M.Sc.

DEGREE IN PHYSICS
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
(For S.V. University College of Sciences)
and
NON-CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
(For Affiliated Colleges of S.V. University)

(Effective from the Academic Year 2015-2016)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY
TIRUPATI 517 502
FEBRUARY 2015
Total Credits for the Course

1
I. Core courses Credits Total

a. I Semester : 24
b. II Semester : 24
c. III Semester : 16
d. IV Semester : 16
80

A student may choose an external elective

Paper offered by other Departments in place
of Core course Analytical Techniques in the
III semester.

II. Elective Courses

a. Internal Elective in III Semester : 8

b. Internal/External Elective in IV Semester : 8
16
-----------
Total 96
-----------
III. Self Study Courses

a. Digital Signal Processing : 4

b. Physics - Philosophy and Society : 4
c. Application of Statistics to Physics : 4

Note:

A student may choose any one or more courses from the self study courses either
in III Semester or IV semester. The credits awarded to theses courses will be over and
above the required 96 credits of the course. The marks awarded in these courses and the
results of these courses will not be considered for the award of the degree and the
classification of the results.

2
 SRI VENKTESWARA UNIVERSITY:: TIRUPATI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
(Common for CBCS and non CBCS)
( Revised Scheme of Instruction and Examination, Syllabus etc., with effect from the Academic Years
2015-16 for I and II Semesters and 2016-17 for III and IV Semesters )
M.Sc. PHYSICS
(CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM)
SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION AND EXAMINATION
Internal Semester
Seme Course Core/ No. of Total
Title of the Course Assess- End
ster code Elective credits Marks
ment Exams

I PHY 101 Classical Mechanics and Core 04 30 70 100

Theory of Relativity
PHY 102 Atomic & Molecular Physics Core 04 30 70 100
PHY 103 Solid State Physics Core 04 30 70 100
PHY 104 Analog and Digital Core 04 30 70 100
Electronics

PHY 105 Practical - I (General) Core 04 80 80

PHY 106 Practical-II (Electronics) Core 04 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva-voce 20 20

600

II PHY 201 Statistical Mechanics Core 04 30 70 100

PHY 202 Electromagnetic Theory, Core 04 30 70 100
Lasers and Modern Optics
PHY 203 Mathematical Physics Core 04 30 70 100
PHY 204 Computational Methods and Core 04 30 70 100
Programming

PHY 205 Practical - I (General) Core 04 80 80

PHY 206 Practical - II (Electronics) Core 04 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva-voce 20 20
600
PHY 207 Human Values and Core 04 30 70 100
Professional Ethics - I

3
 Internal Semester
Seme Course Core/ No. of Total
Title of the Course Assess- End
ster code Elective credits Marks
ment Exams

III PHY 301 Quantum Mechanics I Core 04 30 70 100

PHY 302 Nuclear and Particle Physics Core 04 30 70 100
PHY 303 Physics of Semiconductor Core 04 30 70 100
Devices
PHY 304 Internal Elective -I IE 04 30 70 100
PHY 305 Computer Laboratory Core 04 80 80
Practical
PHY 306 Internal Elective Practical - I IE 04 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva - voce 20 20
PHY 307 Analytical Methods EE 04 30 70 100
PHY 308 Remote Sensing and EE 04 30 70 100
Applications
600

IV PHY 401 Quantum Mechanics - II Core 04 30 70 100

PHY 402 Analytical Techniques Core 04 30 70 100
PHY 403 Advances in Physics Core 04 30 70 100
PHY 404 Internal Elective II IE 04 30 70 100

PHY 405 General Practical Laboratory Core 04 80 80

PHY 406 Internal Elective Practical II IE 04 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva voce 20 20

PHY 407 Human Values and 600

Professional Ethics - II Core 04 30 70 100

4
 A candidate may choose any one elective from the list of electives offered by the Department

Internal Semester
Sem Course Core/ No. of Total
Title of the Course Assess- End
ester code Elective credits Marks
ment Exams

IV PHY 408 Digital Signal Processing SSC 04 --- 100 100

PHY 409 Applications of Statistics to SSC 04 --- 100 100

Physics

I CORE COURSES
COURSE CODE TITLE
PHY 101 Classical Mechanics and Theory of Relativity
PHY 102 Atomic and Molecular Physics
PHY 103 Solid State Physics
PHY 104 Analog and Digital Electronics
PHY 105 Practical - I (General)
PHY 106 Practical - II (Electronics)
PHY 201 Statistical Mechanics
PHY 202 Electromagnetic Theory, Lasers and Modern Optics
PHY 203 Mathematical Physics
PHY 204 Computational Methods and Programming
PHY 205 Practical I Laboratory (General)
PHY 206 Practical - II Laboratory (Electronics)
PHY 301 Quantum Mechanics - I
PHY 302 Nuclear and Particle Physics
PHY 303 Physics of Semiconductor Devices
PHY 305 Computer Laboratory Practical
PHY 401 Quantum Mechanics - II
PHY 402 Analytical Techniques
PHY 403 Advances in Physics
PHY 405 General Laboratory Practical
PHY 207 Human Values and Professional Ethics I
PHY 407 Human Values and Professional Ethics II

5
 II INTERNAL ELECTIVE COURSES

COURSE CODE TITLE

III PHY 304A Applied Spectroscopy - I
EXTERN PHY 304 B Condensed Matter Physics - I
AL PHY 304 C Electronics Embedded Systems
ELECTI PHY 304D Photonics - I
VE PHY 304 E Solar Energy Thermal Aspects
COURSE PHY 304 F Vacuum and Thin Film Technology
S PHY 306 Elective Laboratory - I
(FOR PHY 404 A Applied Spectroscopy - II
THE PHY 404 B Condensed Matter Physics - II
STUDEN PHY 404 C Electronics Wireless Communication Systems
TS OF PHY 404 D Photonics - II
OTHER PHY 404 E Solar Energy- Photovoltaic Aspects
DEPART PHY 404 F Properties and Applications of Thin Films
MENTS) PHY 406 Elective Laboratory - II

COURSE CODE TITLE

PHY 307 Analytical Methods
PHY 308 Remote Sensing and Applications
Note: The Department will offer any one or both External Elective Courses depending on the
convenience of the Department and students strength opted for that course, which will be
intimated at the beginning of the semester.

SELF STUDY COURSES (FOR THE SUDENTS OF M. Sc., PHYSICS)

COURSE CODE TITLE

PHY 407 Digital Signal Processing
PHY 408 Applications of Statistics to Physics
PHY 409 Physics Philosophy and Society

6
 SRI VENKTESWARA UNIVERSITY:: TIRUPATI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
TWO YEAR M.Sc. COURSE IN PHYSICS
(Non-Choice Based Credit System with Effect from Academic Year 2015-2016)
(For Affiliated Colleges of S.V. University)
COURSE STRUCTURE AND EXAMINATION SCHEME

Internal Semester
Course Total
Semester Title of the Course Assess- End
code Marks
ment Exams

I PHY 101 Classical Mechanics and Theory 20 80 100

of Relativity
PHY 102 Atomic & Molecular Physics 20 80 100
PHY 103 Solid State Physics 20 80 100
PHY 104 Analog and Digital Electronics 20 80 100

PHY 105 Practical - I (General) 80 80

PHY 106 Practical-II (Electronics) 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva-voce 20 20
600

II PHY 201 Statistical Mechanics 20 80 100

PHY 202 Electromagnetic Theory, Lasers 20 80 100
and Modern Optics
PHY 203 Mathematical Physics 20 80 100
PHY 204 Computational Methods and 20 80 100
Programming

PHY 205 Practical - I (General) 80 80

PHY 206 Practical- II (Electronics) 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva-voce 20 20
600
PHY 207 Human Values and Professional 20 80 100
Ethics -I

7
 Internal Semester
Course Total
Semester Title of the Course Assess- End
code Marks
ment Exams

III PHY 301 Quantum Mechanics I 20 80 100

PHY 302 Nuclear and Particle Physics 20 80 100
PHY 303 Physics of Semiconductor Devices 20 80 100
PHY 304 Electronics Embedded Systems 20 80 100

PHY 305 Practical-I (Computers) 80 80

PHY 306 Practical- II Electronics 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva-voce 20 20
600

IV PHY 401 Quantum Mechanics - II 20 80 100

PHY 402 Analytical Techniques 20 80 100
PHY 403 Advances in Physics 20 80 100
PHY 404 Electronics Wireless 20 80 100
Communication systems

PHY 405 Practical I (General) 80 80

PHY 406 Practical II (Electronics) 80 80
Records 20 20
Viva-voce 20 20
600
PHY 407 Human Values and Professional 20 80 100
Ethics - II

8
 SEMESTER-I

PHY 101: CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND THEORY OF RELATIVITY

UNIT I: Lagrangian Mechanics and Hamiltonian Mechanics

Newtonian mechanics of one and many particle systems: Conservation laws, Constraints and their
classification, Degrees of freedom: Generalized coordinates: Principle of virtual work, D'Alemberts
principle, Lagrange's equations of motion.
Applications: Inclined plane, Linear harmonic oscillator and simple pendulum, Hamiltonian principle,
Lagrange's equation from Hamilton's principle, Hamilton's equation of motion, Applications, Simple
pendulum, Compound pendulum. (1-4)

UNIT II: Canonical Transformations and Hamilton - Jacobi Theory

Canonical Transformations, Generating function and their properties, Condition for transformation to be
canonical, Illustration of canonical transformation, Poisson Brackets, Canonical equations in terms of
Poisson, Bracket notation. Lagrange - Brackets and their properties.
Hamiltonian - Jacobi equation, one dimensional harmonic oscillator, Small oscillations and normal
modes, Action Angle variables, Kepler problem in action angle variables. (4,5)

UNIT III: Motion in a Central Force Field

Reduction to the equivalent one body problem, Motion in a central force field, Conditions for closed
orbits: Inverse square law of forces, Keplers laws of planetary motion- Rutherford scattering.
(2,3)
Rotations Space and body fixed axes, Angular momentum and Torque, Eulerian angles Eulers
equations of a rigid body, Motion of symmetrical top, Expression for slow and fast precessions, Larmour
precision, Examples of Gyroscope. (1-6)

UNIT IV: Special Theory of Relativity

Introduction Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity Principle of constancy of light Lorentz
transformations. Relativistic Kinematics, Velocity transformations Transfor-mations for the
acceleration of a particle. Relativity Optics: Aberration of the of the light from stars Doppler effect.
Relativistic Mechanics: Mass of a moving particle Relativistic dynamics of a single particle
Applications of relativistic dynamics of a single particle, Motion in electric field Motion in a magnetic
field Experimental verification of the variation of mass with velocity Bucherers experiment -
Transformation of momentum and force. (7-9)
Books for Reference
1. Classical Mechanics, N.C. Rana and P.S. Joag - Tata Mc-Graw Hill, 1991.
2. Classical Mechanics, H. Goldstein - Addison Wesley, 1980.
3. Classical Mechanics, J.C. Upadyaya - Himalaya Publishing House, 2005.
4. Classical Mechanics, Gupta, Kumar and Sharma - Pragathi Prakashan, 2012.
5. Classical Dynamics of Particles, J.B. Marion Academic Press - Saunders College
Publications, 4th edition, 1995.
6. Introduction to Classical Mechanics, R.G. Takwale and P.S. Puranic -Tata McGraw-Hill,1989.
7. Theory of Relativity, W. Pauli - Dover Publications, 1981.
8. Introduction to the Theory of Relativity, P.G. Bergmann Prentice Hall, 1953.
9. Introductory Relativity, W.G.V. Rosser - CRC Press, 1992.

9
 PHY 102: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

UNIT I: Atomic Spectra

Introduction: Hydrogen atom (one electron atom) and the three quantum numbers- Spectra of hydrogen atom-
Spectra of alkali elements- Fine structure- Elements with more than one valence electron- Forbidden transitions
and selection rules- Space quantization- Stern-Gerlach (S-G) experiment-Coupling schemes- Spectral terms and
term symbols, Ground states based on electron configuration - LS coupling - JJ coupling- Hunds rule of
multiplicity - Paulis exclusion principle - Equivalent and non-equivalent electronic systems. Width of spectral
lines Spectrometer - Spectrophotometer Applications of atomic spectra.

UNIT II: Zeeman and Stark Effects

Introduction: Zeeman effect, Normal and anomalous Zeeman effects, Experimental details, Zeeman effect of
hyperfine structure, Magnetic moment of the atom and Landes g-factor, Zeeman effect in sodium atom, Lande
g-formula for LS and JJ couplings - Paschen-Back effect, Complete Paschen-Back effect - Splitting of sodium
lines and selection rules, Stark effect, Experimental details, Weak and strong field effects, Width of spectral lines.

UNIT III: Diatomic Molecular Spectroscopy Rotational Energies

Introduction Rotational, vibrational, electronic spectra of diatomic molecules types of molecules Linear,
symmetric top, asymmetric top and spherical top molecules Rotational spectra of a diatomic molecule as rigid
rotator Energy levels and spectra of non-rigid rotor Intensity of rotational lines - Rotational spectra
of polyatomic molecule Rotational analysis of electronic spectra- Evaluation of rotational constants -
Effect of isotopic substitution on rotational levels Stark splitting of rotational lines Stark modulated
microwave spectrometer Applications of rotational spectroscopy - Determination of molecular structure,
dipole moment, atomic mass, nuclear quadrupole moment Microwave oven.

UNIT IV: Diatomic Molecular Spectroscopy Vibrational Spectra

Introduction Vibrational spectra of diatomic molecule Diatomic molecule as simple harmonic
oscillator Anharmonic oscillator Energy levels and spectrum Molecule as vibrating rotator PQR
branches progressions and sequences Vibrational analysis of electronic spectra - Deslanders table
Evaluation of vibrational constants Morse potential energy curve Frank-Condon principle Intensity
distribution in absorption and emission spectra - Effect of isotopic substitution on vibrational bands IR
spectrometer FTIR spectroscopy Principle Interferometer arrangement advantages - Applications of
vibrational spectroscopy: Identification of molecular constituents Elucidation of molecular structure
Biological applications.

Books for study:

1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra, H.E. White, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell and E.M.Mc Cash, Tata McGraw-
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1994.
3. Spectroscopy, Vol. I & III, B.P. Straughan & S. Walker, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY,1976.
4. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, McGraw - Hill Book Co, 1962.
5. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, G. Herzberg, D.Van Nostrand Company Inc, New York.
6. Molecular Spectroscopy, J.M. Brown, Oxford Science Pub. Oxford, 1998.
7. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, G. Aruldhas, Prentice- Hall of India, Pvt., 2005.
8. Elements of Diatomic Molecular Spectra by H. Dunford Addison-Wisely, 1957.

10
 PHY 103: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

UNIT I: Lattice Energies and Lattice Vibrations

Origin of chemical binding in ionic and van der Waals crystals Elastic properties Stress and strain
Elastic moduli - Lattice energy calculations for ionic and van der Waals crystals Lattice vibrations:
Mono and diatomic one dimensional infinitely long lattices Vibrational spectra Infrared absorption
in ionic crystals Vibrational spectra of finite lattice Quantization of lattice vibrations Phonons
Properties Experimental measurement of dispersion relation.

UNIT II: Transport Phenomena and Band Theory

Concept of electrical and thermal resistivity Expression for thermal and electrical conductivities for
metals Lorenz number - Different scattering mechanisms Matheissens rule- Formulation of
Boltzmann transport equation Relaxation time approximation Distribution function.
Sommerfeld model its consequences electron-lattice interaction (Quantitative only) Motion of
electron in periodic potential Bloch function - Kroning - Penny model Formation of energy bands in
solids Concept of effective mass Brillouin zones Different schemes of representation of E versus K
curves Distinction between metals, insulators and semiconductors.

UNIT III: Semiconductor Physics

Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors Expression for position of Fermi levels and carrier
concentrations Variation of Fermi level with temperature np product Carrier mobility, conductivity
and their variation with temperature Direct and indirect band gap semiconductors Differences and
examples Hall effect - Continuity equation Drift and Diffusion Einstein relation Generation,
Recombination and life time of non-equilibrium carriers Heyness-Schockley experiment
Determination of life time, diffusion length of minority charge carriers.

UNIT IV: Superconductivity

Concept of zero resistance Magnetic behavior Distinction between a perfect conductor and
superconductor Meissner effect Isotope effect Specific heat behavior Two-fluid model
Expression for entropy difference between normal and superconducting states Londons equations
Penetration depth BCS theory Josephson junctions SQUIDS and its applications - Applications of
superconductors High TC superconductors Preparation Properties.
Books for Study
1. Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekkar, Macmillan India Ltd.
3. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Addison-Wesley.
4. Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, Narosa Publishing House.
5. Solid State Electronic Devices, B.G. Streetman.
6. High TC Superconductivity, C.N.R. Rao and S.V. Subramanyam.
7. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai.
8. Solid State Physics, S.L. Kakani and C. Hemarajan.
9. Electrons in Solids, Richard H. Bube.

11
 PHY 104: ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

UNIT I: Introduction to Electronic Devices

Field Effect Transistor (FET): Structure and working of JFET, Characteristics, and parameters of JFET.
Advantages of FET over BJT. FET as switch and Amplifier, Application of FET as voltage variable
resistor. Structure of MOSFET, depletion type and enhancement type, MOSFET Characteristics,
MOSFET as variable resistor, Concept of CMOS. Structure, working and Characteristics of UJT.
Application of UJT as a Relaxation oscillator. (1)
UNIT II: Operational Amplifiers
Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp, differential Amplifier, Comparator open loop configuration,
inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Op-amp with negative feedback, voltage shunt feedback, effect
of feedback on closed loop gain, input resistance, output resistance, CMRR, frequency response slew
rate.
Instrumentation- Amplifier, integrator and differentiator. Waveform generators: Square and triangle.
Filters: Low pass, High pass and Band pass. (2)
UNIT III: Digital Electronics
Combinational Logic: Multiplexers, Decoder, Demultiplexer, Data Selector, Multiplexer,
Encoder.Sequential Logic: JK Flip Flop, JK Master Slave FlipFlops, D Flip-Flop. Shift Registers:
Serial in Serial out, Serial in Parallel out, parallel in Serial out, Parallel in Parallel out Registers.
Counters: Asynchronous and Synchronous Counters, MOD-3 Counter, MOD-5 Counter. Converters: R -
2R Ladder D/A Converter, Successive Approximation A/D Converter. (3,4)
UNIT IV: Communication Electronics
Introduction to Modulation (AM & FM), Sampling Theorem, Low pass and Band pass signals, PAM,
Channel BW for a PAM signal. Natural sampling, Flat-top sampling. Signal recovery through holding.
Quantization of signals, PCM transmission, Quantization of noise, Differential PCM, Delta Modulation,
Adaptive Delta modulation CVSD. Signal to noise ratio in PCM and Delta Modulations.
(5)
Text Books
1. Micro Electronics, Milliman and Halkias. TMH Publications.
2. OP-Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits, RamakanthA. Gayakwad, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1991.
3. Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, Ronald J. Tocci, Neal Widmer and Gregory
L. Moss, 10th Edition, PHI, 2007.
4. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and Donald P. Leach, Tata Mc Graw-
Hill, New Delhi, 1993.
5. Principles of Communication, Taub and Schilling, Mc-Graw Hill Publication.
Reference Books
1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, R. Boylested and L. Nashdsky, PHI, New Delhi, 1991.
2. Micro Electronics, Sedra and Smith.
3. Electronic Principles, Malvino, 6th Ed. TMH.
4. Linear Integrated circuits, Roy Choudhry.
5. Operational amplifiers, Collins.

12
 SEMESTER-II

PHY 201: STATISTICAL MECHANICS

UNIT- I: Ensembles
Phase space Concept of ensembles Types of ensembles - Ensemble average - Liouvilles Theorem
Micro canonical ensemble: ideal gas Gibbs paradox Entropy and probability Canonical ensemble
Ideal gas in canonical ensemble Grand canonical ensemble Ideal gas in grand canonical ensemble
Comparison of various ensembles.

UNIT II: Partition Functions

Canonical partition function Molecular partition function Translational partition function Rotational
partition function Vibrational partition function Electronic and Nuclear partition functions Applications of
Rotational partition function Applications of vibrational partition function to solids.

UNIT III: Maxwell Boltzmann and Bose Einstein Statistics

Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution - Distribution of velocities Experimental verification - Calculation
of mean values Equipartition theorem. Bose Einstein distribution, Bose Einstein condensation,
Black body radiation and the Plancks radiation law - Dulong and Petits law - Einstein and Debyes
theories of heat capacities - Liquid helium Two fluid model of liquid helium II Super fluid phase of
3
He.

UNIT IV: Fermi Dirac Statistics & Fluctuations

Fermi - Dirac distribution Electrons in metals Thermionic emission Magnetic susceptibility of free
electrons White dwarfs Fluctuations in ensembles, Onsagars one dimensional and reciprocal
rotations and their applications to thermoelectric phenomena, Kelvins first and second equations: One
dimensional random walk Random walk and Brownian motion.

Books for study

1. Statistical Mechanics , B.K. Agarwal, Melvin Eisner,2nd Edition, New Age International (P)Ltd.
2. Statistical Mechanics and properties of Matter by ESR Gopal Student Edition ( Ellis Horwood )
3. Statistical and Thermal Physics , F. Reif4th Edition, Mc Graw Hill
4. Elementary Statistical Mechanics, C. Kittel, Dover Publications

Books for reference:

1. Statistical Physics, Bhattacharjee
2. Thermal Physics, Kittel and Kremer

13
 PHY 202: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY, LASERS AND MODERN OPTICS

UNIT I: Electromagnetic Theory

Maxwells equations, The wave equation, Propagation of light in isotropic dielectric medium
Dispersion, Propagation of light in conducting medium-skin depth, Reflection and refraction at the
boundary of a dielectric interface Fresnels equations, Propagation of light in crystals-Double
refraction.
Electromagnetic radiation ; Retarded potentials, Radiation from moving point charge, Radiation from
oscillating dipole (electric and magnetic dipoles), Radiation from linear antenna Radiation resistance,
electric quardrupole radiation, Lienard Wiechert potentials.

UNIT II: Lasers and Non-Linear Optics

Basic principles of lasers Spontaneous and stimulated emission Coherence - Population inversion-
Einstein coefficients Pumping schemes Threshold condition for laser oscillation Losses and Q-
factor Ruby laser and GaAs laser Gas lasers-Argon ion laser, Co2 laser - Laser applications.
Basic Principles Origin of optical nonlinearity - Harmonic generation Second harmonic generation
Phase matching condition Third harmonic generation Optical mixing Parametric generation of
light Parametric light oscillator Frequency upconversion Self focusing of light - Guided wave
optics - Pulse compression - Optical solutions.

UNIT III: Holography and Fourier Optics

Introduction to Holography Basic theory of Holography Recording and reconstruction of Hologram
Diffuse object illumination Speckle pattern Fourier transform Holography Applications of
Holography.
Introduction to Fourier optics Two dimensional Fourier transforms Transforms of Dirac-Delta
function Optical applications linear systems- The convolution integral convolution theorem-
Spectra and correlation Parsevels formula Auto correlation and cross-correlation Apodization
Array theorem Fourier methods in diffraction - Fraunhouffer diffraction of single slit, double slit and
transmission grating using Fourier method.

UNIT IV: Fiber Optics

Total internal reflection - Optical fiber modes and configuration Single mode fibers Graded index
fiber structure Fiber materials and fabrication Mechanical properties of fibers Fiber optic cables
Attenuation Signal distortion on optical wave guides- Erbium doped fiber amplifiers Solitons in
optical fibers - Block diagram of fiber optic communication system - Applications of optical fibers in
communication and medicine.
Text and Reference Books
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 4 th Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, ND, 2013.
2. Electromagnetics, B.B. Laud, 3rd Edition, New Age International Publishers Ltd, N D, 2011.
3. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic theory, 2nd Edition, S.K. Dash and S.R. Khuntia, ND, 2011.
4. Modern Optics by G.R. Fowels, 1989.
5. Laser and their Applications, M.J. Beesly, Taylor and Francis, 1976
6. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, B.B. Laud, 3rd Edition, New Age International Publishers Ltd,
New Delhi, 2011.
7. Optics, E. Hecht, Addison Wiley, 1974.
8. Optical Fiber Communications, Gerel Keiser, McGraw Hill Book, 2000.

14
 PHY 203: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

UNIT - I: Special Functions

Beta and Gamma Functions Definitions and properties Evaluation of integrals, Legendre, Bessel and
Hermite differential equations Solutions Generating functions Orthogonal properties of Legendre,
Bessel and Hermite Functions (Proof not necessary) Recurrence relations (Proof for Legendre
polynomials only)

UNIT - II: Integral Transforms

Fouriers Transforms: Properties of Fourier transforms Fourier sine and cosine transforms- Power in
Fourier series Modulation theorem, Fourier transform of impulse function, Constants, Unit step
function and Periodic (square wave, triangular wave & sawtooth wave) functions.
Laplace Transforms: Definition and notation Properties of Laplace transforms Laplace transforms
of Dirac delta function and periodic functions (Square wave, sawtooth wave and triangular wave)
Inverse Laplace transforms properties Solution of linear differential equations with constant
coefficients - Applications to LCR circuits, Operational amplifiers and resonance of simple pendulum.

UNIT - III: Partial Differentiations and Tensors

Partial Differentiations: Laplace equation Method of separation of variables Application of
Laplace equation to two dimensional steady state of heat flow in a thin rectangular plate and a long
cylinder. Wave equation in two dimensions Application to the vibration of a rectangular membrane
and circular membrane.
Tensors: Definition Contravariant, Covariant and Mixed tensors Dummy suffix notation- Addition,
subtraction, contraction, inner product, outer product, symmetric and anti-symmetric tensors -
Application of Tensor theory to strain, thermal expansion and piezoelectricity.
UNIT IV: Complex Variables
Functions Complex differentiation - Analytic function - Cauchy Reimann equations Derivatives of
elementary functions Singular points and classification. Complex integration - Cauchys theorem
Integrals of special functions Cauchys integral formula Taylors and Lorentz theorem (statements
only) Residues, calculations of residues - Residue theorem evaluation of definite integrals.
Reference Books
1. Functions for Scientists and Engineers, W.W. Bell, Van Nostrand Co., London (1968).
2. Fourier Analysis, Hsu P. Jewi, Unitech Division.
3. Laplace Transforms, Murray Spiegle, Schaums outline series, McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Applied Mathematics for Engineers, Pipes and Harval, III Edition, McGraw Hill Books Co.
5. Vector Analysis & Introduction to Tensor Analysis, M. R. Spiegel, Schaums Series 1959.
6. Physical Properties of Crystals, J.F. Nye, Schaums Series, Oxford Univ. Press, 1957.
7. Theory and Properties of Complex Variables, S. Lipschutz, Schaums Series, Mc Graw Hill.
8. Mathematical Physics, H.K. Das and Ramaverma, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi (2011).
9. Mathematical Physics, B. Bhattacharyya, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., (2010).

15
 PHY 204: COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND PROGRAMMING
UNIT I: (a) Fundamentals of C language
C character set Identifiers and keywords Constants Variables Data types Declarations of
variables Declaration of storage class Defining symbolic constants Assignment statement.
Operators : Arithmetic operators Relational operators Logic operators Assignment operators
Increment and decrement operators Conditional operators.
(b) Expressions and I/O statements: Arithmetic expressions Precedence of arithmetic operators
Type converters in expressions Mathematical (library) functions Data input and output - Getchar
and putchar functions Scanf Printf Simple programs.
(c) Control statements: If-Else statement Switch statement The ?operator GO TO While , Do-
while, FOR statements BREAK and CONTINUE statements.
UNIT II: (a) Arrays
One dimensional and two dimensional arrays Initialization Type declaration Inputting and
outputting of data for arrays Programs of matrices addition, subtraction and multiplication.
(b) User Define functions: The form of C functions Return values and their types Calling a function
Category of functions. Nesting of functions.Recursion.ANSI C functions Function declaration.
Scope and life time of variables in functions.
(c) Pointers: Accessing the address of variable. Declaration and Initialization of pointer variables.
Accessing the value of the variable through its pointer. Pointer Expressions- Pointers and arrays
Pointers and structures.

UNIT III: Linear, non-linear equations and curve fitting

(a) Solution of Algebraic and transcendental equations Bisection, Falsi position and Newton-
Rhapson methods Basic principles Formulae Algorithms.
(b) Simultaneous equations: Solutions of simultaneous linear equations Gauss elimination and
Gauss-Seidel iterative methods - Basic principles Formulae Algorithms
(c) Curve fitting Least square fitting Linear and quadratic equations.
UNIT IV: (a) Interpolations: Concept of linear interpolation Finite differences Newtons and
Lagranges interpolation formulae Principles and Algorithms
(b) Numerical differentiation and integration: Numerical differentiation algorithm for evaluation
of first order derivatives using formulae based on Taylors series Numerical integration Trapezoidal
and Simpsons 1/3 rule Formulae Algorithms.
(c) Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Euler, method, fourth order Runga-Kutta
Method.
Books for reference
1. Programming with C, Byron Gottfried, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Programming in C, Balaguruswamy.
3. Numerical Methods, E. Balaguruswamy, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Computer oriented numerical methods, Rajaraman.
5. Let Us C, Yeswanth Kanetkar.

16
 PHY 207: Human Values and Professional Ethics I

Chapter I: Definition and Nature of Ethics Is relation to Religion, Politics, Business, Law, Medicine
and Environment. Need and Importance of Professional Ethics Goals Ethical Values in Various
Professions.

Chapter II: Nature of Values Good and Bad, Ends and Means, Actual and Potential Values,
Objective and Subjective Values, Analysis of Basic Moral Concepts Right, Ought, Duty, Obligation,
Justice, Responsibility and Freedom, Good Behavior and Respect for Elders, Character and Conduct.

Chapter III: Individual and Society: Ahimsa (Non-Violence), Satya (Truth), Brahmacharya
(Celibacy), Asteya (Non Possesion) and Aparigraha (Non-stealing). Purusharthas (Cardinal virtues) -
Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Wealth), Kama (Fulfillment Bodily Desires), Moksha (Liberation).

Chapter IV: Bhagavd Gita (a) Niskama Karma, (b) Buddhism The Four Nobel Truths Arya
astanga marga, (c) Jainism - Mahavratas and Anuvratas. Values Embedded in Various Religions,
Religious Tolerence, Gandhian Ethics.

Chapter V: Crime and Theories of Punishment (a) Reformative, Retributive and Deterrent, (b)
Views on Manu and Yajnavalkya.

Books for study:

1. Johns S Mackenjie: A Manual of ethics
2. The Ethics of Management by Larue Tone Hosmer, Richard D. Irwin Inc.
3. Management Ethics Integrity at work by Joseph A. Petrick and John F. Quinn, Response Books, New
Delhi.
4. Ethics in Management by S.A. Shelekar, Himalaya Publishing House.
5. Harold H. Titus: Ethics for Today
6. Maitra, S.K: Hindu Ethics
7. William Lilly: Introduction to Ethics
8. Sinha: A Manual of Ethics
9. Manu: Manava Dharma Sastra or the Institute of Manu: Comprising the Indian System of Duties:
Religious and Civil (ed) G.C. Haughton.
10. Sasruta Samhita: Tr. KavirajKunjanlal, KunjanlalBrishagratha, Chowkamba Sanskrit Series, Vol I,II and
III, Varanasi, Vol I PP, 16-20, 21-32 and 74-77 only.
11. Charaka Samhita: Tr. Dr. Ram Karan Sarma and Vaidya Bhagavan Dash, Chowkambha Sanskrit Series
Office. Varanasi I, II, III Vol I PP 183-191.
12. Ethics, Theory and Contemporary Issues. Barbara Mackinnon, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001.
13. Analyzing Moral Issues, Judith A. Boss, Mayfield Publishing Company, 1999.
14. An Introduction to Applied Ethics (Ed.,) John H. Piet and Ayodya Prasad, Cosmo Publications.
15. Text Book for Intermediate First Year Ethics and Human Values, Board of Intermediate Eduction
Telugu Academy, Hyderabad.
16. I.C. Sharma Ethical Philosophy of India. Nagin& Co Julundhar.

17
 SEMESTER-III

PHY 301: QUANTUM MECHANICS I

UNIT - I: Formulation and Simple Problems

Wave particle duality Wave functions in coordinate and momentum representation- Postulates of
quantum mechanics -Linear vector space: Hilbert space - Diracs Bra and Ket notations- Hermitian
operators and their properties- Matrix representation of an operator- Unitary operators- Unitary
transformation - The Kronicker Delta and Dirac delta functions
Eigen values and Eigen functions for finite potential well and step barrier Quantum mechanical
tunneling

UNIT - II: Quantum Dynamics and Simple Problems

Equations of motion - Schrodinger Picture- Heisenberg Picture- Interaction Picture- Equivalence of
various Pictures- . Poisson and Commutation brackets- Their Properties
Eigen values and Eigen functions for Simple harmonic oscillator- Polynomial method and abstract
operator method in one dimension- Eigen values and Eigen functions for a free particle and particle in
a box in three dimensions.

UNIT - III: Approximate Methods

Time independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate levels: Perturbed harmonic oscillator, Normal
Helium atom, Stark effect of the plane rotator. First order perturbation theory for degenerate levels: First
order Stark effecting in hydrogen atom; Time dependent perturbation theory: Transition to continuum
(Fermi Golden rule).
WKB approximation Turning points and connecting formulae: Application to potential barrier.
Variational methods.

UNIT - IV: Scattering Theory

Introduction: classical theory of scattering - Quantum theory of scattering - Method of partial wave
analysis - Scattering by a perfectly rigid sphere - Greens function in scattering theory - Born
approximation - Validity of Born approximation - optical theorem.

Reference Books
1. Quantum Mechanics: S. L.Kakani and H.M.Chandalia.SultanChandandSonsFirst Edition
2. Advanced Quantum Mechanics : B.S. Rajput, Pragatiprakasan.
3. Quantum Mechanics: V.K. Thankappan, Wiley Eastern Limited
4. A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics : P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan, Tata Mc GrawHill
Publishing Company.
5. Quantum Mechanics: S.L. Gupta, V. Kumar, H.V. Sharma and R.C. Sharma Jai Prakash Nath
and Company.
6. An introduction to QuantumMechanics, P.T. Mathews c Graw Hill Publishing Company.

18
 PHY 302: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

UNIT I: Nuclear Forces and Reactions

Nuclear Forces: Characteristics of nuclear forces Ground state of Deuteron Proton Proton
scattering Neutron Proton scattering Meson theory of nuclear forces Bethe-Weizacker semi-
empirical binding energy equation and its applications.
Nuclear Reactions: Types of nuclear reactions Compound nuclear reactions Direct reactions -
Nuclear cross section Resonance theory Briet Wigner formula.
UNIT II: Nuclear Accelerators
Introduction Ions sources Classification of accelerators - Electrostatic accelerators Cockcroft-
Walton accelerator, Van de Graff accelerator and Tandem accelerators - Linear accelerators Drift tube
and Wave guide accelerators Low energy circular accelerators Cyclotron and Betatron High
energy circular accelerators Synchrotron and Microtron.
UNIT III: Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear fission reactions Types of fission - Distribution of fission products Neutron emission on
fission Spontaneous fission Nuclear fission and thermonuclear reactions Hydrogen bomb.
Nuclear fusion reactions - Nuclear chain reactions Four factor formula The critical size of a reactor
General aspects of reactor design Classification of reactors Research reactors and Power reactors.
UNIT IV: Elementary particles
Discovery and classification of elementary particles Types of interactions Conservation laws Iso-
spin, parity, charge conjugation Time reversal CPT theorem Properties of leptons, mesons and
baryons Elementary particle symmetries (SU2 and SU3 symmetries) Quark model Search for
Higgs particle Elementary ideas.
Reference Books
1. Nuclear Physics, Irving Kaplan, Narosa Pub. (1998).
2. Nuclear Physics, Theory and experiment P.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam, New Age Int.1997.
3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Vol.2), S.N. Ghoshal, S. Chand & Co. (1994).
4. Nuclear Physics, D.C. Tayal, Himalaya Pub. (1997).
5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics, R.C. Sharma, K. Nath & Co., Meerut.
6. Nuclei and Particles, E. Segre.
7. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, H.A. Enge, Addison Wesley (1975).
8. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, K.S. Krane.

19
 PHY 303: PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
UNIT - I: Junctions and Interfaces
p-n Junctions: Description of p-n Junction action Junction in equilibrium- application of bias energy
band diagrams. Abrupt junction calculation of the built-in voltage - electric field and potential
distributions Expression for Depletion layer capacitance, Static I-V characteristics of p-n junction
diodes: Ideal diode model- Derivation of ideal diode equation. Real diodes Carrier generation
recombination in the junction depletion region, I-V characteristics of Real Diodes.
Electrical breakdown in p-n junctions: Zener and Avalanche breakdown in p-n junctions, Distinction
between the Zener and Avalanche breakdown, Applications of breakdown diodes. Metal-Semiconductor
interfaces, Ohmic and Schottky contacts.

UNIT- II: Junction Diodes

Tunnel diode- I-V characteristics, Schottky barrier diode - operation and applications. Varactor diode,
Gunn diode, IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode, BARITT diode - basic principle, operation and its
applications. Solar cell Structure - Principle of operation Solar cell parameters Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs), Semiconductor lasers principle of operation and applications.

UNIT - III: Junction Transistors

Bipolar junction transistors: Principle of operation- Analysis of the ideal diffusion transistor
Calculation of terminal currents, DC parameters. Ebers-Moll Equations Four regions of operation of
a bipolar transistor. Real transistors - carrier recombination in the Emitter-Base junction depletion region
Effect of collector bias variation, avalanche multiplication in the collector base junction and base
resistance.
Junction field-effect transistors: JFET Principle of operation, Static I-V Characteristics of the idealized
model.
MOS transistors and charge-coupled devices: MOS capacitor Surface field effect Energy band
diagrams of an MOS capacitor for different bias conditions. C-V characteristics of the MOS capacitors.
Basic Structures and the operating principle of MOSFET, I-V characteristics of an ideal MOSFET,
Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)- principle of operation.

UNIT IV: Power Devices and Semiconductor Technology

Technology of Semiconductor Devices: Crystal growth and Wafer preparation, Methods of p-n junction
formation, Growth and deposition of dielectric layers, Planar technology, Masking and lithography,
Pattern definition, Metal deposition techniques.
Power rectifiers and Thyristors: Power rectifiers, Thyristors, Some special thyristor structures,
Bidirectional thyristors, Field-controlled thyristor.
Books for Study
1. Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and Devices, M.S. Tyagi, John Wiley & Sons
(Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, 2000.
2. Microwave Devices and Circuits, Samuel and Y. Lao, Prentice-Hall of India, 1999.
3. Microwave and Radar Engineering, M. Kulkarni, UMESH Publications, New Delhi, 1999.
Reference Books
1. Physics of Semiconductor Devices , S.M. Sze, 3rd Edition , Oct.2006, John Wiley.
2. Solid State Electronic Devices, B.G. Streetman, PHI, New Delhi.

20
 PHY 304 A: APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY- I
UNIT I: Molecular Spectroscopy
Introduction Rotational structure of electronic bands of diatomic molecules Fortrat diagram
General relations Combination relations for 1 - 1 and 1 1 bands Evaluation of rotational
constants with reference to above transition.Isotope effect in electronic spectra of diatomic molecules
Vibrational effect and rotational effect. Potential energy curves and dissociation energy, and pre-
dissociation energy. Vibrations of polyatomic molecules: CO2 and H2O).
UNIT- II: Raman Spectroscopy
Introduction Theory of Raman Scattering Rotational Raman Spectra Vibrational Raman Spectra
Mutual Exclusion Principle Laser Raman Spectroscopy Sample Handling Techniques Polarization
of Raman Scattered Light Single Crystal Raman Spectra Raman Investigation of Phase Transitions
Resonance Raman Scattering Structure Determination using FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy . Fourier
Transform (FT) Raman Spectroscopy and its additional advantages over the conventional Raman
Spectroscopy, Significance of confocal Raman spectrometer, Surface enhanced Raman Scattering-
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy.
UNIT III: Spectrophotometry
Introduction Beers law Absorptivity UV and visible absorption Instrumentation Essential
parts of spectrophotometer Gratings and prisms Radiant energy sources Filters Photosensitive
detectors Barrier layer cells Photo emissive cells Photomultiplier tubes Relationship between
absorption in the visible and UV region and molecular structure IR Spectrophotometry Fourier
Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer Molecular structure Qualitative and Quantitative analysis
Importance of photography in the spectrochemical analysis.
UNIT - IV: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectroscopy
Introduction Normal and Resonance Fluorescence Intensities of Transitions Non-radiative decay of
fluorescent molecules Phosphorescence and the nature of the triplet state Population of the triplet
state Delayed Fluorescence Excitation spectra Experimental methods Emission lifetime
measurements Time resolved emission spectroscopy Applications of Fluorescence and
Phosphorescence.
Text Books
1. Molecular spectra and Molecular structure Vol. I, G. Herzberg, 2nd Ed, Van. Nostrand.
2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, 1983.
3. Spectroscopy Straughan and Walker (vol. 2 & 3, John Wiley & Sons, 1976.
4. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy BY G. Aruldhas, Printice-Hall Pvt. Ltd. 2001.
5. Instrumental Methods of Analysis Willard, Merritt, Dean & Settle, CBS Pub, 2001.
6. Spectrochemical Analysis, L.H. Ahrens and S.R. Taylor,Addison Wesley, London.
Reference Books
1. Elements of Spectroscopy, Gupta, Kumar and Sharma.
2. Elements of Diatomic Molecular Spectra, H. Dunford.
3. Problems in Spectroscopy, S.V.J. Lakshman.
4. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy, R. Chang.
5. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R.Lakowicz - Plenum Press, 1983.
6. Molecular Spectroscopy, N.C. Crabb and P.W.B. King.
7. Light Scattering in Solids, M Cardona, G Guntherodt - 1975 - Springer-Verlag.
8. Noble Lecture of Sir C.V. Raman.

21
 PHY 304 B: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS - I

UNIT - I: Crystal Growth and Imperfections in Crystals

Crystal growth: Nucleation and growth Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation Classification
of crystal growth techniques Melt growth: Bridgman, Czochralski techniques.
Imperfections: Classification of imperfections Point defects Schottky and Frenkel defects -
Expressions for equilibrium defect concentrations Colourcentres Production of colour centres Line
defects Dislocations Edge and Screw dislocations Burger vector Estimation of dislocation
densities Mechanism of creep Experimental determination of creep activation energy.
UNIT- II: Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics
Dielectrics: Introduction Dipole moment various types of polarization Electronic, ionic and
orientational polarization Langevins theory Lorentz field Clausius-Mosotti equation
Measurement of dielectric constant Applications of dielectrics.
Ferroelectrics: Piezo-, Pyro- and ferroelectric crystals Spontaneous polarization Classification and
properties of ferroelectrics - Ferroelectric domains Oxygen ion displacement theory Applications of
ferroelectrics.
UNIT- III: Ferromagnetism and Anti-ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism: Introduction Weiss molecular field theory Temperature dependence of
spontaneous magnetization Heisenberg model Exchange interaction Ferromagnetic domains
Magnetic bubbles Bloch wall Thickness and energy Ferromagnetic spin waves Magnons
Dispersion relations.
Anti-ferromagnetism: Introduction Two sub lattice model of anti-ferromagnetism Ferri magnetism
- Ferrites Structure Applications Multiferroics.
UNIT-IV: Photoconductivity and Luminescence
Excitons: Weakly bound and tightly bound Photoconductivity Simple model Influence of traps
Space charge effects Determination of photoconductivity. Luminescence Various types
Thermoluminescence, Electroluminescence, Photoluminescence, Cathodoluminescence and
Chemiluminescence - Excitation and emission Decay mechanisms Applications.
Reference Books
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel VII edition, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekker, McMillan Publications.
3. Material Science and Engineering, V. Raghavan, PHI, New Delhi.
4. Crystal Growth, B.R. Pamplin, Pergmon Press.
5. Crystal Growth from High Temperature Solutions, D. Elwell and H.J. Scheel,Academic Press.
6. Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, Narosa Publishing House.
7. Fundamentals of Solid State Physics, Saxena, Gupta, Saxena, Pragathi Publications, Meerut.
8. Solid State Physics, R.L. Singhal, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co. Pub.

22
 PHYS 304 C: ELECTRONICS - EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Unit - I: Introduction to Embedded Systems
Embedded systems in todays world examples of Embedded systems Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers Microchip and PIC microcontroller Introduction to PIC microcontrollers using the
12 series.
Architecture of 16F84A Memory organization in 16F84A Timing generation Power-up and
Reset functions in 16F84A.

Unit - II: Hardware Details of 16F84A

Parallel ports : Basic idea Technical challenge connecting to the parallel port Parallel ports of
PIC16F84A Clock oscillator Power supply Interrupts Timers and counters watch dog timer
Sleep mode.

Unit - III: Assembler and Assembler Programs

Basic idea PIC 16 series instruction set and ALU Assemblers and Assembler format creating
simple programs Adopting a development environment Building structured programs Flow control
: Branching and Subroutines Generating time delays and intervals Logical instruction Arithmetic
instructions.

Unit - IV: PIC Microcontroller PIC 16F873A

Block diagram and CPU Memory and memory maps Interrupts Oscillator, Reset and Power supply
Parallel ports.
PIC 16F87XA Timer 0 and Timer 1 16F87XA Timer 2, Comparator and PR2 register
capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) Module Pulse width modulation ADC module.
Interface: LED displays Liquid crystal displays.

Books for Study

1. Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers: Principles and Applications by Tim
Wilmshurst, First Edition, 2007, Newnes Elsevier Publishers.

Reference Books
1. Microcontrollers: Theory and Applications, Ajay V. Deshmukh, , Tata Mc Graw- Hill,
New Delhi, 2005.
2. Designing with PIC Microcontrollers, John B. Peatman, Pearson Education, Inc., 1998.

23
 PHY 304 D: PHOTONICS I
UNIT - I: Laser systems
General description, Laser structure, Single mode laser theory, Excitation mechanism and working of:
CO2, Nitrogen, Argon ion, Excimer, X-ray, Free-electron, Dye, Nd:YAG, Alexanderite and Ti:sapphire
lasers, Diode pumped solid state laser, Optical parametric oscilater (OPO) lasers. Optical amplifiers-
Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Erbium doped waveguide optical amplifiers, Raman amplifiers, Fiber
Lasers. Laser applications-Lasers in Isotope separation, Laser interferometry and speckle metrology,
Velocity measurements.

UNIT - II: Properties of laser Radiation

Introduction, Laser linewidth, Laser frequency stabilization, Beam divergence, Beam coherence,
Brightness, Focusing properties of laser radiation, Q-switching, Methods of Q-switching: Rotating-
mirror method, Electro-optic Q-switching, Acoustic-optic Q-switching and Passive Q-switching,
Modelocking, Methods of mode locking: Active and passive mode locking techniques, Frequency
doubling and Phase conjugation

UNIT - III: Opto-electronic Devices

Introduction, P-N junction diode, Carrier recombination and diffusion in P-N junction, Injection
efficiency, Internal quantum efficiency, Hetero-junction, Double hetero-junction, Quantum well,
Quantum dot and Super lattices; LED materials, Device configuration and efficiency, Light extraction
from LEDs, LED structures-single heterostructures, double heterostructures, Device performances and
applications, Quantum well lasers; Photodiode and Avalanche photodiodes (APDs), Laser diodes-
Amplification, Feed back and oscillation, Power and efficiency, Spectral and spatial characteristics.

UNIT IV: Modulation of Light

Introduction, Birefringence, Electro-optic effect, Pockels and Kerr effects, Electro-optic
phasemodulation, Electro-optic amplitude modulation, Electro-optic modulators:scanning and switching,
Acousto-optic effect, Acousto-optic modulation, Raman-Nath and Bragg modulators : deflectors and
spectrum analyzer, Magneto-optic effect, Faraday rotator as an optical isolator. Advantages of optical
modulation.
Text and reference books
1. Lasers: Principles and applications by J.Wilson And J.F.B.Hawkes,
Prentice, Hall of India, New Delhi, 1996.
2. Laser fundamentals, W.T.Silfvast, Foundation books, New Delhi, 1999.
3. Semi conductor opto electronics devices, P. Bhattacharya, Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi, 1995.
4. Optical fiber communications, John M. Senior, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2001
5. Optoelectronics: An Introduction, J.Wilson And J.F.B.Hawkes, Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi, 1996.
6. Electro-Optical devices, M.A. Karim, Boston, Pws-Kent Publishers, 1990

24
 PHY 304 E: SOLAR ENERGY THERMAL ASPECTS

UNIT - I: Solar and Thermal Radiation- Basics

Spectral distribution of Extra-terrestrial radiation Solar Constant-Concept of Zenith Angle and Air-
Mass. Standard Time, Local Apparent Time, Equation of Time. Definitions of Declination, Hour
Angle, Solar and Surface Azimuth Angles. Direct, Diffuse and Total Solar Radiations - Intensity
Measurements- Thermoelectric Pyranometer, Thermoelectric Pyrheliometer and Angstrom
Pyrheliometer.
Reflection, Absorption and Transmission of solar radiation through single and multiple covers-
Transmittance-Absorptance product. Kirchoffs law-Relationship among absorptance, emittance and
reflectance. Spectrally Selective Surfaces-Methods of obtaining selectivity -Direct measurement of solar
absorptance and thermal emittance of a selective surface.
UNIT - II: Flat-Plate Collectors
General description of a flat-plate collector- Liquid heating type flat-plate collector-Energy balance
equation and efficiency. Temperature distribution in the flat-plate collectors-Collector over-all heat-
loss coefficient- Definitions of fin efficiency - Collector efficiency factor, Collector heat-removal factor
and Collector flow-factor. Standard method of testing the thermal performance of liquid heating type
flat-plate collector. Evacuated tubular collectors.

UNIT - III: Concentrating Collectors and Thermal Energy Storage

Types of Concentrating Collectors - Non-imaging and imaging concentrators-single axis and two-axis
tracking Definitions of Aperture, Rim-angle, Concentration ratio and Acceptance angle. Thermal
performance of Linear Parabolic Trough Concentrator with an uncovered receiver.
Thermal Energy Storage - Sensible heat storage- liquid and pebble-bed storage, Latent Heat storage and
Thermochemical storage.
UNIT - IV: Solar Thermal Energy Applications
Principles of Solar Water Heating System- Natural and Forced Circulation types-sizing of domestic
water system. Solar space heating systems-active heating system-liquid heating type - Passive space
heating and cooling concepts. Solar vapour absorption type and vapour compression type cooling
systems. Solar Cookers, Solar Desalinators. Solar Air Heaters - Different configurations-Solar Driers -
Principle of working Solar thermal power generation.
Books for study
1. Solar Thermal Energy Engineering, J.A. Duffie and W.A. Beckman, John Wiley & Sons,1990.
2. Solar Energy Utilization, G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers.
3. Solar Energy-Fundamentals and Applications, J.P.Garg & J Prakash, Tata McGraw Hill Pub
2000.
4. Solar Energy-Fundamentals, Design, Modelling&Applications,GN Tiwari, Narosa Pub. 2005.
5. Solar Energy- Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, S.P. Sukhatme, Tata McGraw Hill Pub.,
1999.
Reference Books
1. Principles of Solar Energy Engineering, Kreith and Kreider.
2. Handbook of Solar Energy Technology, Part A & Part B, Chemisnoff and Dickinson.
3. Treatise on Solar Energy, Vol. 1, H.P. Garg, John Wiley.
4. Applied Solar Energy, Meinel and Meinel.

25
 PHY 304 F: VACUUM AND THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY

UNIT - I: Production and Measurement of Vacuum

Vacuum pumps: Fundamentals of kinetic theory applicable to vacuum technology- Mechanical Pumps:
Rotary pump, Roots pump: Dry Pumps- Turbo molecular pump Diffusion pump Sorption pump
Cryogenic pump Sputter ion pump. (1,2)
Vacuum Gauges: Thermal conductivity (Pirani) gauge- McLeod gauge Ionization gauges: Penning
gauge, Hot cathode ionization gauge Bayard Alpert gauge Partial pressure measurements gauges:
Magnetic deflection mass spectrometer Quadruple mass spectrometer

UNIT - II: Construction and Operation of Vacuum Systems

Valves for medium and high vacuum Devices for transmitting motion Working vessel Pump
combinations Design of vacuum systems - Leaks and leak detection.
Vacuum application: Vacuum metallurgy, Space simulators, Freeze drying Vacuum in electrical
applications (Drying, Impregnation, circuit breakers). (1,2,3)

UNIT - III: Preparation of Thin Films

Physical Methods: Vacuum evaporation: Thickness distribution of evaporated films (Point and Ring
sources) - Resistive heating, Electron beam evaporation, Co-evaporation Pulsed laser ablation
Epitaxial thin deposition: Close-space vapour transport (CSVT) and molecular beam epitaxy. Sputtering:
Glow discharge, DC and RF sputtering, Reactive sputtering and magnetron sputtering.
Chemical methods: Electroplating Spray pyrolysis Chemical vapour deposition (CVD), Plasma
enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) and Metal organic chemical vapor deposition
(MOCVD) . (3,4,5)

UNIT - IV: Growth and Thickness Measurements of Thin Films

Growth of thin films: Condensation, Nucleation and growth of thin films Langmuir Frenkel theory of
condensation Theories of thin film nucleation Capillarity theory Statistical or Atomistic theory
Comparison of the nucleation theories The four stages film growth Incorporation of defects during
growth.
Thickness measurement: Multiple beam interferometer (MBI) methods Quartz crystal thickness
monitor, Stylus profiler. (3,4,6)
Books for Study
1. Vacuum Technology, A. Roth, North-Holland, 1986.
2. Vacuum Science and Technology, V. Vasudeva Rao, T.B. Ghosh and K.L. Chopra, Allied
Publications, 1998.
3. Handbook of Thin Film Technology, L.I. Maissel and R.L. Glang, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., 1970.
4. Thin Film Phenomena, K.L. Chopra, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York, 1969.
5. Vacuum Deposition onto Webs, Films and Foils, Charles A. Bishop, Elsevier, London, 2011.
6. The Materials Science of Thin Films, M. Ohring, Academic Press, New York, 1992.
7. The Users Guide to Vacuum Technology, J.F .OHenlon, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

26
 EXTERNAL ELETIVE

PHY 307: ANALYTICAL METHODS

UNIT-I: MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES

Optical microscopy: Bright field microscopy, Dark field microscopy, Phase contrast microscopy and its
applications. Fluorescence microscopy and Polarizing microscopy. Electron microscopy: Transmission
electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Preparation of the Specimen for Electron
Microscopy, Confocal microscope, Video- microscopy and digital imaging scanning Tunneling
microscopy.
FTIR and Laser Raman spectrometers. Applications of group frequencies for the structural studies of
biological molecules.

UNIT-II: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

Light scattering: macro molecular scattering, particle scattering factor, experimental setup, Zimms plot,
applications to a few systems. Electrophoresis, Osmotic pressure, Viscosity, Ultra centrifuge,
Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium- Determination of molecular weight Small angle
X-ray scattering, Rotational diffusion Flow birefringence measurements.

UNIT-III: THERMODYNAMICS AND BIO-MECHANICS

Introduction, Strriated Muscles: Contractile proteins. Mechanical properties of Muscles: Contraction
Mechanism, Role Ca2+ ions. Biomechanics of Cardiovascular System: Blood pressure, Electrical activity
during the Heartbeat, Electrocardiography. Mechanical properties of Muscles: Contraction Mechanism,
Role Ca2+ ions. Biomechanics of Cardiovascular System: Blood pressure, Electrical activity during the
Heartbeat, Electrocardiography.

UNIT-IV: RADIATION BIOPHYSICS

Types of radiations. Interaction between radiation and matter: Directly ionizing radiation, Indirectly
Ionising radiation. Dose and Dose rate. Dosimetry. Description and interpretation of radiation action:
Dose effects graphs and target theory, Direct and Indirect radiation action. Radioactive isotopes.
Biological effects of radiation. Radiation Protection and Therapy.

Books for Study

1. Essential of Biophysics, P. Narayanan, New Age International Ltd., New Delhi (2000).
2. Biophysics, W. Hoppe, W. Lohmann, H. Ziegler, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1983).
3. Biophysics, V. Pattabhi and N. Gautham, Narosa Pub. House, New Delhi (2002).
4. Quantum Mechanics of Molecular Conformation, B. Pullman, John Wiley & Sons,NY(1975).
5. Biophysical Chemistry, Upadhyay and Upadhayanath, Himalaya Publish House (2008).

27
 PHY 308: REMOTE SENSING AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT I: Photography and Photogrammetry

Fundamentals of Aerial photography systems. Basic principles of Aerial photos, Types of Aerial
Photos, scale, Ground coverage, Photographic resolution, Radiometric characteristics.
Fundamentals of Photogrammetry : Geometry of Aerial photos. Relief and Tilt displacements
measurement of heights and determination of slopes. Concepts of stereophotogrammetry.

UNIT II: Remote Sensing

Principles and basic concepts of remote sensing, physics of remote sensing. Effects of Atmosphere,
Principles and Geometry of scanners, CCD arrays and platforms. Rainfall estimation techniques,
cyclone analysis techniques & synoptic weather analysis using visible, Near Infrared.

UNIT III: Laser and Microwave remote sensing

Principles and basic concepts of microwave sensing SLAR, SAR, Geometric characteristics, spatial
resolution, Radar Grammetry.
Ground data collection for interpretation and analysis Principles of Image interpretation Types of
Imagery, their formation and characteristics, elements of interpretation techniques of visual
interpretation.

UNIT IV: Digital Image Processing

Digital Image, Digital Image data formats, Band sequential; Band Interleaved and its characteristics.
Image processing systems considerations and characteristics Image enhancements techqnieques
Image reduction and magnification, contrast enhancements, rationing, spatial filtering, edge
enhancements.

Reference Books
1. Text Book of Photogrammetry, Rampal, K.K. Oxford & IBM, 1982.
2. Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications, Hard R. Michael, John Wiley, 1987.

28
 SEMESTER-IV
PHY 401: QUANTUM MECHANICS-II

UNIT- I: Identical Particles and Molecules

Identical particles- Indistinguish ability of Identical particles- Construction of Symmetric and Anti-
symmetric wave functions for two and three particle systems - Paulis Exclusion Principle- Hydrogen
molecule- Spin-orbit interaction- Ortho and Para hydrogen- Spin statistics connection.

UNIT - II: Angular Momentum

Introduction: Definition of angular momentum operator - Commutation rules for angular momentum -
Eigen values and Eigen functions of Lz and L2 - Angular momentum in general - Allowed values of
angular momentum J - Eigen values of J+ and J- angular momentum matrices - Addition of angular
mometa and Clebsh -- Gorden co-efficients: Clebsh Gorden co-efficient for J1=J2=1/2 and J1=1,
J2=1/2 - spin angular momentum and Paulis spin matrices.

UNIT - III: Relativistic Quantum Theory

Klein Gorden Equation Probability Current Density Inadequacies of K.G. Equation Diracs
Relativistic Equation for a Free Particle - Dirac`s Matrices Dirac`s Equation in Co-variant form
Plane wave solution Negative Energy States Spin Angular Momentum -Existence.

UNIT - IV: Quantization of Wave Fields

Concept of Field - Method of Canonical Quantization: Lagrangian Formulation of Field, Hamilton
Formulation of Field - Second Quantization Field equation - Quantization of Non-relativistic
Schroedinger equation Commutation and Anti-commutation Relations, The N-representation - System
of Fermions and Bosons Creation and Annihilation.

Reference Books:
1. QuantumMechanics:S.L.Kakaniand H.M. Chandalia SultanChandandSonsFirst Edition
2. Advanced Quantum Mechanics : B.S. Rajput, Pragatiprakasan
3. Quantum Mechanics : V.K. Thankappan, Wiley Eastern Limited
4. A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics : P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan,Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publishing Company
5. Quantum Mechanics : S.L. Gupta, V. Kumar, H.V. Sharma and R.C. Sharma, Jai Prakash Nath
and Company
6. An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, P.T. Mathews Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company

29
 PHY 402: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

UNIT- I: Diffraction Methods for Structure Analysis

Crystal systems: Symmetry elements, Concept of point groups and space groups. Reciprocal Lattice:
Geometrical construction, Relation between direct Reciprocal Lattice X- ray diffraction, Braggs law,
Laue methods, Powder X-ray Diffractometer Focusing circle geometry-Determination of lattice
constant of a cubic and tetragonal structures using d-spacings, Single crystal X-ray Diffractometer-
Electron diffraction and Neutron diffraction: Basic principles and applications.

UNIT - II: Electron Spin Resonance and Mossbauer Spectroscopy

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy: Magnetic moment of an electron, two states of an electron in a
magnetic field, ESR theory- Spin-spin interaction, Spin-lattice interaction - Hyperfine interaction-g
factor, Line widths and Intensities, Relaxation effects, Experimental methods and applications.
Mossbauer spectroscopy: Introduction-Mossbauer effect, Recoilless emission and absorption,
Mossbauer spectrum, Hyperfine interactions, Experimental methods and applications.

UNIT III: NMR and NQR Techniques

Introduction to NMR: Nuclear spin and magnetic moment, Quantum description of NMR,
theory of NMR, chemical shift, Spin-lattice (T1), spin-spin (T2) couplings, Bloch equations, Theory of
relaxation mechanisms for spin nuclei, Proton NMR, Carbon-13 NMR and NMR applications.
Basic concepts of NQR spectra: Half integral and integral spins, Instrumentation, Super regenerative
oscillator, CW oscillator, Pulse RF detection and applications.
UNIT IV: Advanced Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques
Basic principles, Instrumentation and applications of X ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Photoelectron
spectroscopy, Photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Basic principles, Instrumentation and applications of Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission
electron microscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Differential scanning
calorimetry and Thermo gravimetric analysis.
Books for study
1. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, B.D. Cullity.
2. Methods of Surface Analysis, Techniques and Applications, J.M. Walls Cambridge
University Press, 1990.
3. Neutron Diffraction, G.E. Bacon, Oxford University Press, London, 1962.
4. Electron Diffraction, T.B. Rymer, Methnen, London, 1970.
5. X-ray Structure Determination, H. Stout and LH. Jenson, Macmillan, London, 1968.
6. An Introduction to Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, M. Bersohn, J.C. Baird, Benjamin
Inc., London, 1966.
7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Willard Merritt, Dean Settle, CBS publishers,
New Delhi, 1986
8. Spectroscopy, B.P. Straughan and S. Walker, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York,1976.
9. Spectroscopy, G. Chatwal and S. Anand, Himalaya Pub., 2002.
10. Spectroscopy, B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishers House, Meerut, 1975.
11. NMR Spectroscopy, R.K. Harris, Longman Sci. Tech, 1983.

30
 PHY 403: ADVANCES IN PHYSICS

UNIT I: Nano Technology

Introduction to Nanomaterials Zero, One and Two Dimensional Nanostructures - Quantum
confinement - Density of states and Dependence of dimensionality Properties of Nanomaterials
Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerenes.
Synthesis of Nanomaterials Physical Techniques: Ball Milling Plasma Arc Deposition Inert Gas
Condensation Pulsed Laser Deposition Molecular Beam Epitaxy.
Chemical Techniques:Hydrothermal synthesis Sol-Gel Process Chemical Vapour Deposition.
Applications: Single Electron Transistor Solar Cells Light Emitting Diodes Nano-filtration.

UNIT II: Micro and Nano devices

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): Introduction to MEMS, Basic MEM structure. Applications
of MEMS: Pressure sensors, Accelerometers, Inertial sensors, Mass flow sensors.
Nanodevices: Quantum well and quantum dot devices: Infrared Detectors-Quantum Dot Lasers. Carbon
nanotube emitters - Photoelectrical cells - Plasmons propagation in wave guides.

UNIT III: 8051 Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors: Introduction, 8051 Internal Architecture, Register
Structure, I/O pins, Memory Organization, 8051 Addressing modes. 8051 Assembly Language
Programming Tools. 8051 Instruction set: Data Transfer Instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logical
instructions, Boolean Variable Manipulation Instructions-Bit Addressability, Single-Bit instructions,
Program Branching instructions-Jump, Loop, and Call instructions, Rotate Instructions, Stack Pointer.

UNIT - IV: Remote Sensing

Definition of remote sensing; introduction to concepts and systems; Electromagnetic radiation;
electromagnetic spectrum; image characteristics; remote sensing systems; remote sensing platform;
Sources of remote sensing information; Advantages of remote sensing. Application of Remote sensing
in Environmental Management, Natural resource management forest resources, water resources, land
resources and mineral resources.
References Books
1. Nano structures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Application By Guozliong Cao,
Imperial College Press, 2004.
2. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr & Frank J. Owens, Wiley India, 2006.
3. An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering, Nadim Maluf.
4. Nanomaterials Synthesis Properties and Applications, Alen. S. Edelstein and Robert C.
Cammarata, 1998.
5. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Mahammad Ali Mazidi and Janice
Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education Asia, Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
6. Floyd F. Sabins Jr., Remote Sensing Principles and interpretation, W.H. Freeman and
Company, 2nd Ed., New York, 1987.
7. T.M. Lillesand & R.W. Kiefer, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1994.
7. An Introduction to GIS by Ian Heywood et al., Addison Wesley, Longmont Limited, England.

31
 PHY 404 A: APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY II

UNIT - I: Solid State Spectroscopy I Transition Metal Ions

Introduction Crystal fields and ligand fields-Concept of ligand field Scope of ligand field theory
d and other orbitals (s,p,f) Quantitative basis of crystal fields Crystal field theory Octahedral
crystal field potential on the d-wave functions The evaluation of 10 Dq - Effect of weak field on S, P,
D and F terms.
Term energy level diagrams Correlation diagram for d2 configuration in octahedral coordination
Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for d2 configuration in octahedral field.
UNIT - II: Solid State Spectroscopy II Rare Earth Ions
Introduction Spectroscopic characteristics of rare earths activated crystals Intensity of absorption and
emission bands Oscillator strengths Intra-configurational f-f transitions Selection rules Electric
and Magnetic dipole transitions Judd-Ofelt theory and evaluation of Judd-Ofelt parameters Radiative
transition probabilities of excited states of rare earth ions branching ratios, stimulated emission cross-
sections Non-radiative process Energy transfer Possible mechanisms of energy transfer
Resonance energy transfer Process of IR to visible upconversion Applications of rare earth doped
luminescent materials.
UNIT III: High Resolution Spectroscopy
Introduction Light detectors Single photon counting technique Phase sensitive detectors Laser
optogalvanic spectroscopy Matrix isolation spectroscopy Laser cooling and its applications.
UNIT- IV: Two Photon Spectroscopy
Introduction Two photon absorption spectroscopy Selection rules Expression for the two photon
absorption cross section Photo acoustic spectroscopy Experimental methodology and applications to
Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine.
Books for Study
1. Introduction to ligand fields, B. N. Figgis (Intersci. Pub. New York, 1966.
2. Laser Crystals, A.A. Kaminskii, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981.
3. Laser and Excited states of Rare Earths, R. Reisfeld and C.K. Jorgnesen, Springer-
Verlag, New York, 1977.
4. Optical Properties of Transparent Rare Earth compounds, S. Hufner, Acad. Press, 1978.
5. High Resolution Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas.
6. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Pub. 1983.
7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Pub. 2001.
8. Opto Acoustic Spectroscopy and Detection, Yoh-Han Pao, Academic Press, 1977.
Reference Books
1. Laser Spectroscopy - Basic Concepts and Instrumentation, 3rd Edition, Demtrder,
Wolfgang Springer Verlag, 2003.
2. Photoacoustics and its Applications, C. Roseneweig.
3. Introduction to Non-linear Spectroscopy, M.D. Levenson.

32
 PHY 404 B: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS II

UNIT - I: Elastic Properties of Solids

Lattice as a homogeneous and continuous medium - Analysis of stress and strain tensors Hookes law
- Elastic compliances and stiffness constants Elastic energy density Reduction in the number
independent elastic constants in cubic crystals Cauchys relations Bulk modulus and compressibility
Elastic waves in cubic crystals Formulation and solution of wave equations along [100], [110] and
[111] directions Experimental determination of elastic constants Pulse-echo technique.

UNIT - II: Thermal Properties of Solids

Quantum theory of lattice vibrations Properties of phonons Lattice specific heat at low temperatures
Einstein and Debye models Born cut-off procedure Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons
Experimental study of dispersion curves Inadequacy of harmonic model Anharmonicity Thermal
expansion Gruneisen parameter- Lattice thermal conductivity Elementary kinetic theory Role of U
and N processes.

UNIT - III: Energy bands and Fermi Surfaces

Energy band calculations: Plane Wave method and Augmented Plane Wave (APW) method. Importance
of Fermi surface Characteristics of Fermi surface Construction of Fermi surface - Quantization of
electron orbits - Experimental study of Fermi surface: Anomalousskin effect Cyclotron resonance
de Haas van Alphen effect.

UNIT - IV: Functional materials

Amorphous semiconductors: Band structure Electronic conduction Optical absorption
Applications.
Liquid crystals: Classification Orientational order and intermolecular forces Magnetic effect
Optical properties Applications.
Polymers: Classification Structural property correlation Molecular weight Crystallinity in polymers
Applications.

Reference Books
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Solid State Physics, A.J. Dekker, Mac Millan.
3. Solid State Physics, H.C. Gupta, Vikas Publishing House.
4. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar, Addison Wesley.
5. Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, Narosa Publishing House.
6. Science of Engineering Materials, C.M. Srivastsava and C. Srinivasan, New Age Inter. Pub.

33
 PHY 404 C: ELECTRONICS - WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Unit I: Base band data transmission

Digital Modulation techniques: BPSK, QPSK, DPSK, QASK, BFSK, MSK, M-ary techniques. Base
band binary data transmission system Inter symbol interference Nyquist pulse shaping criteria line
coding, pulse shaping, and scrambling techniques.

Unit II: Codes for error detection and correction

Detection of error probability: Gaussian probability function properties error function
complementary error function. Linear block codes, Convolutional codes. Encoding, Decoding of
convolutional codes, State, Tree and Trellis diagrams. Maximum likelihood Viterby algorithm, Burst
error correction - Interleaving techniques Block and convolutional interleaving, Types of ARQ.
Unit III: Introduction to wireless communication systems
Global system for mobile (GSM): cellular concept, system design. Transmission system, Receiving
system; frequency re-use; Spread spectrum modulation; Multiple access techniques as applied to
wireless communications; 1G, 2G, 3G wireless networks.
Unit IV: Satellite and Optical communications
Introduction Satellite systems: Orbiting satellites, satellite frequency bands, communication satellite
system-modulation and multiple access format-satellite systems in India, Satellite receiving systems,
G/T ratio, satellite uplink and down link analysis. Applications to communications and remote sensing.
Introduction to Optical communications systems: Optical fibers, sources and detectors, analog and
digital systems.
Text Book
1. Modern Digital and Analog communication system, B.P. Lathi: Oxford 3 rd Edition.
2. Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications, Bernard Sklar, Sklar Pearson
Education.
Reference Books
1. Principles of Communication, R.E. Ziemer, WH Tranter 5th Edition John Wiley (Fifth
module).
2. Morden Electronic Communication Systems, Wayne Tomoasi, Person Education/PHI.
3. Digital Communication, John G Proakis, MGH.
4. Digital Communication Techniques Simon, Hindey Lindsey PHI.
5. Communication Systems, Simon Haykin, John Wiley & Sons. Pvt. Ltd.
6. Principles of Communication Systems, Taub and Schilling, Tata McGraw-Hill.
7. Digital and Analog Communication System, K. Sam Shanmugam. John Wiley.
8. Communication Systems Engineering, Proakis, Pearson Education.
9. Digital and Analog Communication System, Leon W Couch, Pearson Education/PHI.
10. Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing with Applications, M.D. Srinath, P.K.
Rajasekaran, R.E. Viswnathan PHI.
11. Analog and Digital Communication, M.S. Roden PHI.
12. Digital Modulation and Coding. Wilson, Pearson Education.
13. Applied Coding and Information Theory for Engineers, Wells, Pearson Education.

34
 PHY 404 D: PHOTONICS II

UNIT - I: Fibre Optic Components and Sensors

Connector principles, Fibre end preparation, Splices, Connectors, Source coupling, Distribution
networks, Directional couplers, Star couplers, Switches, Fiber optical isolator, Wavelength division
multiplexing, Time division multiplexing, Fiber Bragg gratings. Advantage of fiber optic sensors,
Intensity modulated sensors,
Mach-Zehnder interferometer sensors, Current sensors, Chemical sensors Fiber optic rotation sensors.
Optical biosensors: Fluorescence and energy transfer sensing, molecular beacons and optical geometries
of bio-sensing, Bio-imaging, Biosensing.

UNIT - II: Integrated Optics

Introduction Planar wave guide Channel wave guide Y-junction beam splitters and couplers - FTIR
beam splitters Prism and grating couplers Lens wave guide Fabrication of integrated optical
devices - Integrated photodiodes Edge and surface emitting laser Distributed Bragg reflection and
Distributed feed back lasers - Wave guide array laser.

UNIT - III: Optical Signal Processing

Introduction, Effect of lens on a wavefront, Fourier transform properties of a single lens, Optical
transfer function, Vanderlugt filter, Image spatial filtering, Phase-contrast microscopy, Pattern
recognition, Image de-blurring, Photonic switches, Optical transistor, Optical Gates- Bistable systems,
Principle of optical Bistability, Bistable optical devices, Self electro-optic effect device.

UNIT - IV: Photonic Crystals

Basics concepts, Theoretical modeling of photonic crystals, Features of photonic crystals, Methods of
fabrication, Photonic crystal optical circuitry, Nonlinear photonic crystals, Photonic crystal fibers,
Photonic crystals and optical communications, Photonic crystal sensors.
Text and Reference Books
1. Fibre Optic Communication, Joseph C. Palais, Pearson Education Asia, India, 2001
2. Introduction To Fibre Optics, A.Ghatak And K.Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press,
New Delhi, 1999
3. Optical Guided Wave Signal Devices, R.Syms And J.Cozens. Mcgraw Hill, 1993.
4. Optical Electronics, A Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi,
1991
5. Fundamentals of Photonics, B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, John Willy and Sons,1991
6. Introduction to Fourier Optics, Joseph W. Goodman, McGraw-Hill, 1996.
7. Nanophotonics, P.N.Prasad, Wiley Interscience, 2003.
8. Biophotonics, P.N.Prasad, Wiley Publications, 2004.

35
 PHY 404 E: SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAIC ASPECTS

UNIT - I: Fundamentals
Photovoltaic effect, Types of interfaces, homojuction, heterojunction and Schottky barrier - Choice of
semiconductor materials for fabrication of homojunction solar cells - equivalent circuit of a solar cell.
Solar cell output parameters -Fill-factor, conversion efficiency, quantum efficiency. Effect of series and
shunt resistance on the efficiency of solar cells. Variation of Open-circuit voltage and short circuit
current with intensity of incident light. Effect of temperature on I-V characteristics. p-n heterojunction
solar cells - criteria for choosing absorber and window layers.
UNIT II: Silicon Photovoltaics
Single crystal silicon (c-Si) ingot growth Float Zone and Czochrolski methods silicon wafer
fabrication wafer to cell formation - I-V characteristics and spectral response of c-Si solar cells.
Factors limiting the efficiency - Polysilicon wafer fabrication methods EFG and SRG methods.
Amorphous Silicon - differences in properties between crystalline silicon and amorphous (a-Si) silicon.
a-Si deposition by glow discharge method Electrical and optical properties of a-Si. Outline of a-Si
solar module processing steps.
UNIT III: Thin Film Solar Cells
Principle of multijunction cells Structure and fabrication of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cell
Metamorphic solar cells. CdTe/CdS and CuInGaSe/CdS (CIGS) solar cells - Cell configuration
techniques used for the deposition of each layer- cell characteristics. Organic solar cells Configuration
and principle Types of organic solar cells, Dye-sensitized (DS) solar cells Principle Configuration
and performance, Basic concept of quantum dot, nano wire (NW), hot carrier and plasmonic solar cells.
UNIT - IV: Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Photovotaic Module Assembly: Description of steps involved in the fabrication of Silicon
Photovoltaic Module - Performance of Photovoltaic Module - Module Protection - Modules in series
and in parallel - Use of Bypass and Blocking Diodes, Solar photovoltaic system - components PV
Array, battery, invertor and load. Applications of solar photovoltaic systems. Stand alone, Hybrid and
Grid connected PV systems.

Books for Study

1. Solar Photovoltiacs Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, Chetan Singh Solanki, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd.
2. Solar Power Generation Technology, New concepts and Policy, P. Jayarma Reddy, CRC Press,
2012.
3. Science and Technology of Photovoltaics, P. Jayarama Reddy, BS Publications, 2004.
Reference Books
1. Fundamentals of Solar Cells, A.L. Farenbruch and R.H. Bube.
2. Terrestrial Solar Photovoltaics, Bhattacharya.
3. Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells, K.Takahashi & M.Konagai, North Oxford Academic Press, 1986.
4. Thin Film Solar Cells, K. L. Chopra and Das, Plenum.

36
 PHY 404 F: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF THIN FILMS

UNIT - I: Chemical and Physical Characterization of Thin Films

Surface Analytical Techniques: Auger Electron Spectroscope (AES), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
(SIMS), Secondary Neutral Mass Spectroscope (SNMS) and Rutherford Back Scattering Spectroscope
(RBS).
Spectroscopic techniques: UV-Vis-NIR and IR spectrophotometers, Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscope (FTIR) and Raman spectroscope.

UNIT - II: Transport Properties of Thin Films

Metallic Films: Sources of resistivity in metallic conductors sheet resistance and temperature
coefficient of resistance of thin films Influence of thickness on the resistivity of structurally perfect
thin films Fuchs Sondhemier theory Hall effect Annealing, agglomeration and oxidation.
Dielectric films: Electrical conduction in insulator films Schottky emission Tunneling, Poole -
Frenkel emission.

UNIT - III: Optical Properties of Thin Films

Reflection and transmission at an interface Reflection and transmission by single film Reflection
from an absorbing film - Multilayer films Optical absorption Determination of optical constants by
Ellipsometry.
Optical devices: Beam splitters Reflection and antireflection coatings- Optical filters: Neutral filters,
Broad band filters, Narrow band filters Thin film polarizers.

UNIT - IV: Applications of Thin Films

Photolithography: Photoresists, Mask and pattern generation. Thin film resistors Thin film capacitors
Thin film diodes and transistors Thin film solar cells, Thin film microbatteries Thin film sensors:
Gas sensors, Bolometers Transparent conducting oxide coatings - Thin films for superconducting
devices Metallurgical coatings. Hard coatings and Tribological coatings.

Text Books
1. Thin Film Fundamentals, A. Goswami, New Age Internatuional. Publications, 1996..
2. Preparation of Thin Films, J. Goege, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992.
3. Hand Book of Thin Film Technology, L.I. Maissel and R.L. Glang, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.,
1970.
4. Thin Film Phenomena, K.L. Chopra by Mc Graw Hill book Co., New York, 1969.
5. Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and Devices, M.S. Tyagi, John Wiley & Sons Pvt.
Ltd. Singapore, 2000.
6. Thin Film Solar Cells, K.L. Chopra and S.R. Das, Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
7. The Materials Science of Thin Films, M. Ohring, Academic Press, New York, 1992.

37
 PHY 407: Human Values and Professional Ethics II

Chapter I: Value Education Definition Relevance to present day Concept of human values - Self
introspection Self esteem. Family values-Components, Structure and responsibilities of family Neutralization of
anger Adjustability Threats of family life Status of women in family and society Caring for needy and
elderly Time allotment for sharing ideas and concerns.

Chapter II: Medical ethics Views of Charaka, Sushruta and Hippocratus on moral responsibility of medical
practitioners. Code of ethics for medical and healthcare professionals. Euthanasia, Ethical obligation to animals,
Ethical issues in relation to health care professionals and patients. Social justice in health care, human cloning,
problem of abortion. Ethical issues in genetic engineering and Ethical issues raised by new biological technology
or knowledge.

Chapter III: Business ethics Ethical standards of business Immoral and illegal practices and their solutions.
Characteristics of ethical problems in management, ethical theories, causes of unethical behavior, Ethical abuses
and work ethics.

Chapter IV: Environmental ethics Ethical theory, man and nature - Ecological crisis, Pest control, Pollution
and waste, Climate change, Energy and pollution, Justice and environmental health.

Chapter V: Social ethics Organ trade, Human trafficking, Human rights violation and social disparities,
Feminist ethics, Surrogacy/pregnancy. Ethics of media Impact of Newspapers, Television, Movies and Internet.

Books for study:

1. Johns S Mackenjie: A Manual of ethics
2. The Ethics of Management by Larue Tone Hosmer, Richard D. Irwin Inc.
3. Management Ethics Integrity at work by Joseph A. Petrick and John F. Quinn, Response Books, New
Delhi.
4. Ethics in Management by S.A. Shelekar, Himalaya Publishing House.
5. Harold H. Titus: Ethics for Today
6. Maitra, S.K: Hindu Ethics
7. William Lilly: Introduction to Ethics
8. Sinha: A Manual of Ethics
9. Manu: Manava Dharma Sastra or the Institute of Manu: Comprising the Indian System of Duties:
Religious and Civil (ed) G.C. Haughton.
10. Sasruta Samhita: Tr. KavirajKunjanlal, KunjanlalBrishagratha, Chowkamba Sanskrit Series, Vol I,II and
III, Varanasi, Vol I PP, 16-20, 21-32 and 74-77 only.
11. Charaka Samhita: Tr. Dr. Ram Karan Sarma and Vaidya Bhagavan Dash, Chowkambha Sanskrit Series
Office. Varanasi I, II, III Vol I PP 183-191.
12. Ethics, Theory and Contemporary Issues. Barbara Mackinnon, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001.
13. Analyzing Moral Issues, Judith A. Boss, Mayfield Publishing Company, 1999.
14. An Introduction to Applied Ethics (Ed.,) John H. Piet and Ayodya Prasad, Cosmo Publications.
15. Text Book for Intermediate First Year Ethics and Human Values, Board of Intermediate Eduction
Telugu Academy, Hyderabad.
16. I.C. Sharma Ethical Philosophy of India. Nagin& Co Julundhar.

38
 EXTERNAL ELECTIVES

PHY 408: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT - I: Introduction
Signal Processing Example Structure of Special Digital Signal Processors Other Realizations of
Digital Filters Implementation of Digital Filters Advantages of Digital Filters and Processing.
Fundamentals of Discrete-Time systems: Introduction Basic Definitions Important Discrete-Time
Signals Discrete-Time systems Fourier Transform of sequences Sampling of Continuous-Time
Signals Digital filter with A/D and D/A.

UNIT - II: Z Transform

Definition of the Z Transform Inverse Z Transform Relationships Between System Representations
Computation of Frequency Response Solution of Linear Constant Coefficient Difference Equations.

UNIT - III: Analog Filter Design

Introduction Butterworth Filters Chebyshev Filters General Filter Forums. Digital Filter Design:
Discrete-Time Filters Design by Using Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations Analog
Design Using Digital Filters Design of Digital Filters Using Digital-to-Digital Transformations
Impulse Invariant Design FIR Filter Design.

UNIT - IV: Discrete Fourier Transform

Introduction Continuous-Time Fourier Series Discrete-Time Fourier Series The Discrete Fourier
Transform Computation of the Discrete Fourier Transform Fast Fourier Transform Interpretation
of DFT Results DFT-Fourier Transform Relationships Discrete Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal
Sequences.

Book for Study

1. Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing, L.C. Ludeman, John Wiley & Sons (Asia),Pvt. Ltd., 2003.

Reference books
1. Elements of Digital Signal Processing, N. Sarkar, 2nd Edn. Khanna Publishers, 2000.
2. Digital Signal Processing, Steve White, 1st Edn. Vikas Publishing House, 2002.
3. Digital Signal Processing, O. P. Verma, 1st Edn, Dhanpat Rai & Co.

39
 PHY 409: APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS TO PHYSICS

UNIT I: Statistical Measures

Statistical Diagrams and Graphs; Measures of Central Tendency : Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode,
Weighted Mean; Measures of variation: Range, Quantile Deviation, Mean (average), Deviation,
standard Devisation, Co-efficient of Variation, Measures of Skeuness.
UNIT II: Probability and Distributions
Basic concepts in probability; Laws of Probability; Random Vaviable, Mathematical expectation;
Probability Distibiutions: Binomial, Poisson, Normal and Exponential distributions and their
applications.
UNIT III: Correlation and Regression AnalysisCo-efficients of correlation; curve Fitting: Least
squares: Fitting of Straightline, parabola, Exponential and power curves; Linear Regression analysis:
Simple and Multiple Linear Regression Equations; Partial and Multiple correlation coefficients.
UNIT IV: Errors of Measuremnet and Tests of Significance
Types of errors, Gaussion Law of errors; Precission and probable error; Error analysis of experiemtns:
Determination of g and Elastic constants; Basic concepts in Tests of significance; Large sample tests
for single sample mean, difference between two sample means; single sample proportion differnce
between two sample proportions; small sample tests; students t-test, chi-square test confidence
Intervals and F-test.

Reference books
1. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, S.C. Gupta and V.K. Kapor, Sultan Chand and Sons, New
Delhi ,1998.
2. Experimental Errors and their Treatment , M.G. Gadad and H.R. Hiregonder, OrientLongman, New
Delhi, 1975.
3. Statistical Analysis of Measurment Errors, J.L. Jaech, John Wiley & Sons, NY,1985.
4. Statistical Physics, A.F. Brown, Edinburgh University Press, 1968.
5. Statistical Theory and Methodology in Science and Engineering by K.A. Brownlee, John Wiley, New
York, 1960.

40
 M.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
I, II, III & IV SEMESTERS
Branch II (A): Physics
PHYS 101-104, 201-205, 301-304 & 401-405: TITLE OF THE PAPER
(Revised Syllabus for CBCS with effect from 2014 - 2015)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

PART A

(Short Answer Type)

Answer any FOUR of the following. All questions carry equal marks (Marks: 4x5 = 20)

1. From UNIT - I

2. From UNIT - I

3. From UNIT - II

4. From UNIT - II

5. From UNIT - III

6. From UNIT - III

7. From UNIT - IV

8. From UNIT - IV

PART B

(Essay Type)
Answer ALL questions. All questions carry equal marks (Marks: 4x12 = 50)

9. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT I (With internal Choice)

10. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT II (With internal Choice)

11. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT III (With internal Choice)

12. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT IV (With internal Choice)

41
 M.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
I, II, III & IV SEMESTERS
Branch II (A): Physics
PHYS 101-104, 201-205, 301-304 & 401-405: TITLE OF THE PAPER
(Revised Syllabus for Non-CBCS with effect from 2014 - 2015)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 80

PART A

(Short Answer Type)

Answer any FOUR of the following. All questions carry equal marks (Marks: 4x5 = 20)

1. From UNIT - I

2. From UNIT - I

3. From UNIT - II

4. From UNIT - II

5. From UNIT - III

6. From UNIT - III

7. From UNIT - IV

8. From UNIT - IV

PART B

(Essay Type)
Answer ALL questions. All questions carry equal marks (Marks: 4x15 = 60)

9. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT I (With internal Choice)

10. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT II (With internal Choice)

11. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT III (With internal Choice)

12. (a), (b) OR (c), (d) From UNIT IV (With internal Choice)

42