. LY&NGAR The Concrete Association of India, Bombay
    Strru S. V. NATU Public Works Department, Bombay
    SH~UC. C: PATBL ( Allmrofc)
    SB&EEiP.~o~L-~ Gammon Eudia Ltd. Bombay
    . . Central. W_ater & Powyr Commission ( Miuistry of
    NatfxUr+i pL Power,
    Stim SUP SXNGH Bmldmga Orgauisation ( Miuistry of Works,
    HousinR & SUDPIY1
    SIUUK.R~AVARX~(A~~~~~~~)
    &mlH.P.SlNnA Roads Wing, Ministry of Transport & Commtica-
    tiOlU
    BornrK. c.SOoD Research, Dcsigu & Stamhrdhtiou Organization
    (MiDhryofRailw8ys)

    2
    Es-81199- 19s9

    Indfan Standard
    METHODS OF SAMPLING AND
    ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE

    0. FOREWORD
    0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institu-
    tion on 10 November 1,959, after the draft finalized by tht Cement and
    Foz;e Sectional Commtttee had been approved by the B&ding Division
    .
    0.2 Testing plays an important role in controlling the quality of cement
    concrete work. Systematic testing of the raw materials for concrete as
    also, the concrete, both while it is fresh and after it has hardened, is an
    inseparable part of any quality control programme for concrete. It helps
    to achieve higher efficiency of the materials used and greater assurance of
    the performance of the concrete in regard to both strength and durability.
    The test methods used should be simple, direct and convenient in their
    application. This standard has been prepared with this object in view
    and provides a guide to the sampling, analysis, and determination of linear
    changes of concrete. Strength tests for concrete have been covered
    separately in IS : 516-1959 Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete.
    0.3 The Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation of this stand-
    ard has taken into consideration the views of concrete specialists, testing
    authorities, consumers and technologists and has related the standard to
    the practices followed in the country in this field. The need for inter-
    national co-ordination between standards prevailing in different countries
    of the world has also been recognized. These considerations led the
    Sectional Committee to derive assistance from the published standards and
    publications of the following organizations:
    BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION
    AMERICANSOCIETYFORTESTINGAND MATERIALS
    AMERICANCONCRETEINSTITUTE
    CANADIANENGINEERING.
    STANDARDSASSOCLWON
    RESEARCH, DESIGN & STANDARDIZATIONORGANIZATION, MINISTRY
    OF RAILWAYS, GOVERNMENTOF INDIA
    THE CONCRETEA~~OCXATION
    OF INDIA

    0.4 The Indian Standard Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete


    (IS: 516-1959 ) is a necessary adjunct to this standard. Besides, this

    3
    IS : 1199- 1959

    standard requires reference to the following Indian Standards:


    *IS : 269-1958 SPECIFICATION
    FOK ORDINARY, RAPID-HARDENINGAND
    Low HEAT PORTLANDCEMENT ( Revised)
    ttlS : 383-1952
    SPECIFICATIONFOR COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATU
    FROMNATURAL SOURCESFOR CONCRETE
    $IS : 460-1953 SPECIFICATION
    FORTEST SIEVES

    0.4.1 Wherever a reference to any standard mentioned under 0.4, except


    JS : 460-1953, appears in this standard, it shall be taken as a reference to
    the latest version of the standard.

    0.5 In pursuance of the decision of the Government of India to introduce


    a uniform system of weights and measures throughout the country based
    on the metric system, in this standard all dimensions and values have
    been given in metric units only. It is hoped that this step will facilitate
    the change-over to the metric system by the industry more expeditiously.

    0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this


    standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-
    ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
    ;IS : 2-1949 Rules for Rounding Off Numerical Values. The number of
    significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as
    that of the specified value in this standard.

    0.7 This standard is intended chiefly to cover the technical provisions


    relatiDg to sampling and analysis of concrete, and it does not include all
    the fiecessary, provisions of a contract.

    1. SCOPE

    1.1 This standard covers the methods of taking samples of concrete and
    their analysis.

    2. TERMINOLOGY

    2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the foilowing definitions shall apply.

    2.1 Absorption (Air-Dry Basis ) - The percentage of water absorbed


    by an air-dried aggregate when immersed in water at 27C for a period
    of 24 hours.

    2.2 Absorption ( Saturated Surface-Dry Basis ) - The percentage


    of water absorbed by an aggregate when immersed in water at 27C
    *Thirdrevir~onm 1976.
    *Secondrevhiooin 1970.
    fSincerevkd. 4
    IS:1199-1959

    for 24 hours, the aggregate being previously dried in an oven at I05 to


    110C to constant weight.

    2.3 Admixture -A material other than water, aggregates and portland


    cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to it immediately
    before or during its mixing.

    2.4 Air-Entrained Concrete -Concrete Containing a small volume of


    air deliberately rntrained in the form of minute discrete air voids by the
    addition of an a&entraining agent.

    2.3 Apparent Specific Gravity-The weight of the oven-dry aggre-


    gate divided by its absolute volume excluding the natural voids in the
    aggregate particles.

    2.6 Bulk Speei$c Gravity ( Oven-Dry Basib )-The weight of the


    aggregate dried to constant weight in an oven at 100C divided by its
    absolute volume including the natural voids in the aggregate particles.

    2.7 Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated Surface-Dry Basis ) - The


    weight of the saturated surface-dry aggregate divided by its absolute
    volume including the natural voids in the aggregate particles.

    2.8 Concrete -A mixture of cement, water and inert aggregates with or


    without admixtures.

    2.9 Concrete Mix -A mixture of cement, water and inert aggregates


    which is freshly mixed during a period of two hours from the time of addi-
    tion of water to the solid ingredients.

    2.10 Constant Length- The stage when the difference between two
    consecutive readings taken of the dimensions of a specimen is less than a
    specified value. In the case of a 15 cm specimen, this value shall be
    W5 mm and for larger specimens proportionately greater.

    2.11 Drying Shrinkage -The difference between the length of a spe&


    men cut from a concrete which has been matured and subsequently
    saturated, and its length when dried to constant length.

    2.12 Drying Shrinkage, Initial- The difference between the length of


    a specimen mouldtd and cured under specified conditions and its length
    when dried to constant length.

    2.13 Moisture Mo&eat -- The difference between the length of a


    specimen when dried to constant length and its length when subsequently
    saturated.

    2.14 Saturated Surf~cc-Dry Weight-The weight of aggregate whose


    component pieces are saturated with water but contain no free surface
    moisture.

    ,,,._
    :, .

    ;.

    p-
    2.15 smchce Mobtwe -The moisture contained in the aggregate in
    excess of that contained in the natural voids of the aggregate.
    2.16 Water Cement R&O - The fatio of the weight ofwater in a eon-
    crete n&achGve of the water absorbed by aggregates to the weight of
    cement.
    2.17 Workability -_c property of concrete which deteimines the
    amount of useful internal work necessary to produce complete compaction.

    3. SAMPLING OF FRESH CONCRETE IN THE PIELD

    3.1 This method specifies the procedure to be followed in the field for
    obtaining representative samples of fresh concrete directly Coti the mixer
    or from concrete at the time and place of depositipn.
    3.2 Sample - The composite sample shall be truly representative of the
    batch and shall be not less than CO2 ma in volume. It shall be composed
    of a mixture of portions taken Corn d&rent points in the batch. When
    continuous mixers~ are used, batch shall be regarded as the discharge
    * from the mixture during one minute.

    4.3 Procednfe
    3.3.1 From Mixers -At least three approximately equal sample incre_
    ments totalling 0.02 ms shall be taken Corn a batch during its discharge
    and each sample increment shall be collected l$ passing a clean and
    dry receptacle across the stream d concrete. This receptacle shall be con-
    structed of non-absorbent material, preferably of metal and shall be such
    that the sample retained is not segregated. A fiat surface without retain-
    ing sides will not fulfil this purpose. Where three sample increments are
    taken they shall be taken at about the time when one-quarter, one-halfand
    three-quarters of the concrete have been discharged from the mixer and if
    more than three are taken they shall be at correspondingly shorter, but
    equally spaced, intervals.
    3.3.2 From Concrete at k %ne and Place of Deposition-The sample
    shall be taken while a batch of concrete is being, or immediately after it
    has been, discharged on the site. The sample shall be collected from not
    less than five weli-distributed positions, avoiding the edge of the mass
    where segregation may have occurred.
    3.4 Mixing the Composite Sample - The composite sample obtained
    by either of the methods described above, shall be mixed on a non-absor-
    bent base either with a shovel or by other-suitable implement in such a
    manner as to ensure uniformity. The sample thus obtained shall be used
    immediatciy for the purpose of carrying out the tats. Care ~hd be taken
    to protect the sample from the weather.

    6
    -.
    lS:l138-1330

    36 aaeerdty op - The following. information regwling the


    sunplesshallberecord YP :
    a) date and time of sampling,
    b) method of sampling used,
    c) mix proportions (proportion of ingredienta including water,
    admixtures, etc )
    d) mixture Corn which delivered ( if more than one is used ),
    e) the location of the sampled batch after placing, and
    f) temperature and weather conditions.

    4. SEGURING AND IREPARING TBBT SPECIMENS


    FROM HARDENED CONCRETE
    4.1 Precautions -The clause specifies the procedure for securing and
    preparing test specimens from hardened concrete in structures and
    pavements. A specimen to be tested for strength shall not be removed
    from the structure until the ctmcrete has become hard enough to permit
    its removal without disturbing the bond between the mortar and the
    coarse aggregate. Normally, the concrete shall be 14 days old before the
    specimens are removed. Specimens that show abnormal defects or that
    have been damaged in removal shall not be used.
    4.2 Apparatas
    4.2.1 DA%- A core drill shall be used for securing cylindrical core
    specimens. For specimens taken perpendicular to the horizontal surface, a
    short drill is satisfactory. For inclined holes, a diamond drill is satisfactory.
    42.2 Saw - A saw shall be used for securing beam specimens from the
    structure or pavement *for flexural strength tests. The saw shali have a
    diamond or silicon carbide cutting edge and shall have adjustments that
    permit of cutting specimens conforming to the dimensions specified
    in 4.3.2.
    4.3 Test specimcas
    4.3.1 Car S~b~iztens - A core specimen for the determination of pave-
    ment thickness shall have a diameter of at least 10 cm. A core specimen
    for the determination of compressive strength shall have a diameter at least
    three times the maximum nominal size of the coarse aggregate used in the
    concrete, and in no case shall the diameter of the specimen be less than
    twice the maximum nominal size of the coarse aggregate. The length of
    the specimen, when capped, shall be as nearly as practicable twice its
    diimeter.
    4.32 Beam 2+wimen- The beam specimen for the determination of
    flexural strength shall normally have a cross-section of 15 x 15 cm and shall
    be at least 70 cm in length.
    NOTB - In manycam particularlywithprismscut from pavementslahr,fpe width
    &zed by the size of the coprse aggregateand the depth by the tbtcbacuof

    7
    -Is 11199- 1959
    4.4 Procedure
    4.4.1 CoreDrilling - A core specimen taken perpendicular to a hori-
    zontal surface shall be located, when possible, with its axis perpendicular
    to the bed of the concrete as originally placed. Aispecimen taken per-
    pendicular to a vertical St&ace, or perpendicular to a surface with a batter,
    shall be taken from near the middle of a unit of deposit.
    4.4.2 Slab Removal-A sufficiently large slab shall be removed so that
    the desired test specimens may be secured without the inclusion of any
    concrete which has been cracked, spalled, undercut, or otherwise
    damaged.
    4.4.3 Beam Sawing - The sawing operation shall .be so performed that
    the concrete will not be weakened by shock or by heating. The sawn
    surfaces shall be smooth, plane, parallel and shall be free from steps, ridges
    and grooves. Care shall be taken in handling the sawn beam specimens to
    avoid chipping or cracking.
    4.5 Measarement of Drilled Core Specimens
    4.5.1 Mean Diametcr- The mean diameter shall be determined to the
    nearest millimetre from three pairs of measurements. The two measure-
    ments in each pair shall be taken at right angles to each other, one pair
    being taken at the middle of the core and the other pairs at the quarter
    points of the depth. The mean of the six readings shall be taken as the
    diameter.
    45.2 Height - The height of the core shall be determined by measuring
    the maximum and minimum heights, which shall be reported to the
    nearest millimetre.
    4.5.3 Position of Reinforccmmt - The positions of any remforcement shall
    be determined by measuring to the nearest millimetre from the centre of
    the exposed bars to the top of the core. The diameter and, if possible, the
    spacing of the bars shall be recorded, and also the minimum top and
    bottom cover.
    5. TESTS FOR WoRKARlLm
    5.1 Slump Test
    5.1.1 This method of test specifies the procedure to be adopted, either in
    the laboratory or during the progress of work in the field, for determining,
    by the slump test, the consistency of concrete where the nominal maximum
    size of the aggregate does not exceed 38 mm.
    5.1.2 Ajparatus
    a) Mould - The mould for the test specimen shall be in the form of
    the frustum of a cone having the following internal dimensions:
    Dimensions
    Bottom diameter
    Top diameter
    Height
    Isr1199-1999
    The mould shall be constructed of metal ( brass or aluminiurrr
    shall not be used ) of at least l-6 mm ( or 16 BG ) thickness and the
    top and bottom shall be open and at right angles to the axis of the
    cone. The mould shall have a smooth internal surface. It shall be
    provided with suitable foot pieces and also handles to facilitate lifting
    it from the moulded concrete test specimen in a vertical direction as
    required by the test. A mould provided with a suitable guide
    attachment may be used. A typical mould without the guide is
    shown in Fig. 1.
    b) Tur@ing rod - The tamping rod shall be of steel or other suitable
    material, 16 mm in diameter, O-6 m long and rc urded at one end.

    I I

    I-20 DIA_(

    NOTE- To facilitate the Wing of the mould in a vertical direction, it is recom-


    mended that suitable guide attachments be provided. Any rivets used in the
    construction of the mould shall be countersunk flush on the inside of the cone.
    Attachments should preferably be welded to the mould.

    All dimensions in centimetrcs.

    FIG. 1 TYPICAL MOULD FOR SLUMP TEST

    9
    3.1.3 Samjling - Ifthis test is being carried out in the field, the sample
    of freshly mixed concrete shall be obtained as described in 3. In tb
    case of concrete containing aggregate of maximum size more than 38 mm,
    the concrete shall be wet-sieved through 14 in screen to exclude aggregati
    particles bigger thaq 78 mm.

    5 .l A Procedure -The internal surface of the mould shall be thoroughly


    cleaned and freed from superfluous moisture and any set concrete before
    commencing the test. The mould shall be placed on a smooth, horizontal,
    rigid and non-absorbent surface, such as a carefully levelled metal plate,
    the mould being firmly held in place while it is being filled. The niould
    shall be filled in four layers, each approximately one-q6arter of the height
    of the mould. Each layer shall be tamped with twenty-five strokes of the
    rounded end of the tamping rod. The strokes shall be distributed in a
    uniform manner over the cross-section of the mould and for the second
    and subsequent layers shall penetrate in@ the underlying layer. The
    bottom layer shall be tamped throughout its depth. After the top layer
    has been rodded, the concrete shall be struck off level with a trowel or the
    tamping rod, so that the mould is exact19 filled. Any mortar which may
    have leaked out between the mould and the base plate shall be cleaned
    away. The mould shall be removed from the concrete immediately by
    raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical direction. This allows the
    concrete to subside and the slump shall be measured immediately by
    ddtermining the difference between the height of the mould and that of
    the highest point of the specimen being tested. The above operations
    shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shock, and within a
    ljeriod of two minutes after sampling.

    5.1.5 Shm@ - The slump measured shall be recorded in terms of milli-


    lnetres of subsidence of the specimen during the test. Any slump speci-
    men which collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect result and if this
    occurs the test shall be repeated with another sample. If, in the repeat
    test also, the specimen should shear, the slump.shall be measured and the
    fact that the specimen sheared, shall be recorded.
    NOTE-Some indication of the cohesiveness and workability of the mix can be
    obtained, if after the slump measurement has been completed, the side of the concrete
    is tapped gently with the tamping rod; a well-proportioned concrete which has an
    appreciable slump will gradually slump fmther, but if the mix has been badly
    proportioned, it is likely to fall apart.

    55 Compacting Factor Test


    3.2.1 This clause specifies a procedure for determining the workability
    of concrete, where the nominal maximum size of the aggregate does not
    exceed 38 mm. The test is designed primarily for use in the laboratory,
    but if circumstances permit, it may also be used i4 the field. It is more
    precise and sensitive than the slump test and is particularly useful for

    10

    .
    -.

    concrete mixes of very low workability as are normally used &hen con-
    crete ia to be compacted by vibration; such concrete may consistently f&i1
    to slump.
    525 A##amtus - A diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 2. It
    shall consist of the two conical hoppvs ( A and B ) mounted above a
    cyrmdrical mould (C).

    VIEW OF TRAP-DOOR
    PART W OPEN

    CYLINOER
    CLAMP
    EACH SIDE

    FIG. 2 COMPACTZNG
    FACTOR APPhRATus

    11
    5.2.2.1 The essential dimensions of the hoppers and mould and
    distances between them shall be as shown in Table I. The hopper an
    cylinder shall be of rigid construction, true to shape and smooth inside.
    They shall preferably be made of cast brass or bronze, but stout sheet brass
    or steel may also be considered satisfactory provided the inside surfaces
    of the joints are smooth and flush. The lower ends of the hoppers shall
    be closed with tightly fitting hinged trap-doors having quick release catches.
    Metal plate 3 mm thick is suitable for the doors. The frame in which the
    hoppers and cylinder are mounted shall be of rigid construction and shall
    firmly locate them in the relative positions indicated in Table I. The
    cylinder and hoppers shall be easily detachable from the frame. The
    apparatus shall also include two ordinary bricklavers trowels, one hand
    scoop about 15.2 cm long, a rod of steel or other suitable materral of l-6 cm
    diameter, 61 cm long rounded at one end, and scales ( or a balance ) to
    weigh up to 30 kg, to the nearest 10 g.
    5.2.3 Samgling - If thii test is carried out in the field, the sample of
    rreshly mixed concrete shall be obtained by the method specified under 3.
    In the case of concrete containing aggregate of maximum size more than
    38 mm, the concrete shall be wet;sieved through 1) in screen to exclude
    aggregate particles bigger than 38 mm.

    TABLE I ESSENTUL DIMENSIONS OF THE GOMPACTING FACTOR


    APPARATUS FOR USE WITH AGGREGATE NOT EXCEEDING 38 mm
    NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE
    ( Ckwse 5.2.2.1 )

    DETAIL ( stw FIG. 2 ) DIMENSXUN


    an

    Upper hopper, A
    Top internal diameter 25.4
    Bottom internal diameter 12.7
    Internal height 27.9

    Lower hopper, B
    Top internal diameter 22.9
    Bottom internal diameter 12-7
    Internal height 22.9

    Cylinder, C
    Internal diameter 15.2
    Internal height 30.5
    Distance between bottom of upper hopper and 20.3
    top of lower hopper
    Distance between bottom of lower hopper and 20.3
    top of cylinder

    12
    IS; 1199-1959

    5.2.4 Prcwzeakre- I%C sample of concrete TV be tested shall be placed i


    gently in the upper hopper, using the hand sccmp. The hopper shall be
    filled level with its brim and the trap-door shall be opened so that the
    concrete falls into the lower hopper.. Certain mixes have a tendency to
    stick in one or both of the hoppers. If this occurs, the concrete may be
    helped through by pushing the rod gently into the concrete from the top.
    &ring this process, the cylinder shall be covered by the trowels. Im-
    mediately after the concrete has come to rest, the cylinder shall be un-
    covered, the trap-door of the lower hopper opened, and the concrete
    allowed to fall into the cylinder. The excess of concrete remaining above
    the level of the top of the cylinder shall then be cut off by holding a trowel
    in each hand, with the plane of the blades horizontal, and nicving them
    simultaneously one from each side across the top of the cylinder, at the
    same time keeping them pressed on the top edge of the cylinder. The
    outside of the cylinder shall then be wiped clean. The above operation
    shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shock. The weight
    of the concrete in the cylinder shall then be determined to the nearest
    10 g. This weight shall be known as c the weight of partially compacted
    concrete . The cylinder shall be refilled with concrete .from the same
    sample in layers approximately 5 cm deep, the layers being heavily
    rammed or preferably vibrated so as to obtain full compaction. The top
    surface of the fully compacted concrete shall be carefully struck off level
    with the top of the cylinder. The outside of the cylinder shall then be
    wiped clean.
    Ncue - The test is sufficiently sensitive to enable differences in workability at&&
    from the initial processes in the hydration of the cement to bc measured. Each tat,
    therefore, should be carried out at a constant time interval after the mixing is completed
    if strictly co&parable results are to be ,obtaincd. A convenient time for releasing &
    concrete from the upper hopper has been found to be 2 minutes after the completion
    of mixing.

    5.2.5 Calculation - The compacting factor is defined as the ratio of the


    weight of partially compacted concrete to the weight of fully compacted
    concrete. It shall normally be stated to the nearest second decimal
    place.

    5.3 Flow of Cement Concreteby the Use of the Flow Table

    5.3.1 This method of test specifies the procedure for the use of the flow
    table to delcrmine the fluidity of concrete, where the nominal size of the
    aggregate does not exceed 38 mm.
    5.35 Agjaratus
    a) Mould - The mould shall be made of a smooth metal casting, as
    shown in Fig. 3 in the form of the frustum of a cone with the
    following internal dimensions. A base 25 cm in diameter, upper
    surface 17 cm in diameter, and height 12 cm; the base and the

    13
    lS;1199-1959

    top shall be open md at right angles to the axia of the cone.


    The mould shall be provided with handles.

    W Flop @h-Flow table shall co&ormtothedaignrhowd~.


    Fig.4and~bemountcdonand~t~toaconaetcbare
    havings height of40 to 5Ocmandweighingnotkrrthan
    140 kg.

    5335 Sampring - Samples for test shall be obtained by th;e nxfex+


    specified under 3. In the case of concrete containing aggr
    mum size more than 38 mm, the concrete shall be wet-siev za through Ii
    in scrken to exclude aggregate particles bigger than 38 mm. They shall
    be transported to the place of moulding of the specimen, and to counteract
    segregation, the concrete shall be mixed with a shovel until it is.uniform
    in appearance.

    SECTION AA
    All dimensions cqntimetres.

    Fro. 3 MOULD FOR FLOW TZ#T

    14
    ,b*O

    DETAIL OF CAM PLUNGER

    LLOCATION
    OF "ANOLB
    Al TM TIME OF OROP

    All dimensions In centimetres.

    Fxo. 4 FLOW TABLE APPARATUS

    5.3.4 Procedure- Immediately preceding the test, the table top, and
    inside of the motild shall be wetted and cleaned of all gritty material and
    the excess water removed with a rubber squeezer. The mould, centred
    on the table, shall be firmly held in place and filled in two layers, each
    approximately one-half the volume of the mould. Each layer shall be
    rodded with 25 strokes of a straight round metal rod 1.6 cm in dia-
    meter and 61 cm long, rounded at the lower tamping end. The strokes
    shall be distributed in a uniform manner over, the cross-section of the
    mould and shall penetrate into the underlying layer. The bottom layer
    shall be rodded throughout its depth. After the top layer has been roddd,

    15

    .x
    Is 8 1199 - 1959

    the surface of the concrete shall be struck off with a trowel so that the mould
    is exactly filled. The excess concrete which has overflowed the mould shall
    be removed and the area of the table outside the mould again cleaned.
    The mould shall be immediately removed from the concrete by a steady
    upward pull. The table shall then be raised and dropped 12.5 mm, 15
    times in about 15 seconds. The diameter of the spread concrete shall
    be the average of six symmetrically distributed caliper measurements read
    to the nearest 5 mm.
    5.3.5 Recoding -The flow of the concrete shall be recorded as the
    percentage increase in diameter of the spread concrete over the base dia-
    meter of the moulded concrete, calculated from the following formula:
    spread diameter in cm - 25
    Flow, percent = x 100
    2.5

    5.4 Determination of Consistency of Concrete by Vee-Bee Consisto-


    meter Method
    5.4.1 This clause deals with the determination of consistency of concrete
    using a Vee-Bee Consistometer, which determines the time required for
    transforming, by vibration, a concrete specimen in the shape of a conical
    frustum into a cylinder.
    5.4.2 A@aratus - The Be-Bee Consistometer ( see Fig. 5 ) consistsof:
    a) A vibrator table resting upon elastic supports,
    b) A metal pot, \
    c) A sheet metal cone, open at both ends, and
    d) A standard iron rod.
    5.4.2.1 The vibrator table (C) is 380 mm long and 260 mm wide
    and is supported on rubber shock absorbers at a height of about 305 mm
    above floor level. The table is mounted on a base (K) which rests on
    three rubber feet and is equipped with an electrically operated vibrometer
    mounted under it, operating on either 65 or 220 volts three phase,
    50 cycles alternating current. A sheet metal cone (B) open at both ends
    is placed in the metal pot (A) and the metal pot is fixed on to the
    vibrator table by means of two wing-nuts (I-I). The sheet metal cone is
    30 cm high and its bottom diameter is 20 cm and top diameter 10 cm. A
    swivel arm holder (M) is fixed to the base and, into this is telescoped
    another swivel arm (N) with funnel (D) and guide-sleeve (E). The
    swivel arm can be readily detached from the vibrator table. The graduated
    rod (-7) is fixed on to the swivel arm and at the end of the graduated
    arm 8. glass disc (C) is screwed. The division of the scale on the rod
    records the slump bf the concrete cone in centimetres and the volume
    of concrete after vibration of the cone in the pot. The standard iron
    rod is 20 mm in .diameter and 500 mm in length. The electrical

    16
    FIG. 5 VEE-BEE CO~SISTOMETER.TYPE VBR

    rod is 20 mm in diameter and 500 mm in ,length. The electrical equip-


    ment mounted on the base of the consistometer consists of a fixed plug
    and connector for the electric supply cable, plug and socket contacts for
    the detachable cable connected to the vibrometer and a control switch. ,
    A photograph of the apparatus under operation is given in Fig. 6.
    5.4.3 Procedure -A slump test as described under 5.1 shall be per-
    formed in the sheet metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer. The glass
    disc ( C ) attached to the swivel arm shall be moved and placed just on
    the top of the slump cone fn the pot and before the cone is lifted up, the
    position of the concrete cone shall be noted by adjusting the glass disc
    attached to the swivel arm. The cone shall then be lifted up and the
    slump noted on the graduated rod by lowering the glass disc on top of the
    concrete cone. The electrical vibrator shah then be switched on and the
    concrete shall be allowed to spread out in the pot. The vibration shah
    then be continued until the whole concrete surface uniformly adheres

    17
    IIC. 6 .\'a~-BEE COSSISTOMETEW

    to the glass disc as indicated in Fig. 6, and the time taken for this to be
    attained shall be rioted with a stop watch. The time is recorded in seconds.
    5.4.4 Resrclt -The consistency of the concrete shall be expressed in P :,$
    W-degrees which tie equal to the,time in seconds recorded in 5.4.3. 1
    * *, I
    , $$. .:
    L
    18
    5.4.4.1The required slump I obtained on the basis of the consiateny
    scale given in Table II. The curve in Fig. 7 indicati the relationshrp
    between slumo in cm and the degrees covered by the consistency scak
    given in Table II.

    16

    14

    I2

    IO

    5 8
    3

    4 6
    3
    sf
    4

    VEE-BEE DEGREES
    Fm. 7 RELATION BETWEEN SLUMP IN cm AND VEE-BEE DEOREES.

    19
    !_
    TABLE IE C6NSLSTENCY SCALE

    ( clwrsr 5.4.4.1. and Fig. 7 )

    CONStSTENOY NUMESER
    OF VEE- cNARAarRRmlQl
    BEE DEGRE~LS

    Moist earth 40 to 25-20 Particlcd of eoane aggregate in the concrete arc


    adhesive, but concrete does not clot. Risk of
    scgregatton.

    Very dry 20 to 15-10 Concrete has the consistency of very stiff por-
    ridge, forms a stiff mound when dumped,
    and barely tends to shake or roll itself to form
    an almost horizontal surface when conveyed
    for a long time in, say, a wheel-barrow.

    10 to 7-5 Concrete has the consistency of stiff porridge,


    forms a mound when dumped, and shakes or
    rolls itself to form a horizontal surface when
    conveyed for a long time in, say, a whccl-
    barrow.

    Plastic 5to4-3 Concrete can be shaped into a ball between the


    palms of the hands, and adhcrcs to the skin.

    Semi-fluid 3 to 2-l Concrete cannot bc rolled into a ball between


    the palms of the hands, but s reads out even
    though slowly and without P ccting the cohe-
    sion of the constituents so that segregation
    does not occur.

    Fluid More fluid than 1 Concrete spreads out rapidly and segregation
    takes place.

    6. ANALYSIS OF FRESHLY - CONCRETE

    6.1 This method of analysis deals with the procedure for determinating
    the proportions of the constituents of freshly mixed concrete where the
    nominal size of the largest aggregate does not exceed 38 mm.
    6.1 .I General Procedure - A sample of the concrete mix shall be taken
    and the analysis commenced within five minutes of the time of discharge
    of the concrete mix from the mixer or agitator. If this is not possible,
    the sample shall be placed in an air-tight container within five minutes
    of discharge and stored until the commencement of the analysis which
    shall be within a period of two hours from the addition of the water to
    the solid ingredients. Samples of the coarse and fine aggregates from
    the consignments used for the making of the concrete shall also be taken.
    Before the analysis of the concrete is carri$d out, the samples of the aggre-
    gates shall be tested for specific gravity, water absorption and proportion
    passing the appropriate sieves. If, .however, the aggregates are obtained

    20
    Is t 1199- 1959

    from one source and the variations in the specific. gravity do not exceed
    rf: O-003, for the purpose of routine control the tests on the aggregates shall
    be made at agreed intervals. .
    6.2 Apparatus - The following apparatus, one form of which $ shown
    in Fig. 8, shall be used:
    a) A semi-automatic balance capable of weighing up to 5 kg to an
    accuracy of 05 g. The balance shall be provided with a
    COUNTERPOISE FOR
    WElGHlNG IN AIR

    SUISID;;;; WAlER EX7RA COUNTERPOISE FOR


    -Y WEIGHING IN WITCR

    Skq SEMI -AUTOMATIC


    FLEXISLE
    BALANCE READING
    CONNECTION TO 059

    BAFFLE PLATE

    4%
    SAMPLE BUCKE

    . &AIN WATER TANK

    PLAN OF SPIDER

    E SPRAY FOR WASHING

    MSE lb SUPPORT
    SAMPLE BRACKET

    NESTED SIEVES FUNNEL FOR TRANSFER


    OF MATERIAL
    All dimensions in centimetrcs.
    Fro. 8 APPARATUSFOR THE ANALYSISOF FRESH CONCRETE

    21

    .
    l:1199-1959
    counterpoise toobtain equilibrium when an empty bucket is being
    weighed in air. A second counterpoise shall be provided to
    secure approximate equilibrium when an empty bucket is being
    weighed whilst immersed in water. If the sample is to be weighed
    in air and covered with water at the site before transport to a
    laboratory for analysis, a balance capable of weighing up to 5 kg
    to an accuracy of 1 g shall be available at the site.
    b) At least eight bucket-shaped containers made of corrosion resisting
    metal, each 20 cm in diameter at the top and 18 cm deep, and
    having sloping sides and a rounded bottom ( to prevent the trap-
    ping of air when it is immersed ). The containers shall all be
    of the same weight in air and each shall be clearly marked with
    the necessary correction figure to allow for the difference between
    its loss in weight when immersed in water and the weight of the
    second counterpoise.
    cl A tank approximately 28 cm in diameter and approximately 30 cm
    deep. Thii shall have an overflow spout in such a position that
    the rim of a bucket hung from the balance is completely immersed
    when the tank is full. The tank shall be connected by a 6.5 mm
    dia tap and flexible pipe to a subsidiary tank. This connection
    shall be such that, when the tap is open and the subsidiary tank
    is positioned below the main tank, the level of water in the main
    tank is below the lip of a bucket hangin on the balance. A baffle
    plate, extending from the top of the tanB to a position 5 cm below
    the connection, shall be provided inside the main tank opposite the
    connection to the subsidiary tank.
    4 Two nesting sieves 46 cm in diameter, the upper sieve being 10 cm
    deep and of IS Sieve Designation 48?, and the lower sieve being
    30 cm deep and of IS Sieve Designation 15.
    e) funnel approximately 50 cm in diameter at the top, 15 cm dia-
    A
    meter at the bottom, and 25 cm deep.
    f) A hose fitted with a nozzle giving a fine spray of water strong
    enough to move the particles of fine aggregate over the surface of
    the IS Sieve 15.
    5) metallic stirring rod, 1.6 cm in diameter.
    A

    6.3 Method of Taking Samples


    63.1 Aggregates - Four samples of the coarse and four samples of the
    fine aggregates, as used in the concrete, shall be obtained by taking one
    main sample for each material and quartaing as described in *IS : 383-1952
    until samples of the required size are obtained.
    6.3.2 Concrctc Mix- If the test is being carried out on a concrete mix
    made in the field, a sample of at least 0.02 ms obtained by the method
    *Second rev~r~on in 1970.

    22
    specified under 3 shall be quartered and remixed until a representative
    of sample required size is obtained.
    6.39 sam@s - Samples shall be taken from each of the various sizes of
    aggregates in the same nominal proportions as are used in the concrete
    and such that the total weight of the samples shall be approximately
    3.5 kg. The sample of concrete shall weigh approximately 4 kg if the
    nominal size of coarse aggregate does not exceed 19 mm, otherwise the
    sample shall weigh apprhately 8 kg and it shall be analyzed in two
    parts, each weighing approximately 4 kg.

    6.4 Determba don of the Speci5c Gravity of the Aggregates

    6.4.1 The specific gravity of each of the aggregates shall be determined


    under conditions identical with those to be applied to the analysis of the
    concrete., DiEerences in the temperature of the water at the time of
    making any weighings during the test shall not exceed 2C.
    6.4.2 Each sample of- the coarse and fine aggregates shall be dried in a
    ventilated oven at a temperature of 100 to 110C for 24 hours, cooled and
    weighed. The weights ( in grammes ) shall be recorded as A, for the
    coarse aggregate or A, for the fine aggregate.
    6.4.3 Each sample shall be placed in a clean bucket [see 6.2(b) ] and
    the bucket filled with water to within 25 mm of the lip. The sample shall
    be stirred for one minute to remove any trapped air and the bucket hung
    in the water tank from the balance. The water level in the tank shall
    then be raised,steadily by raising the subsidiary tank until the water .s@rts
    to run from the overfiow spout. The sample shall then be weighed in
    water. During the weighing, the maximum movement of the bucket shall
    be limited to 6.5 mm to avoid any inaccuracy caused by variations in its
    displacement or by agitation of the contents. The sample shall be left
    under water for 20 minutes, stirred, roimmersed and re-weighed, and this
    procedure shall be repeated until the change in weight between consecutive
    weighings is less than O-5 g but in any case the period of immersion shall
    not exceed 8 hours. The final weights shall be recorded as B,, for the
    coarse aggregate or B, for the fine aggregate. The time required to attain 1
    constant weight shall be recorded.
    6.4.4 The specific gravities shall be calculated as follows:

    Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = A 2B


    (I 0
    A
    Specific gravity of fine aggregate = A*
    I I
    The average specific gravity of each type of aggregate shall be
    calculated.

    23
    mii99-1959

    6.U The maximum the required for any of the samples to attain
    instant weight shall be regarded as the time required for the absorption of
    atcr by the aggregates as a whole.
    /
    6.5 6ped6c Gra&y of the Cemeatt
    6.5.1 For the purposes of this test, the specific gravity ofportland cement
    ihall be taken as 3.15. If other cements are used, the specific gravity shall
    be determined by a recognized inert liquid method.

    6.6 Sieve Analysis


    6.6.1 Each of the samples used to determine the specific gravity of the
    aggregates shall be used to determine the quantity of material passing each
    of the appropriate sieves.
    6.6.2 One sample of the coarse aggregate shall be placed on IS Sieve
    480 over the IS Sieve 15 and washed for two minutes under the spray of
    water, the aggregate being stirred during the washing. The material
    retained on IS Sieve 480 shall then be washed into a clean bucket by
    means of the funnel, stirred, immersed in water, and weighed ( weight D, ).
    6.6.3 One sample of fine aggregate shall then be added to any material
    retained on IS Sieve 15 and washed under~the spray of water for at least
    ten minutes, continuing until the water is clear. The residue retained on
    the sieve shall be washed into a clean bucket, stirred, immersed and
    weighed ( weight D, ). Care shall be taken in making these tests so that no
    material is lost in transferring the samples to the sieves and back to the
    buckets.
    6.6.4 The correction factors shall be calculated as follows:

    . For the coarse aggregate C, = 3


    0
    For the fine aggregate C, = --$-
    *
    NOTE -The correction factors are used to make allowance for the amount of
    coarse aggregate passing IS Sieve 480 and the amount of total aggregate passing
    IS Sieve 15.

    6.6.5 The above procedure shall be repeated with each of the other
    three samples of coarse aggregate and of fine aggregate and the average
    correction factor for each type of aggregate determined.
    6.6.6 The maximum time required for washing any of the samples shall
    be adopted as the time required for washing the concrete on IS Sieve 15
    ( see 6.7.9 ).
    6.7 Analysis of Concrete - The sample of the concrete shall be placed
    in a clean bucket and analyzed as follows.
    6.7.1 The sample shall be weighed in air ( weight W).
    NOTE- Thh opcratiou may be carried aut at the &e-bc$~~dc~ z
    portcdtothehboratoay. Ifthisbdooe,tbccotmetc
    audchebucketitsclfwvcrcddurhgtmospwtmthehbwatmy.
    6.71 The bucket shall be filled with water to within 25 mm of the lip
    and the contents stirred thoroughly for one minute to remove any trapped
    alr.
    I
    6.7.3 The sample shall be left immersed in water for a period of time
    not less.than that required for absorption of water by the aggregate, as
    determined in accordance with *IS : 383-1952 but in any case not longer
    than 8 hours. After this period of i mmersion, the concrete shall again be
    thoroughly stirred for one minute to remove any air expelled from the
    aggregates.
    6.7.4 The bucket shall be hung in the water tank Corn the balance with
    the water level in the tank below the lip of the bucket, namely with the
    subsidiary tank below the main tank and the tap open. The bucket shall
    then be carefully filled with water up to the lip and the sample left to
    settle for five minutes.
    6.7.5 The water level in the tank shall then be raised steadily by rais-
    ing the subsidiary tank, When water OV&OWS from the spout in the
    main tank, the tap shall be turned olI and the sample weighed in water
    ( weight W). During this process, care shall be taken to avoid shaking the
    sample and the maximum movement of the bucket shall be liiited to that
    specified under 6.42. If the water level is raised steadily, little of the water
    containing fine particles of cement will spill out of the bucket. If the
    water in the tank becomes discoloured, it shall be changed between
    weighings to,avoid any change in its speci& gravity.
    6.7.6 The concrete shall be wash.ed from the bucket on to the IS
    Sieve 480 placed over IS Sieve 15 [see 6.2(d) 1, care being taken to w&
    the bucket clean. The sample shall then be washed under the spray
    of water for at least two minutes continuously until the coarse aggregate
    is clean, the material being stirred during the washiig.
    6.7.7 The clean coarse aggregate retained on the IS Sieve 480 shall
    then be washed into a clean bucket by means of the funnel and spray of
    water. The spray shall be used to remove any small Fartic!es from the
    mesh. Unless the water at this stage is clear, the washing specified
    in 6.7.6 shall be repeated before the aggregate is placed in the bucket.
    6.7.8 The coarse aggregate in the bucket shall be covered with water
    and stirred thoroughly for one minute. The bucket shall then be
    immersed in water in the tank and the aggregate weighed as be&s-r
    (weight W.).
    *Second reviniou in 1970.
    6.7.9 The line aggregate rcm&ing on the IS Sieve 15 shall be washed
    under the spray of water.
    6.7.10 The clean line aggregate shall be washed into a clean bucket,
    stirred, immersed in water and weighed as before ( weight W, ).

    6.6CaIcuMa~~ofRoportions- The proportions of each constituent


    in the concrete shall be calculated as follows:
    The weight of coarse aggregate in the sample, W, = w,C,F,
    The weight of fiue agg&te in the sample, W, = w,C,F,
    The weight of cement in the sample, W, = [ w - ( w,,C, + w,C, ) ]Fo
    The weight of water in the sample, W, = W - ( W,, + W, + W, )

    where
    specific gravity
    F. = for the coarse aggregate,
    specific gravity - 1
    Specific gravity
    F, = for the fine aggregate,
    specific gravity - 1
    specific gravity
    F, = for the cement,
    specific gravity - 1
    W = the weight of the concrete in air,
    w = the weight of the concrete in water,
    W, = the weight of the coarse aggregate in water,
    w,= the weight of the fine aggregate in water,
    c, = the correction factor for the coarse agsegate, and
    c, = the correction factor for the fine aggregate.

    6.9 Water Cement Ratio -The water cement ratio by weight may be
    calculated from the figures in 65 as W,l W, and shall be expressed to the
    nearest @Ol.
    NOTE-The water/crmentrkio as dctermincd by this method includes any
    water contained in the aggregate before mixing.

    6.10 Report- The following information shall be reported:

    4 identification mark of sample,


    b) date of test,
    4 weights of constituentz,
    4 proportions of constituents,
    4 water cement ratio, and
    f 1 remarks, such as times for aggregates to attain constant weight.

    26
    7. DETERMINATION OF WlUGHT PBR CUiHC
    METRE,YIELD,CEMENT FACTORANDAIRCO~
    OF FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE
    7.1 This method specifies the procedure for determining the weight per
    cubic metre of freshly mixed concrete, and gives formulae for calculating
    the volume of concrete per batch, the yield per bag of cement, the cement
    factor, namely cement content per cubic metre, and the air content of the
    concrete.
    NOTE -This method of calculating air content is of value particularly for air
    entrainal concrc.~.

    7.2 Appiratas
    7.2.1 Balance - The balance shall be sensitive to O-01kg.
    7.2.2 Tamping Bar - The tamping bar shall be a steel bar weighing
    l-8 kg, 38 cm long, and shall have a ramming face square.
    7.2.3 Measure - The measure shall conform to one of the sizes specified
    in Table III, according to the nominal size of the coarse aggregate in
    the concrete. The measure shall have a smooth interior, and shall be
    water-tight and of sufficient rigidity to retain its shape under rough usage.
    The rim of the measure shall be machined to a plane surface perpendicular
    to the axis of the cylinder. For convenience, the measure may be provided
    with handle.
    7.2.3.1 Calibration of measure-The measure shall be calibrated by
    determining the weight of water at room temperature required to lill it so
    that no meniscus is present above the rim. Accurate filling of the
    measure may be secured by the use of a glass cover plate. The capacity
    of the measure in cubic metres shall then be obtained by dividing the
    weight of water ( in grams ) required to fill the measure by the unit
    weight of water, 1000 g/l.

    TABLE I.5 DIMENSIONAL RRQB FOR


    cYLlNDRmALMEASuRES
    ( Clause 7.2.3 )

    NOMINALSIZE NOMINAL INSIDE INSlDE MINIMUM Txmxrws


    OF co- CAPACITY DIAMETFZR HEwIT G3 METN,
    AGGREGATE
    mm cu m mm mm ----z- mm

    up to 38 0.01 250 280 4 8

    Over 38 oa? 350 285 5.5 5

    27
    la t 1199- 1959

    7.3 Sampling - The sample of fiesn~y mixed concrete shall be obtained


    in accordance with the method specified in 3 except when small batches
    are made under laboratory conditions.

    7.4 Procedure
    7.4.1 Cizm~acting - The measure shall be filled with concrete as soon
    as practicable after mixing, in such a way as to produce full compaction
    of the concrete with neither segregation nor excessive laitance. The
    concrete shah be filled into the measure in layers approximately 5 cm deep
    and each layer shall be compacted either by hand or by vibration as
    described below (see 7.4.1.1 and 7.4.1.2 ). After the top layer has been
    compacted, the surface of the concrete shall be struck off level with the top
    of the measure.
    7.4.1.1 Comwting by hand- When compacting by hand the standard
    tamping bar shall be. distributed in a uniform manner over the cross-
    section of the measure.
    The number of strokes per layer required to produce the specified
    condition will vary according to the type of concrete, but in no case shall
    the concrete be subjected to less than 60 strokes per layer for the 0.01 ms
    measure or 120 strokes per layer for the 0.02 ms measure.
    7.4.1.2 Compacting by vibration - When compacting by vibration each
    layer shall be vibrated by means of an electric or pneumatic hammer or
    by means of a suitable vibrating table until the specified condition is
    attained.
    7.43 Tajping - The exterior surface of the cylinder shall be tapped
    smartly 10 to 15 times or until no large bubbles of air appear on the sur-
    face of the compacted layer.
    7.4.3 Strike-Of, Cleaning and Wtighing Y After consolidation of the
    concrete, the top surface shall be struck-off and and finished smoothly with
    a flat cover plate using great care to leave the measure just level full. All
    excess concrete shah then be cleaned from the exterior and the filled
    measure weighed.

    75 calculations
    7.5.1 Weight per Cubic Metre -The weight per cubic metre of concrete
    shall be calculated by dividing the weight of fully compacted concrete in
    the measure by the capacity of measure, determined in accordance
    with 7.2.3.1 and shall be recorded in kg/m8.
    7.5.2 Volume of Concrete ptr Batch --The volume of concrete produced
    per batch shall be calculated as follows:
    vJNX50)+w,+Wo+w.
    W

    28
    V = volume in cu m of concrete produced per batch,
    N = number of 50 kg bags of cement per batch,
    W, = total weight in kg of the tine aggregate per batch in con-
    dition used,
    w, = total weight in kg of coarse aggregate per batch in condi-
    tion used,
    w,= total weight in kg of mixing water added to batch, and
    W = weight of concrete in kg/m.
    7.5.3 Tield per Bag of Cement - The yield shall be calculated as follows:
    V
    r==---
    N
    where
    Y = yield of concrete per 50 kg bag of cement in ma,
    V c volume of concrete produced per batch in ms, and
    N- number of 50 kg bags of cement per batch.
    7.5.4 Cement Factor - The cement factor shall be calculated as follows:

    Iv,= +-
    _N
    or N, 3 -a-
    V
    where
    .iV, = cement factor, that is, number of 50 kg bags of cement
    per cubic metre of concrete produced,
    r = yield of concrete per 50 kg bags of cement in m,
    N = number of 50 kg bags of cement per batch, and
    V - volume of concrete produced per batch in m3.
    7.5.5 Air Content - The air content shall be calculated as follows:

    -w
    A-=-wX 100
    I

    orA= v-vA
    ~
    V
    x loo

    where
    A = air content ( percentage ofvoids ) in the concrete,
    7= theoretical weight of the concrete, in kg/m3, computed
    on an air-free basis,

    29
    w = weight deoncrete in kg/d,
    V = volume ofeomxete produced per batch in mf and
    VA -4otal absolute volume of the component ingrediienb in
    the babch, in ma.

    . -The detamiMtkmdthctheaeridl * tpercub&metredKnlldbe


    aJn8t+fOranlwhamad$
    ea!zS outinthek~;ia*ucisuuwdto *
    ~u&&&auial coqonalt ingrcdwts 8nd prqnxtiOIn. It Is calculated &cm the

    T I theorctiul weight of coacrctc in kg/n+, computed on an air-kc hrh,


    WgI total weight in kg ofthe component ingrcdicnts in the batch, and
    VA w total absolute volua~e of the component ingrcdicnta in the batch in ma.
    ;~~;~~*~~~.~~~ tD,$&+&f~~
    poncnts, the bulk rpccific gravity and weight should bc bawd on the
    utuntod rurfaccdry condition.
    For the cenun> 8 value of 915 m8y be used unlcn the actual spccifk
    gravity is dttamwd by a mcognkd incrt liquid mcthod.

    8. AlR CONTENT OF FBBSHLY MIXBD


    WNCBBT% By THB F.BBlWURB MBTHOD
    &I This method specifies the procedure for determining thi air content of
    wy mixed concrete by the pressure method.
    &Jon - Thi)metbod ia considered ad uate for a11ordinary types of concrete 4
    m, except for concrcta or mortars ma% e with highly porous aggrcgatca, what the
    vtc correction factor connot bc detcrmlncd accwatcly by the technique found
    nhdrctory fix the usual types of relatively demc natural lggrcgata.

    84 Appurtru

    a) Measuring BOWL- A llanged cylindrica! bowl, preferably of steel


    or hard metal not readily attacked by the cement paste, having a
    &meter qua1 to 1 to 1.25 times the height. The outer rim and
    upper surface of the ftange, as well as the interior surfaces of the
    &owl, shall be smooth-machined surfaces. The minimum size of
    the container shall be a functio? of the size of coarse aggregate
    in the concrete sample. Contamers shall be at least as lage
    as is specified in Table IV, depending on the size of m m
    the concrete.
    The bowl rhall be pressur&ght and sufficicntly rigid to limit
    the expansion factor D'of the apparatus assembly ( SM 8,S.S )

    30

    p.--
    TABLEIV MXNibUM
    SIZE OF CONT- coRREsPoNDlNG To
    NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF A-=

    Mmxmm Sxzs OF NOUUtALlhRlllW


    CoNTAmER SmorAmn

    m* mm

    o*cm 3s
    o-01 75
    0.1 150

    to not more than @I percent of the air content on the standpipe


    indicator scale when under the normal operating pressure.
    NOTE-Lnrgecon~rmrykwdrorlargeramplesofawaetcin
    order to reduce errorsin sampling.

    b) Conical Cover Asmnb& - The flanged cover, preferably of steel


    or hard metal not readily attacked by the cement paste, shall
    have interior surfaces inclmed not less than 30 from the hori-
    zontal. The outer rim and lower surlhce of the flange and the
    sloping interior surface shall be pressur+tight and sufficiently rigid
    to limit the expansion factor of the apparatus assembly as pre-
    scribed in 8.2(a). The cover shall be fitted with a standpipe which
    may be a graduated precision bore glass tube or may bc made of
    metal of uniform bore with a glass water gauge attached. The
    graduations for a suitable range in air content shall be in percent
    and tenths of a percent as determined by the proper air pressure
    calibration test. The internal diameter of the standpipe shall be
    designed so that under the normal operating pressure the water
    column will be lowered sufficiently to measure air contents up to
    0.1 percent. It is suggested that approximately 25 mm lowering
    of the water column should represent one percent of air. The
    applied air pressure shall be indicated by a pressure gauge connect-
    ed to the air chamber above the water column. The gauge shall
    have a range of twice the normal working pressure with suitable
    graduations. ( A pressure of 05 to 2-O kg/cm* has been used satis-
    factorily. However, each container shall have to be calibrated
    for a stated normal procedure. ) The cover shall be fitted with
    a suitable device for venting at the top of the air chamber, an air
    valve, and a petcock for bleeding off water as required. Suitable
    means for clamping the cover to the bowl shall be provided to
    make a pressure-tight seal without entrapping air at the joint
    between the flanges of the cover and bowl. A suitable hand pump
    shall be provided with the cover, either as an attachment or as
    an accessory.

    31
    4 Cdibratiba @iadk-The calibration cylinder shall consist of a
    cylindrical measure having an internal volume qual- to approxi-
    mately 3 to 6 percent of the vohnne of the measuring bowl. A
    satisfactory measure may be machined from l-6 mm brass tubing
    (No. 16 BG) or proper diameter to provide the volume
    desired ) to whi cL a brassdisc6-5 mm in thickness is soldered to
    form the bottom.
    d) A Coil Spring - A coil spring or other means shall be provided for
    holding the calibration cylinder in place.
    4 Spray Tube- A tube of appropriate diametei- which may be an
    integral part of the cover assembly or which may be provided
    separately so constructed that when water is added to the con-
    tamer, there will be a minimum of disturbance to the concrete.
    f-l Trowel - of the ordinary bricklayers type.
    A
    l3) Tamping Rod-The tamping rod shall be of steel or other suitable
    material of l-6 cm dieter,. 61 cm long, and rounded at the
    tamping end.
    4 Mallet - A mallet with a rubber or rawhide head, weighing 250 g
    for containers smaller than O-01 cu m capacity and 500 g or more
    for larger containers.
    Strike-OfBar - A strike-off bar consisting of flat straight steel
    bar.
    Funnel -A funnel with spout fitting into the tube described
    in 8.2(e).
    Measure - A measure aaving a 2*5 or 5 litre capacity, as required
    to fill .the indicator with water from the top of the concrete to
    the zero mark.

    8.3 Calibration
    83.1 Change in barometric pressure caused by change in elevation or
    by changes of temperature and humidity, and rough handling under job
    conditions; will affect the calibration ofprcssure type apparatus for deter-
    mination of air content. The steps described under this clause are pre-
    rquisites for the final calibration test to determine the operating pressureP
    on the pressure gauge as described hereunder. Normally, this calibration
    need be made only once ( at the time of the initial calibration ), or only
    occasionally to check volume constancy of the. calibration cylinder and
    measuring bowl. On the other hand, the calibration test described
    in 8.3.7 must be made as frequently ax necessary, to ensure that the proper
    gauge pressure P is being us4 in tests for the air content of concrete.
    Moreover, a change in elevation of more than 183 m ( 600 ft ) from the
    location at which the apparatuawaa last calibrated will require calibration
    in accordance with 8.3.7.

    .
    m~11!3!9~1!E9
    8.3.2Calibration of Ca~rvration Cllindsr -The weight of water w ( m
    grammes) required to 6ll the calib ra to on cylinder shall be accurately
    determined, using a scale sensitive to 05 g;

    8.3.3 Calibration of Measuring Bowl-The waght OI water W (in


    grammes ) required to fill the measuring bowl shall be determined, using a
    scale sensitive to 0.1 percent of the weight of the bowl filled with water.
    A glass plate is slid carefully over the flange of the bowl in such a manner
    as to ensure that the bowl is completely filled with water. A thin film of
    cup grease smeared on the flange of the bowl will make a water-tight joint
    between the glass plate and the top of the bowl.

    8.3.4 Determination of Constant R -The constant R represents the


    volume of the calibration cylinder expressed as percentage of the volume
    of the measuring bowl. Calculate R m follows:

    R=F . ..(l)

    8.3.5 DetGrmination of Ex@nsion F&or D -The expansion factor D for


    any given apparatus assembly shall be determined by filling the apparatus
    with water only ( making certain that all entrapped air has been removed
    and the water level is exactly on the zero mark), and applying an air
    pressure approximately equal to the operating pressure P, determined by
    the calibration test described in 8.3.7. The amount by which the water
    c&mm is lowered shall be the equivalent expansion factor D for that
    particular apparatus and pressure.
    NOTE 1 -~~thougn tnc bowl, cover and clamping mechanism of the apparatus
    are so constructed that it will be reasonably m-tight, the application of
    internal pressure may result in a small expansion in volume. The expansion will
    not affect the test results becausk, with the procedure described in 8.4 and 8.5, the
    amount of expansion is the same for the test for air in concrete as for the test for
    aggregate correction factor on combined 6ne and coarse aggregates, and ia thereby
    zwtomaticaily cancelled. However, it does enter into the calibration tat to
    dt._zmine the air pressure to be used in testing fresh concrete and appear as the
    value D in the exprcsion for the calibration factor k, equation (2) under 8.3.6.

    NOTE 2 - It will be sticiently accurate for .this purpose to use an approximate


    value for P determined by m a preliminary calibration test as described
    in 8.3.7, except that an approximate value for the calibration factor shall be used.
    For thii test k E W98R which is the same as equation (2) under 8.3.6 except that the
    expzkon factor D as yet unknown, is assumd to be zero.

    8.3.6 D&&nation of Calibration Factor k-The calibration factor k


    is the amount by which the water column shall be depressed, during the
    calibration procedure to obtain the gauge pressure required to make the
    graduations on the glass tube correspond directly to the percentage of air
    introduced into the measuring bowl by the calibration cylinder when the
    lsr1199-1939

    bowl is level full of water. calculate k as follows:


    k=@98RD ....(2)
    Nom-The value of k given in equation (2) is derived V?om the more general
    apadon:
    k=HR+D
    whaz H = ratio of the volume of air in the calibration cylinder after the bowl
    has been filled with water, to the volume before inundation. H decreases di htly
    as the elevation above sea level increases and is about O-980 at sea level for a Lwl
    20 cm daq, O-975 at 1520 m above sea level and P970 at 3 960 m above sea level.
    The error mtrcduccd by neglecting these variations in the value of H will usually
    be ~KBsmall ( corresponding to le4.3 than 005, percent air) thdt equation (2),
    k = 093R + D, usually will be su5cienflv accurate. However, the value of
    H shonld be checked for each design of apparatus, each 10 cm of bowl height
    de&&ng the value of H by O-01.
    8.3.1 Calibration Test io Determine Ojerating Pressure, P, on Pressure
    Gaugc- If the rim of the calibration cylinder contains no recesses or pro-
    jections, it shall be fitted with three -or more spacers equally spaced around
    the circumference. Invert the cylinder and place it at the centre of the
    dry bottom of the measuring bowl. The spacers shall provide an opening
    for flow of water into the calibration cylinder when pressure is applied.
    Secure the inverted cylinder against displacement and carefully lower the
    conical cover. After the cover is clamped in place, carefully adjust the
    apwtus assembly to a vertical position and add water at air tempera-
    tnre, by means of the tube and funnel, until it rises above the zero mark
    on the standpipe. Close the vent and pump air into the apparatus to the
    approximate operating pressure. Incline the assembly about 30 from
    the vertical and using the bottom of the bowl as a pivot, describe several
    complete circles with the upper end of the standpipe, simultaneously
    tapping the cdver and sides of the bowl lightly to remove any entrapped
    air adhering to the inner surfaces of the apparatus. Return the apparatus
    to a vertical position, gradually release the pressure ( to avoid loss of air
    from the calibration cylinder ) and open the vent. Bring the water level
    exactly to the zero mark by bleeding water through the petcock in the top
    of the conical cover. After closing the vent, apply pressure until the water
    level has dropped an amount equivalent to about 0.1 to O-2 percent of air
    more than the value of the calibration factor k, determined as described
    in 8.3.6. To relieve local restraints, lightly tap the sides of the bowl, an?,
    when the water level is exactly at the value of the calibration factor k, read
    the pressure P, indicated by the gauge and record to the nearest O-01 kg/
    cm%. Gradually release the pressure and open the vent to determine
    whether the water level returns to the zero mark when the sides of the
    bowl are tapped lightly ( failure to do SO indicates loss of air from the
    calibration cylinder- or loss of water due to a leak in the assembly ). If
    the water level fails to return to within 0.05 percent air of the zero mark
    and no leakage beyond a few drops of water is found, some air probably
    was lost from the calibration cylinder. In this case, repeat the calibration
    procedure step by step from the beginning of this paragraph. If the

    34
    xs:1199-1958
    leakage is more than a few drops of water, tighten the leaking joint before
    repeating the calibration pressure. Check the indicated pressure reading
    promptly by bringing the water level exactly to zero mark, closing the
    vent, and applying the pressure I, just determined. Tap the gauge lightly
    with a finger. When the gauge indicates the exact pressure P, the water
    column should read the value of the calibration factor k, used in the first
    prcssurc application within about 0.05 percent of air.
    CAUTION- The apparatus asscmbl shall not be moved from the vertical
    position until pressure has been applied w L ch will force water about one-third of the
    way up into the calibration cylinder. Any loss ofair from this cylinder will nullify
    the calibration.
    8.3.8 Determination of Aggregate Correction F&r - The aggregate correc-
    tion factor shall be determined on a combined sample of fine and coarse
    aggregate-s as specified in thii clause and illustrated in Fig. 9.
    The weights of fme and coarse aggregates present in the volume S, of
    the sample of fresh concrete whose air content is to be determined, shall,be
    determined as follows:
    F, = 2 x Fb ... ...

    c, = ; x c, . .,. . .,. ..

    9A 98 9c

    *A1 = hl - IL, when bowl contains concrete as shown in this figure; when bowl cotains
    only aggregate and water hl - h, = G ( aggregate correction factors), Al - G = A ( air
    content, percentage by volume of concrete ).
    FIG. 9 ILLUSTRATION
    OF PRESSUREMETHOD OF TEST FOR AIR CONTENT

    35

    __
    IS: 1199-1959

    where
    F, = weight in kg of fine aggregate in concrete sample under
    test,
    S = volume in ms of concrete sample ( same as volume of
    measuring bowl of apparatus ),
    B = volume in ma of concrete produced per batch determined
    in accordance with 7,
    FlJ= total weight in kg of fine aggregate in batch,
    C, = weight in kg of coarse aggregate in concrete sample
    under test, and
    c, = total weight in kg of coarse aggregate in batch.
    Mix representative samples of fine aggregate, of weight F, and coarse
    awegate, of weight C,, and place in the measuring bowl filled one-third
    full of water. Add the mixed aggregate, a small amount at a time, until
    all the aggregate is inundated. Add each scoopful in a manner that will
    entrap as little air as possible and remove accumulations of foam promptly.
    Tap the sides of the bowl and lightly rod the upper layer of the aggregate
    about t-en times and stir after each addition of fine aggregate to eliminate
    entrapped air.
    When all of the aggregate has been placed in the bowl and inundated
    for at least 5 minutes, strike off all foam and excess water and thoroughly
    clean the flanges of both bowl and conical cover so that when the cover is
    clamped in place, pressure-tight seal is jobtained. Complete the test as
    described in 8.4.. The aggregate correction factor G is equal to ir,--h, as
    determined in the tests on the aggregate.
    NOTE-The aggregatecorrectionfactor VvlUvary with different aggregates. It
    can be determined only by test, since apparently it is not directly related to
    absorption of the particles. The test can be easily made and shall not be ignored.
    Ordinarily the factor remains reasonably constant for given aggregates, but an
    occasional check test is recommended.
    8.4 Procedure for Determining Air Content of Concrete- Place
    a representative sample of the concrete in the measuring bowl in three
    equal layers, consolidating each layer by rodding the bowl. Vibration may
    be substituted for rodding and by tapping the sample when the air content
    of concrete placed by vibration is to be determined. When the concrete
    is to be placed by rodding, consolidate each layer of concrete by about
    25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over the cross-section.
    Follow the rodding of each layer by tapping the sides of the bowl smartly
    10 to 15 times with the mallet until the cavities left by r&ding arelevelled
    out and no large bubbles of the air appear on the surface of the rodded
    layer. In rodding the i!rst layer, the rod shall not forcibly strike the
    bottom of the bowl. In rodding the second and final layers, only enough
    force shall be used to cause the rod to penetrate the surface of the
    previous layer. Slightly over6ll the howl with the third layer and, after
    rodding or vibration, remove the excess concrete by sliding the str&e-oE
    bar across the top flange with a sawing motion until the bowl is just
    level full.
    Thoroughly clean the- flanges of the bowl and of the conical cover so
    that when the cover is clamped in place, a pressure-tight seal will be
    obtained. Assemble the apparatus and add water over the concrete by
    means of the tube until it rises to about halfway mark in the standpipe.
    Incline the apparatus assembly about 30 f&m vertical end, using the
    bottom of the bowl aa a pivot, dexribe several complete circles with the
    upper end of the column simultaneously tapping the conical cover lightly
    to remove any entrapped air bubbles above the concrete sample. Return
    the apparatus assembly to its vertical position and fill the water column
    slightly above the zero mark, while lightly tapping the sides of the bowl.
    Foam on the surface of the water column may be removed with a syringe
    or with a spray of alcohol to provide a clear meniscus.
    Bring the water level to the zero mark of the graduated tube before
    closing the vent at the top of the water column ( Fig. 9A !. Apply slightly
    more than the desired test pressure P ( 092 kg/cm* more ) to the concrete
    by means of the small. hand pump. To relieve local restraints, tap thC
    sides of the measures smartly, and when the pressure gauge indicates the
    exact test pressure P (as determined iri accordance with 8.3.1 in the
    calibration test ), read the water level A1arid record to the nearest division
    or half division ( @IO or @05 percent air content ) on the graduated
    precision bore tube or gauge glass of the standpipe ( Fig. 9B ). For
    extremely harsh mixes, it may be necessary to tap the bowl vigorously
    until further tapping produces no change in the indicated air content.
    Gradually release_the air pressure through the vent at the top of the water
    column and tap the sides of the bowl lightly for about one minute.
    Record the water level h,, to the nearest division or half division ( Fig. 9C ).
    The apparent air content A, is equal to A1- R,. Repeat the steps specified
    as above in this clause ( without adding water to re-establish the water level
    at the zero mark . The two consecutive determinations of apparent air
    content should c h eck within Q2 percent of air and shall be averaged to ,
    give the value A1 to be used in calculating the air content A, in accordance
    with 8.5.
    8.5 Calculation - Calculate thi air content of the concrete as follows:
    A=A,-G . ..(6)
    where
    A air content, percentage by volume of concrete,.
    A, x apparent air content; percentage by volume of concrete
    ( sc6 8.4 ), and
    G = aggregate correction factor, percentage by volume of
    concrete ( see 8.3.8 ).

    37
    9. CEMENT CONTENT oloy_T
    PORTLAND CEMENT
    9.1 This method of test specifies the pr.ocedure for determining the cement
    content of hardened portland cement concrete except those containing
    certain aggregates or admixtures which liberate soluble silica under the
    conditions of the test, such as slags, diatomites and sodium silicate.
    .
    9.2 Reagents
    9.2.1 Hydrochloric Acid -approximately 3.3 N. Add 200 ml of hydro-
    chloric acid ( sp gr 1.19 ) to 600 ml of distilled water.
    .9.2.2 Sodium Hydroxide - approximately 1 N. Dissolve 20 g of hydroxide
    in 200 ml of water and dilute to a volume of 500 ml.
    923. Hydrojluoric Acid - 40 percent.
    ,
    9.2.4 Sulphuric Acid - sp gr 1.84.
    9.3 Preparation of Sample -Every precaution shall be taken to
    have the sample of concrete used for analysis truly representative of the
    material under consideration. Several portions weighing at least 5 kg each
    shail be taken to avoid all but slight inequalities of the concrete mix.
    These portions shall then be broken up, crushed in a suitable machine to
    about one centimetre size and reduced to a fineness of approximately
    IS Sieve 10 to IS Sieve 8 in a ball mill, disc pulveriser or by any other
    suitable device. Care shall be taken that rhe finer fractions of the broken
    sample, which are richer in ,cement, are not discarded or lost. After
    thorough mitiing and quartering, a portion approximately 100 g shall be
    taken and carefully freed, by means of a strong magnet, from particles of
    metallic iron abraded from the pulveriser ball mill. The clean sample
    shall then be dried at 105C for at least 2 hours.
    9.4 Procedure - Weigh into each of three 250 ml beakers, not less than
    a 2 g portion of the prepared sample. Moisten with a stream of hot water,
    while stirring to prevent adhesion to the beaker or the formation of lumps
    in .the mass. Slowljl add 100 ml of 3.3 N hydrochloric acid and stir
    thoroughly. The lumps which tend to form should be reduced with the
    glass rod. After the evolution of carbon dioxide has ceased and the
    reaction is apparently complete, heat gently for a few minutes and allow
    the contents of thi beaker to settle. Decant through an ignited and
    weighed Gooch crucible which contains a mat of short asbestos shreds,
    practically insoluble in hydrochloric acid and thick enough to be opaque
    to light. Once the filtration has, begun, care shall be taken so that the
    mat and accumulated residue do not dry out completely until the filtration
    process is complete. Regulate the suction so as to maintain a rapid rate
    of dropping during the greater part of the filtration. Retain as much of
    the residue in the beaker as possible. Wash by decantation twice with

    Ii .
    hot water. Add 75 ml of 1 N sodim hydroxide to the residue while
    stirring and heat to about 75C. Decant as before and wash twice with.
    hot water. Transfer the residue to the crucible and wash with at least
    60 ml of hot water.
    9.5 The filtrate now contains the silica in the form of silicic acid in true
    solution or in suspension in the hydrochloric acid medium. If the aggre-
    gates of the original sample are largely calcarcous or dolomitic, add 10 ml
    of hydrochloric acid ( sp ,gr 1.19 ) to the solution. Transfer to a suitable
    beaker with several rinsings of the flltqllask, Evaporate to dryness with
    great care to minimize spattering, bake at not over 120C for one hour,
    moisten with hydrochloric acid ( sp gr l-19 ), evaporate and bake again
    and take for filtration in 75 ml of 2 N or 3 N hydrochloric acid heated to
    boiling. Filter through an ashlessfilter paper and wash the residue with
    50 ml of hot 1 N hydrochloric acid and then with hot water until the
    washings are free from chloride. Repeat the evaporation and filtering
    processes to recover the small amounts of silica dissolved and add these!
    to the first residue. Determine the silica present in the sample by trcat-
    ment with hydrofluoric and sulphuric. acids in accordance with the
    procedure given in Appendix A of IS : 269-1958 .
    9.6 Correction Factor -When the aggregates, used in the concrete
    being analyzed, are available, a blank test shall be run on these aggregates
    to determine their content of silica, soluble under the conditions of the
    test (see 9.4 ). This content of the soluble silica shall then be used as a
    correction factor and be subtracted from the total soluble silica found in the
    concrete, the difference being due to the cement contained in the
    specimen.
    9.7 Calculation -The percentage of cement in the sample shall be cal-
    culated by dividing the percentage of silica found by the factor O-214 0,
    provided the silica content of the cement is not known to be different from
    this value. When possible, the known value shall be taken as the factor.

    10. DETERMINATION OF CHANGES IN LENGTH ON


    JXtIXt~ FD WETTING ( INITIAL DRYING SHRINKAGE, 1
    HRINKAGE, MOI!3TCJRRMOVRMENT)
    10.1 Thii method of test speci6es the procedure for determining the
    change in length of concrete specimens due to changes in moisture content.
    It deals with tests both on Jaboratory specimens and specimens cut from
    structures or units, when the maximum nominal size of the aggregate in
    * either does not exceed 38 mm.
    10.2 Apparatus

    10.2.1 Measuring A#fmatus - A measuring apparatus shall be used


    which incorporates a micrometer gauge or a suital-It diil gauge reading
    l&rend revision in Iy67. 39 .
    accurately to 0905 mnL This gauge shall be rigidly mounted in a measur-
    ing Game and shall have a ttcessod end which can be located upon a
    6-5 mm diameter ball or other preference point cemented in the specimen
    as described under X0.3. The other end of the frame shall have a similar
    recea4 seating which can be located upon a second ball or reference point
    in the specimen. An invar steel rod of a suitable length with 65 mm dia-
    meter hemis he&al ends, or with 6.5 mm diameter steel balls mounted at
    the ends shafl be used as a standard of length against which the readings
    of the gauge cau be tested, thus enabling corrections to be made for any
    changes in the dimensions of the apparatus between successive measure-
    ments of a test specimen. The apparatus shall preferably be adjustable
    for specimens of different lengths and invar rods shall be available in
    lengths approximating to those of the specimens to be tested. Typical
    fm of apparatus are shown in Fig. 10 and 11, but other suitable forms
    may he used. The apparatus shown in Fig. 10 is to be prepared for large
    specimens and those of high er densities, since the pressure caused by the
    weight of the specimen, which would otherwise fall on the lower reference
    ball, is carried by the slotted shelf.
    10.2.2 Dping Oven-The drying oven shall comply with the following
    rquirements:
    4 It shall have an internal volume quivalent to not less than
    O-008 ma per specimen, with a minimum total volume of
    O-05 ma.
    b> shall be reasonably air-tight and shall be provided with a fan
    It
    . to keep the air circulating effectively during the drying of the
    specimens.
    cl It shall be maintained at a temperature of 50 & 1%.
    4 The humidity of the air in the oven shall be controlled at
    approximately 17 percent relative humidity by means of saturated
    calcium chloride solution. Suitable dishes or trays containing
    this solution shall be provided to give an exposed area of solution
    not less than one square metre for each cubic metre volume of the
    oven The dishes or trays shall contain sufficient solid calcium chlo.
    ride b show above the surface ofthe solution throughout the test.
    16.3 &a+ Siue -Specimens shall be cast or cut with a length of 15 to
    50 cm and a cross-sectionas near as practicable to 7.5 x 7-S cm.
    103.1 cartspccirnac
    - Where the test is carried out upon a specimen
    y for testing, it shall, unless other curing condiuons are
    be stored for the first three to seven days in moist air. During
    reference points consisting of 6.5 mm diameter steel halls
    or other suitable ref-ce points providing a 6-S mm diameter hemispheri-
    calbearingshallbe cemented with neat rapid hardening portland cement or
    other suitable cementing agent into the centre of each end of the specimen

    40
    SECTION XX

    EST
    'IECE

    VIEW Y

    NOTE- When apparatua ia fitbid with locknutv, u shown above, urc should he
    taken that the first nut is tight before locking the d out

    FIG. 10 TYPICAL APPARATUS roa DRYINO SHRINKAGB AND


    MOIETURB MOVEY~NT Tmm

    41
    tsr1199-1959

    PLAN

    -6-S mm DIA
    STEEL CALL

    DETAIL AT e

    ./--TEST PIECE

    .I- FRAME

    DISTANCE
    PIECE

    SIDE - 4 DETAIL ~1
    ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION

    FIG. 11 TYPICAL APPARATUS FOR DRYING SHRXNKAGE AND


    MOBTURE MOVEMENT Terns
    .

    42
    lS:l199-1%6

    after drilling or cutting a shallow depression. After fixing, the sm%&


    of the balls shall be wiped clean of cement, dried, and coated with lubri-
    eating grease to prevent corrosion. The specimen shall be kept moist for
    at least 24 hours after tixing the balls, in order to allow the cement to
    harden. At the conclusion of the period of storage in moist air, the
    specimen shall be immersed in water at a temperature of 24 to 30% until
    28 days after the concrete has been made, or untli such other time as may
    be specified.
    10.3.2 Mutursd Sccimnrs - When the test is carried out on a specimen
    cut from matured concrete or on a specimen which has not had the con-
    trolled curing indicated in 10.3.1, the balls or other reference points shall be
    fixed and greased as described in 10.3.1 and the specimen kept moist for at
    least 24 hours after fixing the balls. The specimen shall then be immemed
    in water at 24 to 30% in such a manner that one of the larger faces of
    the specimen just breaks surface in the water and left so immersed for four
    days.
    10.4 Procedure for Testing for Initial Drying Shrinkage or Drying
    Shrinkage - Immediately after removal of the specimen from the water,
    the grease shall be wiIjed from the balls and the length of the specimen
    measured to an accuracy of 0.005 mm by the apparatus described in 10.2.1.
    This shall be taken as the original wet measurement .
    NOTE -The instrument reading required is not the absolute length of the specimen
    but the difference in length between the specimen and an invar rod of approximat&
    the same length.

    IYhe specilnen shall then be dried in the oven as described


    under 10.2.2 at the specified temperature and humidity for at least 44
    hours. The specimen shall then be removed from the oven and cooled for
    at least four houq in a desiccator containing solid calcium chloride in a
    saturated solution of calcium chloride. The length of the specimen shall
    then be measured as described above at a temperature of 24 to 30C.
    NOTE - lf measurements are made at temperatures other than 2YC, they &odd &
    reduced by PO02 percept of the dry length for each 2W above 25C.

    10.4.1 The cycle of drying, cooling and measuring shall be repeated


    until constant length is attained, that is, when the difference between two
    consecutive readings separated by a period,of drying of at least 4% hours,
    followed by cooling for at least four hours, ,is less than 0.01 mm for a 15 cm
    specimen, and proportionately greater for a larger specimen. The final
    reading shall be taken as the dry measurement. During the above drying
    process, further wet specimens shall not be placed in the same oven, and
    there shall be a free access of air to all surfaces of the specimens.
    10.43 After ,t)it: dry measurement has been taken, the length of the
    specimen shall be measured, adjacent, to the balls, .to the nearest 05 mm
    and this shall be taken as the dry length . The initi# drying sh&&agr

    43
    x6 I 1199 - 1959
    or the drying shrinkage shall be calculated as the difference between the
    or&g&l wet measurement and the dry measurement expressed as a
    percentage of the dry length .
    103 Determination of Moistme Movement - For the determination
    of the moisture movement, the specimen shall first be tested for initial
    drying shriiage or drying shrinkage as described above and the dry
    measurement determined. The specimen shall then be immersed in water
    at 24 to 30C in such a manner that one of the larger faces of the specimen
    just breaks surface in the water and shall be left so immersed for four days
    after which the ( final wet measurement shall be determined. The mois-
    ture movement shall be calculated as the difference between the c dry
    measurement and final wet measurement expressed as percentage of the
    dry length.
    10.6 Report - The following information, shall be included in the report:
    4 Identification mark,
    b) Date of starting test,
    4 Age of specimen at beginning of test,
    4 Size of specimen,
    4 Curing conditions,
    f > Initial drying shrinkageor drying shrinkage,
    8) Moisture movement, if determined, and
    h> Remarks, such as, time to reach constant length.
    BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
    Headquarters:
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    Regional Offices: Telephones
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    _~ ~_._-._ _____~..___ __.-. --...

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