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n e
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al v e r tic a l lin e T h is li n e is p e rp e n d ic u a r to th e h o r iz o n ta l lin e (F ig 5 1)
ta r y o r d r a in a 7 V e r t ic a l P la n e
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tn
q g h th e v e r tic a l lin is k n a s th e v e r tic a l p la n
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8 D a tu m S u r fa c e o r L in e /
h ic h th e v e r tic a l d is ta n c e s
T h is is a n im a g in a r y le v e l s u r fa c e o r le v e lin e fr o m w
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,
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h e is a to th dia p h r a g m an d th e i ti
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th e y
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w
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te m p o ra r i y
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14 Ba c k s ig h t R e a d in g (B S )
d in g ta k e n in a n y s e t u p o f th e in s tr u R e r th c
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b e a p e r fe c t a ,
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e h i Fi 5 4)
n t (C P )
C h a g e P o i
F ig 5 4 .
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e s tab lis h e d y
c T he R s of 15 Fo r e s ig ht R e a d in g (F S )
d in d ic a te s e sM in g
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m d in re d o n th e le ft d th o in
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(b ) F
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If it is d is tu r e ,
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r e fo U se o f Co m pa ss
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r
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T h e n e e d le o f th e co mp a s s is r e le a s e
1
F r a n g in g r o d a n
d is b is e c te d
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2 T h e te le s c o p e
to r e s t, ie Th e r o ta tio n is co m p le te ly
n e e d le is llo w ed to co m e
3 T he a
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,
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b o x w ill in d ic a te th e
5 A s m a ll p in fix e d o n th e p e r ip e ry
i f th e p in s h o u ld b e n o te d b e fo r e
b e a r in g o f th e lin e T h e in itia l r e a d n g o
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io r a
i t a lo n g
an angem en o r po n
s ta tio n
b s e t up a t an y
Ic v e J is n o t to e
ip d S ta
s o f T r o n d
Le ve llin g b y L e g
3 A pp r o x im a te
4 Pe f
r e ct Le v e
p a r a te l to a n y p a ir o f fo o t s c r e w s (
i e fir s t p o s itio n ) a n d th e b u b b l,
ih
th e c e n tr e b y turning th e lo o t s c r e w s e q u a lly e t e r
b o th in w a r d s o r b o th
T h e te le s c o p e is th e n turned th r o u g h 9 0 (j e s e c o n d p o s itio n ) a n d b r o

o u w
a rd
s
jf
u g ht
o ye
th e th ird fo o t s c r e w , a n d th e b u b b le is b r o u g h t to th e c e n tr e b y r
th is
fo o t turning
s c re w c lo c k w is e o r a n tic lo c k w is e (F ig 5 9 ) T h e te le s c o
p e is a g a in b r o u
o r ig in a l p o s itio n (th e
g h t to i
irs t p o s itio n ) a n d th e b u b b le is b r o u h t to th
g e cent
re T
p r o c e s s is r e p e a te d s e v e ra l tim e s u n til th e b u b b le r e m a in s in t he
h e c e n tra l
h th e ir s t a s w e u a s th e s e c o n d o s itio n T h p s itio n
o
p e n th e te le s c o e i
p s turned
thr o u
gh
F'"
ir d F o o t S c r e w
1 .

1
tt pe llin
g
is lh e p e rm a n e n t n dju s
\s nl \tSO tn l c n t
,t h BJ Uu Tt
ilr th e b
i t e p c n r t u bb
cL
'
r po s i
t o n ,
a n e n a d j u s tm e
n t is n c is d e fl
e c te d fro m its
i o t
-
e r fe c t
a j d p
d u s tm e n t s e s ib n d n ee d
' " c r e d in s a
s t o be d ifie d
.. ec 5 21 m o
'
t h e E y e p ie c e
s s in g
Fo c u
n of
o ut by turning t c lo c k w is e O r a n ti
c ock w is e u n til th e
c ro s s h a ir s can
# .
P E S O F L E V E L L IN G O P E R A T I
55 T Y
, O NS
L e v e llin g
\ Sim p e
f le v e l b e tw
W he n the d ifre re n c e o ee n tw o p o in ts is d e t
e rm in e d b
id w y s e ttin g th e
i t m ent
lev e llin g n s ru
m ay b e tw een th e p o in ts th e
, p ro c e s s is c a lle d s im p le
leve llin g
Su ppo se a n d B a r e tw o p o in ts w h o s e d if e r e n c e o f le v e l is to b d
e e te rm in e d
le v e l is s e t u p a t O , e x a c tly m id w a y b e tw e e n A a n d B A n e r
p r o p e r te m p o ra ry
h f
adju stm e n t t e s ta r r e a
d in g s o n a n d B a re ta k e n T h
, e dif e r e n c e o f th e s e
rea din g s g iv e s t e
h d iffe r e n c e o f le v e l b e tw e e n A a n d B F i
( g 5 10 )
2 D iffe r e n t
D ie re n tia l l ll
e v e in g is a d o p te d w he n , (i) th e p o in ts a re g r e a t d is ta n c e a p a r t
a ,
(ii) the d ifr e re n c e o f e

e v a tio n b e tw e e n th e p o in ts is la rg e , a n d (iii) th e re a re
o bsta c l
es b e tw e e n th e p o in ts

s e c t io n a l
C ro s s
5 i
t io n o f t a k n g
ra
o pe
The o ss s e c t io n a l
w n a s c r
k ro 20 m 40 m
e v e Jlin
,
5 11 D in e re n ria L g h a s
F ig (s u c in o rd e r to kn o
e
is d
o n
t (F ig 5 14 )
tn e n
3 F y L e ve
lin g a lig n
\\e n i
n e n tia J Je \ ? llin g is d o n e in o r d e r o
t c o n n e c t a b e n c h m a rk
to tL
ta
;: I
'" s
p o tt o f th e a Jig u n e n r o a n y p ru ie c r,
i i t is c a lle d n y le v e llin g F 1 itr
y e v e J '" g
d o n e ro c o n n e c r rh e B A F ro a n y in le m le d ia re p o in t o f th e a ]ig n m e n f g ls a l
o r c s
i X
c
a c a u a c y o f th e w w k Jn s u c h In T J in g , lll' '" b , c k , ig h ' " d fo . . h'
.
oy.(Fig. 5 l2 ) T h e le v e . h U
d
beupj.st,aH \ I
C /S 1
. J
s ta r tin
g p o \n
t o f
c
)
6 C h e c k Le v e

Z
+
T h e fly le v e llin g d o
C w ith th e s t a r tin g p a
CP =
C h a n g e p o in t
B M L IL - P o s itio n o f L u n d e r ta k e n in o r d e r
2 ev el
F fg 5 12
F Jy L e v e lli S ta r tin E
n g
b
4 Lo n g it u
e tc ) a t regu
a r in te r
v a ls I

s kn o w
n as Jo n itu d i
g n a l le v llin
C p
e
a l e v e
y s et u g In th is
p o f th e in o p e r a tio n the
le v e l b o s tr u m ,
o k T is
o p e ra ti
en t T he c h a in a
on is d e r ta k e ges o r th e
un
n in or, p o jn ts a r e n o td
to d e te in th e
r m in e th
e u n d u la tio n s o f (

"

tlrn g
dw

L,
ing
159
r ir is n e g a li
u la r
d
e " .
-i
h t'
c-x :e = ,

l#fi}
M
: V
o f F ig 5 M C r o s s s e c tio n a
C lL e v e u in g
6 C he c k Le v e
in g
D
th e y le v e llin g d o n e a t th e e n d o f a d a y s w o r k to c o '
n n e c t th e fin is h in
g p o in t
w ith th e s ta r tin g p o in t o n th a t p a r tic u la r d a i k
y s n o w n a s c h e c k le v lli
e n g It is
u d e r ta k e n in o r d e r to c h e c k th e a c c u r a c y o f th e d a '
y s w o r k ( g 5 15 )
F i
:v e

" '
w m e n t (r o a d , ra iJw a y ,
fn th is o p e r a tio n , th e
L P o s itio n L ev el
a t r e g u Ja r in te r v a Js, . 4 C P- h a n g e Po i nt
ts a r e n o te d in tbe BS B ack S ig h t
th e u n d u Ja tio n s of FS F o r e S ig h t

1
W 5 7
- a u c qaaE
4
W o b e c n !
T m e n
P
il5
llr u

d (5 4 1
(5 3 )
a n
ro
F lo
T n ]e
d iflc r c rc e t
D L D
F ig 5 16 L in e o f C o lJim a tio n In c lin e d U p w a rd s

i$ 1
T b u s it ,
Lct a g Je f in c lin a tio n f J

im a tio n lin e te
y c \
p
-
an o o co e
co n
A a - tr u e r e a d in g
J 4
E rr o r - a i a -
a a j- D ta n a
So T ru e re a d ig a - a i a a i - a D ta n
i a
S im ila r l
y, (5 1)
b =
tr u e r e a d in g
5 7 C O R R EC
B bt bse rv e d d in g
.
o s ta fr r e a
=
o n B
E rr o r -
B b, Bb bb , C u r v a tu r e I
= -
D ta n
So
T ru e r e a d in g b B b
=
bb - B b, D
F ro m ta n
(5 ) an d (5 2 ),
a
(5 2 )
T r u e Uirence f le v e l b e tw
o
een an d B =
a Bb (fa ll fr o m B to )
a B b + D ta
n a
T hu s
-
A a i B bJ
it is ,
, seen th a t th e e
rr o r d u
com
p le te ly e lim in a te d
e to in li
c n a tio
a n d th e n o f th e c o llim a ti
a p p a re n t d o n lin e is
iife r e is
c a se // w he n th
n ce e qu a l to th e t
e lu te r u e d iff
T he s ta n r e a d i
o f co ltim a tio n
ere n ce
n gs is in c li
on an d B a re ta k e n a ft
n e d do w n w a r ds
e r s e tti
n g th e le v e l a t
o s u p p o s e th e
L e v e llin
g
T ru e L in e 16 1
r
D + B
.
F ig 5 17 L in e o f C o llim a tio n In c lin e d D

o w n w a rd s
a - tr u e s ta lT r e a d in g
1le re ,
- o b s e r v e d s ta fl r e a d in
a 2 g o n A
E rT o r -
Aa l a 2 -
aa2 -
D ta n a
T ru e re a d in g A a -
la2 + aa
2
-
A a 2 + D ta n a
5o ,
Bb tr u e re a d in
=
g
Sill
B b2 =
o b s e rv e d s ta fr r e a d in
g on B
E T o r =
Bb B b2 bb 2
- -
D ta n a
T r u e r e a d in g Bb = B bz + b b
2
-
B b2 + D ta n a
5 3) a n d ( )
54
Fro rlr (
,
r e n c e to le v e l b e tw A d B )
T ru e d if e Bb (fa ll fr o m B to A
een an =
a
- Aa + D ta n a B b D ta n a
is s e e n th a t th e e rr o r d u e to in c lin a tio n o f th e co llim a tio n lin e is

T hu s it ,
i a te d
co m p
le te ly e lim n
b e r la t th e
e v e t s h o ttd b e placed e ra c
y m id w ay be h v e e n
So ,
a lw a ys re m e n
No te d fo r e s ig h t in rd e r {o e lim in a te a n y e m o r
Ba c ks ig h t a n o
.
O N S T O B E A P P L IE D
R EC T
57 co R
,
re Co r r e c t io n
I C u rv a tu T h e lin e o f s ig h t is
h h e a r th a ffe c ts s ta ff re a d in g s
u r v a tu re o f t e
i
Fo r lo n g s g h ts t e c
f e
,
e d a n d p a ra lle
l to th e m e a 1 s p h e ro id a l s u r a c
l b t th e le v e l lin e is c u r v
ho riz o n ta , u
o f the e a r
th (F ig 5 18 )
m a tu r e C o f e c tio n
F ig 5 18
d L n lin g
. N
s . r v t y i. g
"
p la c e
.'
is
' "
co
i. . ' " .' ' "
ile d th e c u
b ' '"
r v a lu f c
e 11
c o rr e c
th . '"
e o
tio n D
f
u e
t iv e )
, :
F ,
T-XHi tn
c tiv e (
ie N ega
b tr a
d a s fo lo
l
l ya s s w s
tio n is a l
c u - . Tu r e c o r,e c
e c tio n
is d e r iv e
c o rr
Th fo ru i rr
la c u r v a tu r e
m e tr e s
e m
ce in k ilo
h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n
L e t D -
c o rr e c
tio
B D = c c - c u r v a tu r e
d iu s o f e a r th
D C = C R ra
d 12 7 4 2 k m
c o n s id e r
e
D D
'
diamete
Je c (F ig 5 1 9 )
F ro m r ig ht an g le d tr ia n g
I L in ,
b in e d
c o m
so ,
s ta fF
T ru e
e v in a fo
C tu r e C n r r e r tin n
F ig 5 19 D g Fo rm u r u rv a
BC Z _ AC
2
+ A B'
4 V is ib le
2 2 2
R + 2R C + C R + D
,
-
2 Let
C .
x 2R = D -
q ' t i \ W T
L u r v a ttu e c o r r e c tio n
D
C. =
R
(C is n e g le c te d a s jt js v e ry s m a ll in co m pa n so n i
to l l. D ia m e te r o f th e a r th )
2
D X J 0 00 . J \h i r (.
: ' ' C, =
,
0 0 7 85 D 2
(n e g a tiv e )
_
m
H en ce Tru e s ta fF r e a d in g
, -
O bs e r v e d s ta ir r e a d in g C u r v a tu r e c o r r
e c tio n
2 Re fr a c t io n Co rre c t io n
o f th e e a r th in a c u rv e d p a th The r a d iu s o f th is c
rv e is se v e n tim e s th a t o f
o b je c ts a pp e a r ig h e r th a n th
ey re a lly a re B u t th e
aospheric c o n ditio n s e f e c t o f c u r v a tu r e v
. ,
J a r ie s w ith
Y
1

"

L h llin
g e3
n a v e ra g e , th e re fr a ' "O . c o n e
on a d io n is m ee n a s " " s e v e n th D
f
C, =
x 0 0785 D 2
0 0 1 12 D 2
tie)
.
m s
is a h pa y s
d d itiv e (L ea
p o s itiv e )
- O b s e r v e d s ta f re a d i "
n g + R e fra c tio n c o r r e c tio n
Co r r e c t io n
ire d
:-J
-
ct u r v a tu r e a n d r e fr a c tio n is as fo llo w s
, o tio n -
C u r v a tu r e c o rT e c tio tio n
n + R e fra c tio n c o rr e c
0 0785 D 2 2
-
+ 0 0 1 12 D
-
0 0673 D 2
m
c o rT e c tio n is a lw a y s s u b tra c tiv e

com
b in e d (i e N e ga tiv e )
So ,
d in O b se rv e d ff
s ta ff r e a g s ta r e a din C b in e d c o rr e c tio n
-
T ru e g om
c o r re c tio n a ls o be
C o rn b in e d m a y ex p re s s e d a s
2 2 Z
D 1 D 6 D
-
(n e g a tiv e )
ZR 1 7
e H o r iz o n D is t a n ce
4 V is
ib
D v is ib le h o r iz o n d is ta n c e in k ilo m e tr e s (F ig 5 20)
B
=
-
Let
)i = h e ig h t o f th e p o in t a b o v e m ean se a le v e l, in m e tr e s
F ig 5 20 V is ib le H o z o n D ista n c e
c u rv a tu re an d r e fr a c tio n T e c tio n s l
cO
f ' ! l i ;r \
9 Z -in mttrJ
2
/ = 0 0 67 3 D q , : r
in Ji (

\
164
h at
th e e a rt
ta r\ n
t to o B
B D d ic u la r to
e rp e
n ta l lin e p

B D = ho zo " :;
f ho zo n lin e L
d ip t .
Q = o
th e ta r g e n
lin e a i d tb e a rc C A a t e =
de d by
cp
b te n
m e a n g le
X th e a n g le su
/
,
in ra d ia s
a rc
D ip 0 =
f th e e a r t}
\ '
T I
;t .M
u s o
C approx E qu a l to B )
D
in ra d ia n s (T a k in g
j J l r O
R
H e re D an d R m u st be ex p r e s s e d jn th e sa m e u n its
,
6 Se n s it iv e n e s s o f th e B u b b le
T e te rm s e n s iiiv e n e s s in th e con te x t o f a b u b b le th e e ffe c t
m ean s c a u se d b y th e
d e v ia tio n o f th e b u bb le p e r d iv is io n o f th e
g r a d u a tio n o f th e b u b b le tu b e
S e n s itiv e n e s s is e x p r e s s e d in te rm s o f th e
r a d iu s o f c u r v a tu r e o f th
e u ppe r
s u rc e o f th e tu b e o r b y a n a n le th ro u h h i h
g g w c th e a x is is tilte d fo r th d fl
e e e c tio n
o f o n e d iv is io n o f th e
g ra d u a tio n
D e te r m in in
g S e n s itiv e n e s s C o n s id e r F i
u p a t O a t a d is t
g 5 2 2 S u p p o s e th e le v e l w a s s e t
i a n c e D fr o m th e s ta fr a t p T h
e s ta fr r e a d i
b u b b Je a t th e e x t n g is ta k e n w ith th e L et
re m e r i h t e n d i
ta k e n w ith th
g ( e ,
a t ) s a
y it is pA A n o th e r s ta f r e a d in g is
e b u bb le a t t
h e e x tre m e le ft en d (i e At E )
r L e t it b e p B
0 m m M T nn r
F ig 5 2 2 D e te rm in in g S e n s itiv e n e s s o f th e B u b b le
th e le v e l a n d s ta f ,
dis ta rc e b e tw e e n
D .
th e u p p e r a n d lo w e r s ig h ts ,
vt S - in te rc e p t b e tw e e n
be r o f d iv is io n s th r o u g h w h ic h th e b u b b le is d e fle c te d ,
nu m
o f c u r v a tu re o f th e tu b e ,
b te n d e d b y E E .. d
g ie su a rc An
- an
a
h
le n g th o f one d iv is io n o f th e g r a d u a tio n , ex p r e s s e d in t e
d -
n its as D an d S
sa m e
M ovem en t o f c e n tr e o f b u bb le - EE ,
-
n d
d C B a r e s im ila r
OEE , a
n
Ta irg le
s
R a - a rc EE ,
Here y (5 5 )
,
, r l
'" l a -
R R
of
(a s rc E E r
-
c h o rd E E )
I
n r X D
v a lu e fo r d iv is io n in ra d ia n s
g u la r
'
a =
an on e
or a
2 0 6,2 6 5 se c o n ds (1 r a d ia n - 20 6 ,2 6 5 se c o n ds)
D n
=
j
P po b le n t 2 A la m p a t th e to p o l a lig h th o u s e is v is i b [e ju s t a b o v e th e h
om on
le v e l T h e d is ta n c e o r th e la m
T ro m a s tctio n a t se a
p Jio n the
s ta tio n is 3 0 a n F in d th e h e ig h t o th e ig h th o
use
S o lu tio n T h e la m p is v is ib le a b o v e th e h o r iz o n d u e to th e b in e d
co m e ffe c t o f
c u r v a tu r e a n d r e fr a c tio n
W lc n o w th a t 2
e h =
0 0 6 73 D (h e re AL = D =
30 km )
2
- 0 0 6 73 (3 0 ) _ 60 57 m
H e n ce ,
th e h e ig h t o f th e lig h th o u se is 6 0 5 7 m
D = 30 k m
L am p A (S ta tio n )
\, L ig h th o u s e
F ig P 5 1 .
P ro b le m 3 W ha t is th e v is ib h o r iz o d is ta
e n n ce fr o m a 50 m h ig h to w er?
to b e 6 3 7 0 ]a ?
,
y a I is th e d ip o th e h o r iz o n ,
a ssu m in g th e ra d its o th e e a r th
th e r e la tio n
Fril
,
2
h - 0 0673 D w h e re D =
v is ib le h o z o n d is ta n c e , an d
D = h i h e ig h t o f to w er - 50 m
D 27 2 6
D ip o f ho z o n -
r a d ia n s -
r a d ia n s
R 6, 370
x
18 0 6 0
m i. - 14 7 1 . In
10
D r
- 12 19 k m
0 0 673
d b je c t D + D
H e n c e , d is ta n c e b e tw een m an an o =
l 2
27 26 + 1 2 19 = 39 4 5 km
bien5 J m a n a t a p o s itio n Jo m a bo v e se a I o b s e ?v e s th e p ea k H
h itt T h e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e n ia n a n d th e h ilt is 8 0 km F in d
a
\he he igllt o th e h i
l
S o lu io l W e lc n o w th a t co m b in e d c o rr e c tio n
2
6 1 000 D
,
X
2R
2
6 1 00 0 D

,
(R =
ra d iu s o f th e e a r th )
7 12 8 80
,
0 0 66 5 D
2
(2R = d ia m e te r =
12 , 8 8 0 k m )
D t

3 8 7 8 km (1
10 0 m )
an d
D is ta n c e B = D ]
+ D 2
- 38 78 + 47 49 .
= 86 2 7 k m
.
p ro b
em 7 w h e n th e b tb b
e is a t th e c e n tr e th e r e a d in g on th e s toi
,
M
,
d e v ia te d by Jv
ie
fro m th e le v e l is 2 5 5 0
, m le b b b
e is th e n
d iv is io n s a n d th e s ta B re a di
b u b b le is 2 m a td t
iit
m ,
c a lc u la te th e r a d iu s o f c u r v a tu r e o th e b u b b le tu b e
a n g u la r v a h e o o n e d iv is io n o f th e b u b b
e

L e v e
s ta fr
in te r c e p t, S 2 550 2 5 00
ile e ,
' ' 0 0 50 m
Q
i
a l
Jv ll
Jr n - 5 d iv (d e v ia tio n )
d - 2 m m - 0 002 m (le n g th o f o n e d iv is io n )
D = 10 0 m (d is ta n c e b e tw e e n le v e l a n d s ta f )
Ei f d iv is io n
th a t th e a n g u la r v a lu e o one
w e kn ow

a
'
2 0 6 , 2 65 s
n D
a
'
= 20 s,
S = ? (s ta fr in te r c e p t) ,
2 d iv is io n s (d e fle c tio n ) an d
n = ,
D d is ta n c e o f th e s ta f fro m le v e l =
A '
\ 1[J? 20 = X Z UO ,
z o J
2 10 0
20 2 10 0
S
0 0 19 m
2 06 265 ,
So th e e rr o r is 0 0 19 m
,
59 A U T O NG
L EV E L L
ii u u iu ;. .
p y le v e t o r b u t e r du c v c T ,
a u to m a tic le v e l, a ls o kn ow n as m
h r iz o n ta l p la n e T h e
e r m a r kin g o p tic a l m e a s u n g d e v ic e u s e d to e s ta b lis h a o
ti
,
in sh u n e n t c a n b e u s e d fo r s m a ll s c a le s u c h a s r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g c o n s tr u c o n
to a bi c iv il n in e r in its w id e r a n \ s o f u s e th is in s tr u m e n t
g g p ro je c t D u e to
,
e g e
ba s be c o m e v e i l
r y p o p u la r a m o n g p r o fe s s o n a s
T he te rm a u to m a tic te v e l c a n a ls o r e fe r to d ig ita l a n d la s e r le v e ls th a t u s e
dife re n t tio n , w h ic h is v e r y
te c h n o lo g ie s to e n s u r e th e a c c u r a te le v e llin g o p e r a
m a
m a

c i
T a n ge " t
(d j e o f th e
in a g
S id e V ie
A
m t t e d o v er
ip
e o f
B p r in c
le v e l h a s
a u to
T he
sp u n to ho
pr
"
e
s e
m a r k e r is
:
a
th e Ja s e r . Th e c
o n it,
l m o u n te d i ke d u p by a se ns o
th e Ja s e r le v e l b e a m is p c g m e el
o n ta l p a
ln e 7 r e
ing t ha t a I e A dan p ln
ilJtm in a tin g a h o z r d i nd i ca t in g v
u d i bl e b e e p so u w a n te
d w
a ima k ing a
n a
u t m a so n u n
r ad u a t ed st f fu l fo r s e ttin g o y w o
i d T Jris is u s e T he r e t ic u le is
h e v e
p la n e h a s b e e
n a c
b u iJd in g T he eye
o f fo u n d a tio n w o rk o f a r e fe r
e n c e
i
4 D ig it a l L e ve l internal fo c u ss n g
to
th e t e le
i
o re a d di i t sc o pe
s a n e le c tr o n c e y e
,
T h is is th e fo rm o f e v e ] th a t u s e
a u to g ta l b a r
o f th is in s r u m
t e n t is its a b ilit to
co : .
d a ta o n M e g r a d u a te d s ta fF T h e b e a u ty y re c
i f r m a tio n o n c u r v a tu r e a n d ord
d a ta b e in g m e a s u r e d a Jo n g w ith c o rr e Ja tin g n o re fr a a
e fu l in r o a d p r o je c ts
j
v a Ju e s g iv e s a b e tte r q u a lity jo b T h s s u s
i i
,
5 La ser L in e L e v e l
T is is th e m o st com m o n Je v e J u s e d b y th e g e n e r a l p u b lic T h e
y a re c o m
p a c t an d
e a s y to u s e A h o r iz o n ta l o r v e r tic a l la s e r lin e is d is la e d a c r
p y s th e s u r f
o s
a c e the
Je v e s e t on p r o v idin g a le v e l lin e to x u p in te r io r d e ta ils o f a h ,
o u s e T hi
,
be e n u s e d in e Je c t c a l lu m b in g w o r k s in d o m e s tic s h
, p
a n d c o m m e rc i l
a b u ild in
gs
A T y p ic a l
P a r ts o f a n A u to
Le v e l
.
T h e a u to
e v e J h a s th e f JJ
o o w in
g c o m p o n e n ts in th r e e d i O b je
f e r e n t v ie w
R ig h t s id s
.
e V ie w
Te Je v e Jin U ) 7P
g h e a d js a v e im p o rta n t
t l
y com
(a ) A c ir c u la r p o n e n t in th is ie w
p a te
v It h a s t e e pm
o r tr ib a h
,
c
, w h ic h i
c a rr e s
a sp r it le v e l a n d th e in s tru m ent C
(c ) A fo o t Ja t . A dv a n t
p e or tr iv e t a t
ta c h e d
to th e t T h e le v ll
ri
T e h o riz o n t in g
a l c irc po d he a d e
e , ju s t a bo v e th e tr ib
T h is le
v el cai
ra c h a llo w s th e n in
in s tr u m ro tate g e e r in g
,
e en t to p
fo r r
p o fe s s io
. .


'" g iv
'"'"'"
e
e ' = th e b u b b le
n e ' ' " iit'e m
T he o b je c t fo c u s s in
g s c re w to fo c
(c ) e n t s c re w s
u s th e
s ti ff o
Tan g o n e ac h s id e h e l r o th e r o b je c t im
a ge p ro p e rl
p i y
er a d ju s tm en t fo r f c u s s in
q g th e
S id e V ie w
L e ft
3 fitte d o v er th e sp h e r ic a l le .
ir ro f v e l is th
A

r e o n ly n ew
TP
" in th is
l U !
li
iii
o ? '
" v ie w
ip
e o f o p e r a t io n
$ p r in c
u to
le v e l h a s a co m
p e n s a to r m e c h a
. e a n is m th a t u s e s
ir r o r a n d in g P r is m
' " v a c o m b in a t io n o f fi
x e d
" " ,
su s e n d
p e d o n .
e n d u lu m
: re n c
e B y s e tt in g u P t h e c o m
Th e c e n tr e o f th e r e tic
p e n s a to r c o r r e c tl
p to g iv e a
y it w ill e n s u r e th a t th e
h o z o n ta l
ra y o f
,
tt h r o u u e is e x a c tl
y h o r iz o n ta l
i m e c h a n i s m i l
s a s o in tr o d
A da m p g
n .
u c e d w ith i
n th e
w in g in g d u r in g m o v e m e n t
p e n d u lu m s y s te m to p r e v e n t
a n te d s o f th e A u t
u rrw o le v e l
i u le is a g la s s p la te w ith n e
Tire r e t c c r o s s h a ir
e m b e d d e d to
p r o v id e h e ig h t
: . u s s in g le n s is c o n tr o lle d b y th e fo c u
to b r in g th e o b je c t im a
s s in g s c re w
,
s itu a te d " " s id e . '
dle te le s c o p e ,
g e c le a r '
" t
. l
: p a r ts
u m en t C Adva
, n ta g e s
r a te ly b y u s in g a n a u to le v e l
Je v e Jlin g p e r a tio n c a n b e p o s s ib le m o r e a c c u
o
Tis le v e l c a n b e u s e d in s m a ll s c a le r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g p r o je c ts to la r g e c iv il
en gin e e r i n t is a d v a n ta g e o u s
ro ta te n g p r o je c ts T h e w id e r a n g e o f u s e o f th is in s tr u m e
fo r ro fe i
p s s o n a ls T h e te le s c o p e o f th is in s tr u m e n t n e e s
d o n ly b e a p p r o x im a te ly
T h e p r in c ip le is ex p Ja in e d as fo llo w s
h =
Pro ce du re
F ro m (5 8 )
s up p o s e dB a re tw o p o in ts o n th e o p p o s ite ba n ks o f a r iv e r
l
l,
an
T he len i 2 1
is se t up v e ry n e a r an d a fte r p r o p e r te m p o r a ry a d ju s tm e n t, s ta ff
ta k e n a t a n d B S u pp o s e th e r e a d in
readi
a re
gs a re a l a n d b ] [F i 5 2 4
2 T e
g (a )]
e v e is s h ilte d a n d s e t u p v e ry B
near an d a fte r p r o p e r
s ta fF r e a din g s a r e ta k e n t d B Su pp o
adjusm
a an se th e r e a d in s a r e
g a 2 an d b
t
et =
tr u e d ifre r e n c e f It m a y be
o le v e l b e tw
een A an d B
e -
com bin e d is equ al
e iT o , d u e to c u r v a tu r e
r e fr a c tio n a n d c o i m ti d B
a o n (Th an
,
e rr o r m a be p o s itiv e
y Or n e a
g tiv e h e r e th e
p o s itiv e ) , e rr o r is a s su m ed
) rL C
i ' i
5 11
. PR O
; . J
'
,
P

ro b le m 1
l is v e r
1
" L tlc le v e
B y n ear )
' " -.
Db , e .
Tr u e d i re
,

nc up
e w
w w be tw A t}
n ea r
,
een an d b W h e n th
h -
a ,
e le v
3 055 F
(fa ll fr o m in d r
B to ff th a t
,
) (5 8 o f L
()
F ig 5 24 R e c ip r o c a l L ev e
lin g
d ca se
n th e se c o n ,
r e a d in B b2 (a s le v e l is
C o rre c t s ta f
g at =
n ear B )
re a d in
C o rre c t s ta ff g at =
a 2 e
f le v e l,
S o , t m e d iffe r e n c e
o
h =
(a 2 e ) b, (5 9 )
F ro m (5 8 ) a n d (5 9 ) ,

a i (b e ) + (a 2 e ) b2
It m ay be o b s e r v e d th a t th e e rr o r is e lim in a te d an d th a t th e tr u e d if e r e n c e
is e q u a l to th e m ean o f th e tw o ,
a p p a re n t d if e r e n c e s o f le v e l b e tw een
an d B
5 11
, PRO B LEM S O N NG
R E C IP R O C A L L E V E L L
3P " I
iw o lu n 1 n a n o p e r a tio n in v o
v in g e v e lli
ip r o c a l re c
B a
z ta ke n o n o p p o s ite b a n k s o f a r iv e r W h e n th e le v e t w a s s e t
lrp n e a
r A ,
th e s ta fF r e a d in g s o n A a n d B w e r e 2 2 4 5 a n d 3 3 7 5 r e s p e c tiv e y
le v e l w a s se t\ n ea r B th e r e sp e c tiv e s t $ re a di
,
F in d th e d if e r e n c e d B W h a t is th e RL B
tn te o f le v e t b e b v e e n a n o ,
/ IL 2 595 D is ta n c e A B .
5 00
B O 9 85 Z 4 / o f

525
500
F in d
(u ) T h e In te R L o B .
(b ) T h e c o m b in e d c o r r e c tio n To r tu r e a n d
cu n ?a
'
e fr a c tio n
(c ) T h e c o im a tio n e lT o a n d
,
@ W ie lhe r h e tm e o c o tttb ta lio n ls in c lin e d u p w a cs i o 7 do v M J

ar a
S o ttio n
(a ) T r u e d i e r e n c e o f
e v e l b e tw een A an d B
-
(2 595 J
5 5)+ (2 4 15 0 9 8 5)
"
-
4 3 5 '
m (fa lfr o m A to B
fB
)
:, o =
52 5 5 0 0 4 3 5 52 4 0 6 5
,
=
m
(b ) C o m b in e d c o rr e c tio n io r 5 00 m -
0 0 6 73 (0 5 )2 _
0 0 16 8 m (n e ga tiw
et Co
im
, a tio n e rr
or in 5 0 0
m =
, ) o s itiv e as it is in c Jin e d
u p w a rds
,
W *e n th
e e r ro r )s p os it{v q c o n e c li
uo n w itt b e
W h e n th
n e g a tiv e d v ic e v e so
a
e in s tr '
i J ;
u m en t . ,
c o rr e c t is a t A
s ta lT r e
;15 5
'
a d in
,

'
1
g at .
nl
(a s le v e l is n ear )
00
T u
-
e d iffe
(1)
re n c e
an d 62 1
"
io d B
, , 15 5

(2 )
1 4232
e -
1 4 350
e -
0 0 1 18
L o tllim
a t i
u o n e rro r
pe r 10 0 m 0 0 1 18
= 10 0
iD
b
o oo23 m
i T he c o llim a t io n e rr o r w as
(d) a ss u m
d

( e a d in g s
S t] R is e F a l R L R e n a r k
BS s FS
1 905
10 0 0 0
2 6 52
. . y y 2 53
3 245 0 59 3 9 8 660
1 350 1 550 0 2 00 98 18
1 8 15 0 4 65 9 7 6 19
2 05 0 0 235 9 7 3 84
3 14 5 1 095 9 6 2 89
o
1 72 5 1 42 97 709
E 5 10 9 7 4 1 724 4 0 15

H

- b le n ],

F i
.
e re ,
by c p ro
7 4 2 29 1
5 10 9
=
E BS FS -
1 72 4 4 0 15 =
2 29 1
E F a li
=
E R is e
9 7 70 9 10 0 0 0 =
2 29 ]
F ir s t R L
-
L a st R L
" h el
b t /ow ng
ar v lev e J , he ) i l
re we
. f e 4r ) n I slfrg l
co m
h e.
l le v e l
l
;
.i in g "L
u n d e r ta M n g re c ip r o ca
I t\ r m J t t l u f
I
ttflit( i
\ 13 t..
.-(: A 72 5 1 3 70
B 1 560 1 235
r t h e t rin e co ttrin z l io li i) ahnenl ? m a l s lo u

ar b e
th e
j ; ; XX X t e o f C o
l
+
S o Ju o W h e n th e in s tr u m
n e n t is a t ,
A p p a r e n f d i e r e n c e
t,

o f Je v e = 72 5 1 3 70 -
0 355
m
w n e n th e in s tr u m t is a t B
\i j:
'
en
:
:
A p p a r e n t d iiTe r e n c
e o f Je v e J I 560
=
I 235 -
0 3 2? 5<J
S in ce th e tw m
o ap p a re n f d ilk r e n c e s a re n o t e q u a l th e
lin e o f
c o lli
,
m a tio
T r u e d iT e r e n c e ,
n is TI
o r le v e
b e tw een 0 355 + 0 325

an d B =
_
0 340
2 m
(fa ll o m B to A
))? t he )
s am d se tuq
C o rre c t re
a din B
g at -
1 235 m
(a s th e te v e l is n ear B)
B u t th e
o bs e r v e d
s ta fF re
a d in
g 5 6o m
) a t A is le s s
th a n th e c o rr e c t r ea dir
A m o un t
o f co J
im a tio n
e rr o r =
5 6 o
1 575 =
o o 15 m

) i L e ve
H ng
F ir s t
50 le v
t . " " " ' 24 5 , 725 ' 520 .
d iffe re n c e o f le v e l 3 04 5
fe n t 2 14 5
=
A pp a
=
0 900 m
th e tw o a pp a re n t d iffe r e n c e s a re n o t e qu l th e lin
s in c e a , e o f c o l m n t in n is n o t
en t
u sbn
jn a j
d
0 52 0 + 0 900
d if re n c e o f le v e l =
T . '"
0 7 10 (fa ll fr o m )
_
J u A to B
h e i n s t m m e n t is a t B
vhe n t
C o r r e c t s ta fF re a d in g at B 3 045
=
m (a s th e le v e l w as n e ar B )
C o rr e c t s ta fr re a d in g at = 3 04 5 0 7 10 2 335
=
m
n ol fr d in g a t A (2 14 5 m ) is le s s th a n th e tr u
u t th e o bs e rv e d s ta re a e s ta ff re a d in g
So th e Jin e o f c o llim a tio n is in c lin e d d o w n w a r d s
Q 335 m )
C o llim a tio n e rr o r -
2 14 5 2 335 =
0 19 0 m
So a c o rr e c tio n o f + 0 19 0 m sho u ld b e a p p lie d at A

,
RL o fB = 4 50 0 00 0 7 10 = 4 4 9 290 m
5 12,
O N O F R ED U C ED LEV EL
M ET H O D S O F C A LC U LA T
fo Jlo w in g a re th e tw o s y s te m s o f c a lc u la tin g re du ce d le v e l
J T he co llim a tio n s y s te m o r h e ig h t o f in s tr u m e n t s y s te m (H I)
2 T he r is e a n d ta ll s y s te m
I T he C o
im a t io n S y s te m
e re d u c e d f im
l tio n is id to b e th e h e ig h t o f th e
sa
le v e l o f th e lin e o co a
1sb u m o f c o m m a tio n
is fo u n d o u t b y
en t In th is s y s te m th e h e ig h t o f th e lin e
B S is ta k e n T h e n
,
ig the b a c k s i h t r e a d in
add n o n w h ic h th e
g g to th e R L o f th e B M
d w e llin g
a r
S n pe y iw
\ di f r e n t s e tu p s o f th e 1
l
p
e chan ge p o in t b y a
te d a t :h n F
c o rr e la
d ja c e n t p la n e s o f c o
llim a tio n a r e t s e ttin g
fr o m th e
a n e x
fr o m o n e s e tt in g a n d a
B S r e a d in g
Xgs ix
'
* o m th e R L o f th e i
s ta fr
t b y d e d u c tin g
th e
to b e fo u n d o u
in s tr u m en t
C o n s id e r F ig 5 25
J0 0 00 0
ig 5 25 C o llim a tio n S y s te m
x H
(a ) R L o f H in tir s t se ttin g - J0 0 0 0 0 + 1 2 55 = 10 1 2 5 5
'
R L o f = JO J 2 5 5 J 75 0 = 99 5 05
R L o f = JO ] 2 5 5 2 15 0 = 9 9 10 5
(b ) R L o fH I
n se c o n d s e ttin g - 9 9 10 5 + 2 7 5 0 10 1 8 5 5 a r ith re t
T l e
=
R f C 1 0 8 5 5 9 5 0 9 9 905 It d t
e r ifie d
o
N o te
= =
v
R fD 0 8 5 5 5 5 0 10 0 3 0 5 e R Ls
o
d t
=
=
an so
o n o n
Lr
th m e tic a check E B S E FS = L ast RL 1s t R L
h e d iTr e r e n b e tw th e s u m
ce een o f b a c k s ig h ts d th a t '
a n o f fo r e s ig h ts
to th e d ife r e n c e b e tw be m u st
R L a n d th e r s t R L
een th e Ja s t
rc u la tio n o f th e R L
T h is c h e c k v
o f th e H a n d th e r ifies
a t o f th e c h a n
: R s o f th
e in te r m e d ia te
g e p o in t T h e r e is n1o h
i
p o n ts
c e c k
2 R is e d
M a n fa ll S y s te m

n th is s y s te m th e
, dirence o f te v e J b e tw een tw o c o n s e c ti
u v e ' o in t i
P s s d e te r m in d
e
p r e c e d in g p o in t
re a d in g , a r is e is
s a id to h a
v e o c c u rr
o in t e d T he r i
P to g e t th e R
o f th e f se is a d d e d to th e R
o r w a rd L o f th e p r e c e d in
p o in t g
r e a d in
g , jt m e a n s th
e r e ha s
be e n fa JJ T h e f
p r e c e d in g p o in t t a
o g e t th a ll is b tr a c te d
e R of su
th e fo r o m th e RL f
w a rd
p o in t
o
Ute B M
t (w ith re sp e c t to ) =
0 75 1 25 0 50 (fa ll)
po in ith re sp e c t to A ) 1 25
t B (w 2 75 =
1 50 (fa w
r855 p o in ith re sp e c t to B ) 2 75
t C (w =
1 50 = + 1 25 (fa ll)
p o in ith r e s p e c t to C) 1 50
ttT
t D (w =
1 75 =
0 25 (fa ll)
p o in
10 0 0 0
fBM
=
o
R 0 50
f - 10 0 0 0 = 9 9 50
o
99 50 1 50 = 98 00
o fB -
98 00 + 1 25 99 25
f C =
RL o
99 2 5 0 25 =
99 00
fD -
RL o
E B S
e tic a l che ck E FS = E r is e E fa ll la s t R L 1 st R L
i
=
rT . , A r th m
d , th e d iffe b e tw th e s u m d th a t f FS th e
m e th o f B Ss
re n c e een a o s
In th is
o ,
th e s u m o f r is e s an d th a t f fa lls d th e d iffe re n c e b e tw een

n ce b e tw een o an
dire d th e fir s t R L m u st b e l
t RL an e qu a
the
la s
be
T he a r ith m e tic a l c h e c k is 1. t h e a c c u r a c y o c a lc u la tio n
m e a n t o ly to
g
n
e t o e s n o very
d h y o ie ld w o r k T h e r e is a c o m p le te ch e c k
v e r iie d
t t e a c c u r a c
L in fe r n e d ia te p o n ts n
i i t h e r is e a n d l s y s te m
o n th e R s o
f th e T w o S y s te m s
c o m p a f is
o n o
e s ig h ts m u st be
c h e ck v er ilie s R is c a n d F a ll S ! s t e m
C o llim a t ifn S y s te m
e r e is n o c he ck
It i la b o r io u s in v o lv in g s ev e ra
it in v o lv e s fe w ,
1 It is r a p id as
la tio n
c a lc u s
c a lc u la tio n s
th e R L f in te rm e d ia te 1
T h e r e is a ch e c k o n o
che ck o n th e RL of :
12 T h e re is n o
is d e te rm in e d p o in ts
in te rm e d a te p o in ts
im m e d ia te ly
a n b e d e te c te d
E r r o r s in in te r m e d ia te R L s c
A s a ll th e p o n
i ts a r e c o r re la te d
e c e d in g s ta fF de te c te d
o f
:h e p r e c e din g T h e re a re th r e e c h e c k s o n th e acc1Jacy
c he c k s o n th e a c c u r a c y
4 T he r e a r e tw o
RL c a lc u la tio n
ofR L c a lc u la tio n
:c ed in g s ta f T
l fo r n y le v e u in g
h is s y s te m is s u ita b e
lo n g it d in a l
5 T his s y s te m is s u ita b le fo
u
th e R L o
f r
e n o in te r m e
d ia te s igh ts
b e r o f w h e r e th e r e a r
n u m
le v e llin g w h e r e th e r e a r e a
in te rm e d ia te s ig h ts
r
, a re
, X . L o f th e Jin e o co
t r e d in th e s a m
Jlim a tio n is e n e
f
e h'
"zontal Ih
B S w a s e n te r e d ,
in w h ic h th e c o rr e s p o n d in g
o in ts s h o u ld b e le a r ly
h m a rks a n d c h a n g e p
c
6 Im p o r ta n t n o te b e n c
,
lu
de
Shd
in th e re m a rk c o m n
fo r th an d n in h :e rd in gs
3 5 0 , 2 2 4 5 , j 2 5 , 0 8 6 0 , 3 12 5 , 2 7 6 0 ,
8 3 5 , 4 7 0 , 1 9 6 5 , 1 2 2 5 , 2 3 9 0 , a n d 3 035 m
M a r k r u le s o n a page o f y o u r n o te b o o k in th e fo r m o f a le v e l b o o k pa e
tr it th e i g an d
e on a bo ve re a d n gs a n d fin d t e R L o f a ll th e
h p o in ts b y
T he co l
im a tio n s y s te m an d
,
2 T he se an d fa ll s y s te m
M ith m e tic a \ c h e
S ta tio n C h a in a g e BS JS FS RL o f l
i 1
p o in t
co
gL
(e m a r L 1
Wn :
m a
in : :
e L a st
16 5 3 15 0
2 ]0 1 2 3 5 5 14 PR O BT
80 98 085 .
2 245
3 98 9 90
19 5 P r o b le n 1 T
12 5
4 2 10 10 0 1 10
0 86 0 10 3 5 0 0
10 0 3 7 5 C h a ig e d 2 3 75 I 7 3 0
5 , 0
225
2 76 0 p o in t 3 630 m
6
24 0 10 0 7 4 0
8 3 5 Th e in s tr u n
10 1 6 6 5 la s t
re a d in g w
C o n td p o in ts
E BS E FS =
7 500 5 86 0 = + 1 64 0
i TL aq sq t R L lls t R T
\
9 72 5
o o y }c
9 9 0 85
n n n n r
= + l 6L 4 0n
1
an d fa ll s y s te m
r is e
dte
}'

i
5 s
(iw

Itmar k
in ;l t
( \lJ
( ) )
d 50
3 1Il50
2 24 5 0 90 5
9 8 0 85
9 8 9 90
12 5 1
2o 1o 0 1 10
3 12 5 0 86 0 0 265 10 0 3 7 5 C ha n ge d
p o in t
2 7 60 0 36 5 10 0 7 4 0
22 5
IP 24 0
1 835 0 92 5 10 1 6 6 5
1 4 70 0 365 10 2 0 3 0
2 55
P 2 70 1 225 ! 96 5 0 495 10 1 5 3 5 C ha n \ d
p o in t
2 390 1 16 5 10 0 3 70
2 85
:
99 725
7 5oo 3 ,5
h k: E B S E FS = 7 500 5 860 = + 1 64 0
Alhm e tic a l c e c
E R is e E fa ll = 3 94 5 2 30 5 = + 1 64 0
RL 1s t R L =
99 72 5 98 085 = + l 64 0
L ast
5 14
,
PR O B L E M S O N R E D U C T IO N O F L E V E L S
M o n s e c u tiv e d in g s ta ke n w itti a le v e llin g

e llowing re a w e re
3 4 5 0 2 8 3 5 2 0 70 l 8 3 5 0 9 8 5 0 4 3 5 l 6 3 0 2 2 5 5 , ,
a n d
,
J ga
5 64 5
.
.
-
P ro c e d u re
1 F ir s t c a c u la te th e
r is e an d fa ll T h e n n d
E B S E FS = 5 64 5 8 065 -
2 420
E R is e E fa ll = 3 6 10 6 030 =
2 4 20
2 Th e n L a st R L 1s t R L = 2 420
,
1s t R L = 1 10 2 0 0 + 2 42 0 =
1 12 6 2 0
o r
S b s t ih rte th is v a lu e fo r th e R L o f th e fir s t p o in t an d c a lc u la te th e th e r
u o s
in th e u su a l w a y
i
l '
E BS E F S T 7 4 8 0 . 7 2 5 0 = + 0 230
E R is e E F a ll = 5 12 5 4 89 5 = + 0 230
d c p to th e la s t p o in t a s u su a l T he n
t th e fr o m th e s e c o n
,
a lc u la e
N ow c
2
Is t R L = + 0 2 30
L
L a st R
! 1
10 3 7 9 5 0 230 = 10 3 5 6 5
R L
-
la te th e R L s
o f th e re m a in in g p o in ts
lc u
en c a
o v in g c o n s e c u ti\
di
W te J o re a
a 4 n e tr e
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M on

5 4 5 2 3 3 5 3 1 15 3 8 2 5 0 4 55 3 8 0 2 0 5 5
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2 855 3 4 5 5 0 5 8 5 ,
n
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tr ie s in a e v e l bo o k
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38 0 50 0 M ke en a n a
the p o f w as a
t r a d ie n t f B
thecl[s D e te r m in e t e g
so
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a tiu r
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in a g c
i BS
Is Fs R is e F a l R L R e m a r k
FT? 0 855 3 80 500
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L
-
pj
0
2 2 85 5 0 80 0
.
.
240 0 5 85 3 4 55 0 6 00 3 74 5 '
30
T o ta l =
1 895
.
1 1 12 5 0 9 230
ro c e d u re o b s e rv e th a t th e g iv e n re a d in g s a re g r a d u a lly in c r e a s i
n g i" i
a II
f
1a t th e in s tr u m en t w a s s h ifte d a fte r 5 th a n d 1 0 th re a d in g s T h e n r
p o ceed
aS u
ie th o d slial
:h e c k E B S E FS = 1 89 5 l l 12 5.
= 9 230
E R is e II 0 9 230 = 9 230
La st R L 1s t R L = 3 7 1 2 70 3 80 5 0 0 =
9 230
d iffe r e n c e o f le v e l
F a llin g g r a d ie n t o f B
h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e
-
(i e 1 in 3 9 )
360 39
ro b le m 4 In N le v e tlin g fr o m a BM o R L J4 0 6 0 5 th e , jo
o w in g r e a d i\
w e re o bs e r v e d
B a c k s ig h t 5 4 5 2 69 5 , ,
4 5 2 9 2 5
,
F o r e s ig h t 0 575 ,
1 235 0 59 5 ,
F ro m th e la s t p o s itio n o th e in s tr u m e n t, s ix p e g s a t 20 ? in te r v a ls a re to be
io mj R
t o u t o n a u ? y r is in g g r a d ie n t o J in 5 0 th e jir s t p e g is to a v e a n
,
r 1 4 4 0 0 0 F in d th e
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\
1 54 5
r W
14 0 6 0 S
0 B M
." 035
14 3 8 5 5
0
2 7 80 i
0 14 5
14 4 0 0 0
2 3 80
0 40
IP W Q u u
1 4
1 9 80
40 0 400
3 ~ " 14 4 8 0 0
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1 5 80
l r T : 60 0 400
1 4 5 '" 0 0 r
ce
d u re
rro r is e a n d fa ll fr o m th e g iv e n B s a n d F s
in d th e a n d c a lc u la te th e R L u p
1 F B S
l t
to th e
a s
is a t a r is e o f (1 4 4 0 0 0 14 3 8 5 5 ) 0 1 4 5 w ith r e s p e c t to
te r s t p e g
=
2 T
i t S th t ff d in g o n th e fr s t p e g is 2 9 2 5 0 14 5
la s t B S p o n o e s a e
r a ,
2 7
80
d ie n t is 1 in 5 0
in th e r is in g g r a
3 A ga ,
20
R is e p e r 2 0 0 400
So
c a lc u la te d a s u su a l
d in g s d RL s o f th e o th e r p e g s m a y be
s ta fr r e a
an
T he
E r is e E fa ll la s t R L 1s t R L
E FS
=
E B S
=
n ' "
5 395 0 14 6 0 0 0 14 0 B U ) + ) V
3 18 5
=
8 5 80
=
- + 5 39 5 = + 5 39 5
D u
m a lle
35 m
4 0 5 2 6 55 2 4
0 6 5 0 2 5 5
,
BS
,
,
,
0 5 5 5 2 4 0 5 111
FS 2 4 5 5 30 5 ,
,
th e la s t
F 0 1H
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0 m RL
B M o 9 0 50
.
: =X,Xt'. D is ta n c e Ju '' " " " ' " -

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\
a te th e
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P eg 1 30
0 300
Peg 2 60 3 035
0 300
P B 3 90 3 335
.
3 635 0 300
Pg 4 12 0
T b ta = 9 300 10 3 5 5
.
1 95 0 3 00 5
P ro ce d u re
1 F in d th e
2 T h e fa llir
So ,
3 F ro m th e la s t B S th e fa ll o f th e fK s t p e g is 0 3 0 0 So th e s t
,
a ff read
fo is b ta in e d a s 2 7 3 5 (2 4 3 5 + 0 3 0 0 ) in
r th is p eg o g
4 E h p e g h a s a fa ll o f 0 3 00 a n d th e s ta f re a d in g an d RL
ac , can be t a lc u l
ard
y in th e u s u a l m a n n e r
a c c o r d in g
C he c k E BS E FS =
9 300 10 3 5 5 =
1 055
R is e E F a ll = 1 950 3 00 5 = 1 055
L ast R L 1s t R L = 89 4 4 5 90 50 0 = 1 05 5
p ro b le n 6 T l e fo llo w in g is th e p a g e F
oi a e v e bo
o k .
w he r e s o m e re a di

w e re m is s in g F izi in th e
.
m is s in g re a d in g s a n d cu
ca a te the
re du ce d le v e ls o r a li th e p o in ts .
n . Ri. . /, /s = R if , in / a L , L
1 8 95 6 5 0 Cp
1 35 0 0 7 50
JQ
IJ .
s
FS liw ull

( a r k

ni
BM
CP
1 34 0 1 00 0 2 5 0 84 5
2 8 5 0 84 5 2 50 0 00 CP
8 50
W 1 575 0 2 75 2 50 2 7 5
3 54 5 1 970 2 4 8 30 5
1 89 5 1 6 50 14 9 9 5 5 CP
li;;: 2 10 0
1 350 0 7 50 2 50 70 5
1 1 3 50 5 205 3 7 60
Tod . 12 7 9 5
pro ce d u re
2 3 2 50 0 750 4 000
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin + =
e =
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin e 4 = 2 34 0 + 1 500 = 3 84 0
M iss in g d a ta fo r lin e 6 = 2 34 0 1 00 0 = 1 34 0
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin e 9 = 1 89 5 + 1 6 50 = 3 54 5
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin e 1 0 = 1 3 50 + 0 75 0 = 2 10 0
ec k
E B S E FS = 12 7 9 5 1 1 3 50 = + l 44 5
E R is e E F a ll = 5 20 5 3 4 60 = + 1 445
L a st R L ls t R L = 2 50 70 5 2 4 9 2 60 = + l 445
AWSeqf,db00kM,h . A H. s in g . A din g ' " w " . i

m iu in n e ' ''' '' ' ' '' '' ' '' ' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' ''
S im
s
s R iw ll
R L
3 6 50
10 8 2 6 0
Z 0 9bo
_
2 750 1 1 10 10
3 2 83 0 1 930 10 9 0 80
3 64 0 0 8 10 10 8 ? 7 n

T
\$i{ i E BS
da t
d a ta fo
E FS
fo r
f
lin
lin
=
e
6 490
5
10
= 2 4 10
(F S ) =
6 070
1 32u
2 17 0
= +
=
0 4 20
( 2
1 Uu
7 50) =
, . .
+ 0 580
, ' .
v /
:
C p
/ E F a ll = 9 230 8 8 10 = + 0 420
, R is
e
1st R L = 10 8 6 8 0 10 8 2 6 0 + 0 420
R =

ast
:N

e g a tiv e
rg a
di
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Wti A d
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a g a in s t c e
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ld t a fa ir n ber f illa g e s , to w an d o th e r
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im p o r ta n t p
rc R i
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t m a y b e a lte r e d in s o m e
D u r in g th e
c n a r
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b e a r in g in m in d th e fo llo w n g p o n ts
p la c e s ,
d s burning g h a ts ,
2 60 d s h o u ld n o t p a s s th r o u g h b u a l g r o u n ,
(a ) T h e r o a i
th e r p la c e s o f w o r s h p
u e s , c h u rc h e s o r a n y o
10 te m p le s , m o s q
l b le p e r m a n e n t s tr u c tu r
es
s th r o u g h a n y v a u a
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id is lik e ly to b e m o re
080
w h e re t e
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th e r ds c a n a ls , r iv e r s
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ith in te r s e c tio n
70 s w o ,
d an d w
o f th e g r o u n
the n a tu r e
is sho w n in F ig 5 2 1
f th e ro a d A sam p le m ap
f th e c e n tr e lin e o
on bo th s id e s o
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0 7UU J
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0 83 5
1 2 60
24 8 580
0 9 55 0 305
0 67 5
0 830 24 7 7 5 0
1 2 75 1 50 5
0 77 5 24 6 97 5
1 655 2 05 0
2 16 0 0 50 5 24 6 4 70
0 4 50

su pp o se B B c c
q

.
,D a id D E
,
a r e th e d ir e
u in g in s tr u m e n t is c tio n s o f th e c
1 c
p la c e d a t s u ita b l
e p o s itio n s
em p o r a r y a d ju s tm e n ts , th e s ta tf (s a y ' " i )
r e a d in
. ading
'" n ' ' " g s a r e ta k e n T h e fir s t s ta fF m a d in
' ' " S c o lu m n A g
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a r e e n te r e d in th
.
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m n T h e fo r e b e a r in
M r lin e s h o u ld b e m e a s u r e d a n d g a n d b a c k b e a r in g
c
b e n te r e d in th e
ev el bo o k
ol

o ra r y
b en c h m a r k s s h o u ld
b e p la c e d a t s
Jie m p o m e c h a in a e in te r v a ls (s a
g y of
n th e r o o ts o f tr e e s o r s
o o o m ) o o m e p e rm an e n t
o in ts A t th e e n d o f th e y .
'
1, p
o ra ry b e n c h m a rk
a te m p m u st be
rk , p la c e d a t a s u ita h le p o in t F 1y le v e llin g
1 llo
l e v e llin g ) s h o u ld b e d o n e to
ck c o n n e c t th is T B M to th e s ta r tin g p o in t o f
(d e
'
o rk A t th e tim e o f fl l
da y s w y e v e llin g a 1th e T B M s (w h ic h w e r e p la c e d
i y ,
) a r e a ls o c o n n e c te d in o r d e r t. D e te c t th e la c e o f e r r o r T h e n e x t d a s
p y
:h is s ta r te d fr o m th e T B M
p la c e d o n th e p r e v io u s d a
le v e llin g a r e e n te r e d a s fo llo w s F i
y T h e r e c o r d s p e r ta in in g
r o lile ( g 5 2 8)
ro p
F ig 5 28 P ro file L e v e llin g
S ta r tin
// g P o in t o
ro a d p r o je
ct
C he c k E B S E FS = 7 075 6 000 = + 1 075
E R is e E F a ll = 9 94 5 8 87 0 = + 1 075
L a st RL 1s t R L = 24 6 990 2 4 5 9 15 = + 1 075
'
5 C r o s s s e c t io n a L e v e llin g
w n i ti
e p ro file le v e llin g is in p r o g r e s s c r o s s s e c o n a
l le v e llin g s h o u ld a ls o b e d o n e
,
T h e c r o s s s e c tio n s a r e ta k e n p e rp e n d ic u la r to th e c e n tr e lin e o f th e a lig n m e it a t

s o m e r e g u la r in te r v a ls (s a y 2 0 m 4 0 , e tc ) T h e p u r p o s e o f c r o s s s e c tio n a l le v e H in g
,
is to k n o w th e u n d u la tio n o f th e g r o u n d s u r fa c e tr a n s v e r s e th e c e n tr e o f th e r o a d
T h e le n g th o f c ro s s se c tio n depen ds u p o n th e n a tu r e o f th e w o rk In c a se o f
a lo n g the
,
o n e lin T he
o rd in a ry w o rk , th e le n g th m a y b e 2 0 o r 40 m o n e a c h s id e o f th e c e n tr e e
) If r e q u ir e
le v e ls a re ta k e n a t a n in te r v a l o f 5 m on each s id e A d d itio n a l re a d in g s m a y be
s Jo o f the d d e n ly ch an
pe ta k e n if th e n a tu r e o f th e g r o u n d s u r fa c e s u ge s
0 A B 80 3 0 5 2 5
p ro je c t C /S 1
1 40 2 650 0 50 0 2 4 -4 7 9 0 C / 2
60 0 950 0 850 8 0 0 24 6 59 0 C P
80 2 055 1 0 5 24 5 4 85 C /5 3
0 0 9 6 5 0 090 24 5 5 7 5
' " 20 30
B 2 60 30 ' 305
, 850
' 25 5 7 J0
0 545
2 4 6 2 8 5 C P
24 5 74 0 C /W
14 0
2 36 0 0 5 10 2 4 5 2 30
6 0
0 5 5 0 755 1 605
18 0 24 6 835 C P e /S 5
8 6 0 0 805
2 00 24 6 03 0
2 950
C 22 0 C D 1 .0 9 0 2 4 4 94 0
3 0 5 B C 300 30 0 890 J5 5 I 795
C P C /S 6
7 5 5
2 60 0 865 2 4 5 870
D 2 680
4 0 0 C D 2 10 0 925 244 945
15 J 350
300 2 7 0 4 0
246 355 C /S
32 0 2 10 5 7
0 75 5 2 45 600
340 2 655
E
0 55 0 245 050
3 60 3 250
TB M
D E 320 0 0 5 9 5
76 0 2 44 4 5 5
4 9 0
0 7 5 2 4 5 9 45 0
t o 4 5 W
T ta l 2 4 6 9 9 0 M Jr e p t o
/
L L '

s s s
( i\ t \

(L'n\rl
{ ig h
R
0 760
2 4 5 9 15
'
\

i C e n tr e a t
I 1 5 244 800 h a in

c ge a
10 2 3 60 0 R L is
0 4 85 2 4 4 3 15
ta ke n fr o m
r
+
1) U y ) 1 375 lo n g tu d in a i
24 5 690
s e c tio n
1 3 75 0 6 10 24 6 30 0
2 0 15
244 6 6 0

1 550 0 465 6 4 0 2 4 5 12 5
1 525 0 735 2 4 5 15 0
vt l
tin g
j
du
rMi g

5 2 62 0
2 4 3 9 75
0 7 70
J0
1 850
! d
0 875
15 0 9 75
4 04 0 3 980
20 0 975
1 103 5 : 2 44 R 50
8
-
2
T o ta l . E R is e E fa ll + 0 1 60
E FS
E BS
+
. 4 04 0 3 9 8 0
C he c k - 0 9 75
-
1 035
. . + 0 060
0 0 60
i a l S e c t io n )
l i o f p r o fi le (L o n g it u d n
6 p o tt n g
tw o s c a le s a r e a s s u m e d O n e is
o ttin g th e lo n g
itu d in a l s e c tio n ,
B e fo r e p
a lly o f I :
1 0 0 0 o r 1 : 2 0 0 0 a n d th e o th e r is t
h o r iz o n ta l s c a le w h ic h is n o m
,
,
h
i h 1 1 0 0 o r I : 200 A h o r iz o n ta l lin e is d
i
v e r tic a l s c a Je w h ic h s o
f e t e r : raw n
i h h i m a r k e d a lo n g th is lin e a c c o r d in t
as th e d a tu m ln e T e c a n a g e s a r e g o t u
h o z o n ta J s c a Je T h e n th e o r din a te s (p e r p e n d ic u la r lin e s ) a r e d r a w n a t e a ch
o f
th e c h a in a g e p o in ts T h e R L o f th e d a tu m lin e is a s s u m e d in s u c h a w ay th a t e
g ro u n d s u rfa c e can be s ho w n a bo v e th e d a tu m N ow th e v e r tic a d is ta n c e s (RL
f G RL f d a tu m ) p lo tte d a lo n
o o a re g th e o r d in a te s a c c o r d in g to th e v e ra l
sca
e The p o tte d p o in ts a re jo in e d to o b ta in th
e o u tlin e o f th e
g r o u n d s u r face,
(a s s h o w n in F ig 5 30) T h e fo rm a tio n lin e to b d
e r a w n in r e d in k O th
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Levelling NN Barsak

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Leye

(ii) the d ifr e re n c e o f e

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n g + R e fra c tio n c o r r e c tio n

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iti n th e d e s ir e d r e la tio n ship

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s ta lT re a d in g s o n a n d B a re ! 735 a n d 0 965 r e s p e c tiv e ly c h p o l

w ith th e c o m p a s s a tta c h e d to th e le v e llin g in s tr u m e n t

T h e p r n c ip le a f e q u a lis in g b a c k s ig h t a n d fo re s ig h t d ista n c e s s h o u ld b e fo llo w e d

J D e n e e fo llo w in g da tu Jn s u r fa c e lin e o f c o ]lim iio n

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